1140:
1160:
152:
1196:
1452:. A growing number of studies investigating the effects of artificial light at night on fireflies has shown that light pollution can disrupt fireflies' courtship signals and even interfere with larval dispersal. Researchers agree that protecting and enhancing firefly habitat is necessary to conserve their populations. Recommendations include reducing or limiting artificial light at night, restoring habitats where threatened species occur, and eliminating unnecessary pesticide use, among many others.
1267:
831:
864:
1305:
1491:
1106:
981:
175:
1405:
134:
3093:, FireFly.org, citing (1) "Understanding Halofenozide (Mach 2) and Imidacloprid (Merit) Soil Insecticides," International SportsTurf Institute, Incorporated, Turfax, Vol. 6, No. 1 (Jan-Feb 1998) and (2) "Relative Toxicities of Chemicals to the Earthworm Eisenia foetida," by Brian L. Roberts and H. Wyman Dorough. Article first published online: 20 October 2009. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Vol. 3, No. 1 (Jan. 1984), pp. 67–78.
1476:
1448:, have also been indicated as a likely cause of firefly decline. These chemicals can not only harm fireflies directly but also potentially reduce prey populations and degrade habitat. Light pollution is an especially concerning threat to fireflies. Since the majority of firefly species use bioluminescent courtship signals, they are also very sensitive to environmental levels of light and consequently to
1011:
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496:
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communicate with mates in courtships: steady glows, flashing, and the use of chemical signals unrelated to photic systems. Chemical signals, or pheromones, are the ancestral form of sexual communication; this pre-dates the evolution of flash signaling in the lineage, and is retained today in diurnally-active species. Some species, especially lightning bugs of the
1436:. Firefly tourism, a quickly growing sector of the travel and tourism industry, has also been identified as a potential threat to fireflies and their habitats when not managed appropriately. Like many other organisms, fireflies are directly affected by land-use change (e.g., loss of habitat area and connectivity), which is identified as the main driver of
819:
has photic organs, yet is a diurnal firefly and displays large antennae and small eyes. These traits strongly suggest pheromones are used for sexual selection, while photic organs are used for warning signals. In controlled experiments, males coming from downwind arrived at females first, indicating
1582:
As many as the fireflies which the peasant sees in the valley below, when he is resting on the hill—in the season when the sun hides least from us, and at the time of day when the fly gives place to the mosquito—perhaps in the fields where he tills the ground and gathers in the grapes; with that
757:
and spontaneous order. Tropical fireflies routinely synchronise their flashes among large groups, particularly in
Southeast Asia. At night along river banks in the Malaysian jungles, fireflies synchronize their light emissions precisely. Current hypotheses about the causes of this behavior involve
745:
do not fly, but do give a flash response to males of their own species. Signals, whether photic or chemical, allow fireflies to identify mates of their own species. Flash signaling characteristics include differences in duration, timing, color, number and rate of repetitions, height of flight, and
482:
or in wet, wooded areas where their larvae have abundant sources of food. While all known fireflies glow as larvae, only some species produce light in their adult stage, and the location of the light organ varies among species and between sexes of the same species. Fireflies have attracted human
719:
Adults emit light primarily for mate selection. Early larval bioluminescence was adopted in the phylogeny of adult fireflies, and was repeatedly gained and lost before becoming fixed and retained as a mechanism of sexual communication in many species. Adult lampyrids have a variety of ways to
1416:
Firefly populations are thought to be declining worldwide. While monitoring data for many regions are scarce, a growing number of anecdotal reports, coupled with several published studies from Europe and Asia, suggest that fireflies are in trouble. Recent
576:
Fireflies vary widely in their general appearance, with differences in color, shape, size, and features such as antennae. Adults differ in size depending on the species, with the largest up to 25 mm (1 in) long. Many species have non-flying
1697:
Ferreira, Vinicius S.; Keller, Oliver; Branham, Marc A (1 November 2020). Marvaldi, Adriana (ed.). "Multilocus
Phylogeny Support the Nonbioluminescent Firefly Chespirito as a New Subfamily in the Lampyridae (Coleoptera: Elateroidea)".
3186:"Fauna de besouros bioluminescentes (Coleoptera: Elateroidea: Lampyridae; Phengodidae, Elateridae) nos municípios de Campinas, Sorocaba-Votorantim e Rio Claro-Limeira (SP, Brasil): biodiversidade e influência da urbanização"
906:
of
Myanmar, which belongs to the subfamily Luciolinae. The light producing organ is clearly present. The ancestral glow colour for the last common ancestor of all living fireflies has been inferred to be green, based on
846:
523:. A few days after mating, a female lays her fertilized eggs on or just below the surface of the ground. The eggs hatch three to four weeks later. In certain firefly species with aquatic larvae, such as
1620:
Martin, Gavin J.; Stanger-Hall, Kathrin F.; Branham, Marc A.; et al. (1 November 2019). Jordal, Bjarte (ed.). "Higher-Level
Phylogeny and Reclassification of Lampyridae (Coleoptera: Elateroidea)".
706:" of the Eastern US may seem to emit blueish-white light from a distance and in low light conditions, but their glow is bright green when observed up close. Their perceived blue tint may be due to the
487:; their presence has been taken to signify a wide variety of conditions in different cultures and is especially appreciated aesthetically in Japan, where parks are set aside for this specific purpose.
851:
847:
849:
746:
direction of flight (e.g. climbing or diving) and vary interspecifically and geographically. When flash signals are not sufficiently distinguished between species in a population,
850:
2341:
Stanger-Hall, K. F.; Lloyd, J. E.; Hillis, D. M. (2007). "Phylogeny of North
American fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae): implications for the evolution of light signals".
1956:
Lau, T. F.; Meyer-Rochow, V. B. (2006). "Sexual dimorphism in the compound eye of
Rhagophthalmus ohbai (Coleoptera: Rhagophthalmidae): Morphology and ultrastructure".
1421:
assessments for North
American fireflies have identified species with heightened extinction risk in the US, with 18 taxa categorized as threatened with extinction.
5928:
573:. Some adults, like the European glow-worm, have no mouth, emerging only to mate and lay eggs before dying. In most species, adults live for a few weeks in summer.
793:, attracting males to what appears to be a suitable mate, then eating them. This provides the females with a supply of the toxic defensive lucibufagin chemicals.
5967:
863:
6072:
536:
as larvae. Some do this by burrowing underground, while others find places on or under the bark of trees. They emerge in the spring. At least one species,
3465:
Krafsur, E. S.; Moon, R. D.; Albajes, R.; Alomar, O.; Chiappini, Elisabetta; Huber, John; Capinera, John L. (2008). "Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae)".
716:, scientists discovered two key genes are responsible for the formation, activation, and positioning of this firefly's light organ: Alabd-B and AlUnc-4.
558:
that deliver digestive fluids directly to their prey. The larval stage lasts from several weeks up to, in certain species, two or more years. The larvae
455:
were distasteful. This ability to create light was then co-opted as a mating signal and, in a further development, adult female fireflies of the genus
5713:
1664:
5902:
848:
1139:
589:
of larvae, though the females have much smaller (and often highly regressed) eyes than those of their males. The most commonly known fireflies are
5941:
3217:
Firebaugh, Ariel; Haynes, Kyle J. (1 December 2016). "Experimental tests of light-pollution impacts on nocturnal insect courtship and dispersal".
929:, the common European glowworm, in which only the nonflying adult females glow brightly; the flying males glow weakly and intermittently. In the
3500:"Japanese Interest in "Hotaru" (Fireflies) and "Kabuto-Mushi" (Japanese Rhinoceros Beetles) Corresponds with Seasonality in Visible Abundance"
2523:
2378:
Branham, M. (February 2003). "The origin of photic behavior and the evolution of sexual communication in fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae)".
919:
The fireflies (including the lightning bugs) are a family, Lampyridae, of some 2,000 species within the
Coleoptera. The family forms a single
3482:
2495:
2343:
2304:
1793:
3826:
3037:
Sala, Osvaldo E.; Chapin, F. Stuart III; Armesto, Juan J.; et al. (10 March 2000). "Global
Biodiversity Scenarios for the Year 2100".
802:. A few diurnal fireflies that inhabit primarily shadowy places, such as beneath tall plants or trees, are luminescent. One such genus is
741:, are distinguished by the unique courtship flash patterns emitted by flying males in search of females. In general, females of the genus
2825:"Monitoring the population of the firefly Pteroptyx tener along the Selangor River, Malaysia for conservation and sustainable ecotourism"
2866:"Latest Update to the IUCN Red List Includes First Global Assessments for Fireflies, with a Spotlight on North America | Xerces Society"
830:
3789:
1771:
3600:
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that males travel upwind along a pheromone plume. Males can find females without the use of visual cues, so sexual communication in
1864:
2487:
6029:
3139:
Lloyd, James E.; Wing, Steven R.; Hongtrakul, Tawatchai (1989). "Ecology, Flashes, and
Behavior of Congregating Thai Fireflies".
1700:
1623:
6062:
3553:
2428:"Flash signal evolution in Photinus fireflies: Character displacement and signal exploitation in a visual communication system"
2196:
1917:
3272:"Short- and mid-wavelength artificial light influences the flash signals of Aquatica ficta fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae)"
3107:
758:
diet, social interaction, and altitude. In the Philippines, thousands of fireflies can be seen all year-round in the town of
5946:
3370:"Effects of artificial light on growth, development, and dispersal of two North American fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae)"
2053:
Lewis, Sara M.; Cratsley, Christopher K. (January 2008). "Flash Signal Evolution, Mate Choice, and Predation in Fireflies".
2171:
Frick-Ruppert, Jennifer E.; Rosen, Joshua J. (2008). "Morphology and Behavior of Phausis Reticulata (Blue Ghost Firefly)".
5954:
2594:
271:
1761:
955:
The phylogeny of the Lampyridae family, based on both phylogenetic and morphological evidence by Martin et al. 2019, is:
2595:"Protoluciola albertalleni gen.n., sp.n., a new Luciolinae firefly (Insecta: Coleoptera: Lampyridae) from Burmite amber"
5811:
5788:
3769:
3707:
2055:
586:
529:, the female oviposits on emergent portions of aquatic plants, and the larvae descend into the water after hatching.
2235:"Key homeobox transcription factors regulate the development of the firefly's adult light organ and bioluminescence"
174:
5881:
3699:
2558:
2156:
Day, John (2009). "Beetle bioluminescence: a genetic and enzymatic research review". In Meyer-Rochow, V. B. (ed.).
1985:"Lucibufagins: Defensive steroids from the fireflies Photinus ignitus and P. marginellus (Coleoptera: Lampyridae)"
1455:
796:
Many fireflies do not produce light. Usually these species are diurnal, or day-flying, such as those in the genus
5972:
5894:
3751:
3638:
923:, a natural phylogenetic group. The term glowworm is used for both adults and larvae of firefly species such as
3819:
3551:
Schultz, Ted R. (2011). "Fireflies, Honey, and Silk. By Gilbert Waldbauer; illustrated by, James Nardi; 2009".
2104:
1926:
1503:
Fireflies have featured in human culture around the world for centuries. In Japan, the emergence of fireflies (
655:
31:
1709:
1673:
1632:
2300:"Total evidence phylogeny and the evolution of adult bioluminescence in fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae)"
5728:
2846:
Wong, C.; Yeap, C. A. (2012). "Conservation of congregating firefly zones (CFZs) in peninsular Malaysia".
2690:
1915:
McLean, Miriam; Buck, John; Hanson, Frank E. (1972). "Culture and Larval Behavior of Photurid Fireflies".
1525:, made in the 14th century, is so named for a legend that one night its flaws were repaired by fireflies.
1159:
775:
687:
671:
520:
3775:
Firefly.org – Firefly & Lightning Bug Facts, Pictures, Information About Firefly Insect Disappearance
3705:
Lewis, S. M.; Cratsley, C. K. (2008). "Flash signal evolution, mate choice, and predation in fireflies".
3108:"Conserving the Jewels of the Night: Guidelines for Protecting Fireflies in the United States and Canada"
5993:
3746:(2016). Silent Sparks: The Wondrous World of Fireflies. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-1400880317.
2190:
Branchini, Bruce R.; Southworth, Tara L.; Salituro, Leah J.; Fontaine, Danielle M.; Oba, Yuichi (2017).
812:
771:
754:
533:
516:
151:
142:
42:
5816:
1195:
6011:
1731:
6034:
5850:
5775:
4965:
3283:
3228:
3150:
3048:
2999:
2905:
2641:
2380:
2246:
1998:
1409:
353:
6057:
5184:
3812:
3440:
2432:
2192:"Cloning of the Blue Ghost (Phausis reticulata) Luciferase Reveals a Glowing Source of Green Light"
1266:
1225:
1191:
712:
597:
and usually not luminescent; however, some species that remain in shadowy areas may produce light.
525:
484:
322:
302:
890:
362:
3732:
3397:
3369:
3350:
3252:
3166:
3072:
2805:
2575:
2459:
2405:
2123:
2080:
1938:
1845:
925:
767:
703:
538:
169:
160:
2786:"Glowing, glowing, gone? Monitoring long-term trends in glow-worm numbers in south-east England"
1247:
1135:
611:
found in some poisonous toads. All fireflies glow as larvae, where bioluminescence is an honest
326:
286:
5998:
1304:
1105:
980:
390:
344:
5980:
5837:
5453:
4870:
3724:
3634:
3596:
3533:
3504:
3478:
3389:
3311:
3244:
3064:
3039:
2933:
2707:
2667:
2491:
2451:
2397:
2360:
2323:
2280:
2262:
2215:
2072:
2026:
1767:
1504:
1490:
937:, while in New Zealand and Australia, a "glow worm" is a luminescent larva of the fungus gnat
725:
674:, and oxygen to produce light. Oxygen is supplied via an abdominal trachea or breathing tube.
663:
555:
463:
6021:
5933:
3270:
Owens, Avalon Celeste Stevahn; Meyer-Rochow, Victor Benno; Yang, En-Cheng (7 February 2018).
2785:
5985:
5550:
5329:
5324:
5247:
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4021:
3716:
3562:
3523:
3513:
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3381:
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3301:
3291:
3236:
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3158:
3056:
3017:
3007:
2966:
2923:
2913:
2797:
2699:
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2649:
2632:
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2567:
2441:
2389:
2352:
2313:
2270:
2254:
2205:
2113:
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2016:
2006:
1965:
1930:
1889:
1837:
1713:
1677:
1636:
1529:
1040:
747:
731:
600:
Most fireflies are distasteful to vertebrate predators, as they contain the steroid pyrones
578:
500:
417:
5766:
3784:
5239:
5192:
5037:
5021:
4697:
4457:
4426:
4341:
4259:
4150:
4118:
3720:
3664:
3659:
2477:
2068:
1539:
1449:
1425:
895:
707:
651:
647:
628:
444:, to attract mates. Light production in the Lampyridae is thought to have originated as a
425:
38:
3800:
FireflyExperience.org – Luminous Photography and Videos of Fireflies & Lightning Bugs
3330:
2865:
2298:
Martin, Gavin J.; Branham, Marc A.; Whiting, Michael F.; Bybee, Seth M. (February 2017).
1481:
3287:
3232:
3154:
3052:
3003:
2909:
2688:
Meyer-Rochow, Victor Benno (2007). "Glowworms: a review of "Arachnocampa" spp and kin".
2645:
2275:
2250:
2234:
2002:
565:
Adult diet varies among firefly species: some are predatory, while others feed on plant
515:
Fireflies are beetles and in many aspects resemble other beetles at all stages of their
6067:
5889:
5876:
5642:
5593:
5448:
5255:
4923:
4907:
4846:
4741:
4712:
4640:
4604:
4588:
4504:
4449:
4354:
4251:
4100:
4062:
4042:
3938:
3528:
3499:
3444:
3306:
3271:
2928:
2891:
2763:"The status of the glow-worm Lampyris noctiluca L. (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) in England"
2662:
2627:
2393:
1518:
1475:
1433:
1404:
779:
581:. These can often be distinguished from the larvae only because the adult females have
337:
298:
294:
290:
2951:
Lewis, Sara M.; Wong, Choong Hay; Owens, Avalon C. S.; et al. (1 February 2020).
2510:
2021:
1984:
1969:
133:
6051:
5624:
5428:
5419:
5160:
5131:
5123:
5115:
5089:
5064:
4960:
4947:
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4804:
4707:
4702:
4583:
4517:
4488:
4472:
4436:
4406:
4359:
4313:
4280:
4196:
4188:
4159:
3997:
3401:
3354:
3331:"Narrow-spectrum artificial light silences female fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae)"
3022:
2824:
2809:
2762:
2552:
De Cock, R.; Matthysen, E. (2005). "Sexual communication by pheromones in a firefly,
2099:
1821:
1418:
993:
903:
582:
448:
246:
91:
3736:
3256:
3202:
3185:
3076:
2892:"Evaluating firefly extinction risk: Initial red list assessments for North America"
2579:
2463:
2409:
2084:
1849:
5780:
5601:
5525:
5271:
5263:
5218:
5202:
5152:
5073:
5029:
4981:
4899:
4812:
4681:
4668:
4648:
4609:
4509:
4496:
4467:
4401:
4389:
4285:
4242:
4225:
4217:
4167:
4005:
3975:
3906:
3895:
3879:
3756:, and its effects on the evolution of flash signaling in other New World fireflies"
3474:
3385:
2626:
Oba, Y.; Konishi, K.; Yano, D.; Shibata, H.; Kato, D.; Shirai, T. (December 2020).
1798:
1437:
1010:
939:
590:
508:
380:
5793:
3779:
3060:
2890:
Fallon, Candace E.; Walker, Anna C.; Lewis, Sara; et al. (17 November 2021).
2571:
1654:
Ferreira, Vinicius S.; Keller, Oliver; Branham, Marc A.; Ivie, Michael A. (2019).
1513:) signifies the anticipated changing of the seasons; firefly viewing is a special
1059:
762:. In the United States, one of the most famous sightings of fireflies blinking in
5842:
3296:
2918:
2481:
686:, and the enzyme has medical uses – in particular, for detecting the presence of
5959:
5915:
5760:
5687:
5658:
5632:
5619:
5559:
5517:
5501:
5493:
5485:
5469:
5461:
5397:
5355:
5347:
5316:
5231:
5210:
5176:
5168:
5081:
5013:
4997:
4989:
4952:
4939:
4915:
4833:
4825:
4775:
4767:
4725:
4689:
4660:
4632:
4627:
4543:
4538:
4530:
4480:
4416:
4411:
4325:
4290:
4275:
4267:
4183:
4175:
3992:
3415:
3090:
2356:
2318:
2299:
1682:
1655:
1517:
pleasure of midsummer, celebrated in parks that exist for that one purpose. The
1441:
1155:
1055:
972:
934:
737:
695:
633:
612:
605:
601:
445:
441:
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399:
314:
256:
66:
2258:
5614:
5575:
5567:
5509:
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5334:
5287:
5279:
5099:
5047:
4931:
4862:
4733:
4717:
4673:
4614:
4578:
4558:
4522:
4431:
4421:
4295:
4029:
4013:
3794:
3743:
3240:
3141:
2957:
1522:
1514:
1459:
1300:
1262:
1101:
1006:
962:
899:
699:
679:
659:
608:
594:
371:
318:
310:
306:
111:
76:
59:
3804:
2611:
2266:
5863:
5679:
5671:
5663:
5650:
5606:
5405:
5380:
5308:
5136:
5107:
4791:
4622:
4596:
4548:
4462:
4364:
4333:
4305:
4138:
4113:
4108:
4089:
4054:
3943:
3926:
3918:
3867:
3855:
3219:
2986:
Lewis, Sara M.; Thancharoen, Anchana; Wong, Choong Hay; et al. (2021).
2971:
2952:
1445:
1429:
870:
798:
683:
667:
471:
236:
206:
186:
116:
5751:
3728:
3621:
3537:
3518:
3393:
3315:
3248:
3068:
2937:
2711:
2671:
2653:
2455:
2401:
2364:
2327:
2284:
2219:
2100:"The Evolution of Bioluminescence in Cantharoids (Coleoptera: Elateroidea)"
2076:
2030:
495:
2739:
2011:
1745:
1717:
753:
Synchronization of flashing occurs in several species; it is explained as
17:
5824:
5745:
5583:
5533:
5477:
5436:
5385:
5042:
4973:
4854:
4566:
4372:
4346:
4204:
4037:
3984:
3963:
3873:
2988:"Firefly tourism: Advancing a global phenomenon toward a brighter future"
2896:
1640:
930:
908:
804:
691:
638:
616:
543:
475:
457:
106:
101:
86:
81:
71:
5803:
3184:
Viviani, Vadim Ravara; Rocha, Mayra Yamazaki; Hagen, Oskar (June 2010).
1983:
Eisner, Thomas; Wiemer, David; Haynes, Leroy; Meinwald, Jerrold (1978).
815:
groups do not show bioluminescence and use chemical signaling, instead.
5300:
5144:
4878:
4799:
4783:
3346:
3170:
2801:
2127:
1942:
1820:
Fu, Xinhua; Nobuyoshi, Ohba; Vencl, Fredric V.; Lei, Chaoliang (2006).
504:
121:
96:
2446:
2427:
2210:
2191:
542:, overwinters as an adult. The larvae of most species are specialized
5920:
4891:
4751:
4384:
3861:
3849:
3836:
3012:
2987:
763:
759:
721:
570:
566:
333:
226:
216:
196:
5907:
5829:
5722:
3561:(2). Berkeley, California: University of California Press: 147–149.
3162:
2703:
2139:
2137:
2118:
1934:
1841:
702:
from 510 to 670 nanometers. Some species such as the dimly glowing "
5868:
3799:
3566:
6006:
1403:
920:
811:
Non-bioluminescent fireflies use pheromones to signal mates. Some
632:
547:
494:
479:
452:
424:
beetles with more than 2,000 described species, many of which are
30:
This article is about the family of insects. For other uses, see
3106:
Fallon, Candace; Hoyle, Sarah; Lewis, Sara; et al. (2019).
1989:
1432:
use, poor water quality, invasive species, over-collection, and
675:
646:
Light production in fireflies is due to the chemical process of
559:
551:
5726:
4135:
4086:
3960:
3892:
3808:
1424:
Fireflies face threats including habitat loss and degradation,
698:
frequencies. The light may be yellow, green, or pale red, with
2725:
944:
5855:
2823:
Khoo, Veronica; Nada, B.; Kirton, L. G.; et al. (2009).
789:
fireflies mimic the photic signaling patterns of the smaller
642:
female by flash photography (above); by her own light (below)
532:
The larvae feed until the end of the summer. Most fireflies
2761:
Atkins, Val; Bell, Dolly; Bowker, Ann; et al. (2016).
2511:
Synchronous Fireflies – Great Smoky Mountains National Park
3774:
933:, "glow worms" are the closely related Coleopteran family
37:"Lucciola" redirects here. For the 1917 Italian film, see
3595:] (in Japanese). Vol. 5. Yuzankaku. p. 24.
1440:
changes in terrestrial ecosystems. Pesticides, including
4207:(furniture beetles, death watch beetles, spider beetles)
2426:
Stanger-Hall, Kathrin F.; Lloyd, James E. (March 2015).
690:
or magnesium. Fireflies produce a "cold light", with no
3469:. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. pp. 1429–1452.
1656:"Molecular data support the placement of the enigmatic
1496:
Hotarugari, Firefly Catching, by Mizuno Toshikata, 1891
562:
for one to two and a half weeks and emerge as adults.
3416:"How You Can Help Prevent Fireflies from Disappearing"
2048:
2046:
2044:
2042:
2040:
1508:
3770:
An introduction to European fireflies and glow-worms
2953:"A Global Perspective on Firefly Extinction Threats"
2683:
2681:
888:
The oldest known fossil of the Lampyridae family is
5735:
5641:
5592:
5558:
5549:
5427:
5418:
5371:
5346:
5230:
5201:
5098:
5072:
5063:
4845:
4824:
4750:
4557:
4448:
4304:
4250:
4241:
4216:
4158:
4149:
3974:
3790:
Museum of Science, Boston – Understanding Fireflies
2513:. Nps.gov (3 June 2013). Retrieved on 22 June 2013.
2098:Branham, Marc A.; Wenzel, John W. (December 2001).
1660:
as a subfamily of Lampyridae (Insecta: Coleoptera)"
440:for their conspicuous production of light, mainly
3134:
3132:
1822:"Life cycle and behaviour of the aquatic firefly
554:. Some are so specialized that they have grooved
5084:(jewel beetles, or metallic wood-boring beetles)
3115:The Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation
2628:"Resurrecting the ancient glow of the fireflies"
2173:Journal of the North Carolina Academy of Science
2486:. Vol. I. An Introduction (3rd ed.).
1787:
1785:
1783:
1580:
1547:
824:appears to be mediated entirely by pheromones.
428:. They are soft-bodied beetles commonly called
4807:(true weevils, bark beetles, ambrosia beetles)
2539:
2160:. Research Signpost: Kerala. pp. 325–355.
2143:
1763:Silent Sparks: The Wondrous World of Fireflies
1583:many flames the eighth ditch was shining, ...
750:encourages divergence of signaling patterns.
467:beetle in order to trap their males as prey.
41:. For the Italian restaurant in New York, see
3820:
1869:The University of Maine Cooperative Extension
1826:(Coleoptera: Lampyridae) from Mainland China"
1533:
8:
5050:(ironclad beetles, cylindrical bark beetles)
3616:Taketomi, 邦茂 (1943). "Hotarumaru Kunitoshi"
3368:Owens, Avalon C. S.; Lewis, Sara M. (2021).
3329:Owens, Avalon C. S.; Lewis, Sara M. (2021).
1894:Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation
1794:"Why the lights are going out for fireflies"
1755:
1753:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1607:
1605:
1603:
650:. This occurs in specialized light-emitting
3700:"Fireflies, Glow-worms, and Lightning Bugs"
5723:
5555:
5424:
5069:
4247:
4155:
4146:
4132:
4083:
3971:
3957:
3889:
3827:
3813:
3805:
2784:Gardiner, Tim; Didham, Raphael K. (2020).
1766:. Princeton University Press. p. 17.
1484:'s 1913 firefly, a sign of summer in Japan
150:
132:
49:
5714:List of subgroups of the order Coleoptera
4794:(straight snout weevils, New York weevil)
3527:
3517:
3305:
3295:
3201:
3021:
3011:
2970:
2927:
2917:
2661:
2610:
2445:
2317:
2274:
2209:
2117:
2020:
2010:
1681:
1665:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
5221:(cicada beetle, cicada parasite beetles)
2233:Fu, Xinhua; Zhu, Xinlei (5 March 2024).
1552:nel tempo che colui che ’l mondo schiara
1550:Quante ’l villan ch’al poggio si riposa,
3683:Gullan, P. J.; Cranston, P. S. (2014).
3633:] (in Japanese). 彰文館. p. 162.
1599:
826:
5311:(false fireflies, long-lipped beetles)
3687:(5th ed.). John Wiley & Sons.
3580:Fukunaga, Yoiken (1993). "Hotarumaru"
1792:Marshall, Michael (22 February 2020).
680:inserted into many different organisms
654:, usually on a female firefly's lower
546:and feed on other larvae, terrestrial
3721:10.1146/annurev.ento.53.103106.093346
3685:The Insects: An Outline of Entomology
3101:
3099:
2421:
2419:
2344:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
2305:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
2069:10.1146/annurev.ento.53.103106.093346
1554:la faccia sua a noi tien meno ascosa,
678:coding for these substances has been
7:
6012:B718293D-FFD2-F21B-FF0D-F94CBD8DF080
5895:613a87e4-253a-4834-bf5e-1f07d7dae694
5337:(false metallic wood-boring beetles)
782:is another host to this phenomenon.
6073:Extant Cenomanian first appearances
3795:Video of a firefly larva in Austria
1561:forse colà dov’ e’ vendemmia e ara:
1240:
1218:
1211:
1184:
1128:
1121:
1094:
1084:
1033:
1026:
999:
968:
958:
3631:Japanese sword and invincible soul
2593:Kazantsev, S. V. (December 2015).
2394:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2003.tb00404.x
1958:Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology
710:. During a study on the genome of
503:with light-emitting organs on her
25:
3335:Insect Conservation and Diversity
2992:Conservation Science and Practice
2790:Insect Conservation and Diversity
4948:Perimylopidae, or Promecheilidae
4533:(minute brown scavenger beetles)
3620:[Kunitoshi Hotarumaru].
1701:Insect Systematics and Diversity
1624:Insect Systematics and Diversity
1564:di tante fiamme tutta risplendea
1559:vede lucciole giù per la vallea,
1557:come la mosca cede a la zanzara,
1489:
1474:
1303:
1265:
1194:
1158:
1138:
1104:
1058:
1009:
979:
862:
844:
829:
774:during the first weeks of June.
682:. Firefly luciferase is used in
593:, although numerous species are
507:. Unlike actual larvae, she has
173:
5163:(variegated mud-loving beetles)
3780:Firefly simulating robot, China
3554:The Quarterly Review of Biology
3203:10.1590/s1676-06032010000200013
2726:"UK Glow worm survey home page"
2197:Photochemistry and Photobiology
1918:The American Midland Naturalist
1545:, written in the 14th century:
461:mimic the flash pattern of the
3475:10.1007/978-1-4020-6359-6_3811
3386:10.1016/j.jinsphys.2021.104200
873:, Germany, 30-second exposure
1:
4992:(narrow-waisted bark beetles)
4684:(parasitic flat bark beetles)
4635:(short-winged flower beetles)
4491:(lady beetles, or God's cows)
4228:(tooth-necked fungus beetles)
3698:Faust, Lynn Frierson (2017).
3061:10.1126/science.287.5459.1770
2599:Russian Entomological Journal
2572:10.1016/j.anbehav.2005.01.011
2522:Cross, Robert (23 May 2004) "
1970:10.1016/S1226-8615(08)60271-X
1760:Lewis, Sara (26 April 2016).
623:Light and chemical production
5504:(sand-loving scarab beetles)
4894:(minute tree-fungus beetles)
4720:(silvanid flat bark beetles)
3374:Journal of Insect Physiology
3297:10.1371/journal.pone.0191576
2919:10.1371/journal.pone.0259379
1456:Sundarbans Firefly Sanctuary
869:Fireflies in the woods near
5653:(primitive carrion beetles)
5609:(minute mud-loving beetles)
5472:(bumble bee scarab beetles)
5242:(soft-bodied plant beetles)
5213:(soft bodied plant beetles)
4016:(predaceous diving beetles)
3708:Annual Review of Entomology
3593:Japanese Sword Encyclopedia
2556:(Coleoptera: Lampyridae)".
2357:10.1016/j.ympev.2007.05.013
2319:10.1016/j.ympev.2016.12.017
2056:Annual Review of Entomology
1538:) appears in Canto XXVI of
1509:
386:Jeng, Engel, and Yang, 2007
358:Silveira and Mermudes, 2017
6089:
5488:(scavenger scarab beetles)
5480:(enigmatic scarab beetles)
4653:Lamingtonium binnaberrense
4367:(soft-wing flower beetles)
3752:"A review of predation in
3668:. Canto XXVI, lines 25–32.
3467:Encyclopedia of Entomology
2740:"Enter a glow-worm record"
2540:Gullan & Cranston 2014
2259:10.1038/s41467-024-45559-7
2144:Gullan & Cranston 2014
626:
36:
29:
5711:
5627:(water scavenger beetles)
5360:Rhinorhipus tamborinensis
5139:(long-toed water beetles)
5032:(polypore fungus beetles)
4934:(palm and flower beetles)
4918:(tumbling flower beetles)
4865:(ant-like flower beetles)
4643:(lined flat bark beetles)
4617:(pleasing fungus beetles)
4512:(handsome fungus beetles)
4145:
4131:
4096:
4082:
4057:(burrowing water beetles)
3970:
3956:
3902:
3888:
3844:
3623:Nihontō to muteki tamashī
3241:10.1007/s00442-016-3723-1
3023:10067/1773950151162165141
1830:The Canadian Entomologist
1683:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz073
1576:, Canto XXVI, lines 25–32
1462:was established in 2019.
1298:
1260:
1245:
1238:
1223:
1216:
1209:
1189:
1182:
1153:
1133:
1126:
1119:
1099:
1092:
1082:
1053:
1038:
1031:
1024:
1004:
997:
977:
966:
943:, within the true flies,
284:
279:
170:Scientific classification
168:
158:
149:
140:
131:
52:
5674:(feather-winged beetles)
5008:(false longhorn beetles)
4955:(jugular-horned beetles)
4902:(false darkling beetles)
4873:(cryptic fungus beetles)
4692:(shining flower beetles)
4032:(crawling water beetles)
3931:Sikhotealinia zhiltzovae
3625:
3617:
3588:
3584:[Firefly Maru].
3581:
2612:10.15298/rusentj.24.4.02
2158:Bioluminescence in Focus
2105:The Florida Entomologist
1927:University of Notre Dame
902:~ 99 million years ago)
839:female by her own light
32:Firefly (disambiguation)
5155:(forest stream beetles)
5016:(synchroa bark beetles)
4976:(dead log bark beetles)
4968:(fire-coloured beetles)
4857:(ant-like leaf beetles)
4591:(silken fungus beetles)
4525:(well polished beetles)
4499:(minute fungus beetles)
4318:Acanthocnemus nigricans
3750:Stous, Hollend (1997).
1710:Oxford University Press
1674:Oxford University Press
1633:Oxford University Press
1528:In Italy, the firefly (
1395:Interaction with humans
478:climates. Many live in
470:Fireflies are found in
6063:Bioluminescent insects
5666:(round fungus beetles)
5000:(false flower beetles)
4984:(wedge-shaped beetles)
4942:(false blister beetle)
4926:(hairy fungus beetles)
4881:(conifer bark beetles)
4778:(leaf-rolling weevils)
4439:(bark-gnawing beetles)
4199:(wounded-tree beetles)
4065:(false ground beetles)
3987:(trout-stream beetles)
3785:NCBI taxonomy database
3586:Nihontō daihyakkajiten
3519:10.3390/insects3020424
3498:Takada, Kenta (2012).
3089:Potter, Daniel A. See
2654:10.1126/sciadv.abc5705
2554:Phosphaenus hemipterus
1746:BugGuide: common names
1591:
1579:
1534:
1413:
817:Phosphaenus hemipterus
785:Female "femme fatale"
776:Congaree National Park
643:
521:complete metamorphosis
512:
5994:Paleobiology Database
5578:(false clown beetles)
5400:(plate-thigh beetles)
5282:(false click beetles)
5187:(water-penny beetles)
4836:(ship-timber beetles)
4815:(pine flower weevils)
4663:(root-eating beetles)
4483:(minute bark beetles)
4394:Phloiophilus edwardsi
3921:(reticulated beetles)
2972:10.1093/biosci/biz157
2239:Nature Communications
2012:10.1073/pnas.75.2.905
1734:Photuris lucicrescens
1566:l’ottava bolgia, ...
1407:
772:Great Smoky Mountains
766:occurs annually near
755:phase synchronization
666:, in the presence of
636:
627:Further information:
498:
143:Photuris lucicrescens
43:Lucciola (restaurant)
5890:Fauna Europaea (new)
5456:(false stag beetles)
5441:Belohina inexpectata
5303:(net-winged beetles)
5266:(rare click beetles)
5179:(travertine beetles)
5171:(minute mud beetles)
4736:(dry-fungus beetles)
4571:Agapytho foveicollis
4328:(false skin beetles)
4191:(Jacobson's beetles)
3911:Crowsoniella relicta
2490:. pp. 295–299.
2483:Mathematical Biology
1863:Armstrong, Charles.
857:A video of fireflies
5454:Diphyllostomatidae
4786:(primitive weevils)
4599:(flat bark beetles)
4349:(checkered beetles)
4336:(fruitworm beetles)
4024:(whirligig beetles)
3288:2018PLoSO..1391576O
3233:2016Oecol.182.1203F
3155:1989Biotr..21..373L
3053:2000Sci...287.1770S
3047:(5459): 1770–1774.
3004:2021ConSP...3E.391L
2910:2021PLoSO..1659379F
2646:2020SciA....6.5705O
2251:2024NatCo..15.1736F
2146:, pp. 121–122.
2003:1978PNAS...75..905E
1718:10.1093/isd/ixaa014
1412:, 8-second exposure
485:classical antiquity
5319:(glowworm beetles)
5024:(darkling beetles)
4871:Archeocrypticidae
4728:(palmetto beetles)
4475:(dry bark beetles)
4262:(longhorn beetles)
3441:"How You Can Help"
3347:10.1111/icad.12487
3117:. Portland, Oregon
3091:"How You Can Help"
2802:10.1111/icad.12407
1896:. 17 November 2021
1641:10.1093/isd/ixz024
1414:
926:Lampyris noctiluca
768:Elkmont, Tennessee
644:
615:warning signal to
539:Ellychnia corrusca
513:
161:Lampyris noctiluca
6045:
6044:
5981:Open Tree of Life
5729:Taxon identifiers
5720:
5719:
5707:
5706:
5703:
5702:
5699:
5698:
5691:
5683:
5682:(carrion beetles)
5675:
5667:
5654:
5628:
5610:
5579:
5571:
5545:
5544:
5537:
5529:
5521:
5513:
5505:
5497:
5489:
5481:
5473:
5465:
5457:
5444:
5414:
5413:
5401:
5393:
5363:
5338:
5320:
5312:
5304:
5296:
5283:
5275:
5267:
5259:
5258:(soldier beetles)
5251:
5248:Brachypsectridae
5243:
5222:
5214:
5188:
5180:
5172:
5164:
5156:
5148:
5140:
5127:
5119:
5111:
5085:
5059:
5058:
5051:
5033:
5025:
5017:
5009:
5006:Stenotrachelidae
5001:
4993:
4985:
4977:
4969:
4956:
4943:
4935:
4927:
4919:
4911:
4910:(blister beetles)
4903:
4895:
4882:
4874:
4866:
4858:
4837:
4816:
4808:
4795:
4787:
4779:
4771:
4761:
4737:
4729:
4721:
4693:
4685:
4677:
4664:
4656:
4644:
4636:
4618:
4600:
4592:
4574:
4534:
4526:
4513:
4500:
4492:
4484:
4476:
4458:Akalyptoischiidae
4440:
4397:
4380:
4368:
4350:
4337:
4329:
4321:
4271:
4263:
4237:
4236:
4229:
4208:
4200:
4192:
4179:
4171:
4127:
4126:
4104:
4078:
4077:
4074:
4073:
4066:
4058:
4050:
4033:
4025:
4017:
4009:
4001:
3988:
3952:
3951:
3934:
3922:
3914:
3484:978-1-4020-6242-1
2497:978-0-387-95223-9
2447:10.1111/evo.12606
2211:10.1111/php.12649
1890:"About Fireflies"
1588:prose translation
1391:
1390:
1382:
1381:
1373:
1372:
1361:
1360:
1352:
1351:
1343:
1342:
1334:
1333:
1325:
1324:
1316:
1315:
1287:
1286:
1278:
1277:
1171:
1170:
1071:
1070:
852:
604:, similar to the
579:larviform females
410:
409:
405:
396:
387:
377:
376:Motschulsky, 1853
368:
359:
350:
275:
27:Family of beetles
16:(Redirected from
6080:
6038:
6037:
6025:
6024:
6015:
6014:
6002:
6001:
5989:
5988:
5976:
5975:
5963:
5962:
5960:NHMSYS0001718684
5950:
5949:
5937:
5936:
5924:
5923:
5911:
5910:
5898:
5897:
5885:
5884:
5872:
5871:
5859:
5858:
5846:
5845:
5833:
5832:
5820:
5819:
5807:
5806:
5797:
5796:
5784:
5783:
5771:
5770:
5769:
5756:
5755:
5754:
5724:
5689:
5681:
5673:
5665:
5652:
5626:
5608:
5577:
5569:
5556:
5551:Staphyliniformia
5535:
5527:
5519:
5511:
5503:
5495:
5487:
5479:
5471:
5463:
5455:
5438:
5425:
5399:
5390:Declinia relicta
5387:
5357:
5336:
5330:Sinopyrophoridae
5325:Rhagophthalmidae
5318:
5310:
5302:
5294:
5281:
5273:
5265:
5257:
5249:
5241:
5240:Artematopodidae
5220:
5212:
5186:
5178:
5170:
5162:
5154:
5147:(riffle beetles)
5146:
5138:
5126:(turtle beetles)
5125:
5117:
5109:
5083:
5070:
5049:
5031:
5023:
5015:
5007:
4999:
4991:
4983:
4975:
4967:
4954:
4941:
4933:
4925:
4917:
4909:
4901:
4893:
4880:
4872:
4864:
4856:
4835:
4814:
4806:
4793:
4785:
4777:
4770:(fungus weevils)
4769:
4760:
4759:
4755:
4742:Tasmosalpingidae
4735:
4727:
4719:
4691:
4683:
4675:
4662:
4650:
4642:
4634:
4616:
4598:
4590:
4568:
4532:
4524:
4511:
4498:
4490:
4482:
4474:
4438:
4391:
4374:
4366:
4348:
4335:
4327:
4315:
4314:Acanthocnemidae
4269:
4261:
4248:
4227:
4206:
4198:
4190:
4177:
4169:
4156:
4147:
4133:
4102:
4084:
4064:
4056:
4044:
4031:
4023:
4015:
4007:
4000:(ground beetles)
3999:
3986:
3972:
3958:
3928:
3920:
3908:
3907:Crowsoniellidae
3890:
3829:
3822:
3815:
3806:
3759:
3740:
3688:
3670:
3669:
3660:Alighieri, Dante
3656:
3650:
3649:
3647:
3645:
3613:
3607:
3606:
3577:
3571:
3570:
3548:
3542:
3541:
3531:
3521:
3495:
3489:
3488:
3462:
3456:
3455:
3453:
3451:
3437:
3431:
3430:
3428:
3426:
3412:
3406:
3405:
3365:
3359:
3358:
3326:
3320:
3319:
3309:
3299:
3267:
3261:
3260:
3227:(4): 1203–1211.
3214:
3208:
3207:
3205:
3190:Biota Neotropica
3181:
3175:
3174:
3136:
3127:
3126:
3124:
3122:
3112:
3103:
3094:
3087:
3081:
3080:
3034:
3028:
3027:
3025:
3015:
3013:10.1111/csp2.391
2983:
2977:
2976:
2974:
2948:
2942:
2941:
2931:
2921:
2904:(11): e0259379.
2887:
2881:
2880:
2878:
2876:
2862:
2856:
2855:
2843:
2837:
2836:
2820:
2814:
2813:
2781:
2775:
2774:
2758:
2752:
2751:
2749:
2747:
2736:
2730:
2729:
2722:
2716:
2715:
2685:
2676:
2675:
2665:
2640:(49): eabc5705.
2633:Science Advances
2623:
2617:
2616:
2614:
2590:
2584:
2583:
2559:Animal Behaviour
2549:
2543:
2537:
2531:
2520:
2514:
2508:
2502:
2501:
2478:Murray, James D.
2474:
2468:
2467:
2449:
2423:
2414:
2413:
2375:
2369:
2368:
2338:
2332:
2331:
2321:
2295:
2289:
2288:
2278:
2230:
2224:
2223:
2213:
2187:
2181:
2180:
2168:
2162:
2161:
2153:
2147:
2141:
2132:
2131:
2121:
2095:
2089:
2088:
2050:
2035:
2034:
2024:
2014:
1980:
1974:
1973:
1953:
1947:
1946:
1912:
1906:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1886:
1880:
1879:
1877:
1875:
1865:"Winter Firefly"
1860:
1854:
1853:
1817:
1811:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1789:
1778:
1777:
1757:
1748:
1743:
1737:
1728:
1722:
1721:
1694:
1688:
1687:
1685:
1651:
1645:
1644:
1617:
1589:
1577:
1537:
1512:
1493:
1478:
1307:
1269:
1241:
1219:
1212:
1198:
1185:
1162:
1142:
1129:
1122:
1108:
1095:
1085:
1062:
1041:Rhagophthalmidae
1034:
1027:
1013:
1000:
983:
969:
959:
909:genomic analysis
866:
854:
853:
833:
748:sexual selection
501:larviform female
483:attention since
403:
394:
385:
375:
366:
357:
348:
270:
178:
177:
154:
136:
126:
63:
56:Temporal range:
50:
21:
6088:
6087:
6083:
6082:
6081:
6079:
6078:
6077:
6048:
6047:
6046:
6041:
6033:
6028:
6020:
6018:
6010:
6005:
5997:
5992:
5984:
5979:
5971:
5966:
5958:
5953:
5945:
5940:
5932:
5927:
5919:
5914:
5906:
5901:
5893:
5888:
5880:
5875:
5867:
5862:
5854:
5849:
5841:
5836:
5828:
5823:
5815:
5810:
5802:
5800:
5792:
5787:
5779:
5774:
5765:
5764:
5759:
5750:
5749:
5744:
5731:
5721:
5716:
5695:
5637:
5588:
5570:(clown beetles)
5541:
5512:(betsy beetles)
5420:Scarabaeiformia
5410:
5367:
5342:
5274:(click beetles)
5250:(Texas beetles)
5226:
5197:
5193:Ptilodactylidae
5118:(cedar beetles)
5094:
5055:
5038:Trictenotomidae
4924:Mycetophagidae
4841:
4820:
4757:
4756:
4754:
4746:
4698:Phloeostichidae
4649:Lamingtoniidae
4641:Laemophloeidae
4589:Cryptophagidae
4553:
4444:
4427:Thanerocleridae
4390:Phloiophilidae
4377:Metaxina ornata
4342:Chaetosomatidae
4300:
4233:
4212:
4170:(auger beetles)
4151:Bostrichiformia
4141:
4123:
4119:Torridincolidae
4103:(skiff beetles)
4101:Hydroscaphidae
4092:
4070:
4063:Trachypachidae
4008:(tiger beetles)
3966:
3948:
3898:
3884:
3840:
3833:
3766:
3749:
3704:
3695:
3693:Further reading
3682:
3679:
3674:
3673:
3658:
3657:
3653:
3643:
3641:
3627:
3619:
3615:
3614:
3610:
3603:
3590:
3583:
3579:
3578:
3574:
3550:
3549:
3545:
3497:
3496:
3492:
3485:
3464:
3463:
3459:
3449:
3447:
3439:
3438:
3434:
3424:
3422:
3414:
3413:
3409:
3367:
3366:
3362:
3328:
3327:
3323:
3282:(2): e0191576.
3269:
3268:
3264:
3216:
3215:
3211:
3183:
3182:
3178:
3163:10.2307/2388290
3138:
3137:
3130:
3120:
3118:
3110:
3105:
3104:
3097:
3088:
3084:
3036:
3035:
3031:
2985:
2984:
2980:
2950:
2949:
2945:
2889:
2888:
2884:
2874:
2872:
2864:
2863:
2859:
2845:
2844:
2840:
2822:
2821:
2817:
2783:
2782:
2778:
2760:
2759:
2755:
2745:
2743:
2738:
2737:
2733:
2724:
2723:
2719:
2704:10.1002/bio.955
2687:
2686:
2679:
2625:
2624:
2620:
2592:
2591:
2587:
2551:
2550:
2546:
2538:
2534:
2528:Chicago Tribune
2521:
2517:
2509:
2505:
2498:
2476:
2475:
2471:
2425:
2424:
2417:
2377:
2376:
2372:
2340:
2339:
2335:
2297:
2296:
2292:
2232:
2231:
2227:
2189:
2188:
2184:
2170:
2169:
2165:
2155:
2154:
2150:
2142:
2135:
2119:10.2307/3496389
2097:
2096:
2092:
2052:
2051:
2038:
1982:
1981:
1977:
1955:
1954:
1950:
1935:10.2307/2423887
1914:
1913:
1909:
1899:
1897:
1888:
1887:
1883:
1873:
1871:
1862:
1861:
1857:
1842:10.4039/n05-093
1819:
1818:
1814:
1804:
1802:
1791:
1790:
1781:
1774:
1759:
1758:
1751:
1744:
1740:
1729:
1725:
1696:
1695:
1691:
1653:
1652:
1648:
1619:
1618:
1601:
1596:
1590:
1587:
1578:
1571:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1562:
1560:
1558:
1556:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1501:
1500:
1499:
1498:
1497:
1494:
1486:
1485:
1479:
1468:
1450:light pollution
1426:light pollution
1402:
1397:
1392:
1383:
1374:
1362:
1353:
1344:
1335:
1326:
1317:
1288:
1279:
1172:
1072:
953:
917:
896:Late Cretaceous
886:
881:
874:
867:
858:
855:
845:
840:
834:
708:Purkinje effect
648:bioluminescence
631:
629:Bioluminescence
625:
493:
442:during twilight
397:
395:McDermott, 1961
388:
384:
378:
369:
360:
354:Araucariocladus
351:
342:
331:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
269:
172:
127:
125:
124:
119:
114:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
58:
57:
54:
46:
39:Lucciola (film)
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6086:
6084:
6076:
6075:
6070:
6065:
6060:
6050:
6049:
6043:
6042:
6040:
6039:
6026:
6016:
6003:
5990:
5977:
5964:
5951:
5938:
5925:
5912:
5899:
5886:
5877:Fauna Europaea
5873:
5860:
5847:
5834:
5821:
5808:
5798:
5785:
5772:
5757:
5741:
5739:
5733:
5732:
5727:
5718:
5717:
5712:
5709:
5708:
5705:
5704:
5701:
5700:
5697:
5696:
5694:
5693:
5690:(rove beetles)
5688:Staphylinidae
5685:
5677:
5669:
5661:
5656:
5647:
5645:
5643:Staphylinoidea
5639:
5638:
5636:
5635:
5630:
5625:Hydrophilidae
5622:
5617:
5612:
5604:
5598:
5596:
5594:Hydrophiloidea
5590:
5589:
5587:
5586:
5581:
5573:
5564:
5562:
5553:
5547:
5546:
5543:
5542:
5540:
5539:
5536:(hide beetles)
5531:
5523:
5520:(rain beetles)
5515:
5507:
5499:
5496:(stag beetles)
5491:
5483:
5475:
5467:
5459:
5451:
5449:Bolboceratidae
5446:
5433:
5431:
5422:
5416:
5415:
5412:
5411:
5409:
5408:
5403:
5395:
5383:
5377:
5375:
5369:
5368:
5366:
5365:
5356:Rhinorhipidae
5352:
5350:
5348:Rhinorhipoidea
5344:
5343:
5341:
5340:
5332:
5327:
5322:
5314:
5306:
5298:
5290:
5285:
5277:
5269:
5261:
5253:
5245:
5236:
5234:
5228:
5227:
5225:
5224:
5216:
5207:
5205:
5199:
5198:
5196:
5195:
5190:
5182:
5174:
5166:
5161:Heteroceridae
5158:
5150:
5142:
5134:
5129:
5124:Chelonariidae
5121:
5116:Callirhipidae
5113:
5110:(pill beetles)
5104:
5102:
5096:
5095:
5093:
5092:
5087:
5078:
5076:
5067:
5061:
5060:
5057:
5056:
5054:
5053:
5045:
5040:
5035:
5027:
5022:Tenebrionidae
5019:
5011:
5003:
4995:
4987:
4979:
4971:
4963:
4958:
4950:
4945:
4937:
4929:
4921:
4913:
4905:
4897:
4889:
4884:
4876:
4868:
4860:
4851:
4849:
4847:Tenebrionoidea
4843:
4842:
4840:
4839:
4830:
4828:
4822:
4821:
4819:
4818:
4810:
4805:Curculionidae
4802:
4797:
4789:
4781:
4773:
4764:
4762:
4752:Curculionoidea
4748:
4747:
4745:
4744:
4739:
4731:
4723:
4715:
4713:Protocucujidae
4710:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4687:
4679:
4671:
4666:
4658:
4646:
4638:
4630:
4625:
4620:
4612:
4607:
4605:Cybocephalidae
4602:
4594:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4563:
4561:
4555:
4554:
4552:
4551:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4528:
4520:
4515:
4507:
4505:Discolomatidae
4502:
4494:
4489:Coccinellidae
4486:
4478:
4473:Bothrideridae
4470:
4465:
4460:
4454:
4452:
4450:Coccinelloidea
4446:
4445:
4443:
4442:
4437:Trogossitidae
4434:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4387:
4382:
4370:
4362:
4357:
4355:Lophocateridae
4352:
4344:
4339:
4331:
4323:
4310:
4308:
4302:
4301:
4299:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4270:(leaf beetles)
4268:Chrysomelidae
4265:
4256:
4254:
4252:Chrysomeloidea
4245:
4239:
4238:
4235:
4234:
4232:
4231:
4222:
4220:
4214:
4213:
4211:
4210:
4202:
4197:Nosodendridae
4194:
4189:Jacobsoniidae
4186:
4181:
4178:(skin beetles)
4173:
4164:
4162:
4153:
4143:
4142:
4136:
4129:
4128:
4125:
4124:
4122:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4097:
4094:
4093:
4087:
4080:
4079:
4076:
4075:
4072:
4071:
4069:
4068:
4060:
4052:
4047:Meru phyllisae
4040:
4035:
4027:
4019:
4011:
4003:
3995:
3990:
3981:
3979:
3968:
3967:
3961:
3954:
3953:
3950:
3949:
3947:
3946:
3941:
3939:Micromalthidae
3936:
3924:
3916:
3903:
3900:
3899:
3893:
3886:
3885:
3883:
3882:
3876:
3870:
3864:
3858:
3852:
3845:
3842:
3841:
3834:
3832:
3831:
3824:
3817:
3809:
3803:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3765:
3764:External links
3762:
3761:
3760:
3747:
3741:
3702:
3694:
3691:
3690:
3689:
3678:
3675:
3672:
3671:
3651:
3608:
3601:
3572:
3567:10.1086/659937
3543:
3512:(4): 423–431.
3490:
3483:
3457:
3445:Xerces Society
3432:
3407:
3360:
3341:(2): 199–210.
3321:
3262:
3209:
3196:(2): 103–116.
3176:
3128:
3095:
3082:
3029:
2978:
2965:(2): 157–167.
2943:
2882:
2857:
2838:
2815:
2796:(2): 162–174.
2776:
2753:
2742:. 11 June 2015
2731:
2717:
2698:(3): 251–265.
2677:
2618:
2605:(1): 281–283.
2585:
2566:(4): 807–818.
2544:
2542:, p. 387.
2532:
2515:
2503:
2496:
2469:
2440:(3): 666–682.
2415:
2370:
2333:
2290:
2225:
2204:(2): 473–478.
2182:
2163:
2148:
2133:
2090:
2063:(1): 293–321.
2036:
1997:(2): 905–908.
1975:
1948:
1907:
1881:
1855:
1836:(6): 860–870.
1812:
1779:
1773:978-1400880317
1772:
1749:
1738:
1723:
1689:
1646:
1598:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1585:
1569:
1548:
1519:Japanese sword
1495:
1488:
1487:
1480:
1473:
1472:
1471:
1470:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1434:climate change
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1389:
1388:
1385:
1384:
1380:
1379:
1376:
1375:
1371:
1370:
1368:bioluminescent
1364:
1363:
1359:
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1355:
1354:
1350:
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1346:
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989:
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965:
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952:
949:
916:
913:
885:
884:Fossil history
882:
880:
877:
876:
875:
868:
861:
859:
856:
843:
841:
835:
828:
780:South Carolina
624:
621:
609:bufadienolides
492:
489:
434:lightning bugs
426:light-emitting
408:
407:
338:incertae sedis
299:Cyphonocerinae
295:Chespiritoinae
291:Cheguevariinae
282:
281:
277:
276:
264:
260:
259:
254:
250:
249:
244:
240:
239:
234:
230:
229:
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26:
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14:
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10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6085:
6074:
6071:
6069:
6066:
6064:
6061:
6059:
6056:
6055:
6053:
6036:
6031:
6027:
6023:
6017:
6013:
6008:
6004:
6000:
5995:
5991:
5987:
5982:
5978:
5974:
5969:
5965:
5961:
5956:
5952:
5948:
5943:
5939:
5935:
5930:
5926:
5922:
5917:
5913:
5909:
5904:
5900:
5896:
5891:
5887:
5883:
5878:
5874:
5870:
5865:
5861:
5857:
5852:
5848:
5844:
5839:
5835:
5831:
5826:
5822:
5818:
5813:
5809:
5805:
5799:
5795:
5790:
5786:
5782:
5777:
5773:
5768:
5762:
5758:
5753:
5747:
5743:
5742:
5740:
5738:
5734:
5730:
5725:
5715:
5710:
5692:
5686:
5684:
5678:
5676:
5670:
5668:
5662:
5660:
5657:
5655:
5649:
5648:
5646:
5644:
5640:
5634:
5631:
5629:
5623:
5621:
5618:
5616:
5613:
5611:
5605:
5603:
5600:
5599:
5597:
5595:
5591:
5585:
5582:
5580:
5576:Sphaeritidae
5574:
5572:
5566:
5565:
5563:
5561:
5557:
5554:
5552:
5548:
5538:
5532:
5530:
5526:Scarabaeidae
5524:
5522:
5516:
5514:
5508:
5506:
5500:
5498:
5492:
5490:
5484:
5482:
5476:
5474:
5468:
5466:
5464:(dor beetles)
5460:
5458:
5452:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5442:
5435:
5434:
5432:
5430:
5429:Scarabaeoidea
5426:
5423:
5421:
5417:
5407:
5404:
5402:
5396:
5394:
5391:
5384:
5382:
5379:
5378:
5376:
5374:
5370:
5364:
5361:
5354:
5353:
5351:
5349:
5345:
5339:
5333:
5331:
5328:
5326:
5323:
5321:
5315:
5313:
5307:
5305:
5299:
5297:
5291:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5278:
5276:
5270:
5268:
5264:Cerophytidae
5262:
5260:
5254:
5252:
5246:
5244:
5238:
5237:
5235:
5233:
5229:
5223:
5219:Rhipiceridae
5217:
5215:
5209:
5208:
5206:
5204:
5200:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5183:
5181:
5175:
5173:
5167:
5165:
5159:
5157:
5153:Eulichadidae
5151:
5149:
5143:
5141:
5135:
5133:
5132:Cneoglossidae
5130:
5128:
5122:
5120:
5114:
5112:
5106:
5105:
5103:
5101:
5097:
5091:
5090:Schizopodidae
5088:
5086:
5080:
5079:
5077:
5075:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5065:Elateriformia
5062:
5052:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5030:Tetratomidae
5028:
5026:
5020:
5018:
5012:
5010:
5004:
5002:
4996:
4994:
4988:
4986:
4982:Ripiphoridae
4980:
4978:
4972:
4970:
4966:Pyrochroidae
4964:
4962:
4961:Pterogeniidae
4959:
4957:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4938:
4936:
4930:
4928:
4922:
4920:
4914:
4912:
4906:
4904:
4900:Melandryidae
4898:
4896:
4890:
4888:
4887:Chalcodryidae
4885:
4883:
4877:
4875:
4869:
4867:
4861:
4859:
4853:
4852:
4850:
4848:
4844:
4838:
4832:
4831:
4829:
4827:
4823:
4817:
4813:Nemonychidae
4811:
4809:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4790:
4788:
4782:
4780:
4774:
4772:
4766:
4765:
4763:
4753:
4749:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4732:
4730:
4724:
4722:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4708:Propalticidae
4706:
4704:
4703:Priasilphidae
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4688:
4686:
4682:Passandridae
4680:
4678:
4676:(sap beetles)
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4647:
4645:
4639:
4637:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4595:
4593:
4587:
4585:
4584:Cavognathidae
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4565:
4564:
4562:
4560:
4556:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4529:
4527:
4521:
4519:
4518:Eupsilobiidae
4516:
4514:
4510:Endomychidae
4508:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4497:Corylophidae
4495:
4493:
4487:
4485:
4479:
4477:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4455:
4453:
4451:
4447:
4441:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4412:Protopeltidae
4410:
4408:
4407:Prionoceridae
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4371:
4369:
4363:
4361:
4360:Mauroniscidae
4358:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4332:
4330:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4312:
4311:
4309:
4307:
4303:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4281:Megalopodidae
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4266:
4264:
4260:Cerambycidae
4258:
4257:
4255:
4253:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4240:
4230:
4226:Derodontidae
4224:
4223:
4221:
4219:
4218:Derodontoidea
4215:
4209:
4203:
4201:
4195:
4193:
4187:
4185:
4184:Endecatomidae
4182:
4180:
4174:
4172:
4168:Bostrichidae
4166:
4165:
4163:
4161:
4160:Bostrichoidea
4157:
4154:
4152:
4148:
4144:
4140:
4134:
4130:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4114:Sphaeriusidae
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4099:
4098:
4095:
4091:
4085:
4081:
4067:
4061:
4059:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4028:
4026:
4020:
4018:
4012:
4010:
4006:Cicindelidae
4004:
4002:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3983:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3973:
3969:
3965:
3959:
3955:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3925:
3923:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3905:
3904:
3901:
3897:
3891:
3887:
3881:
3877:
3875:
3871:
3869:
3865:
3863:
3859:
3857:
3853:
3851:
3847:
3846:
3843:
3838:
3830:
3825:
3823:
3818:
3816:
3811:
3810:
3807:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3767:
3763:
3757:
3755:
3748:
3745:
3742:
3738:
3734:
3730:
3726:
3722:
3718:
3714:
3710:
3709:
3703:
3701:
3697:
3696:
3692:
3686:
3681:
3680:
3676:
3667:
3666:
3661:
3655:
3652:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3612:
3609:
3604:
3602:4-639-01202-0
3598:
3594:
3587:
3576:
3573:
3568:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3555:
3547:
3544:
3539:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3506:
3501:
3494:
3491:
3486:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3461:
3458:
3446:
3442:
3436:
3433:
3421:
3417:
3411:
3408:
3403:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3387:
3383:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3364:
3361:
3356:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3325:
3322:
3317:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3266:
3263:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3221:
3213:
3210:
3204:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3180:
3177:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3143:
3135:
3133:
3129:
3116:
3109:
3102:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3086:
3083:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3041:
3033:
3030:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2982:
2979:
2973:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2959:
2954:
2947:
2944:
2939:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2898:
2893:
2886:
2883:
2871:
2867:
2861:
2858:
2853:
2849:
2842:
2839:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2819:
2816:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2780:
2777:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2757:
2754:
2741:
2735:
2732:
2727:
2721:
2718:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2692:
2684:
2682:
2678:
2673:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2634:
2629:
2622:
2619:
2613:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2589:
2586:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2560:
2555:
2548:
2545:
2541:
2536:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2519:
2516:
2512:
2507:
2504:
2499:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2484:
2479:
2473:
2470:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2434:
2429:
2422:
2420:
2416:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2382:
2374:
2371:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2345:
2337:
2334:
2329:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2306:
2301:
2294:
2291:
2286:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2229:
2226:
2221:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2198:
2193:
2186:
2183:
2179:(4): 139–147.
2178:
2174:
2167:
2164:
2159:
2152:
2149:
2145:
2140:
2138:
2134:
2129:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2106:
2101:
2094:
2091:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2057:
2049:
2047:
2045:
2043:
2041:
2037:
2032:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1991:
1986:
1979:
1976:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1952:
1949:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1919:
1911:
1908:
1895:
1891:
1885:
1882:
1870:
1866:
1859:
1856:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1825:
1816:
1813:
1801:
1800:
1795:
1788:
1786:
1784:
1780:
1775:
1769:
1765:
1764:
1756:
1754:
1750:
1747:
1742:
1739:
1736:
1735:
1730:Cirrus Digit
1727:
1724:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1702:
1693:
1690:
1684:
1679:
1676:: 1253–1258.
1675:
1671:
1667:
1666:
1661:
1659:
1650:
1647:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1625:
1616:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1604:
1600:
1593:
1584:
1575:
1567:
1546:
1544:
1543:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1492:
1483:
1477:
1465:
1463:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1422:
1420:
1419:IUCN Red List
1411:
1408:Fireflies in
1406:
1399:
1394:
1387:
1386:
1378:
1377:
1369:
1366:
1365:
1357:
1356:
1348:
1347:
1339:
1338:
1330:
1329:
1321:
1320:
1312:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1302:
1296:
1295:
1292:
1291:
1283:
1282:
1274:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1264:
1258:
1257:
1254:
1253:
1250:
1249:
1243:
1242:
1236:
1235:
1232:
1231:
1228:
1227:
1226:Psilocladinae
1221:
1220:
1214:
1213:
1207:
1206:
1203:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1193:
1192:Lamprohizinae
1187:
1186:
1180:
1179:
1176:
1175:
1167:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1157:
1151:
1150:
1147:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1137:
1131:
1130:
1124:
1123:
1117:
1116:
1113:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1103:
1097:
1096:
1090:
1087:
1086:
1080:
1079:
1076:
1075:
1067:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1057:
1051:
1050:
1047:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1036:
1035:
1029:
1028:
1022:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1008:
1002:
1001:
995:
994:Elateriformia
992:
991:
988:
987:
984:
982:
974:
971:
970:
964:
961:
960:
956:
950:
948:
946:
942:
941:
936:
932:
928:
927:
922:
914:
912:
910:
905:
904:Burmese amber
901:
897:
893:
892:
883:
878:
872:
865:
860:
842:
838:
832:
827:
825:
823:
822:P. hemipterus
818:
814:
809:
807:
806:
801:
800:
794:
792:
788:
783:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
756:
751:
749:
744:
740:
739:
734:
733:
728:
727:
723:
717:
715:
714:
713:Aquatica leii
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
658:. The enzyme
657:
653:
649:
641:
640:
635:
630:
622:
620:
618:
614:
610:
607:
603:
598:
596:
592:
588:
585:, unlike the
584:
583:compound eyes
580:
574:
572:
568:
563:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
540:
535:
530:
528:
527:
526:Aquatica leii
522:
519:, undergoing
518:
510:
509:compound eyes
506:
502:
497:
490:
488:
486:
481:
477:
473:
468:
466:
465:
460:
459:
454:
450:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
406:
402:
401:
393:
392:
383:
382:
374:
373:
365:
364:
356:
355:
347:
346:
340:
339:
335:
330:
328:
324:
323:Psilocladinae
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
303:Lamprohizinae
300:
296:
292:
288:
283:
278:
273:
268:
265:
262:
261:
258:
255:
253:Superfamily:
252:
251:
248:
247:Elateriformia
245:
242:
241:
238:
235:
232:
231:
228:
225:
222:
221:
218:
215:
212:
211:
208:
205:
202:
201:
198:
195:
192:
191:
188:
185:
182:
181:
176:
171:
167:
163:
162:
157:
153:
148:
145:
144:
139:
135:
130:
123:
118:
113:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
61:
51:
48:
44:
40:
33:
19:
5736:
5615:Helophoridae
5607:Georissidae
5602:Epimetopidae
5518:Pleocomidae
5502:Ochodaeidae
5486:Hybosoridae
5470:Glaphyridae
5462:Geotrupidae
5440:
5437:Belohinidae
5398:Eucinetidae
5389:
5386:Decliniidae
5359:
5317:Phengodidae
5292:
5256:Cantharidae
5211:Dascillidae
5203:Dascilloidea
5185:Psephenidae
5177:Lutrochidae
5169:Limnichidae
5082:Buprestidae
5074:Buprestoidea
5014:Synchroidae
4998:Scraptiidae
4990:Salpingidae
4953:Prostomidae
4940:Oedemeridae
4916:Mordellidae
4834:Lymexylidae
4826:Lymexyloidea
4776:Attelabidae
4768:Anthribidae
4726:Smicripidae
4690:Phalacridae
4674:Nitidulidae
4669:Myraboliidae
4661:Monotomidae
4652:
4633:Kateretidae
4610:Cyclaxyridae
4570:
4567:Agapythidae
4531:Latridiidae
4481:Cerylonidae
4468:Anamorphidae
4402:Phycosecidae
4393:
4376:
4373:Metaxinidae
4326:Biphyllidae
4317:
4286:Orsodacnidae
4243:Cucujiformia
4176:Dermestidae
4046:
3985:Amphizoidae
3930:
3910:
3896:Archostemata
3880:Holometabola
3878:Superorder:
3872:Infraclass:
3753:
3712:
3706:
3684:
3663:
3654:
3642:. Retrieved
3630:
3622:
3611:
3592:
3585:
3575:
3558:
3552:
3546:
3509:
3503:
3493:
3466:
3460:
3448:. Retrieved
3435:
3423:. Retrieved
3419:
3410:
3377:
3373:
3363:
3338:
3334:
3324:
3279:
3275:
3265:
3224:
3218:
3212:
3193:
3189:
3179:
3146:
3140:
3119:. Retrieved
3114:
3085:
3044:
3038:
3032:
2995:
2991:
2981:
2962:
2956:
2946:
2901:
2895:
2885:
2873:. Retrieved
2869:
2860:
2851:
2847:
2841:
2832:
2828:
2818:
2793:
2789:
2779:
2770:
2766:
2756:
2744:. Retrieved
2734:
2720:
2695:
2691:Luminescence
2689:
2637:
2631:
2621:
2602:
2598:
2588:
2563:
2557:
2553:
2547:
2535:
2527:
2524:Tree huggin'
2518:
2506:
2482:
2472:
2437:
2431:
2385:
2379:
2373:
2351:(1): 33–49.
2348:
2342:
2336:
2309:
2303:
2293:
2242:
2238:
2228:
2201:
2195:
2185:
2176:
2172:
2166:
2157:
2151:
2109:
2103:
2093:
2060:
2054:
1994:
1988:
1978:
1961:
1957:
1951:
1922:
1916:
1910:
1898:. Retrieved
1893:
1884:
1872:. Retrieved
1868:
1858:
1833:
1829:
1824:Luciola leii
1823:
1815:
1803:. Retrieved
1799:The Guardian
1797:
1762:
1741:
1733:
1726:
1705:
1699:
1692:
1669:
1663:
1657:
1649:
1628:
1622:
1581:
1573:
1549:
1541:
1527:
1502:
1482:Uemura Shōen
1454:
1442:insecticides
1438:biodiversity
1423:
1415:
1400:Conservation
1367:
1299:
1261:
1246:
1224:
1190:
1154:
1134:
1100:
1088:
1054:
1039:
1005:
978:
975:, etc.
954:
940:Arachnocampa
938:
924:
918:
891:Protoluciola
889:
887:
836:
821:
816:
810:
803:
797:
795:
790:
786:
784:
752:
742:
736:
730:
724:
718:
711:
645:
637:
602:lucibufagins
599:
575:
564:
537:
531:
524:
514:
469:
462:
456:
437:
433:
429:
413:
411:
404:Newman, 1838
398:
389:
381:Oculogryphus
379:
370:
367:Martin, 2019
363:Crassitarsus
361:
352:
349:Kirsch, 1875
343:
336:
332:
285:
280:Subfamilies
266:
243:Infraorder:
159:
141:
47:
5916:iNaturalist
5761:Wikispecies
5659:Hydraenidae
5633:Spercheidae
5620:Hydrochidae
5584:Synteliidae
5568:Histeridae
5560:Histeroidea
5510:Passalidae
5478:Glaresidae
5335:Throscidae
5295:(fireflies)
5293:Lampyridae
5280:Eucnemidae
5272:Elateridae
5232:Elateroidea
5048:Zopheridae
4932:Mycteridae
4863:Anthicidae
4734:Sphindidae
4718:Silvanidae
4628:Hobartiidae
4615:Erotylidae
4544:Mycetaeidae
4539:Murmidiidae
4523:Euxestidae
4417:Rentoniidae
4291:Oxypeltidae
4276:Disteniidae
4109:Lepiceridae
4038:Hygrobiidae
4030:Haliplidae
4014:Dytiscidae
3993:Aspidytidae
3744:Lewis, Sara
3715:: 293–321.
3644:25 February
3420:Firefly.org
2998:(5): e391.
2388:(1): 1–22.
2312:: 564–575.
2245:(1): 1736.
1929:: 133–145.
1658:Cheguevaria
1156:Ototretinae
1056:Phengodidae
973:Cantharidae
935:Phengodidae
738:Pyractomena
700:wavelengths
696:ultraviolet
606:cardiotonic
587:simple eyes
400:Pollaclasis
315:Ototretinae
257:Elateroidea
6058:Lampyridae
6052:Categories
5794:Lampyridae
5781:Lampyridae
5767:Lampyridae
5737:Lampyridae
5680:Silphidae
5672:Ptiliidae
5664:Leiodidae
5651:Agyrtidae
5494:Lucanidae
5373:Scirtoidea
5309:Omethidae
5288:Jurasaidae
5137:Dryopidae
5108:Byrrhidae
5100:Byrrhoidea
4792:Brentidae
4597:Cucujidae
4579:Boganiidae
4559:Cucujoidea
4432:Thymalidae
4422:Rhadalidae
4365:Melyridae
4334:Byturidae
4296:Vesperidae
4205:Ptiniidae
4055:Noteridae
4022:Gyrinidae
3998:Carabidae
3927:Jurodidae
3919:Cupedidae
3866:Subclass:
3856:Arthropoda
3837:Coleoptera
3450:12 October
3425:12 October
3380:: 104200.
3149:(4): 373.
3142:Biotropica
2958:BioScience
2875:12 October
2870:xerces.org
2854:: 174–187.
2835:: 162–173.
2381:Cladistics
2112:(4): 565.
1805:4 February
1594:References
1523:Hotarumaru
1466:In culture
1460:Bangladesh
1446:herbicides
1301:Lampyrinae
1263:Photurinae
1248:Amydetinae
1136:Pterotinae
1102:Luciolinae
1089:Lampyridae
1007:Elateridae
963:Coleoptera
900:Cenomanian
837:Lamprohiza
704:blue ghost
660:luciferase
613:aposematic
517:life cycle
414:Lampyridae
372:Lamprigera
327:Pterotinae
319:Photurinae
311:Luciolinae
307:Lampyrinae
287:Amydetinae
272:Rafinesque
267:Lampyridae
233:Suborder:
227:Coleoptera
207:Arthropoda
60:Cenomanian
18:Lampyridae
5534:Trogidae
5528:(scarabs)
5406:Scirtidae
5381:Clambidae
4974:Pythidae
4908:Meloidae
4855:Aderidae
4758:(weevils)
4623:Helotidae
4549:Teredidae
4463:Alexiidae
4347:Cleridae
4306:Cleroidea
4139:Polyphaga
4137:Suborder
4090:Myxophaga
4088:Suborder
4043:Meruidae
3962:Suborder
3944:Ommatidae
3894:Suborder
3868:Pterygota
3848:Kingdom:
3402:231969942
3355:232246018
3220:Oecologia
2810:216387774
2433:Evolution
2267:2041-1723
1964:: 19–30.
1515:aesthetic
1430:pesticide
951:Phylogeny
894:from the
879:Evolution
871:Nuremberg
799:Ellychnia
770:, in the
684:forensics
668:magnesium
664:luciferin
617:predators
591:nocturnal
556:mandibles
544:predators
534:hibernate
472:temperate
451:that the
438:glowworms
430:fireflies
422:elateroid
391:Photoctus
345:Anadrilus
237:Polyphaga
193:Kingdom:
187:Eukaryota
5825:BugGuide
5801:BioLib:
5746:Wikidata
5301:Lycidae
5145:Elmidae
5043:Ulodidae
4879:Boridae
4784:Belidae
4385:Peltidae
3978:families
3964:Adephaga
3874:Neoptera
3854:Phylum:
3850:Animalia
3839:families
3754:Photuris
3737:16360536
3729:17877452
3662:(1320).
3639:46023259
3589:日本刀大百科事典
3538:26466535
3394:33607160
3316:29415023
3276:PLOS ONE
3257:36670391
3249:27646716
3077:13336469
3069:10710299
2938:34788329
2897:PLOS One
2848:Lampyrid
2829:Lampyrid
2773:: 20–35.
2767:Lampyrid
2712:17285566
2672:33268373
2580:53180940
2488:Springer
2480:(2002).
2464:26075485
2456:25627920
2410:46266960
2402:34905865
2365:17644427
2328:27998815
2285:38443352
2276:10914744
2220:27696431
2085:16360536
2077:17877452
2031:16592501
1850:84624340
1732:Firefly
1586:—
1572:Dante's
1570:—
1540:Dante's
1535:lucciola
1505:Japanese
931:Americas
915:Taxonomy
805:Lucidota
791:Photinus
787:Photuris
743:Photinus
732:Photuris
726:Photinus
692:infrared
662:acts on
639:Photuris
476:tropical
464:Photinus
458:Photuris
263:Family:
203:Phylum:
197:Animalia
183:Domain:
6022:4779675
4892:Ciidae
4800:Caridae
3862:Insecta
3860:Class:
3835:Extant
3677:Sources
3665:Inferno
3626:日本刀と無敵魂
3529:4553602
3505:Insects
3307:5802884
3284:Bibcode
3229:Bibcode
3171:2388290
3151:Bibcode
3121:23 June
3049:Bibcode
3040:Science
3000:Bibcode
2929:8598072
2906:Bibcode
2746:19 July
2663:7710365
2642:Bibcode
2247:Bibcode
2128:3496389
1999:Bibcode
1943:2423887
1900:22 June
1874:22 June
1574:Inferno
1542:Inferno
1530:Italian
1521:called
1410:Georgia
945:Diptera
656:abdomen
595:diurnal
505:abdomen
491:Biology
480:marshes
446:warning
223:Order:
217:Insecta
213:Class:
164:mating
62:-Recent
53:Firefly
6035:766414
6019:uBio:
5986:865251
5947:113835
5934:100845
5869:1LAMPF
5752:Q25420
3976:Extant
3735:
3727:
3637:
3599:
3536:
3526:
3481:
3400:
3392:
3353:
3314:
3304:
3255:
3247:
3169:
3075:
3067:
2936:
2926:
2808:
2710:
2670:
2660:
2578:
2494:
2462:
2454:
2408:
2400:
2363:
2326:
2283:
2273:
2265:
2218:
2126:
2083:
2075:
2029:
2022:411366
2019:
1941:
1848:
1770:
1510:hotaru
764:unison
760:Donsol
735:, and
722:genera
670:ions,
652:organs
571:nectar
567:pollen
560:pupate
550:, and
548:snails
453:larvae
449:signal
418:family
416:are a
334:Genera
274:, 1815
6068:Night
6030:WoRMS
6007:Plazi
5999:69371
5929:IRMNG
5921:47731
5882:11168
3733:S2CID
3629:[
3591:[
3398:S2CID
3351:S2CID
3253:S2CID
3167:JSTOR
3111:(PDF)
3073:S2CID
2806:S2CID
2576:S2CID
2460:S2CID
2406:S2CID
2124:JSTOR
2081:S2CID
1939:JSTOR
1925:(1).
1846:S2CID
1708:(6).
1672:(4).
1631:(6).
921:clade
813:basal
552:slugs
436:, or
5973:7049
5968:NCBI
5942:ITIS
5908:4737
5903:GBIF
5864:EPPO
5856:7487
5817:1104
5812:BOLD
5804:9565
3725:PMID
3646:2023
3635:JPNO
3618:蛍丸国俊
3597:ISBN
3534:PMID
3479:ISBN
3452:2021
3427:2021
3390:PMID
3312:PMID
3245:PMID
3123:2021
3065:PMID
2934:PMID
2877:2021
2748:2018
2708:PMID
2668:PMID
2492:ISBN
2452:PMID
2398:PMID
2361:PMID
2324:PMID
2281:PMID
2263:ISSN
2216:PMID
2073:PMID
2027:PMID
1990:PNAS
1902:2022
1876:2022
1807:2022
1768:ISBN
1444:and
676:Gene
474:and
412:The
67:PreꞒ
5955:NBN
5851:EoL
5843:BRN
5838:CoL
5789:AFD
5776:ADW
3717:doi
3563:doi
3524:PMC
3514:doi
3471:doi
3382:doi
3378:130
3343:doi
3302:PMC
3292:doi
3237:doi
3225:182
3198:doi
3159:doi
3057:doi
3045:287
3018:hdl
3008:doi
2967:doi
2924:PMC
2914:doi
2798:doi
2700:doi
2658:PMC
2650:doi
2607:doi
2568:doi
2526:".
2442:doi
2390:doi
2353:doi
2314:doi
2310:107
2271:PMC
2255:doi
2206:doi
2177:124
2114:doi
2065:doi
2017:PMC
2007:doi
1966:doi
1931:doi
1838:doi
1834:138
1714:doi
1678:doi
1670:187
1637:doi
1635:).
1458:in
911:.
778:in
694:or
688:ATP
672:ATP
569:or
420:of
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