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401:, which took place in December 1929. His band entered the town, and immediately shut down the telegraph office to stop news from spreading. The seven policemen in the town and their sergeant were shut in the jail, whilst the jail's previous occupants were set free. The wealthiest citizens of the town were then levied for a forced monetary contribution. The bandits, however, paid for items, including soap and perfume, taken from the town's shops. The seven policemen were summarily executed by shots to the head, but their sergeant was left unharmed as he was liked by the townspeople. In the evening Lampião organised a
382:
259:– a leading landowner who was also a regional political chief – and would usually take sides in any dispute. Indeed, the poorer portion of the backlands population were generally badly treated by the paramilitary police, and would often prefer the presence of bandits in their settlements over that of the police. In such a society disputes between neighbours could quickly escalate into violent feuding. Virgulino's family fell into a deadly feud with other local families. His father twice moved his family to avoid the escalating dispute, first to Nazaré, and then to Água Branca in the State of
31:
619:
558:
366:), and he was entirely reliable if he gave his word of honour. Lampião was capable of acts of mercy and even charity, however, he systematically used terror to achieve his own survival. His enmity, once aroused, was implacable and he killed many people merely because they had an association with someone who had displeased him. He is recorded as having said "If you have to kill, kill quickly. But for me killing a thousand is just like killing one". For the
248:. He was the third of nine children of José Ferreira da Silva and Maria Lopes, a humble family of subsistence farmers. Until he was 21 years old, he worked hard herding his father's few cattle, sheep and goats, becoming a skilled rider and 'cowboy'. He was also an accomplished leathercraft artisan. Though he never attended school he was literate and used reading glasses—both quite unusual features for the rough and poor region where he lived.
484:
574:
471:. Once reassured that the camera did not conceal a gun, Lampião co-operated enthusiastically with the filming. The film-stock was soon confiscated by the police, and Abrahão died in 1938. This cinematographic record was rediscovered in 1957, but had physically deteriorated to a great extent. However, several scenes survived, a unique example of moving images of Lampião, Maria Bonita and many other
263:. These moves proved to be fruitless as violence followed the family, with Virgulino and his brothers Antônio and Levino gaining reputations as troublemakers. Eventually José Ferreira was killed in a confrontation with the police on May 18, 1921. Virgulino sought vengeance and proved to be extremely violent in doing so. He became an outlaw, a
409:. He also ordered a cinema show to be presented. The bandits were under strict instructions not to molest the local young women, and such was Lampião's authority that none were. The bandits left the town at 4:00 in the morning; Lampião rode a borrowed mule, which he later duly returned to its owner. On one occasion he attacked a large town,
286:
605:Ângelo Roque – a trusted lieutenant who was also not present when Lampião was killed. He operated until 1940 when he surrendered to police after being assured that he would not be executed for his crimes. He was initially sentenced to 95 years in prison, which was later reduced to 30 years and then commuted in 1950.
626:
Despite his history of brutal acts and savagery, there was enough in his undoubted courage, his many fights against heavy odds, his occasional acts of mercy and charity, his conventional piety and calculated courting of publicity to ensure that Lampião entered
Brazilian folk-history as a hero. One of
598:
Corisco (Cristino Gomes da Silva Cleto) – feared for his cruelty. There was speculation that he would take control of the band after
Angicos, where he had not been present. Seeking vengeance for Angicos, Corisco interrogated Joca Bernardes the informant who had betrayed Lampião, who shifted the blame
377:
Lampião's band attacked small towns and farms in seven states, took hostages for ransom, extorted money by threats of violence, tortured, fire-branded, and maimed; it has been claimed that they killed over 1,000 people and 5,000 head of cattle and raped over 200 women. The band fought the police over
543:
was almost the equivalent of a career choice. At the time of Lampião's death, he was the only independent bandit leader remaining. However, his major subordinates, such as Luis Pedro, Ângelo Roque and
Corisco, often led bandits in semi-independent operations at a considerable distance from the main
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Luis Pedro – a lieutenant and member of the band for over a decade, he returned to die by Lampião's side even though he may have been able to escape. He accidentally killed Antônio
Ferreira in 1926 when a gun went off during a wrestling bout. When told of his brother's death Lampião said that Luis
608:
Volta Sêca ("Dry Gulch" Antônio dos Santos) – joined the bandits aged 14 as a message-carrier. He was later interviewed in prison and his accounts were an important source for the history of Lampião's activities. He composed and sang a number of songs about, or associated with, Lampião's bandits;
353:
A strange and contradictory piety ran through Lampião's psyche: while robbing and killing people, he also prayed regularly and reverenced the Church and priests. He wore many religious symbols on his person; presumably, he invested them with talismanic qualities. Like many others in the region he
548:
was a thing of the past. A number of potential bandit leaders, such as
Corisco, and lesser bandits were killed; many more gave themselves up to the authorities on assurance of escaping the death penalty. Ângelo Roque gave himself up, along with eight companions, in April 1940 at Bebedouro. Some
322:
typical of the dry hinterland of Brazil's
Northeast. The police and soldiers stationed in the backlands often dressed in an identical manner; on more than one occasion Lampião impersonated a police officer, especially when moving into a new area of operations, in order to gain information.
313:
Depending on the terrain and other conditions, the bandits operated either on horseback or on foot. They were heavily armed, and wore leather outfits, including hats, jackets, sandals, ammunition belts, and trousers, to protect them from the thorns of the
627:
the more dispassionate analyses of Lampião concluded that, if he was a hero, he was an anarchist hero who forged a prominent place for himself in a society and political environment where people put their own interests above all other considerations.
214:
504:, attacked the encamped bandits at daybreak. In a brief battle, Lampião, Maria Bonita and nine of his troops were killed, some forty other members of the bandit group managed to escape. The heads of those killed were cut off and sent to
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dedicated their performance to Lampião’s memory, complete with themes and images from his life. Expedita
Ferreira, Lampião and Maria Bonita's only child, participated in the parade being featured on the last float in the procession.
193:, who occasionally took over small towns and who fought a number of successful actions against paramilitary police when heavily outnumbered. Lampião's exploits and reputation turned him into a folk hero, the Brazilian equivalent of
464:, or left with priests. Expedita, Maria and Lampião's daughter, born in 1932, was raised by her uncle João after the deaths of her parents. João Ferreira was the only one of Lampião's brothers not to become an outlaw.
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joined the band over the many years of its existence and Lampião usually attended any births these women had personally. Such children, including Lampião's own, were fostered out to settled relatives or friends of the
293:. Lampião is left of centre, to his left is Maria Bonita. The distinctive leather hats with upturned brims and leather clothes can be seen. The men have Mauser rifles, a great deal of ammunition and several have long
544:
camp, sometimes across state borders. It was Lampião's intelligence and charisma that ensured that large-scale banditry remained viable in the changing environment of late 1930s Brazil. Within two years of his death
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The severed heads of Lampião's band exposed before the State
Forensic Institute. On the lowest level, the head of Lampião, immediately above is that of Maria Bonita, to the right of her head that of Luis
1321:
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Lampião became associated with an established bandit leader, Sebastião
Pereira. After only a few months of operating together, in 1922, Pereira decided to retire from banditry; he moved to the State of
362:. He was noted for his loyalty to those he befriended or to whom he owed a debt of gratitude. He generously rewarded his followers and those of the population who shielded or materially helped him (
1246:—is thought by some to have been composed by Lampião, who is known to have played the accordion, but it seems more likely that it was a traditional tune to which the bandits added their own words.
277:
or monkeys). Virgulino had acquired the nickname 'Lampião' as early as 1921, allegedly because he could fire a lever-action rifle so fast, that at night it looked as though he was holding a lamp.
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436:– mobile units of paramilitary police. Probably the largest of these battles was fought on 28 November 1926 near Serra Grande, twenty miles from Vila Bela. Lampião with around 100
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bandits even turned on colleagues, killing and decapitating them; they then reported to the police with the severed head to show that their renunciation of banditry was sincere.
500:. Bernardes, after first meeting Lampião in 1928, had dreamed that he would play a part in causing the famous bandit's death. A police troop, led by João Bezerra and armed with
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fought off 295 soldiers, killing 10 and wounding a dozen more. At around this time Lampião took to calling himself the "governor of the backlands", only partly in jest.
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culture honors his folk hero status in a verse of the quadra (call and response style song), 'Sim, Sim, Sim, Não, Não, Não'. Lampião was mentioned in the lyrics of "
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murder was not only casual, they took pride in their efficiency in killing. They were excellent shots and were skilled in the use of long, narrow knives (nicknamed
599:
on someone else, Domingos
Ventura. Corisco then murdered this entirely innocent person and his whole family, including two women. He was killed by police in 1940.
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On July 28, 1938, Lampião and his band were betrayed by one of his supporters, Joca Bernardes, and were ambushed in one of his hideouts, the Angicos farm, in the
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Dadá (Sérgia Ribeiro da Silva), the wife of Corisco. She lost a leg as a result of injuries sustained in the fight in which Corisco was killed; she died in 1994.
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and lived there peacefully into advanced old age. Lampião then took over leadership of the remnants of Pereira's band. For the next 16 years, he led his band of
310:, which varied greatly in number from around a dozen to up to a hundred, in a career of large-scale banditry through seven states of the Brazilian Northeast.
447:("Pretty Maria"). His relationship with Maria Bonita gave his reputation some of the 'romance and violence' notoriety enjoyed in the United States by
455:, dressed like their male comrades and participated in many of their actions. Maria and Lampião had a daughter, named Expedita, in 1932. A number of
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175:, meaning "lantern" or "oil lamp"), was probably the twentieth century's most successful traditional bandit leader. The banditry endemic to the
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was a political chief who fabricated votes in elections, made Deputies and Senators, had judges appointed and transferred police commanders.
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516:. In 1969, after more than 30 years, the mummified severed heads were removed from display at the Salvador museum and buried in the
752:, 20 March 1926. Through the offices of Padre Cicero "Captain Virgulino Ferreira da Silva" was commissioned as a captain in the '
381:
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As well as engaging in criminal activities for gain or revenge Lampião's band also fought a number of pitched battles with the
656:
The story of Lampião and Maria Bonita became the subject of innumerable folk stories, books, comic books, popular pamphlets (
251:
The backlands had little in the way of law and order, even the few police in existence were usually in the pocket of a local
189:
had origins in the late 19th century but was particularly prevalent in the 1920s and 1930s. Lampião led a band of up to 100
581:
Lampião was active for a number of years and thus many men and women passed through his band. More notable ones included:
512:, for examination by specialists at the State Forensic Institute. Later they were put on public exhibition in the city of
1306:
444:
425:(The Lacemaker). However, the inhabitants had time to organise a defence, and 300 armed townsmen drove off Lampião's 60
201:. His image, as well as that of his partner Maria Bonita, can be seen across the entirety of the Northeast of Brazil.
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417:, in June 1927. The bandits began their assault on the town to the sound of a bugle; when advancing they shouted
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A typical example of Lampião's activities, and his ambivalent nature, is his descent on the small town of
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were mostly stolen, or acquired by bribery, from the police and paramilitary units and consisted of
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in 1927 – Lampião (No. 5) is flanked by his brother Ezequiel and his faithful lieutenant Luis Pedro
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In 1957 the songs associated with Lampião's bandits were recorded, as "Cantigas de Lampião".
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Ezequiel Ferreira – Lampião's youngest brother, killed in battle with police in April 1931.
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many years later, in 1957, these were recorded for a sound documentary by Todamérica.
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1128:"Imperatriz Leopoldinense celebra a vida e a morte de Lampião à moda do cordel"
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Levino Ferreira – Lampião's brother, killed in battle with police in July 1925.
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Lampião's band, plus 4 prisoners (taken to extort ransoms), photographed in
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Antônio Ferreira – Lampião's eldest brother, died in an accident in 1926.
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Lampião was joined in 1930 by his girlfriend, Maria Déia, nicknamed
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374:– "fish-filleters") which could be used to dispatch a man quickly.
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653:– released in October 1964. The lyrics refer directly to Lampião.
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1266:--- The small goes in the pocket, the large in a bag
1284:--- The place he lives in, does not lack pretty girls
1215:
Political Structure and Social Banditry in Northeast Brazil.
218:
Lampião was in the habit of reading newspapers, including
1278:--- The rifle of Lampião, has five ribbons of cloth
1154:"Filha de Lampião desfila pela Imperatriz Leopoldinense"
226:
Virgulino was born on June 7, 1897, near the village of
535:
bandit groups were in existence. When Lampião became a
1322:
People shot dead by law enforcement officers in Brazil
334:
military rifles and a variety of small arms including
1201:
Brazil's Folk-Popular Poetry - a Literatura de Cordel
1272:--- Only cry for me, if I cannot take you away
1270:
Se chora por mim não fica, só se eu não puder levar
451:. The women who joined bandit groups, often termed
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21:
1217:Journal of Latin American Studies, Vol. 7, No. 1.
1264:A pequena vai no bolso, a maior vai no embornal
700:, for string quartet) inspired by the theme of
158:; 7 June 1897 – 28 July 1938), better known as
378:200 times and Lampião was wounded six times.
1282:O lugar que ele habita, não falta moça bonita
8:
467:In 1935 Lampião and his band were filmed by
1276:O fuzil de Lampião, tem cinco laços de fita
29:
18:
692:record. In classical music, the composer
647:", renamed "O Cangaceiro", on her album
153:
1152:Boeckel, Cristina (February 21, 2023).
741:
565:soon after their attack on the town of
297:knives thrust though their waist-belts.
1250:Olê, Mulher Rendeira, Olê mulher rendá
831:
829:
405:, a dance for the townspeople and his
389:, left, with Maria Bonita and Lampião.
660:), songs, movies, and a number of TV
531:In the early 1920s a large number of
267:, and was incessantly pursued by the
170:
7:
1079:from the original on October 5, 2017
668:, passion, and violence typical of "
1234:The special song of Lampião's band—
1208:Brazil: The Once and Future Country
326:The firearms and ammunition of the
155:[viʁɡulĩnufeˈʁejɾɐdaˈsiwvɐ]
139:José Ferreira da Silva, Maria Lopes
16:Brazilian bandit leader (1897–1938)
1185:. Texas A&M University Press.
1183:The Bandit King: Lampião of Brazil
682:", a song of Brazilian metal band
14:
748:Chandler, p. 71 - As reported in
230:, on his father's 'ranch' named
1230:– The song of Lampião's bandits
1181:Chandler, Billy Jaynes (1978).
1160:from the original on 2023-05-23
1134:from the original on 2023-05-28
1109:from the original on 2020-02-02
998:"Bandits' Heads Finally Buried"
1:
1073:"Every song has an agenda..."
421:and sang their special song,
35:Lampião, photographed in 1926
718:For the 2023 edition of the
358:, the charismatic priest of
111:, murder, robbery, extortion
664:, with all the elements of
147:Virgulino Ferreira da Silva
90:Shot by paramilitary police
45:Virgulino Ferreira da Silva
1353:
1327:People from Serra Talhada
1213:Singelmann, Peter (1975)
1130:. g1. February 21, 2023.
1004:, February 10, 1969, p6.
801:Singelmann, pp. 67–68. A
622:Lampião, recent sculpture
168:Portuguese pronunciation:
28:
1332:Assassinations in Brazil
765:Chandler, preface, p. xi
730:Imperatriz Leopoldinense
350:semi-automatic pistols.
289:Lampião and some of his
1226:
1099:"Encomendas Osesp 2018"
1002:Pittsburgh Post-Gazette
698:Cangaceiros e Fanaticos
636:recorded a version of "
1203:, Trafford Publishing.
713:Torcida Jovem do Sport
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578:
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496:area of the state of
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469:Benjamin Abrahão Botto
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387:Benjamin Abrahão Botto
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223:
1256:", Lacemaker woman, "
1210:, Palgrave Macmillan.
1053:Singelmann, pp. 81–82
1035:Chandler, pp. 230–231
1026:Chandler, pp. 231–234
988:Chandler, pp. 220–230
979:Chandler, pp. 201–202
961:Chandler, pp. 151–152
907:Chandler, pp. 125–128
880:Chandler, pp. 200–204
862:Chandler, pp. 207–208
853:Chandler, pp. 71, 183
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354:particularly revered
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179:Northeast was called
151:Brazilian Portuguese:
1199:Curran, M.J. (2010)
754:Patriotic Battalions
709:Sport Club do Recife
707:The ultras group of
595:must take his place.
553:Notable band members
318:, the dry shrub and
61:, Pernambuco, Brazil
1307:Brazilian criminals
1206:Eakin, M.C. (1998)
925:Chandler, pp. 82–83
916:Chandler, pp. 95–99
844:Chandler, pp. 58–59
823:Chandler, pp. 25–33
792:Chandler, pp. 22–23
415:Rio Grande do Norte
232:Passagem das Pedras
172:[lɐ̃piˈɐ̃w]
87:Cause of death
1312:Brazilian folklore
1075:October 23, 2008.
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244:) of the state of
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1044:Chandler, pp. 3–5
898:Singelmann, p. 61
871:Singelmann, p. 79
814:Singelmann, p. 75
658:cordel literature
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336:Winchester rifles
162:(older spelling:
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131:Expedita Ferreira
81:, Sergipe, Brazil
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1175:Bibliography
1162:. Retrieved
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1136:. Retrieved
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1103:osesp.art.br
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1093:
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121:Maria Bonita
119:Maria Déia (
79:Poço Redondo
72:(1938-07-28)
55:June 7, 1897
1302:1938 deaths
1297:1897 births
680:Ratamahatta
672:" stories.
662:soap operas
650:Joan Baez/5
641: [
524:The end of
473:cangaceiros
462:cangaceiros
457:cangaceiras
453:cangaceiras
438:cangaceiros
427:cangaceiros
407:cangaceiros
368:cangaceiros
328:cangaceiros
308:cangaceiros
291:cangaceiros
238:backlands (
195:Jesse James
191:cangaceiros
1337:Vargas Era
1291:Categories
1164:2023-02-23
1138:2023-02-22
1113:2020-10-28
750:O Nordeste
737:References
537:cangaceiro
265:cangaceiro
246:Pernambuco
210:Early life
145:"Captain"
99:Cangaceiro
95:Occupation
51:1897-06-07
711:, called
694:Caio Facó
684:Sepultura
670:Wild West
634:Joan Baez
614:Folk hero
395:Queimadas
372:peixeiras
364:coiteiros
340:revolvers
320:brushwood
236:semi-arid
205:Biography
177:Brazilian
136:Parent(s)
1158:Archived
1132:Archived
1107:Archived
1083:July 24,
1077:Archived
1006:Archived
720:Carnival
676:Capoeira
563:Limoeiro
514:Piranhas
506:Salvador
434:volantes
360:Juazeiro
316:caatinga
295:peixeira
128:Children
109:Banditry
1244:YouTube
803:coronel
702:Cangaço
567:Mossoró
546:Cangaço
541:Cangaço
533:Cangaço
526:Cangaço
498:Sergipe
411:Mossoró
274:macacos
261:Alagoas
255:Coronel
234:in the
220:O Globo
187:Cangaço
182:Cangaço
164:Lampeão
160:Lampião
23:Lampião
1252:--- "
1189:
1156:. g1.
348:Mauser
332:Mauser
269:police
241:sertão
116:Spouse
689:Roots
666:drama
645:]
510:Bahia
488:Pedro
479:Death
419:vivas
403:baile
399:Bahia
344:Luger
304:Goiás
1187:ISBN
1085:2012
346:and
67:Died
41:Born
1258:Olê
1254:Olê
1242:on
397:in
197:or
1293::
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
