1844:"A reader who has suffered me so far will have realised how much of my mental energy had been hitherto absorbed in a fruitless search for an intellectually compelling rationale to rescue some fragments from the wreckage of my family faith. The mood of liberation I experienced when I finally discarded the last remnant of theism was no less exhilarating than that of Bunyan's Pilgrim when the burden of sin fell from his back. In retrospect, the final steps seem as sudden as they were painless. As I looked upward , I realised that the sole prospect was limitless expanse of unthreatening and impersonal emptiness — but for unapproachable galaxies — of a universe without purpose of punishment or reward for a lately arrived animal species, free to make or mar its own destiny without help or hindrance from above." Lancelot Hogben,
321:. There he continued to develop the Hogben Pregnancy Test. Previous pregnancy tests required several days to carry out and resulted in the deaths of mice or rabbits. Hogben's pregnancy test took hours and could be carried out without harm to the frogs, which could be reused for future tests. It became the major, international
171:. Hogben had matriculated into the University of London as an external student before he could apply to Cambridge and he graduated as a Bachelor of Science (BSc) in 1914. He took his Cambridge degree in 1915, graduating with an Ordinary BA. He had acquired socialist convictions, changing the name of the university's
422:, which was at its apex in the 1920s and 1930s. In contrast to eugenicists, who commonly drew a strict line between heredity (or nature) and environment (or nurture), Hogben highlighted the 'interdependence of nature and nurture'. Hogben's appeal to this interdependence of nature and nurture marked the first time
384:
been widely published in medical journals and text books in South Africa and the United
Kingdom; in their report published by Royal Society of South Africa in October 1933, Shapiro and Zwarenstein announced that in the previous month they had successfully used Xenopus in 35 pregnancy tests. The following spring
383:
and Harry
Zwarenstein. Shapiro had been Hogben's student in Cape Town, and he acknowledged that Hogben had suggested that Xenopus was a suitable subject for general research. The pregnancy test itself was discovered by Shapiro and his co-researcher, Harry Zwarenstein, and their results and report had
291:. The frog's adult color depended on its early environment; wild frogs became brownish-green, while frogs raised in a dark environment became black, and in a light environment, light-colored. Hogben theorized that the frog's ability to develop differences in color was related to the
406:, pointing out that although Hogben had demonstrated in principle that Xenopus might be used for testing the presence of gonadotrophins in a pregnant woman's urine, his reporting had not mentioned pregnancy testing at all; he seemed to have had other research directions.
1564:
728:. Archive highlights include a draft of his autobiography (later edited and published by his son Adrian Hogben and his wife), correspondence, hand drawn diagrams for his books, and reflections on his life and works. (For a review of the Hogben Archive, see
306:(HCG), a hormone released by pregnant women. He confirmed that female Xenopus frogs, when injected with urine from a pregnant woman, ovulated within hours. Hogben found the job in South Africa attractive, but his antipathy to the country's
2286:
659:
in biological research. Likewise, his emphasis on the interdependence of nature and nurture has affected and continues to affect scientific practice and scientific debate. In terms of scientific practice, modern research on
302:. He noticed that female Xenopus frogs ovulated within hours of being injected with the extract. In this way, Hogben serendipitously discovered a human pregnancy test. He knew that the ox extract chemically resembled
2291:
704:
all incorporate some element of disagreement over the primacy of the gene. Hogben's attack on that primacy by appeal to the interdependence of nature and nurture has been echoed in each successive dispute.
400:
of the
Wellcome CRC Institute and Nick Hopwood of the Department of History and Philosophy of Science, University of Cambridge, elaborated on this in detail in their comprehensive article published in
2358:
222:
After a year's convalescence he took lecturing positions in London universities and in 1921 he became a Doctor of
Science (D.Sc.) in Zoology of the University of London. He moved in 1922 to the
583:
in north Wales, where he bought a cottage. That decade his marriage to Enid broke down; the couple separated in 1953 and divorced in 1957. Later that year Hogben married (Mary) Jane
Roberts (
445:"I like Scandinavians, skiing, swimming and socialists who realize it is our business to promote social progress by peaceful methods. I dislike football, economists, eugenicists, Fascists,
2418:
2413:
1064:
2423:
402:
2408:
921:
Statistical theory. The relationship of probability, credibility and error. An examination of the contemporary crisis in statistical theory from a behaviorist viewpoint
2448:
468:, Hogben began to work on books designed to popularize mathematics and science for the general public. Hogben produced two best-selling works of popular science,
2328:
2428:
587:
Evans), a local widowed retired school headmistress, who was seven years younger. Widowed by the death of Jane in 1974, he died at the War
Memorial Hospital at
57:
2453:
2245:
1999:
1965:
2015:
2443:
749:
2393:
2363:
2353:
2403:
1991:
2398:
2250:
2229:
2127:
2312:
2145:
2277:
1907:
1191:
396:
on 16 November 1946 clarified that Hogben was retrospectively wrongly claiming credit for discovering the pregnancy test. Nobel laureate
2433:
232:
1807:
1481:
2378:
1874:
1758:
Maths for the
Mystified : An Exploration of the History of Mathematics and Its Relationship to Modern-Day Science and Computing
1737:
693:
519:
2302:
33:
210:
in 1916. His health collapsed and he was released in 1917. His brother George was also a conscientious objector, serving with the
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1159:
227:
2198:
1770:
2438:
2388:
2368:
298:
The frogs also developed a side effect that Hogben tried to counteract by injecting the frogs with pituitary extract from an
1501:
2064:
2034:
367:
and professor of medical statistics there 1947–1961, when he retired. In 1963, he became the first Vice-Chancellor of the
1280:
Keynes, M. (1999). "Lancelot Hogben, F.R.S. (1895-1975): A review of his autobiography. Review of: Hogben, A; Hogben, A.:
869:: A Draft of an Auxiliary for a Democratic world order, Being an Attempt to Apply Semantic Principles to Language Design
681:
669:
665:
423:
307:
303:
1454:
1419:
2383:
2098:
2068:
2038:
604:
603:
Hogben was awarded the Neill Prize, and a gold medal, for his work in mathematical genetics. In 1936, Hogben became a
110:
2268:
2458:
816:, Primers for the Age of Plenty - No. 1. Re-issued in the United States by W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. (1937).
415:
329:
314:
253:
211:
199:
168:
91:
1697:"The introduction of Xenopus laevis into developmental biology: of empire, pregnancy testing and ribosomal genes"
717:
522:
used a sentence of Hogben's as an example of how not to write, particularly in relation to the use of metaphors.
500:
was reprinted after Hogben's death. While at
Aberdeen, Hogben developed an interest in language. Besides editing
1756:...praised by Einstein, H. G. Wells and others, it was reprinted in paperback in 1993." De Smith, Michael John,
838:(London, George Allen & Unwin, 1938), illustrated by Frank Horrabin, Primers for the Age of Plenty - No. 2.
725:
611:
Distinguished for his work in
Experimental Zoology, especially in respect of the mechanism of colour change in
426:(or 'gene-environment interplay') was used to undermine statistical attempts to partition the contributions of
364:
265:
245:
176:
135:
in the middle of his career, and wrote popular books on science, mathematics and language in his later career.
1237:
Tabery, J. (2007). "Biometric and developmental gene–environment interactions: Looking back, moving forward".
700:, concerns over the geneticisation of complex human traits, and arguments over the promises and perils of the
1996:
1976:
823:
809:
430:, as well as the eugenic implications drawn from those statistics. Hogben's foil throughout this period was
392:
379:
Hogben's claim to have discovered the
Xenopus pregnancy test was disputed by two South African researchers,
280:
223:
156:
2183:
2164:
834:
2103:
632:
460:
349:
333:
257:
207:
676:
interdependently rather than in dichotomy. In terms of scientific debate, the dispute between Hogben and
743:
661:
624:
1540:
University of Cape Town (CAPETOWN); SAPEIKA, Norman; SHAPIRO, Hillel Abbe; ZWARENSTEIN, Harry (1946).
1468:
688:
can be understood independently of its developmental relationship with the environment. The debate on
2348:
2343:
1602:
701:
368:
649:
446:
380:
288:
121:
1943:
1868:
1628:
1401:
1309:
1262:
1219:
697:
689:
673:
545:
Professor Hogben plays ducks and drakes with a battery which is able to write prescriptions (...)
427:
261:
248:(1886–1973). According to Gary Werskey, Hogben was the only one of the founders not holding any
835:
Science for the Citizen: A Self-Educator Based on the Social Background of Scientific Discovery
804:
2274:
2225:
2123:
1935:
1927:
1803:
1733:
1708:
1667:
1620:
1565:"A test fr the early diagnosis of pregnancy on the South African clawed toad (Xenopus leaves)"
1545:
1477:
1393:
1358:
1301:
1254:
1211:
1132:
1083:
419:
295:. After removing the pituitary gland, the frogs became white regardless of their environment.
273:
132:
1970:
1919:
1675:
1659:
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1385:
1348:
1340:
1293:
1246:
1203:
1164:
1122:
1114:
1073:
878:
573:
527:
505:
489:
386:
341:
2281:
2003:
1542:
Xenopus laevis. A bibliography. Compiled by H. Zwarenstein ... N. Sapeika ... H.A. Shapiro
721:
656:
485:
345:
292:
203:
183:
160:
530:
with a native battery of idioms which prescribes egregious collocations of vocables (...)
1606:
1730:
Science for All : The Popularization of Science in Early Twentieth-Century Britain
1680:
1647:
1437:
1353:
1328:
1127:
1102:
969:
Whales for the Welsh — A Tale of War and Peace with Notes for those who Teach or Preach
813:
655:, which Hogben first developed as a model organism, is now one of the most widely used
322:
172:
128:
2178:
2159:
1908:"R. A. Fisher, Lancelot Hogben, and the Origin(s) of Genotype–Environment Interaction"
1858:
1389:
1192:"R. A. Fisher, Lancelot Hogben, and the origin(s) of genotype-environment interaction"
684:
was the first of many subsequent disputes over the extent to which the primacy of the
198:
in France, under the auspices of the Friends' War Victims Relief Service and then the
2337:
2323:
2307:
2257:
2094:
2020:
1405:
1028:
1008:
827:
592:
515:
493:
284:
241:
1947:
1774:
1696:
1313:
1223:
2320:
1632:
580:
565:
360:
356:
318:
2329:
Correspondence of Sir R.A. Fisher: Calendar of Correspondence with Lancelot Hogben
1266:
1176:
893:
by Henry Hamilton (1947), edited by Hogben, Primers for the Age of Plenty - No. 4.
449:, and Scottish conservatives. I think that sex is necessary and bankers are not".
1118:
226:
and its Animal Breeding Research Department.In 1923, Hogben was a founder of the
2072:
2042:
1961:
1470:
Biographical Index of Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002
1055:
866:
677:
509:
484:
is a great book, a book of first-class importance". The book was also lauded by
465:
431:
397:
269:
163:, where his mother had grown up, in 1907, and then as a medical student studied
1168:
648:
Hogben's research has left a lasting impression on the history of biology. The
564:
In 1918 Hogben married the mathematician, statistician, socialist and feminist
363:'s medical statistics. From 1941–1947 he was Mason Professor of Zoology at the
2264:
1923:
1250:
1207:
628:
164:
148:
53:
32:
1931:
1712:
1671:
1624:
1549:
768:
The Pigmentary Effector System. A review of the physiology of colour response
179:. Later in life he preferred to describe himself as 'a scientific humanist'.
612:
195:
152:
117:
2205:
1939:
1797:
1663:
1305:
1297:
1258:
1215:
1087:
1078:
1059:
729:
1362:
1136:
672:
all owes much to the legacy of Hogben's initial emphasis on understanding
1442:
Twentieth Century Authors, A Biographical Dictionary of Modern Literature
636:
337:
249:
187:
144:
1444:, (Third Edition). New York, The H.W. Wilson Company, 1950, (pp. 658–59)
1397:
1344:
903:
From Cave Painting To Comic Strip: A Kaleidoscope of Human Communication
390:
carried their report. Shapiro and Zwarenstein's letter published in the
875:
The Loom of Language: A Guide To Foreign Languages For The Home Student
620:
616:
588:
569:
191:
75:
2193:
Erlingsson, Steindór J., "The Early History of the SEB and the BJEB."
714:
2296:
2016:"Forum: A whiff of optimism – Whatever happened to self-improvement?"
1615:
1590:
595:. He was an atheist, and defined himself as a "scientific humanist".
2120:
Lancelot Hogben: scientific humanist: an unauthorised autobiography
1846:
Lancelot Hogben: Scientific Humanist: An Unauthorised Autobiography
1016:
Lancelot Hogben: scientific humanist: an unauthorised autobiography
175:
to Socialist Society and went on to become an active member of the
18:
British experimental zoologist and medical statistician (1895-1975)
79:
619:. He has published a series of important papers on the effect of
881:(1944), edited by Hogben, Primers for the Age of Plenty - No. 3.
685:
113:
1863:. London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd. 1940. pp. 115–128.
325:
for about fifteen years, from the mid-1930s through the 1940s.
2118:
Hogben, Anne; Hogben, Lancelot Thomas; Hogben, Adrian (1998).
1329:"Fifty years ago: Lancelot Hogben reviews Bradford Hill. 1948"
116:(9 December 1895 – 22 August 1975) was a British experimental
512:, as 'a draft of an auxiliary for a democratic world order'.
434:, the leading scientist-eugenicist of the day (Tabery 2008).
891:
History of the Homeland: The Story of the British Background
762:
An Introduction to Recent Advances in Comparative Physiology
798:
Nature or Nurture - The William Withering Lectures for 1933
299:
1771:"George Orwell, "Politics and the English Language," 1946"
1476:. The Royal Society of Edinburgh. July 2006. p. 447.
1163:. Vol. 1 (online ed.). Oxford University Press.
131:
for biological research in his early career, attacked the
635:. More recently he has made substantial contributions to
480:
received widespread praise, with H. G. Wells saying that
1060:"Lancelot Thomas Hogben. 9 December 1895-22 August 1975"
572:
with whom he had two sons and two daughters. He learned
371:, a post he abandoned in April 1964, resigning in 1965.
1014:
Hogben, Anne; Hogben, Lancelot Thomas; Hogben, Adrian.
842:
Political Arithmetic: A Symposium of Population Studies
202:. He then returned to Cambridge, and was imprisoned in
1848:, edited by Adrian and Ann Hogben. Merlin Press, 1998.
418:, Hogben unleashed a relentless attack on the British
1065:
Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society
915:
Man Must Measure: The Wonderful World of Mathematics
805:
Mathematics for the Million: A Popular Self-Educator
2299:(there is a photograph of the author on p. 2.)
1732:Chicago, Ill. : Univ. of Chicago Press, 2009.
252:ideas. In 1923 he was also elected a Fellow of the
97:
87:
64:
39:
23:
2359:People associated with the Friends' Ambulance Unit
1802:. Cardiff: University of Wales Press. p. 80.
1455:"University of London Historical Record 1836-1926"
1420:"University of London Historical Record 1836-1926"
403:The International Journal of Developmental Biology
2246:Lancelot Hogben biography at the Galton Institute
2065:"1949 Lancelot Hogben: The New Authoritarianism"
1563:Shapiro Zwarenstein, Hillel Harry (March 1935).
1495:
1493:
1286:Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London
792:Genetic Principles in Medical and Social Science
2035:"1936 Lancelot Hogben: The Retreat From Reason"
1589:SHAPIRO, H. A.; ZWARENSTEIN, H. (19 May 1934).
975:Beginnings and Blunders or Before Science Began
543:
524:
336:, and when it withdrew funding Hogben moved to
1701:International Journal of Developmental Biology
953:(1963) with Jane Hogben and Maureen Cartwright
713:The Lancelot Thomas Hogben papers are held in
2419:Academic staff of the University of Cape Town
1591:"A Rapid Test for Pregnancy on Xenopus lævis"
999:Columbus, the Cannon Ball and the Common Pump
623:on the pigmentary effector system and on the
414:While he was Chair for Social Biology at the
8:
1333:Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health
1284:. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Merlin Press, 1998".
1152:
1150:
1148:
1146:
909:Chance and Choice by Cardpack and Chessboard
780:Comparative Physiology of Internal Secretion
101:experimental zoologist, medical statistician
2414:Academics of the London School of Economics
1695:Gurdon, J B; Hopwood, N (1 February 2003).
591:in 1975 aged 79 and was cremated at nearby
155:. His parents were Methodists. He attended
120:and medical statistician. He developed the
58:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
1433:
1431:
1429:
268:and John Stephenson. He won the Society's
31:
20:
2424:Academics of the University of Birmingham
2195:Society For Experimental Biology Bulletin
2024:, 21 July 1990. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
1679:
1614:
1352:
1126:
1077:
750:Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge
2409:Academics of the University of Edinburgh
2271:in Times Higher Education (31 July 1998)
1760:.Leicester : Matador, 2006. (p.192)
1748:
1746:
1646:Christophers, S. R. (16 November 1946).
885:An Introduction to Mathematical Genetics
508:, he created an international language,
272:for the period 1933–35. He then went to
2449:Academics of the University of Aberdeen
2308:Full text and diagrams from Interglossa
1724:
1722:
1502:"The Birds, the Bees, and the Froggies"
1160:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1157:Bud, Robert (2004). "Lancelot Hogben".
1040:
287:, studying chameleon properties of the
279:In 1927 he became zoology chair at the
233:British Journal of Experimental Biology
1995:, London, 1999; vol. 53: pp. 361-369,
1992:Notes and Records of the Royal Society
1866:
159:in London, his family having moved to
2313:Scientists' Nightstand: David Mumford
2287:Royal Society certificate of election
2269:Lancelot Hogben and his autobiography
2206:"Looking Back on Lancelot's Laughter"
1282:Lancelot Hogben - scientific humanist
1050:
1048:
1046:
1044:
987:Astronomer Priest and Ancient Mariner
631:, and has worked on many branches of
7:
2429:Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
1796:Roberts, Prof. Gareth Ffowc (2020).
1648:"The Government Lymph Establishment"
939:The Wonderful World of Communication
194:. He worked for six months with the
899:(1949) Conway Memorial Lecture 1949
756:Exiles of the Snow, and Other Poems
328:The social biology position at the
1966:"Lancelot Hogben, FRS (1895-1975)"
375:Xenopus pregnancy test controversy
359:Hogben had responsibility for the
14:
2454:20th-century English male writers
1912:Journal of the History of Biology
1906:Tabery, James (1 December 2008).
1832:Shropshire Star (Wrexham edition)
1196:Journal of the History of Biology
694:race and intelligence controversy
639:, especially with regard to man.
552:Politics and the English Language
520:Politics and the English Language
2444:English male non-fiction writers
2199:The article can be accessed here
228:Society for Experimental Biology
2394:British evolutionary biologists
2364:20th-century British zoologists
2354:British conscientious objectors
2303:Brief excerpts from Interglossa
2197:, March, pp. 10–11, 2006.
1239:Development and Psychopathology
579:In the 1950s Hogben settled at
535:Orwell (1946), quoting Hogben,
238:Journal of Experimental Biology
2275:Details of research on Xenopus
1544:. African Bookman: Cape Town.
983:(1970) with Maureen Cartwright
143:Hogben was born and raised in
1:
2404:Constructed language creators
1873:: CS1 maint: date and year (
1572:South African Medical Journal
1390:10.1016/s0140-6736(75)90955-1
927:The Wonderful World Of Energy
437:In an interview for the book
2399:Fellows of the Royal Society
2184:Resources in other libraries
2165:Resources in other libraries
1834:. 25 August 1975. p. 2.
1177:UK public library membership
1103:"Lancelot Hogben, 1895-1975"
957:Science in Authority: Essays
860:Principles of Animal Biology
682:gene-environment interaction
670:developmental systems theory
666:gene-environment interaction
482:"Mathematics for the Million
458:Inspired by the example of
424:gene-environment interaction
313:In 1930 Hogben moved to the
304:human chorionic gonadotropin
2317:Mathematics for the Million
2069:Conway Hall Ethical Society
2039:Conway Hall Ethical Society
1754:Mathematics for the Million
1031:, granddaughter of Lancelot
993:Maps, Mirrors and Mechanics
786:The Nature of Living Matter
764:(1924) with Frank R. Winton
605:Fellow of the Royal Society
498:Mathematics for the Million
478:Mathematics for the Million
470:Mathematics for the Million
2475:
2434:Scientists from Portsmouth
1119:10.1093/genetics/142.3.655
1011:and Joseph Albert Lauwerys
1005:How The World Was Explored
526:Above all, we cannot play
416:London School of Economics
330:London School of Economics
315:London School of Economics
254:Royal Society of Edinburgh
169:Trinity College, Cambridge
92:Trinity College, Cambridge
2297:First part of Interglossa
2179:Resources in your library
2160:Resources in your library
2002:24 September 2015 at the
1924:10.1007/s10739-008-9155-y
1251:10.1017/S0954579407000478
1208:10.1007/s10739-008-9155-y
981:The Vocabulary Of Science
945:Mathematics in the Making
933:The Signs of Civilisation
439:Twentieth Century Authors
30:
2379:Mathematics popularizers
2292:Royal Society photograph
1973:December 2001 Newsletter
1339:(1): 3, discussion 3–4.
897:The New Authoritarianism
826:20 May 1936, chaired by
812:, 1936), illustrated by
810:George Allen & Unwin
726:University of Birmingham
365:University of Birmingham
266:Francis Albert Eley Crew
246:Francis Albert Eley Crew
177:Independent Labour Party
139:Early life and education
2374:English science writers
2215:. New Series 15: 10–17.
2099:"Galaxy's 5 Star Shelf"
951:Essential World English
824:Conway Memorial Lecture
820:The Retreat from Reason
474:Science for the Citizen
454:Popular science writing
393:British Medical Journal
281:University of Cape Town
224:University of Edinburgh
212:Friends' Ambulance Unit
200:Friends' Ambulance Unit
157:Tottenham County School
2280:6 January 2010 at the
2224:. London: Allen Lane.
2220:Werskey, Gary (1978).
2204:Tabery, James (2006).
2104:Galaxy Science Fiction
1664:10.1136/bmj.2.4480.752
1298:10.1098/rsnr.1999.0088
1169:10.1093/ref:odnb/31244
1079:10.1098/rsbm.1978.0007
774:Comparative Physiology
748:, p. 64 (London,
720:28 August 2009 at the
641:
633:comparative physiology
557:
542:
461:The Outline of History
451:
350:University of Aberdeen
334:Rockefeller Foundation
258:James Hartley Ashworth
208:conscientious objector
108:Lancelot Thomas Hogben
25:Lancelot Thomas Hogben
2439:British physiologists
2389:English anti-fascists
2369:British statisticians
2213:The Mendel Newsletter
1440:and Haycraft, Howard
744:Alfred Russel Wallace
662:phenotypic plasticity
609:
607:. The citation read:
443:
256:. His proposers were
240:in 1930), along with
1979:on 24 September 2015
1530:name="Distillations"
1457:. 1912. p. 246.
1422:. 1912. p. 432.
702:human genome project
502:The Loom of Language
369:University of Guyana
310:drove him to leave.
2252:Scientific Humanism
2222:The Visible College
2075:on 16 December 2014
2045:on 16 December 2014
1607:1934Natur.133..762S
1384:(7934): 565. 1975.
1376:"Lancelot Hogben".
1345:10.1136/jech.50.1.3
1327:Hogben, L. (1996).
1190:Tabery, J. (2008).
1101:Sarkar, S. (1996).
715:Special Collections
650:African clawed frog
122:African clawed frog
2384:English socialists
2173:By Lancelot Hogben
2122:. London: Merlin.
2097:(September 1958).
1500:Kean, Sam (2017).
1438:Kunitz, Stanley J.
848:Dangerous Thoughts
709:The Hogben Archive
690:nature and nurture
674:nature and nurture
625:reproductive cycle
428:nature and nurture
332:was funded by the
262:James Cossar Ewart
230:and its organ the
2459:English humanists
2231:978-0-7139-0826-8
2146:Library resources
2129:978-0-85036-470-5
2014:Phillip Gething,
1728:Bowler, Peter J.
1175:(Subscription or
963:The Mother Tongue
854:Author in Transit
698:heritability wars
441:, Hogben stated:
420:eugenics movement
317:, in a chair for
274:McGill University
190:, and joined the
133:eugenics movement
105:
104:
2466:
2321:Fields Medallist
2235:
2216:
2210:
2134:
2133:
2115:
2109:
2108:
2091:
2085:
2084:
2082:
2080:
2071:. Archived from
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879:Frederick Bodmer
742:A Short Life of
653:(Xenopus laevis)
555:
540:
528:ducks and drakes
506:Frederick Bodmer
490:Bertrand Russell
342:Regius Professor
125:(Xenopus laevis)
82:, United Kingdom
71:
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657:model organisms
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549:
541:
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486:Albert Einstein
456:
412:
410:Political views
377:
346:Natural History
308:racial policies
293:pituitary gland
283:. He worked in
244:and geneticist
220:
204:Wormwood Scrubs
184:First World War
161:Stoke Newington
141:
88:Alma mater
83:
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2240:External links
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2107:. p. 104.
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381:Hillel Shapiro
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323:pregnancy test
319:social biology
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173:Fabian Society
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2017:
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844:(1938) editor
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593:Pentre Bychan
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582:
577:
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571:
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560:Personal life
559:
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546:
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531:
529:
523:
521:
518:in his essay
517:
516:George Orwell
513:
511:
507:
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494:Julian Huxley
491:
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98:Occupation(s)
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38:
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29:
22:
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2119:
2113:
2102:
2089:
2077:. Retrieved
2073:the original
2059:
2047:. Retrieved
2043:the original
2029:
2019:
2010:
1990:
1981:. Retrieved
1977:the original
1969:
1956:
1915:
1911:
1901:
1892:
1883:
1859:
1853:
1845:
1840:
1831:
1825:
1813:. Retrieved
1798:
1791:
1779:. Retrieved
1775:the original
1765:
1757:
1753:
1729:
1704:
1700:
1690:
1655:
1651:
1641:
1598:
1594:
1584:
1575:
1571:
1558:
1541:
1535:
1526:
1514:. Retrieved
1509:
1505:
1469:
1463:
1449:
1441:
1414:
1381:
1377:
1371:
1336:
1332:
1322:
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1242:
1238:
1232:
1199:
1195:
1185:
1158:
1110:
1106:
1096:
1069:
1063:
1056:Wells, G. P.
1015:
1004:
998:
992:
986:
980:
974:
968:
962:
956:
950:
944:
938:
932:
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819:
803:
797:
791:
785:
779:
773:
767:
761:
755:
741:
712:
652:
647:
610:
602:
584:
581:Glyn Ceiriog
578:
566:Enid Charles
563:
551:
544:
536:
525:
514:
501:
497:
481:
477:
473:
469:
459:
457:
444:
438:
436:
413:
401:
391:
385:
378:
361:British Army
357:World War II
354:
327:
312:
297:
289:Xenopus frog
278:
237:
231:
221:
181:
142:
124:
107:
106:
70:(1975-08-22)
15:
2349:1975 deaths
2344:1895 births
2079:16 December
2049:16 December
1983:16 December
1962:Milo Keynes
1896:name="frs"
1815:24 February
867:Interglossa
746:(1823-1913)
730:Tabery 2006
678:R.A. Fisher
629:vertebrates
537:Interglossa
510:Interglossa
472:(1936) and
466:H. G. Wells
432:R.A. Fisher
340:, becoming
270:Keith Prize
56:, England,
2338:Categories
2265:Max Perutz
1179:required.)
1072:: 183–21.
1036:References
447:Stalinists
165:physiology
149:Portsmouth
54:Portsmouth
46:1895-12-09
1932:1573-0387
1869:cite book
1860:I Believe
1713:0214-6282
1672:0007-1447
1625:0028-0836
1550:558736058
1406:208786843
808:(London,
352:in 1937.
236:(renamed
196:Red Cross
186:he was a
153:Hampshire
118:zoologist
2278:Archived
2000:Archived
1948:46322531
1940:19244846
1652:Br Med J
1516:17 April
1314:72372017
1306:11624011
1259:17931428
1224:46322531
1216:19244846
1107:Genetics
1088:11615739
1058:(1978).
1023:See also
718:Archived
637:genetics
621:hormones
617:Reptilia
613:Amphibia
550:Orwell,
548:—
533:—
476:(1938).
338:Aberdeen
188:pacifist
145:Southsea
1781:15 July
1681:2054716
1633:4123060
1603:Bibcode
1363:8815153
1354:1060894
1137:8849876
1128:1207007
822:(1936)
752:, 1918)
589:Wrexham
570:Denbigh
355:During
348:at the
250:eugenic
192:Quakers
182:In the
76:Wrexham
2228:
2148:about
2126:
1997:part 2
1946:
1938:
1930:
1806:
1736:
1711:
1678:
1670:
1631:
1623:
1595:Nature
1578:: 202.
1548:
1512:(2): 5
1480:
1404:
1396:
1378:Lancet
1361:
1351:
1312:
1304:
1267:412662
1265:
1257:
1222:
1214:
1173:
1135:
1125:
1086:
1018:(1998)
1001:(1974)
995:(1973)
989:(1972)
977:(1970)
971:(1967)
965:(1964)
959:(1963)
947:(1960)
941:(1959)
935:(1959)
929:(1957)
923:(1957)
917:(1955)
911:(1950)
905:(1949)
887:(1946)
871:(1943)
862:(1940)
856:(1940)
850:(1939)
800:(1933)
794:(1931)
788:(1930)
782:(1927)
776:(1926)
770:(1924)
758:(1918)
696:, the
692:, the
668:, and
644:Legacy
599:Awards
554:(1946)
539:(1943)
387:Nature
218:Career
2319:from
2255:, in
2209:(PDF)
1944:S2CID
1707:(1).
1629:S2CID
1568:(PDF)
1474:(PDF)
1402:S2CID
1398:51402
1310:S2CID
1263:S2CID
1220:S2CID
736:Works
680:over
574:Welsh
568:from
206:as a
147:near
127:as a
80:Wales
2226:ISBN
2124:ISBN
2081:2014
2051:2014
1985:2014
1936:PMID
1928:ISSN
1875:link
1817:2021
1804:ISBN
1783:2010
1734:ISBN
1709:ISSN
1668:ISSN
1621:ISSN
1546:OCLC
1518:2018
1478:ISBN
1394:PMID
1359:PMID
1302:PMID
1255:PMID
1212:PMID
1133:PMID
1084:PMID
686:gene
615:and
492:and
114:FRSE
65:Died
40:Born
2267:on
1920:doi
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