680:, where he announced internal autonomy for Tunisia. This was a welcome surprise for the Bey, who had been kept at arm's length from the negotiations between Mendès France and the Neo Destourians before his visit. Shortly afterwards, the Bey addressed his subjects: 'A new phase has just begun in the life of our beloved country. It is hard for us to recall the painful days that all of Tunisia has lived through.... before this decisive step in our national life, we must stand equal to our destiny in offering to the world the spectacle of a united people marching serenely towards progress. This great constructive effort to which we are summoned can only bear fruit for us through order, peace and security, which all the inhabitants of this country have the right to enjoy.' There was no doubt however that the balance of forces had shifted decisively away from the Bey. For France, the experience of the failed Mzali government highlighted the futility of hoping to evolve political institutions by means of negotiating only with the Bey. The new Resident General,
696:, in exile in Geneva. None of these approaches led to anything. After six months of negotiation, the autonomy accords were signed on 3 June 1955. Bourguiba had returned to Tunis on 1 June, welcomed as he came down the gangplank by the Bey's three sons, and by a giant demonstration of Tunisians. Having crossed the capital in triumph, Bourguiba visited the Bey in Carthage, apparently unmindful of having returned his decoration only a few months before, and made a stirring declaration of the deep attachment felt by the Tunisian people towards beylical rule. On 7 August the Bey applied his seal to the conventions agreed with France and on 1 September, for the first time since the protectorate was established in 1881, he applied his seal to decrees that had not been authorized by the Resident General. On 29 December 1955 his seal confirmed a decree establishing a Constituent Assembly for the country, with elections to be held on 8 April 1956. Tunisia appeared to be evolving into a constitutional monarchy.
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the decrees authorizing the forthcoming elections and the appointment of local governors and mayors. This move was welcomed by Ben
Youssef, who demanded a ministerial reshuffle, but naturally alienated the Bey further from Bourguiba and his followers. He backed down and signed them the following day. Ben Youssef fled the country on 28 January and a crackdown followed on his followers in Tunisia, in which Bourguiba relied on the army, with its French officers, the airforce and heavy artillery. Horrified at this brutality, Lamine Bey renewed his ineffective protestations to Seydoux in April 1956. The only effect was to enrage Bourguiba, who hastened to the palace to accuse the Bey and his family of seeking to hinder the transfer of power from France to the Tunisian government. On 20 March 1956 the Franco-Tunisian protocol was signed by the Grand Vizier
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him. Summoned to the national security headquarters Lamine's wife was interrogated relentlessly for three days to the point where she could no longer speak and suffered an apoplexy as her son Salah Eddine recalled years later. 'As for mother, she never recovered from her arrest and most of all from the three days of interrogation on the fourth floor of the
Ministry of the Interior, where the security forces questioned her endlessly about what happened to the family jewels. Whether she was maltreated or not, she came back with blood coming from her mouth and internal hemorrhages in her lower abdomen. She died later in my father's arms, still in shock, and without ever telling us what she had undergone during her interrogation.' Taken back to La Soukra in agony, she died two days later. She was buried in the cemetery of Sidi Abdelaziz in
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his respects to him at the time of his installation in 1943. However violence quickly erupted between followers of Ben
Youssef and those of Bourguiba, leaving the Bey to vainly attempt to act as arbiter between them. The French had already transferred authority over the police force from the Resident General to the Tunisian government, whose ministers had been chosen by Bourguiba, so Ben Youssef's representations to the Bey had no effect. On 2 December the Bey summoned the Resident General (now known as the High Commissioner)
857:, an old abandoned beylical palace without water or electricity, which was assigned to him and several members of his family: his wife Lalla DjeneĂŻna, their sons princes Chedly, M'hamed and Salah Eddine, princess Soufia, his son in law Mohamed Ben Salem and the Bey al-Mahalla Hassine Bey. The furniture of their new dwelling was no more than a mattress on the floor, with no sheets or covers. Food was provided for the first three days, after which the family was left to fend for itself.
650:, were willing to give these reforms a chance, but the French refusal to free Bourguiba remained a stumbling block for many Tunisians, and indeed, for Bourguiba himself. 'The failure of an old man terrorized by the fear of deposition and exile, combined with the vile ambition of an unscrupulous adventurer risk depriving Tunisia of the only asset that remains to it: it standing as a nation state; its legal character, recognized internationally by treaty and confirmed by the
611:. Unable to resist de Hauteclocque any longer, Lamine Bey eventually signed the decrees on limited internal autonomy which had been formulated months previously in Paris, thereby allowing new municipal elections. However the reforms imposed by the French remained a dead letter – the nationalists launched a campaign of terror against both candidates and voters. This extended as far as the ruling family itself – on 1 July 1953 the Bey's heir apparent
475:. As was the norm under the French protectorate, the Bey was not consulted on the choice of ministers (the Chenik government appointed by Moncef Bey had been an exception to this rule). It was only on 6 July that Moncef Bey eventually abdicated, thereby rendering Lamine Bey's accession legitimate. For most Tunisians however, Lamine Bey was still considered to be a usurper.
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villa. Their daughter princess Soufia was allowed to visit them whenever she wished however. On 8 September the trial of Tahar Ben Ammar came to an end, having worked up the public mood with accusations made, and later withdrawn, about the who possessed the jewels which had belonged to the Bey's wife, which had still not been found.
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to remind him of France's responsibility for public order—which in fact it no longer had. In effect, the Bey was appealing for a restoration of colonial powers from the nationalist government. As his appeals had no effect he made use of the only power remaining to him and refused to apply his seal to
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Despite the repeated efforts of the Bey, a new government was formed without consulting the palace. To recover some semblance of his former influence, on 10 August he proposed to the French government that the institution of the beylicate should be replaced with a full monarchy, which would give him
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Mzali's cabinet resigned on 17 June 1954 and no successor was appointed. Bitter at the defeat of his efforts, the Bey confided to
Voizard 'For a year, since I have been asking for Bourguiba to be released or transferred to a spa, I have received nothing but threats. Then you transfer him to a remote
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complaining of De
Hauteclocque's discourteous and threatening tone. The only result was that within a few hours, every one of his ministers had been arrested and interned. Deprived of the support of his ministers, on 28 March the Bey eventually gave way and signed the decree naming De Hauteclocque's
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arrived in Tunis. The political situation had remained unchanged since the end of the war – the
Destour and Neo Destour could agree on nothing except the demand to remove Lamine Bey and reinstate his predecessor. The court was consumed by a morbid obsession with his restoration. Indeed, the mood was
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where he attended the military parades on 14 July 1945, standing next to De Gaulle. He then went on to visit
Germany. For Tunisians however, he remained 'The Bey of the French'. In August 1946 when the capital was at a standstill during a general strike to protest the arrest of several nationalists,
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on 11 August. Hassine, M'hamed and princess Soufia were freed several days later. The last son, Salah Eddine, was transferred to the civil prison in Tunis three months after his house arrest. Alone in the ruined palace, the old couple were not allowed to leave until
October 1958, as Lamine's health
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In fact, power continued to ebb rapidly away from Lamine Bey as independence approached. Salah Ben
Youssef returned from exile on 13 September 1955, giving the Bey hopes that his political power would start to be restored. He was close to Ben Youssef, who had been one of the few politicians to pay
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festival, he could readily see his subjects' indifference. The anniversary of his accession was regarded by shopkeepers as a good occasion to close their premises and put up portraits of his predecessor. People even spat on his car. His health deteriorated in the face of this hatred and in 1947 an
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Two years later, the search for the jewels was renewed and both the former King and his wife were summoned for interrogation. It may have been at this point that Salah Eddine, still confined in the civil prison of Tunis, was taken to his father, imprisoned in the same building, to say farewell to
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with a kitchen, a bathroom and two other rooms and given a monthly allowance of 80 dinars, roughly the same as the salary of a secondary school teacher. They remained under house arrest and were forbidden even to go into the garden outside – indeed a policeman remained on duty actually inside the
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hoped by this means to drive a wedge between the ruler and the militant nationalists. Lamine Bey was too wily to be deceived by the apparently pleasant demeanour of the new
Resident General. On 16 October 1953 he refused to preside at the opening of the Tunis-Carthage Fair because some repressive
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On 31 May a decree from the Constituent Assembly abolished all privileges, exemptions and immunities which had previously been accorded to the ruling family. They were now simply ordinary citizens. Although this abruptly ended the civil list payments to members of his family and placed the crown
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Moncef Bey died in exile on 1 September 1948. His remains were brought to Tunis on 5 September for burial, and thousands of Tunisians turned out to pay their respects to him. His family threatened to boycott the ceremony if Lamine Bey attended, and he made no effort to present his condolences to
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Several days later, the former King's house arrest was lifted. Lamine was allowed to go out into his own garden, and to visit the tomb of his wife. He left the villa in La Soukra and moved into the apartment of a Jewish friend in the Rue de Yougoslavie, who had already taken in Ahmed El Kassar,
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The Constituent Assembly held its formal opening ceremony on 8 April 1956. It was a sign of the changing times that the King presided over the session dressed in the uniform of a marshal of the Ottoman Empire, whose subject he had been when he was born, but which had ceased to exist in 1922. He
878:, with her sons Salah Eddine and M'hamed present. Lamine was not allowed to leave his villa for the occasion. The public was also kept away from the burial by the police. Sidi Ali Ben Khodja, the Sheikh El Islam, was however allowed to enter the cemetery to pronounce the prayer for the dead.
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Further decrees followed, compelling the King to turn over various properties to the state, against the backdrop of a hostile press campaign highlighting the questionable, and perhaps even criminal, circumstances under which they had been acquired. These measures served to greatly reduce the
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to make sure that he would not refuse the throne if it was offered, but Lamine at first refused to give this undertaking. Eventually Juin prevailed on him to agree, largely because of the benefits to his family. As Moncef Bey refused to abdicate, General Giraud removed him on 14 May 1943.
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took a more conciliatory line. Thousands of prisoners were freed and censorship was scaled back. However Voizard's instructions from the French government made the relative calm only temporary – he was to pursue a reform policy with the Bey only, but not with the Neo Destour.
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after he accepted French-initiated reforms in 1954. Shortly after independence Lamine Bey was turned out of his palace along with his family. Their property was seized and several family members were imprisoned. He ended his days living in a small apartment in Tunis.
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he made a protocol visit with his ministers to the King's wife, but refused to approach the throne. 'I have not come here as I did before, but as head of the government. You should step forward to meet me and not remain seated in your throne,' he declared.
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measures were still in place. More efforts were made to appease him – on 1 January 1954 a number of nationalist leaders were freed and promptly received by the Bey. Bourguiba however, regarded by France as highly dangerous, remained confined on La Galite.
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as well as the family of Prince Salah Eddine when they were expelled from the palace. When Prince Chedly was freed in 1961, he joined them in Tunis in the Rue FĂ©nelon in Lafayette, in a two-room apartment which was placed under constant surveillance.
818:'We went into the throne room right away, and without being announced, as we were already expected. Lamine Bey, wearing a jebba and with his hair undressed, stood there, dignified, without saying a word. Belhouane called out in his theatrical voice
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Lamine Bey kept a low profile in the face of demands from loyalists for the return of Moncef Bey. His rare appearances showed that his subjects were indifferent to him, or indeed hostile. To rebuild his standing, he supported the teachers of the
1003:. He was arrested in August 1957 after the abolition of the monarchy. He married Habiba Meherzi (1916–199?) then Liliane Zid (1932–1998). He had two sons and two daughters by his first wife, and three sons and one daughter by the second.
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who were striking in December 1943 and chose Neo Destourians as ministers. Nevertheless, the general opinion was that he wanted to abdicate and restore the throne to Moncef Bey. When these rumours were denied, his popularity fell again.
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On 15 July 1957 the Tunisian army replaced the Royal Guard around the palace, and thereafter the King effectively lost his freedom of movement. On 18 July his younger son Salah Eddine was arrested on charges falsified by the police.
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party. After investigating the Bey's conduct, Juin could find no grounds for condemning him, but his orders were explicit. He tried to persuade Moncef to abdicate, but he refused. Juin therefore visited Lamine in his villa in
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he said, making a gesture of refusal, the last reflex of his authority. We did not want to deny the wishes of the old man, or humiliate him further. Then Ali Belhaouane made a gesture of salute with his hand, repeated
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presented himself and advised the fallen ruler of an order from the Minister of the Interior placing him in isolation. In the course of this, hearing the name of his father spoken, the King reacted again, saying
410:, decorated him with the Ahd El-Amane and made him a Divisional General. A month later he had an opportunity to display his loyalty to his sovereign when he was contacted by one of the court counsellors, General
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and Justice Minister Ahmed Mestiri went to the palace of Carthage to make the King aware of the decree and ask him to leave the palace along with his wife, their three sons, seven daughters and grandchildren.
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island without seeking my opinion. Now you are transferring him close to Paris, depriving me of the goodwill I might have earned by securing this move for him. I am ready to take up my rifle and become a
654:. Suddenly my release has been postponed indefinitely' he commented. On 27 May Bourguiba, who had recently been transferred from La Gailte to custody in France, returned to the Bey the Grand Cross of the
446:, arrived in Tunis with orders to depose Muhammad VII for alleged attempts to collaborate with Axis forces during the occupation and for an indulgent attitude to the actions of the militant nationalist
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Témoignage pour l'histoire : des souvenirs, quelques réflexions et commentaires sur une époque contemporaine de la Tunisie, accessoirement du Maghreb (1940-1990) et sur la révolution de 2010-2011
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to negotiate a new reform package with the Resident General. On 18 January 1954, sufficient progress had been made that the Bey asked him to form a new government. A number of nationalists, including
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them. However this was a turning point for his reign, as the possibility of Moncef Bey's restoration was now removed, and for the first time, his people began to regard him as their legitimate ruler.
508:. Tunisians hoped that he would reverse the injustice of his old rival Giraud and restore Moncef Bey, but the Moncefists were disappointed in this hope. Instead De Gaulle presented Lamine Bey a
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Muhammad died on 30 September 1962 at the age of 81. He was buried in the cemetery of Sidi Abdelaziz next to his wife, unlike most rulers of his family who were interred in the mausoleum of
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to raise demands for Tunisian self-government and during the period 1948–1951 was able to put the French authorities under considerable pressure. In 1952 a new Resident General took office,
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as his Grand Vizier. However he refused to sign any decrees issued by the Baccouche cabinet or by the Resident General, bringing government to a standstill and producing deadlock.
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x-ray revealed a lesion in his left lung. Dr. Mohamed Ben Salem (1915–2001), husband of his daughter Princess Zakia, became his doctor and later his political advisor as well.
467:, ministers, court officials and members of the consular corps. For this occasion he reinstated the kissing of the hand, which his predecessor had abolished. That same day,
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and then read out the resolution of the Constituent Assembly. A photographer had come with us, and wanted to start working, but straight away the King broke his silence.
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The 75-year old Muhammad left his palace wearing a simple jebba of white linen and a pair of yellow Moroccan slippers, which he lost along the way. He was taken to the
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estate under government control, the King signed the decree without protest. Another decree on 21 June modified the national emblems and removed any reference to the
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in 1943. It was not until the latter's death in 1948 that his legitimacy was recognized by the people of Tunisia. He took steps to align himself with the
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Princess Lalla Soufia (1912–1994): She initially married the prince Mohamed Hédi Bey (1907–1965) before they divorced, and later in 1943 she married the
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remaining prestige of the King. Nonetheless King Muhammad VIII was the first person to be honoured, on 19 December 1956, with the decoration of the new
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591:, who took a much harder line than his predecessor and imprisoned Bourguiba and other nationalist leaders. The Bey sent an angry telegram to President
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Ahmed Ounaies, Histoire générale de la Tunisie, vol. IV. « L'Époque contemporaine (1881–1956) », éd. Sud Éditions, Tunis, 2010, p. 463
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necessary to maintain Franco-Tunisian cooperation and preserve the French presence in Tunisia. At the same time, he opened communications with
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On 25 July 1957 the Constituent Assembly voted on a show of hands to abolish the monarchy, declare a Republic and make Bourguiba President.
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Hostility towards the Bey showed no signs of decreasing. He was boycotted by the other Husainid princes when he went to the mosque for
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to depose Moncef Bey. Lamine Bey however warned the ruler of this conspiracy and Belkhodja was expelled from the palace on 30 July.
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Princess Lalla Aïcha (1906–1994): The eldest daughter of the king, she represented her father on several occasions. She received
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840:(May God save his soul) clearly out loud as he left the room. It was over. The whole thing had not even lasted three minutes.'
561:, was appointed by the Resident General. For the first time, there was parity between Tunisians and French in the government.
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After the death of Moncef Bey, relations between Lamine Bey and the nationalists improved. The Bey worked clandestinely with
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on 1 June 1955, on the occasion of the country's internal independence. She married Slaheddine Meherzi. They had three sons.
778:; another still, on 31 August, removed the King's prerogative to pass regulations, transferring this to the Prime Minister.
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Muhammad VIII was installed on 15 May 1943 at the Bardo palace by General Juin, who invested him at the same time with the
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Décret du 3 août 1956 modifiant le décret du 21 septembre 1955 relatif à l'organisation provisoire des pouvoirs publics,
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Néo-Destour face à la troisième épreuve 1952-1956 (Le). 2, La Victoire / textes réunis et commentés par Mohamed Sayah
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With all his ministers and advisers in prison, Lamine Bey relied on the counsel and support of the trade union leader
751:, the National Union of Tunisian Farmers and the Tunisian Union of Craftsmen and Merchants) which won all 98 seats.
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was quick to understand this and it was now the Neo Destour who were the sole interlocutors for the Tunisian people.
790:(for the second time). Bourguiba clearly had little remaining respect for the ruling family however. On 19 July, at
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Le ministère Chenik à la poursuite de l'autonomie interne : de la déclaration de Thionville à l'exil de Kebili
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expected to be present during the debates leading to the election of a speaker of the Assembly, and Prime Minister
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so pervasive that Mons suggested to the French government that they proceed to restore Moncef Bey. Prime Minister
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in gold, having learned that during the Axis occupation he used to listen secretly to De Gaulle's broadcasts from
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was assassinated inside his own palace, accused of conducting discussions of his own with the Resident General.
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L'action nationaliste en Tunisie : du pacte fondamental de M'Hamed Bey Ă la mort de Moncef Bey 1857-1948
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Victor Silvera, « Le régime constitutionnel de la Tunisie : la Constitution du 1 juin 1959 »,
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the authority he felt was appropriate. He was willing, in return, to sign supplementary agreements to the
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2771:. Werner Ruf, Centre de recherches et d'études sur les sociétés méditerranéennes. Paris: C.N.R.S. 1975.
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to rebuild my contact with my people, for you have done everything possible to separate me from them.'
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was proclaimed and the Bey was proclaimed King of Tunisia. His reign, however, was to be short-lived.
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On 2 September 1953, Jean de Hauteclocque was finally recalled to Paris and the new Resident General,
414:. Belkhodja, fearing for his own political future, was trying to persuade the French Resident General
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ascended to the presidency and was allowed to return from exile. She had two sons and one daughter.
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1944:, vol. IV. « L’Époque contemporaine (1881–1956) », éd. Sud Éditions, Tunis, 2010, p.492
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Muhammad VIII and Bourguiba receiving the first French ambassador after independence, March 1956
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refused, fearing the adverse reaction of French settlers in North Africa. On 19 July 1947 a new
402:(also known as Moncef Bey). In accordance with tradition on 25 June Moncef Bey named Lamine Bey
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HĂ©di Ben Mustapha, later Chief of Protocol under the republic, (divorced), she married the
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Two days later, Ben Ammar resigned and the King appointed Bourguiba as new Prime Minister.
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The French protectorate in Tunisia officially ended on 20 March 1956. On the same day, the
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he feigned ill-health to cancel the ceremony of kissing hands which he was due to hold for
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516:. The Bey wore this on his uniform next to his decorations for a long time afterwards.
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1824:"Les archives sur l'assassinat de Farhat Hached Ă©cartent toute implication tunisienne"
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Princess Lalla Fatma (1924–1957): Spouse of Mustapha Ben Abdallah, deputy Governor of
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in his stentorian voice, and turned on his heels. As we withdrew, police commissioner
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He was enthroned in unusual circumstances following the removal of his predecessor
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DĂ©cret du 31 mai 1956 sur les droits et obligations des membres de Notre Famille,
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He married Lalla Jeneïna Beya (1887–1960) in 1902, daughter of Bashir Ayari, a
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had to intervene to persuade him to leave. The King withdrew with ill grace.
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in 1944, former minister of health. They had three sons and three daughters.
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had deteriorated very badly. They were then transferred to a small villa in
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De la dynastie husseinite. Le fondateur Hussein Ben Ali. 1705 - 1735 - 1740
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after the abolition of the monarchy in 1957. She returned to Tunisia after
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Princess Lalla Khadija (1909–199?): She married in 1939 Khaireddine Azzouz.
607:, but in December 1952 he was assassinated by extremist French settlers of
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Silvera, Victor (1957). "Du régime beylical à la République tunisienne".
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De l'ombre vers la lumière : le combat du Docteur Salem Esch-Chadely
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Last Bey of Tunis (r. 1943–56); 1st and only King of Tunisia (r. 1956–57)
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La conquête de l'indépendance tunisienne : souvenirs et témoignages
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from 2001 to 2004. He married princess Hosn El Oujoud Zakkaria (?–1991).
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933:. He had twelve children, including three princes and nine princesses:
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Princess Lalla Lilia (1929–2021): She initially married Dr. Menchari (
2208:"Discours de Bourguiba à l'Assemblée constituante du 25 juillet 1957"
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saw a landslide victory for the National Union (an alliance between
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The state of Africa : a history of fifty years of independence
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General De Gaulle welcomed by Lamine Bey and Resident General Mast.
955:(1910–2004): Former director of the Royal Cabinet (1950–1957) and
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visited Tunis on the first anniversary of its liberation from the
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Burke's Royal Families of the World: Africa & the Middle East
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Sur les routes de l'histoire: cinquante ans au service de l'État
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presented the resignation of his government and was replaced by
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786:. He reciprocated on the same day by awarding Bourguiba the
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Radioscopie de la genèse d'une république par Béchir Turki
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Nasreddine Zakaria. They had two sons and three daughters;
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said the prayers over his body and a single photographer,
342:; 4 September 1881 – 30 September 1962) commonly known as
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Mohamed Aziz Bahri. They had four sons and two daughters.
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Eclairage sur les recoins sombres de l'ère bourguibienne
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Closer relations with the nationalist movement (1948–53)
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Sayah, Mohamed (1979). Tunis : Dar El Amal (ed.).
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Chedly and Ben Salem were transferred to the prison of
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arrived in Tunis. He was received by Lamine Bey in the
2572:
Mémoires Alger Tunis Rome éd. Librairie Arthème Fayard
2366:
463:. He then received the homage of other princes of the
2126:
DĂ©cret du 21 juin 1956 sur les armoiries du Royaume,
805:
Straight away, a delegation headed by deputy speaker
632:
Estrangement from the nationalist movement (1953–56)
3160:
3020:
1065:
Osman Bahri. They had two sons and three daughters.
319:
311:
301:
289:
281:
267:
231:
203:
186:
166:
143:
139:
123:
113:
105:
98:
82:
68:
60:
53:
32:
1061:Princess Lalla Hédia (1931–2010): She married the
2443:Bourguiba a l'epreuve de la democratie, 1956-1963
544:On 3 March 1947, the new French Resident General
358:(15 May 1943 – 20 March 1956), and also the only
769:Muhammad VIII and Prime Minister Habib Bourguiba
642:With Bourguiba still in exile, Lamine Bey asked
999:Prince Salaheddine Bey (1919–2003): Founder of
2768:Introduction Ă l'Afrique du nord contemporaine
973:Prince Mohammed Bey (1914–1999): He married a
3236:Heads of government who were later imprisoned
2998:
8:
2475:. Hassine Raouf Hamza. Tunis: Sud Editions.
2143:Journal officiel de la RĂ©publique tunisienne
2128:Journal officiel de la RĂ©publique tunisienne
2113:Journal officiel de la RĂ©publique tunisienne
532:, but when he passed through the streets of
741:1956 Tunisian Constituent Assembly election
523:. To raise his prestige, he was invited to
3005:
2991:
2983:
2883:
2872:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2700:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2561:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2354:
1083:
1074:
45:
29:
2256:
2182:
2050:
2038:
1965:
1953:
1916:
1904:
1892:
1880:
1847:
1774:
1726:
1714:
1702:
1690:
1678:
1666:
1654:
1629:
1617:
1605:
442:, Commander in Chief of French forces in
2291:
2289:
2160:, vol. 10, No. 2, 1960, p. 377
2145:, No. 62, 3 août 1956, p. 1070
2130:, No. 50, 22 juin 1956, p. 825
1981:, Ă©d. Librairie Plon, Paris, 1956, p. 79
3216:Grand Cross of the Order of Civil Merit
2308:
2306:
2304:
2295:
2232:
2194:
2115:, No. 44, 1 juin 1956, p. 720
2098:
2026:
2014:
1810:
1645:, Ă©d. Hassan Mzali, Tunis, 1972, p. 175
1477:
224: 1902; died 1960)
2865:
2792:
2693:
2554:
2170:
2074:
2062:
1990:
1593:
1581:
1569:
1521:
1509:
1318:
1314:
1304:
1202:
1092:
1088:
996:).They had four sons and one daughter.
652:General Assembly of the United Nations
264:
2718:Montgomery-Massingberd, Hugh (1980).
2312:
2280:
2268:
2244:
2086:
2002:
1928:
1868:
1425:
1418:
1408:
1396:
1386:
1382:
1370:
1363:
1353:
1336:
1326:
1322:
1298:
1288:
1276:
1266:
1262:
1250:
1243:
1233:
1220:
1210:
1206:
1190:
1184:
1174:
1162:
1152:
1148:
1136:
1126:
1116:
1100:
1096:
1021:. They had two sons and one daughter.
1010:(1923–2007): She married in 1944 the
7:
2158:Revue française de science politique
1798:
1786:
1762:
1750:
1738:
1557:
1545:
1533:
980:named Safiya (1910–2000), raised by
3211:Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour
1497:
351:
339:
2812:Centre de Documentation Nationale.
2385:La dernière odalisque : roman
1488:, Ă©d. Serviced, Tunis, 1993, p. 70
1078:Ancestors of Muhammad VIII al-Amin
25:
430:Mohamed Lamine Bey as a young man
362:(20 March 1956 – 25 July 1957).
249:Princess Lalla ZeneĂŻkha Zanoukha
2414:L'antichambre de l'indépendance
1942:Histoire générale de la Tunisie
720:King and Deposition (1956–1957)
658:which he had received in 1950.
369:by the French Resident General
221:
929:from the Ras Darb district of
253:Princess Lalla Kabira Kabboura
1:
2367:Montgomery-Massingberd (1980)
1979:Vérités sur l'Afrique du Nord
749:Tunisian General Labour Union
390:Bey al-Mahalla (Crown Prince)
2417:. Tunis: Cérès Productions.
64:20 March 1956 – 25 July 1957
2504:. Tunis: Éditions Nirvana.
2411:Ben Salem, Mohamed (1988).
1028:(1926–2007): Spouse of the
900:Muhammad al-Tahir ibn Ashur
255:Princess Lalla Zakia Zakoua
109:15 May 1943 – 20 March 1956
3262:
3085:Muhammad II ibn al-Husayn
2939:Himself as King of Tunisia
2501:Tahar Ben Ammar, 1889-1985
1316:
1196:
1090:
635:
572:
398:died and was succeeded by
375:Tunisian national movement
2962:
2953:
2945:
2935:
2926:
2918:
2913:
2886:
2737:PĂ©rillier, Louis (1979).
2608:Meredith, Martin (2006).
2469:Casemajor, Roger (2009).
2446:. Tunis: Samed Editions.
1402:
1384:
1376:
1347:
1324:
1320:
1282:
1264:
1256:
1227:
1208:
1204:
1168:
1150:
1142:
1110:
1094:
1039:(1927–1998): She married
422:Replacement of Moncef Bey
381:but was sidelined by the
285:الأمين باي بن Ů…ŘŮ…ŘŻ الŘبيب
272:
263:
44:
37:
2643:. Tunis: Arcs Editions.
2527:Eschadely, Halé (2014).
1977:Pierre Boyer de Latour,
1006:Princess Lalla ZeneĂŻkha
957:Head of the Royal Family
678:Royal Palace of Carthage
669:On 31 July 1954 the new
536:in February 1947 on the
494:University of Ez-Zitouna
315:Lalla Fatouma El-Ismaila
94:as President of Tunisia)
3141:Muhammad VII al-Munsif
3067:Al-Husayn II ibn Mahmud
2949:Himself as Bey of Tunis
2831:10.3406/polit.1957.2477
2666:Mistīrī, Aḥmad (2011).
2637:Mestiri, SaĂŻd. (1991).
2570:Juin, Maréchal (1959).
2498:Chater, Kalifa (2010).
2440:Borsali, Noura (2008).
1103:Al-Husayn II bin Mahmud
1056:Zine El Abidine Ben Ali
918:Family and private life
711:French Foreign Minister
479:Early reign (1943–1948)
434:Towards the end of the
3246:Tunisian Sunni Muslims
3172:Muhammad VIII al-Amin
3149:Muhammad VIII al-Amin
3101:Ali III ibn al-Husayn
3093:Muhammad III as-Sadiq
3014:Husainid Beys of Tunis
2922:Muhammad VII al-Munsif
2888:Muhammad VIII al-Amin
2838:Turkī, Bashīr (2011).
2799:: CS1 maint: others (
1024:Princess Lalla Kabira
984:(wife successively of
842:
770:
729:
682:Pierre Boyer de Latour
488:
431:
367:Muhammad VII al Munsif
247:Prince Salaheddine Bey
239:Princess Lalla Khadija
3125:Muhammad VI al-Habib
2743:. Paris: R. Laffont.
2582:Moncef Bey roi martyr
2579:Khlifi, Omar (2006).
1641:Mohamed Salah Mzali,
1301:Muhammad VIII al-Amin
1221:9. Yasmine Ben Lamine
1035:Princess Lalla Zakia
990:Ali III ibn al-Husayn
986:Muhammad III as-Sadiq
845:Confinement and death
816:
784:Order of Independence
768:
727:
671:French Prime Minister
638:Tunisian independence
575:Tunisian independence
486:
429:
332:Muhammad VIII al-Amin
243:Princess Lalla Soufia
33:Muhammad VIII al-Amin
3117:Muhammad V an-Nasir
3109:Muhammad IV al-Hadi
3077:Ahmad I ibn Mustafa
3042:Muhammad I ar-Rashid
2976:(Monarchy abolished)
2972:President of Tunisia
1423:Fatima bint Muhammad
1187:Muhammad VI al-Habib
910:and titular king by
674:Pierre Mendès France
598:Slaheddine Baccouche
589:Jean de Hauteclocque
473:Slaheddine Baccouche
438:in May 1943 General
306:Muhammad VI al-Habib
259:Princess Lalla HĂ©dia
257:Princess Lalla Lilia
251:Princess Lalla Fatma
237:Princess Lalla AĂŻcha
3062:Mahmud ibn Muhammad
3032:Al-Husayn I ibn Ali
2819:Politique étrangère
2722:. Burke's Peerage.
2709:Mons, Jean (1981).
2382:Fayçal Bey (2001).
1368:Muhammad bin Ismail
994:Muhammad V an-Nasir
644:Mohamed Salah Mzali
379:French protectorate
245:Prince Mohammed Bey
127:Position abolished
3241:Dethroned monarchs
3162:Kingdom of Tunisia
3072:Mustafa ibn Mahmud
3047:Ali II ibn Hussein
2713:. Paris: Albatros.
2614:. New York: Free.
2065:, pp. 259–261
2053:, pp. 290–291
1813:, pp. 257–258
1801:, pp. 238–261
1572:, pp. 196–197
1131:Muhammad al-Mamun
968:lieutenant general
829:As-Salamou Alaikum
820:As-Salamou Alaikum
809:Interior Minister
771:
734:Kingdom of Tunisia
730:
489:
432:
416:Jean-Pierre Esteva
412:M'hammed Belkhodja
340:Ů…ŘŮ…ŘŻ الثامن الأمين
210:Lalla JeneĂŻna Beya
170:September 30, 1962
132:as King of Tunisia
3226:People from Tunis
3183:
3182:
3133:Ahmad II ibn Ali
3037:Abu l-Hasan Ali I
2981:
2980:
2963:Succeeded by
2936:Succeeded by
2908:30 September 1962
2851:978-9973-02-701-6
2778:978-2-271-08124-7
2679:978-9938-01-051-0
2592:978-9973-807-24-3
2585:. : MC-Editions.
2540:978-9973-944-38-2
2511:978-9973-855-20-6
2482:978-9938-01-006-0
2453:978-9973-38-081-4
2355:Fayçal Bey (2001)
2336:on 1 January 2013
2214:on 19 August 2016
1871:, pp. 73–74.
1469:
1468:
1465:
1464:
1041:Mohamed Ben Salem
1030:chief of protocol
694:Salah ben Youssef
585:Salah Ben Youssef
510:Cross of Lorraine
502:Charles de Gaulle
436:Tunisian Campaign
329:
328:
277:
276:
241:Prince Chedly Bey
154:September 4, 1881
135:
16:(Redirected from
3253:
3231:Tunisian royalty
3221:Kings of Tunisia
3175:
3152:
3144:
3136:
3128:
3120:
3112:
3104:
3096:
3088:
3080:
3007:
3000:
2993:
2984:
2946:Preceded by
2919:Preceded by
2909:
2902:
2901:4 September 1881
2893:Husainid dynasty
2884:
2877:
2871:
2863:
2834:
2813:
2804:
2798:
2790:
2762:
2733:
2714:
2705:
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2691:
2662:
2633:
2604:
2575:
2566:
2560:
2552:
2523:
2494:
2465:
2436:
2407:
2388:. Paris: Stock.
2370:
2364:
2358:
2352:
2346:
2345:
2343:
2341:
2332:. Archived from
2322:
2316:
2310:
2299:
2293:
2284:
2278:
2272:
2266:
2260:
2257:Ben Salem (1988)
2254:
2248:
2242:
2236:
2230:
2224:
2223:
2221:
2219:
2210:. Archived from
2204:
2198:
2192:
2186:
2183:Ben Salem (1988)
2180:
2174:
2168:
2162:
2153:
2147:
2138:
2132:
2123:
2117:
2108:
2102:
2096:
2090:
2084:
2078:
2072:
2066:
2060:
2054:
2051:PĂ©rillier (1979)
2048:
2042:
2039:PĂ©rillier (1979)
2036:
2030:
2024:
2018:
2012:
2006:
2000:
1994:
1988:
1982:
1975:
1969:
1966:PĂ©rillier (1979)
1963:
1957:
1954:Ben Salem (1988)
1951:
1945:
1938:
1932:
1926:
1920:
1917:Ben Salem (1988)
1914:
1908:
1905:PĂ©rillier (1979)
1902:
1896:
1893:PĂ©rillier (1979)
1890:
1884:
1881:PĂ©rillier (1979)
1878:
1872:
1866:
1860:
1857:
1851:
1848:Ben Salem (1988)
1845:
1839:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1820:
1814:
1808:
1802:
1796:
1790:
1784:
1778:
1775:Casemajor (2009)
1772:
1766:
1760:
1754:
1748:
1742:
1736:
1730:
1727:Ben Salem (1988)
1724:
1718:
1715:PĂ©rillier (1979)
1712:
1706:
1703:Casemajor (2009)
1700:
1694:
1691:Eschadely (2014)
1688:
1682:
1679:Casemajor (2009)
1676:
1670:
1667:Casemajor (2009)
1664:
1658:
1655:Casemajor (2009)
1652:
1646:
1643:Au fil de ma vie
1639:
1633:
1630:Casemajor (2009)
1627:
1621:
1618:Casemajor (2009)
1615:
1609:
1606:Casemajor (2009)
1603:
1597:
1591:
1585:
1579:
1573:
1567:
1561:
1555:
1549:
1543:
1537:
1531:
1525:
1519:
1513:
1507:
1501:
1495:
1489:
1484:El Mokhtar Bey,
1482:
1084:
1075:
908:Husainid Dynasty
824:Ah no, not that!
776:Husainid dynasty
714:Christian Pineau
461:LĂ©gion d'honneur
394:On 19 June 1942
354:), was the last
353:
341:
296:Husainid Dynasty
273:Muhammad al-Amin
265:
225:
223:
173:
153:
151:
129:
49:
30:
21:
3261:
3260:
3256:
3255:
3254:
3252:
3251:
3250:
3186:
3185:
3184:
3179:
3173:
3164:
3156:
3150:
3142:
3134:
3126:
3118:
3110:
3102:
3094:
3086:
3078:
3052:Hammuda ibn Ali
3024:
3022:Beylik of Tunis
3016:
3011:
2977:
2975:
2968:
2966:Habib Bourguiba
2959:
2956:King of Tunisia
2951:
2941:
2932:
2924:
2903:
2897:
2896:
2889:
2881:
2864:
2852:
2837:
2816:
2807:
2791:
2779:
2765:
2751:
2736:
2730:
2717:
2708:
2692:
2680:
2665:
2651:
2636:
2622:
2607:
2593:
2578:
2569:
2553:
2541:
2526:
2512:
2497:
2483:
2468:
2454:
2439:
2425:
2410:
2396:
2381:
2378:
2373:
2365:
2361:
2353:
2349:
2339:
2337:
2324:
2323:
2319:
2311:
2302:
2294:
2287:
2279:
2275:
2267:
2263:
2255:
2251:
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2239:
2231:
2227:
2217:
2215:
2206:
2205:
2201:
2193:
2189:
2181:
2177:
2169:
2165:
2154:
2150:
2139:
2135:
2124:
2120:
2109:
2105:
2097:
2093:
2085:
2081:
2073:
2069:
2061:
2057:
2049:
2045:
2037:
2033:
2025:
2021:
2013:
2009:
2001:
1997:
1989:
1985:
1976:
1972:
1964:
1960:
1952:
1948:
1940:Ahmed Ounaies,
1939:
1935:
1927:
1923:
1915:
1911:
1903:
1899:
1891:
1887:
1879:
1875:
1867:
1863:
1858:
1854:
1846:
1842:
1832:
1830:
1822:
1821:
1817:
1809:
1805:
1797:
1793:
1785:
1781:
1773:
1769:
1761:
1757:
1749:
1745:
1737:
1733:
1725:
1721:
1713:
1709:
1701:
1697:
1689:
1685:
1677:
1673:
1665:
1661:
1653:
1649:
1640:
1636:
1628:
1624:
1616:
1612:
1604:
1600:
1592:
1588:
1580:
1576:
1568:
1564:
1556:
1552:
1544:
1540:
1532:
1528:
1520:
1516:
1508:
1504:
1496:
1492:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1470:
1072:
941:in the port of
939:Habib Bourguiba
920:
896:medina of Tunis
884:Princess Soufia
847:
788:Nichan Iftikhar
757:Tahar Ben Ammar
722:
707:Tahar Ben Ammar
690:Treaty of Bardo
656:Nichan Iftikhar
640:
634:
581:Habib Bourguiba
577:
571:
481:
424:
392:
360:King of Tunisia
258:
256:
254:
252:
250:
248:
246:
244:
242:
240:
238:
227:
219:
215:
212:
199:
175:
171:
155:
149:
147:
128:
92:Habib Bourguiba
89:
55:King of Tunisia
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3259:
3257:
3249:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3188:
3187:
3181:
3180:
3178:
3177:
3168:
3166:
3158:
3157:
3155:
3154:
3146:
3138:
3130:
3122:
3114:
3106:
3098:
3090:
3082:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3057:Uthman ibn Ali
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3028:
3026:
3018:
3017:
3012:
3010:
3009:
3002:
2995:
2987:
2979:
2978:
2964:
2961:
2952:
2947:
2943:
2942:
2937:
2934:
2925:
2920:
2916:
2915:
2914:Regnal titles
2911:
2910:
2890:
2887:
2879:
2878:
2850:
2835:
2814:
2805:
2777:
2763:
2749:
2734:
2728:
2715:
2706:
2678:
2663:
2649:
2634:
2620:
2605:
2591:
2576:
2567:
2539:
2524:
2510:
2495:
2481:
2466:
2452:
2437:
2423:
2408:
2394:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2371:
2359:
2347:
2317:
2300:
2296:Borsali (2008)
2285:
2273:
2261:
2249:
2237:
2235:, p. 125.
2233:Mistīrī (2011)
2225:
2199:
2197:, p. 124.
2195:Mistīrī (2011)
2187:
2175:
2163:
2148:
2133:
2118:
2103:
2101:, p. 114.
2099:Mistīrī (2011)
2091:
2079:
2067:
2055:
2043:
2031:
2027:Silvera (1957)
2019:
2015:Mistīrī (2011)
2007:
1995:
1983:
1970:
1958:
1946:
1933:
1921:
1909:
1897:
1885:
1873:
1861:
1852:
1840:
1815:
1811:Mestiri (1991)
1803:
1791:
1779:
1767:
1755:
1743:
1731:
1719:
1707:
1695:
1683:
1671:
1659:
1647:
1634:
1622:
1610:
1598:
1586:
1574:
1562:
1550:
1538:
1526:
1514:
1502:
1490:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1467:
1466:
1463:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1456:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1426:
1424:
1417:
1414:
1413:
1410:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1397:
1395:
1392:
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1388:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1377:
1375:
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1371:
1369:
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1359:
1358:
1355:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1348:
1346:
1343:
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1198:
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1189:
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1164:
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1138:
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1135:
1125:
1122:
1121:
1118:
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1115:
1112:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1105:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1080:
1079:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1067:
1066:
1059:
1044:
1033:
1022:
1015:
1004:
997:
971:
960:
949:
946:
919:
916:
892:Tourbet el Bey
846:
843:
838:Allah Yarhamou
721:
718:
636:Main article:
633:
630:
620:Pierre Voizard
593:Vincent Auriol
573:Main article:
570:
567:
500:On 7 May 1944
480:
477:
469:Mohamed Chenik
423:
420:
404:Bey al-Mahalla
391:
388:
327:
326:
321:
317:
316:
313:
309:
308:
303:
299:
298:
293:
287:
286:
283:
282:Name in Arabic
279:
278:
275:
274:
270:
269:
261:
260:
235:
229:
228:
217:
213:
208:
207:
205:
201:
200:
190:
188:
184:
183:
174:(aged 81)
168:
164:
163:
161:French Tunisia
145:
141:
140:
137:
136:
125:
121:
120:
115:
111:
110:
107:
103:
102:
96:
95:
84:
80:
79:
70:
66:
65:
62:
58:
57:
51:
50:
42:
41:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3258:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3206:Beys of Tunis
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3193:
3191:
3176:
3170:
3169:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3153:
3147:
3145:
3139:
3137:
3131:
3129:
3123:
3121:
3115:
3113:
3107:
3105:
3099:
3097:
3091:
3089:
3087:(M'hamed Bey)
3083:
3081:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
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3043:
3040:
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3033:
3030:
3029:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3008:
3003:
3001:
2996:
2994:
2989:
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2974:
2973:
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2917:
2912:
2907:
2900:
2895:
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2875:
2869:
2861:
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2836:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2815:
2811:
2806:
2802:
2796:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2774:
2770:
2769:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2750:2-221-00337-3
2746:
2742:
2741:
2735:
2731:
2729:0-85011-029-7
2725:
2721:
2716:
2712:
2707:
2703:
2697:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2675:
2671:
2670:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2650:9973-740-04-1
2646:
2642:
2641:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2621:0-7432-3222-4
2617:
2613:
2612:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2588:
2584:
2583:
2577:
2573:
2568:
2564:
2558:
2550:
2546:
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2521:
2517:
2513:
2507:
2503:
2502:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2478:
2474:
2473:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2449:
2445:
2444:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2424:9973-700-00-7
2420:
2416:
2415:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2395:2-234-05346-3
2391:
2387:
2386:
2380:
2379:
2375:
2369:, p. 228
2368:
2363:
2360:
2357:, p. 468
2356:
2351:
2348:
2335:
2331:
2329:
2321:
2318:
2314:
2309:
2307:
2305:
2301:
2298:, p. 113
2297:
2292:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2277:
2274:
2270:
2265:
2262:
2259:, p. 209
2258:
2253:
2250:
2246:
2241:
2238:
2234:
2229:
2226:
2213:
2209:
2203:
2200:
2196:
2191:
2188:
2185:, p. 200
2184:
2179:
2176:
2173:, p. 296
2172:
2171:Chater (2010)
2167:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2152:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2137:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2122:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2107:
2104:
2100:
2095:
2092:
2088:
2083:
2080:
2077:, p. 270
2076:
2075:Chater (2010)
2071:
2068:
2064:
2063:Chater (2010)
2059:
2056:
2052:
2047:
2044:
2041:, p. 284
2040:
2035:
2032:
2029:, p. 605
2028:
2023:
2020:
2017:, p. 87.
2016:
2011:
2008:
2005:, p. 650
2004:
1999:
1996:
1993:, p. 189
1992:
1991:Chater (2010)
1987:
1984:
1980:
1974:
1971:
1968:, p. 222
1967:
1962:
1959:
1956:, p. 159
1955:
1950:
1947:
1943:
1937:
1934:
1931:, p. 193
1930:
1925:
1922:
1919:, p. 138
1918:
1913:
1910:
1907:, p. 187
1906:
1901:
1898:
1895:, p. 183
1894:
1889:
1886:
1883:, p. 162
1882:
1877:
1874:
1870:
1865:
1862:
1856:
1853:
1850:, p. 111
1849:
1844:
1841:
1829:
1825:
1819:
1816:
1812:
1807:
1804:
1800:
1795:
1792:
1789:, p. 235
1788:
1783:
1780:
1777:, p. 304
1776:
1771:
1768:
1765:, p. 223
1764:
1759:
1756:
1753:, p. 216
1752:
1747:
1744:
1741:, p. 213
1740:
1735:
1732:
1728:
1723:
1720:
1717:, p. 269
1716:
1711:
1708:
1705:, p. 279
1704:
1699:
1696:
1693:, p. 113
1692:
1687:
1684:
1681:, p. 277
1680:
1675:
1672:
1669:, p. 260
1668:
1663:
1660:
1657:, p. 250
1656:
1651:
1648:
1644:
1638:
1635:
1632:, p. 248
1631:
1626:
1623:
1620:, p. 243
1619:
1614:
1611:
1608:, p. 237
1607:
1602:
1599:
1596:, p. 213
1595:
1594:Khlifi (2006)
1590:
1587:
1584:, p. 199
1583:
1582:Khlifi (2006)
1578:
1575:
1571:
1570:Khlifi (2006)
1566:
1563:
1560:, p. 184
1559:
1554:
1551:
1548:, p. 183
1547:
1542:
1539:
1536:, p. 177
1535:
1530:
1527:
1523:
1522:Khlifi (2006)
1518:
1515:
1511:
1510:Khlifi (2006)
1506:
1503:
1500:, p. 432
1499:
1494:
1491:
1487:
1481:
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1472:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1451:
1449:
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1445:
1443:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1435:
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1374:
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1199:
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1172:
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1156:
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1123:
1120:
1119:
1114:
1113:
1108:
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1104:
1098:
1086:
1085:
1082:
1081:
1077:
1076:
1069:
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1057:
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1045:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1020:
1016:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1002:
1001:CS Hammam-Lif
998:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
976:
972:
970:Ahmed Kassar.
969:
965:
964:major general
961:
958:
954:
950:
947:
944:
940:
936:
935:
934:
932:
928:
925:
924:Tripolitanian
917:
915:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
888:
885:
879:
877:
871:
868:
863:
858:
856:
852:
844:
841:
839:
834:
830:
825:
821:
815:
812:
808:
807:Ali Belhouane
803:
800:
796:
793:
789:
785:
779:
777:
767:
763:
760:
758:
752:
750:
746:
742:
737:
735:
726:
719:
717:
715:
712:
708:
703:
702:Roger Seydoux
697:
695:
691:
685:
683:
679:
675:
672:
667:
665:
659:
657:
653:
649:
645:
639:
631:
629:
626:
621:
616:
614:
610:
609:La Main Rouge
606:
605:Farhat Hached
601:
599:
594:
590:
586:
582:
576:
568:
566:
562:
560:
559:Mustapha Kaak
556:
552:
551:Paul Ramadier
547:
542:
539:
535:
531:
526:
522:
517:
515:
511:
507:
503:
498:
495:
485:
478:
476:
474:
470:
466:
462:
457:
454:
449:
445:
441:
440:Alphonse Juin
437:
428:
421:
419:
417:
413:
409:
408:heir apparent
405:
401:
397:
389:
387:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
363:
361:
357:
349:
345:
337:
333:
325:
322:
318:
314:
310:
307:
304:
300:
297:
294:
292:
288:
284:
280:
271:
266:
262:
236:
234:
230:
211:
206:
202:
198:
194:
189:
185:
182:
178:
169:
165:
162:
158:
146:
142:
138:
133:
126:
122:
119:
116:
112:
108:
104:
101:
97:
93:
88:
85:
81:
78:
77:
71:
67:
63:
59:
56:
52:
48:
43:
40:
36:
31:
19:
3174:(Lamine Bey)
3171:
3151:(Lamine Bey)
3148:
3143:(Moncef Bey)
3119:(Naceur Bey)
2969:
2954:
2948:
2938:
2929:Bey of Tunis
2927:
2905:
2898:
2891:
2880:
2840:
2822:
2818:
2809:
2767:
2739:
2719:
2710:
2668:
2639:
2610:
2581:
2571:
2529:
2500:
2471:
2442:
2413:
2384:
2376:Bibliography
2362:
2350:
2338:. Retrieved
2334:the original
2327:
2320:
2315:, p. 33
2313:Turkī (2011)
2283:, p. 32
2281:Turkī (2011)
2276:
2271:, p. 31
2269:Turkī (2011)
2264:
2252:
2247:, p. 30
2245:Turkī (2011)
2240:
2228:
2216:. Retrieved
2212:the original
2202:
2190:
2178:
2166:
2157:
2151:
2142:
2136:
2127:
2121:
2112:
2106:
2094:
2089:, p. 13
2087:Turkī (2011)
2082:
2070:
2058:
2046:
2034:
2022:
2010:
2003:Sayah (1979)
1998:
1986:
1978:
1973:
1961:
1949:
1941:
1936:
1929:Sayah (1979)
1924:
1912:
1900:
1888:
1876:
1869:Sayah (1979)
1864:
1855:
1843:
1831:. Retrieved
1828:www.webdo.tn
1827:
1818:
1806:
1794:
1782:
1770:
1758:
1746:
1734:
1729:, p. 33
1722:
1710:
1698:
1686:
1674:
1662:
1650:
1642:
1637:
1625:
1613:
1601:
1589:
1577:
1565:
1553:
1541:
1529:
1524:, p. 53
1517:
1512:, p. 47
1505:
1493:
1485:
1480:
1420:
1365:
1338:
1300:
1245:
1132:
1128:
1048:veterinarian
1036:
1025:
1007:
921:
904:Victor Sebag
889:
880:
872:
859:
848:
837:
828:
823:
819:
817:
811:TaĂŻeb Mehiri
804:
801:
797:
780:
772:
761:
753:
738:
731:
698:
686:
668:
660:
641:
617:
613:Azzedine Bey
602:
578:
563:
555:Grand Vizier
543:
518:
499:
490:
465:royal family
458:
444:North Africa
433:
400:Muhammad VII
393:
377:against the
371:Henri Giraud
364:
356:Bey of Tunis
343:
331:
330:
192:
191:Cemetery of
172:(1962-09-30)
131:
118:Muhammad VII
100:Bey of Tunis
86:
76:Bey of Tunis
73:
38:
3201:1962 deaths
3196:1881 births
3165:(1956–1957)
3135:(Ahmed Bey)
3127:(Habib Bey)
3095:(Sadok Bey)
3079:(Ahmad Bey)
3025:(1705–1956)
1799:Mons (1981)
1787:Mons (1981)
1763:Mons (1981)
1751:Mons (1981)
1739:Mons (1981)
1558:Juin (1959)
1546:Juin (1959)
1534:Juin (1959)
943:La Goulette
882:husband of
833:Driss Guiga
792:Eid al-Fitr
745:Neo Destour
648:HĂ©di Nouira
530:Eid al-Fitr
521:Eid al-Fitr
383:Neo Destour
324:Sunni Islam
195:Abdulaziz,
114:Predecessor
69:Predecessor
3190:Categories
3111:(HĂ©di Bey)
2960:1956–1957
2933:1943–1956
2825:(5): 605.
1498:Ruf (1975)
1473:References
982:Lalla Kmar
975:Circassian
953:Chedly Bey
912:Husain Bey
853:palace in
352:الأمين باي
344:Lamine Bey
150:1881-09-04
39:Lamine Bey
18:Lamine Bey
3103:(Ali Bey)
2868:cite book
2860:823938881
2844:. Tunis.
2795:cite book
2787:566050585
2696:cite book
2688:846892054
2672:. Tunis.
2601:949112603
2557:cite book
2549:917231814
2533:. Tunis.
2520:620103598
2491:613024456
2462:233681804
1833:15 August
978:odalisque
898:. Sheikh
867:La Soukra
546:Jean Mons
130:(Himself
124:Successor
83:Successor
2659:30589215
2630:62796384
2574:. Nancy.
2433:19348166
2404:48837619
1070:Ancestry
1063:engineer
1026:Kabboura
1008:Zanoukha
927:merchant
876:La Marsa
862:Kairouan
709:and the
664:fellagha
596:nominee
453:La Marsa
396:Ahmed II
320:Religion
197:La Marsa
157:Carthage
72:Himself
2759:6278593
1052:Morocco
1012:colonel
951:Prince
894:in the
855:Manouba
448:Destour
291:Dynasty
226:
218:
214:
181:Tunisia
87:defunct
2904:
2858:
2848:
2785:
2775:
2757:
2747:
2726:
2686:
2676:
2657:
2647:
2628:
2618:
2599:
2589:
2547:
2537:
2518:
2508:
2489:
2479:
2460:
2450:
2431:
2421:
2402:
2392:
2340:28 May
2218:28 May
1341:Ismail
1248:Fatima
1037:Zakoua
1019:Mateur
851:Hidaya
747:, the
625:France
538:Mawlid
514:London
348:Arabic
336:Arabic
312:Mother
302:Father
204:Spouse
187:Burial
2906:Died:
2899:Born:
1421:Lalla
1246:Lalla
931:Tunis
534:Tunis
525:Paris
406:, or
268:Names
233:Issue
220:(
216:
177:Tunis
106:Reign
61:Reign
2874:link
2856:OCLC
2846:ISBN
2801:link
2783:OCLC
2773:ISBN
2755:OCLC
2745:ISBN
2724:ISBN
2702:link
2684:OCLC
2674:ISBN
2655:OCLC
2645:ISBN
2626:OCLC
2616:ISBN
2597:OCLC
2587:ISBN
2563:link
2545:OCLC
2535:ISBN
2516:OCLC
2506:ISBN
2487:OCLC
2477:ISBN
2458:OCLC
2448:ISBN
2429:OCLC
2419:ISBN
2400:OCLC
2390:ISBN
2342:2017
2220:2017
1835:2017
1366:Sidi
1339:Sidi
1337:12.
1129:Sidi
992:and
739:The
583:and
506:Axis
193:Sidi
167:Died
144:Born
2970:as
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