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32:
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524:
as top surface. High-pressure laminates consists of laminates "molded and cured at pressures not lower than 1,000 lb per sq in.(70 kg per cm) and more commonly in the range of 1,200 to 2,000 lb per sq in. (84 to 140 kg per cm). Meanwhile, low pressure laminate is defined as "a
496:), in sizes larger and stronger than those that can be obtained from single pieces of wood. Another reason to laminate wooden strips into beams is quality control, as with this method each and every strip can be inspected before it becomes part of a highly stressed component.
341:
There are different lamination processes, depending primarily on the type or types of materials to be laminated. The materials used in laminates can be identical or different, depending on the object to be laminated, the process and the desired properties.
353:
are widely used in different fields of human activity, including medical and military. Woven fabrics (organic and inorganic based) are usually laminated by different chemical polymers to give them useful properties like chemical resistance, dust, grease,
585:
material can allow portable printed images to bond to magnets, such as for a custom bulletin board or a visual presentation. Specially surfaced plastic sheets can be laminated over a printed image to allow them to be safely written upon, such as with
235:
515:
components are produced with decorative papers with a layer of overlay on top of the decorative paper, set before pressing them with thermoprocessing into high-pressure decorative laminates (HPDL). A new type of HPDL is produced using real
2011:
594:
images. Printing businesses that do commercial lamination keep a variety of laminates on hand, as the process for bonding different types is generally similar when working with thin materials.
488:
is a common example of a laminate using the same material in each layer combined with an adhesive. Glued and laminated dimensional timber is used in the construction industry to make beams (
675:
to compensate for the tension created by the top side lamination. Cheaper particle boards may have only a lining of laminating kraft to give surface washability and resistance to wear.
544:
boxes are examples of laminated structures, where an inner core provides rigidity and strength, and the outer layers provide a smooth surface. A starch-based adhesive is usually used.
241:
240:
237:
236:
242:
706:
is 80 - 120 g/m and normally 2-4 plies are used. The decor paper is the most critical of the lamination papers as it gives the visual appearance of the laminate. The impregnation
632:
which is usually six layers of paper, polyethylene, and aluminum foil. Paper is used in the lamination to shape the product and give the juicebox an extra source of strength.
1735:
250:
scanning) through the length of a knitting needle that consists of laminated wooden layers: the layers can be differentiated by the change of direction of the wood's vessels
374:(e.g. fiberglass) are also often laminated. According to a 2002 source, the nonwovens fabric industry was the biggest single consumer of different polymer binding resins.
1051:
559:
are almost always laminated with plastic film. Boxes and other containers may be laminated using heat seal layers, extrusion coatings, pressure sensitive adhesives,
239:
682:
can also be processed under heat and low/high pressure to create a melamine laminated sheet, that has several applications. The absorbent kraft paper is a normal
1153:
Steim, R.; Chabrecek, P.; Sonderegger, U.; Kindle-Hasse, B.; Siefert, W.; Kroyer, T.; Reinecke, P.; Lanz, T.; Geiger, T.; Hany, R.; Nüesch, F. (2015-05-11).
477:
created by laminating a tough plastic film between two layers of glass. This is to prevent shards of glass detaching from the windshield in case it breaks.
525:
plastic laminate molded and cured at pressures in general of 400 pounds per square inch (approximately 27 atmospheres or 2.8 × 106 pascals).
196:
183:
1728:
270:
1611:
2070:
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1990:
551:, can prevent them from becoming creased, faded, water damaged, wrinkled, stained, smudged, abraded, or marked by grease or fingerprints.
533:
573:
Laminates can be used to add properties to a surface, usually printed paper, that would not have them otherwise, such as with the use of
238:
1721:
1228:
1137:
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221:
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59:
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Lamination is also used in sculpture using wood or resin. An example of an artist who used lamination in his work is the
American
750:. It becomes transparent after impregnation letting the appearance of the decor paper come through. The laminating kraft have a
1253:
891:
590:
markers or chalk. Multiple translucent printed images may be laminated in layers to achieve certain visual effects or to hold
433:
2006:
1985:
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109:
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20:
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McGraw-Hill
Dictionary of Scientific & Technical Terms, 6E, Copyright © 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
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polymers) are equally used in laminating and coating textile industry. In 2002 primary materials used included
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Materials used in production of coated and laminated fabrics are generally subjected to heat treatment.
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are visible. Due to this the decor paper demands extreme cleanness and is produced only on small
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is an example of thin metal laminated by, a glass fiber-reinforced and epoxy-glued sheets.
1832:
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1132:. Papermaking Science and Technology. Vol. 18. Finland: Fapet Oy. pp. 108–111.
808:
Lamination is widely used in production of electronic components such as PV solar cells.
440:
to give a soft-touch properties. Specialty films were used in protective clothing, .e.g.
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305:, or other properties from the use of the differing materials, such as plastic. A
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888: – Material made from a combination of two or more unlike substances
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Thin-films of plastics were in wide use as well. Materials varied from
318:
1179:
1154:
1050:
Martin, Alan; Harbison, Sam; Beach, Karen; Cole, Peter (2012-03-30).
436:(ABS) mixtures were often applied for interiors by laminating onto a
432:
depending on application. In automotive industry for example the PVC/
429:
861: – Specialist in combining raw materials to create new products
262:
912: – Mode of failure for which a material fractures into layers
719:
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A paper sign that has been laminated so it could be used outdoors
1303:
1717:
1210:
168:
66:
25:
1155:"Laminated fabric as top electrode for organic photovoltaics"
1206:
667:
with the structure of paper. The laminates may also have a
1102:
McGraw-Hill
Dictionary of Architecture & Construction
879: – Assembly of layers of fibrous composite materials
905:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
896:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
881:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
863:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
605:
giving a good-looking and resistant surface for use as
820:
is generally categorized into these five categories:
370:
may be considered as a subtype of laminated fabrics.
258:
Shattered windshield lamination keeps shards in place
872:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
792:. The thin lamination reduces the power loss due to
2036:
1999:
1956:
1913:
1875:
1842:
1811:
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1589:
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855: – Device used to laminate paper or card stock
97:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1080:. Delorie Countertops and Doors. 21 January 2015.
894: – Light, strong and rigid composite material
655:. The lamination papers are covered with an inert
465:can be used to laminate either side of a sheet of
903: – Type of plastic reinforced by glass fibre
309:is a layered object or material assembled using
988:. Textile Institute. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
977:
975:
973:
971:
969:
967:
965:
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366:, stiffness, thickness, and being wind proof .
246:Simulated flight (using image stack created by
1729:
1222:
1020:Coated and Laminated Textiles | ScienceDirect
870: – bonding together of dissimilar metals
718:which means that the cellulose fibers of the
8:
830:Heat set (or heat-assisted) laminating films
285:is the technique/process of manufacturing a
746:, thus it must be made of well delignified
60:Learn how and when to remove these messages
1736:
1722:
1714:
1593:
1229:
1215:
1207:
1053:An Introduction to Radiation Protection 6E
1178:
358:(glowing and other light-effects e.g. in
222:Learn how and when to remove this message
157:Learn how and when to remove this message
827:Low-temperature thermal laminating films
199:of all important aspects of the article.
1078:"What Is Post-Formed Plastic Laminate?"
928:
499:Examples of laminate materials include
1319:Polyethylene terephthalate (PET, PETE)
938:"Method of laminating multiple layers"
918: – Empty space in mixed materials
754:of 70 - 150 g/m and is a smooth dense
742:of 18 – 50 m and is made of pure
195:Please consider expanding the lead to
16:Technique of fusing layers of material
1259:Cross-linked polyethylene (PEX, XLPE)
1254:Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS)
1123:
1121:
1119:
1117:
738:50 - 150 g/m. The overlay paper have
7:
2071:List of environmental health hazards
1991:List of environmental health hazards
95:adding citations to reliable sources
620:Paper laminations are also used in
547:Laminating paper products, such as
1876:Miscellaneous additives incl. PHCs
782:electrical steel laminate coatings
503:adhesive countertop surfacing and
417:and terpolymers were also in use.
14:
1084:from the original on 11 July 2018
944:from the original on 24 June 2016
824:Standard thermal laminating films
41:This article has multiple issues.
1408:
1402:
1294:Polybutylene terephthalate (PBT)
1269:Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)
663:, which is cured to form a hard
643:, then some layers of absorbent
289:in multiple layers, so that the
173:
71:
30:
1274:Poly(ethyl methacrylate) (PEMA)
892:Carbon-fibre reinforced plastic
722:appear as a shade and only the
690:, which means a high degree of
597:Paper is normally laminated on
187:may be too short to adequately
82:needs additional citations for
49:or discuss these issues on the
1637:Category:Plastics applications
1384:Styrene maleic anhydride (SMA)
1379:Polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC)
1364:Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)
1128:Paulapuro, Hannu (2000). "5".
434:acrylonitrilebutadiene-styrene
197:provide an accessible overview
1:
1344:Poly(p-phenylene oxide) (PPO)
985:Coated and laminated textiles
772:Electrical equipment such as
325:. Various coating machines,
2061:Persistent organic pollutant
2022:Toxic Substances Control Act
1981:Persistent organic pollutant
1264:Ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA)
2054:Great Pacific garbage patch
1976:Great Pacific garbage patch
1389:Styrene-acrylonitrile (SAN)
1304:Polyetheretherketone (PEEK)
849: – Type of archery bow
21:Lamination (disambiguation)
2139:
2017:Japan Toxic Substances Law
1812:Miscellaneous plasticizers
760:
694:. It is made of clean low
455:
18:
2091:
2012:European REACH regulation
2007:California Proposition 65
1750:polyhalogenated compounds
1627:High-performance plastics
1452:High-performance plastics
1400:
698:hardwood kraft with good
1437:Fibre-reinforced plastic
1374:Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
901:Glass-reinforced plastic
833:Pressure-sensitive films
784:to form the core of the
647:. The last layers are a
360:high-visibility clothing
278:for aerospace use (2007)
1488:Biodegradable additives
1159:Applied Physics Letters
1017:Fung, W. (9 May 2002).
868:Cladding (metalworking)
635:The base is most often
442:polytetrafluoroethylene
1903:Perfluorooctanoic acid
1339:Polyphenyl ether (PPE)
1334:Polyoxymethylene (POM)
1279:Polyacrylic acid (PAA)
1130:Paper and Board grades
630:liquid packaging board
538:
490:glued laminated timber
279:
267:
259:
251:
2083:Biodegradable plastic
1432:Thermosetting polymer
1329:Polylactic acid (PLA)
982:Fung, Walter (2002).
542:Corrugated fiberboard
536:
473:are commonly made as
273:
265:
257:
245:
2094:Identification codes
1694:Foam food containers
1617:Engineering plastics
798:Fiber metal laminate
763:Plastic-coated paper
714:have about the same
671:on the back side of
628:are fabricated from
553:Photo identification
509:Decorative laminates
333:equipment are used.
276:thin-film solar cell
91:improve this article
19:For other uses, see
2113:Composite materials
1933:Endocrine disruptor
1531:Compression molding
1483:Polymer stabilizers
1171:2015ApPhL.106s3301S
877:Composite laminates
522:multilaminar veneer
2123:Glass applications
2118:Airship technology
1948:Polymer fume fever
1607:Commodity plastics
1581:Rotational molding
1551:Fiberglass molding
1511:Injection moulding
1493:Filler (materials)
1442:Corrugated plastic
1394:Tritan copolyester
1349:Polypropylene (PP)
1299:Polycarbonate (PC)
940:. Google Patents.
886:Composite material
539:
399:polyvinyl chloride
293:achieves improved
291:composite material
280:
268:
260:
252:
2100:
2099:
2078:Plastic recycling
2044:Plastic pollution
2030:
2029:
1964:Plastic pollution
1744:Health issues of
1702:
1701:
1598:Plastics industry
1516:Plastic extrusion
1369:Polyurethane (PU)
1359:Polysulfone (PES)
1314:Polyethylene (PE)
1289:Polybutylene (PB)
1180:10.1063/1.4919940
936:Carter, Richard.
916:Void (composites)
581:impregnated with
438:polyurethane foam
411:synthetic rubbers
391:polyvinyl acetate
356:photoluminescence
266:Laminate flooring
243:
232:
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1969:Rubber pollution
1819:Organophosphates
1738:
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1566:Filament winding
1541:Transfer molding
1468:Polymer additive
1412:
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1354:Polystyrene (PS)
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804:Microelectronics
788:used to produce
716:refraction index
686:with controlled
673:laminating kraft
651:covered with an
575:lamination paper
511:and some modern
372:Nonwoven fabrics
351:Laminated fabric
299:sound insulation
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836:Liquid laminate
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790:magnetic fields
780:usually use an
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624:. For example,
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458:Laminated glass
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385:plastics (e.g.
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327:machine presses
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1324:Polyimide (PI)
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1165:(19): 193301.
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732:paper machines
583:ferro-magnetic
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456:Main article:
453:
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379:Thermoplastics
368:Coated fabrics
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191:the key points
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1063:9781444146073
1059:
1056:. CRC Press.
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847:Laminated bow
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609:, decoration
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577:. Sheets of
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408:
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403:polyurethanes
400:
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383:thermosetting
380:
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364:tear strength
361:
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118:
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111:
108: –
107:
103:
102:Find sources:
96:
92:
86:
85:
80:This article
78:
74:
69:
68:
63:
61:
54:
53:
48:
47:
42:
37:
28:
27:
22:
1759:Plasticizers
1707:Environment
1659:Blister pack
1612:Construction
1545:
1521:Blow molding
1162:
1158:
1148:
1129:
1107:
1098:
1086:. Retrieved
1072:
1052:
1045:
1034:. Retrieved
1023:. Woodhead.
1019:
1012:
984:
946:. Retrieved
931:
910:Delamination
818:plastic film
815:
807:
774:transformers
771:
679:
677:
672:
652:
648:
634:
619:
596:
572:
568:Floyd Shaman
565:
557:credit cards
546:
540:
498:
493:
484:
463:Plastic film
461:
446:polyurethane
422:polyethylene
419:
387:formaldehyde
376:
349:
340:
306:
282:
281:
218:
202:
186:
184:lead section
153:
147:October 2008
144:
134:
127:
120:
113:
106:"Lamination"
101:
89:Please help
84:verification
81:
57:
50:
44:
43:Please help
40:
2000:Regulations
1852:Bisphenol A
1536:Calendering
1478:Plasticizer
1418:Mechanical
1088:15 February
948:15 February
756:kraft paper
684:kraft paper
680:decor paper
649:decor paper
645:kraft paper
641:fiberboards
603:fiberboards
592:holographic
549:photographs
518:wood veneer
471:windshields
331:calendering
274:A flexible
2107:Categories
1928:Carcinogen
1893:Organotins
1763:Phthalates
1709:and health
1556:Pultrusion
1546:Laminating
1504:processing
1036:2021-11-26
923:References
859:Converting
812:Film types
761:See also:
700:uniformity
688:absorbency
626:juiceboxes
561:UV coating
555:cards and
475:composites
469:. Vehicle
415:Copolymers
303:appearance
283:Lamination
205:March 2024
117:newspapers
46:improve it
1957:Pollution
1923:Teratogen
1854:(BPA, in
1502:Plastics
1473:Colorants
1461:Additives
1245:Chemical
1197:119779721
1189:0003-6951
853:Laminator
816:Laminate
744:cellulose
724:dyestuffs
712:cellulose
665:composite
622:packaging
607:furniture
588:dry erase
337:Materials
323:adhesives
189:summarize
52:talk page
1938:Diabetes
1844:Monomers
1824:Adipates
1746:plastics
1600:segments
1590:Products
1238:Plastics
1082:Archived
1004:57250766
942:Archived
841:See also
752:grammage
740:grammage
736:grammage
728:pigments
704:grammage
692:porosity
661:melamine
659:, often
637:particle
615:flooring
599:particle
513:millwork
501:melamine
444:(PTFE),
395:acrylics
315:pressure
307:laminate
295:strength
287:material
2066:Dioxins
1986:Dioxins
1943:Obesity
1684:Cutlery
1674:Bottles
1167:Bibcode
653:overlay
563:, etc.
505:plywood
486:Plywood
407:natural
401:(PVC),
346:Textile
319:welding
131:scholar
1783:(BBzP)
1752:(PHCs)
1664:Chairs
1632:Nurdle
1195:
1187:
1136:
1060:
1027:
1002:
992:
778:motors
702:. The
669:lining
611:panels
494:Glulam
430:kapton
405:, and
133:
126:
119:
112:
104:
2037:Waste
1883:PBDEs
1794:(DOP)
1420:types
1247:types
1193:S2CID
786:coils
768:Metal
734:with
720:paper
708:resin
696:kappa
657:resin
639:- or
579:vinyl
529:Paper
492:, or
467:glass
452:Glass
448:etc.
321:, or
138:JSTOR
124:books
1898:PFCs
1888:PCBs
1864:(in
1828:DEHA
1803:DINP
1798:DIDP
1792:DEHP
1787:DIHP
1771:DIBP
1748:and
1679:Bags
1185:ISSN
1134:ISBN
1090:2015
1058:ISBN
1025:ISBN
1000:OCLC
990:ISBN
950:2015
776:and
748:pulp
726:and
710:and
678:The
613:and
481:Wood
424:and
409:and
381:and
329:and
311:heat
110:news
1866:PVC
1833:DOA
1781:BBP
1776:DBP
1175:doi
1163:106
601:or
520:or
428:to
426:PVC
362:),
248:μCT
93:by
2109::
1761::
1191:.
1183:.
1173:.
1161:.
1157:.
1116:^
998:.
958:^
796:.
758:.
617:.
570:.
507:.
413:.
397:,
393:,
317:,
313:,
301:,
55:.
1868:)
1858:)
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1826:(
1737:e
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1723:v
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1039:.
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952:.
225:)
219:(
207:)
203:(
193:.
160:)
154:(
149:)
145:(
135:·
128:·
121:·
114:·
87:.
62:)
58:(
23:.
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