146:
1790:
into a permanent tax so there would be a permanent obligation that could be bought and sold. (Otherwise, property owners would be unlikely to pay a large lump sum to redeem a tax which might not be re-imposed in the future.) The scheme was a reasonable success. The annual Land Tax yield was then about £2 million (say £266 million today) and about a quarter was redeemed by the end of 1800, producing just over £9 million (say £918 million today) for the government. Over the next 50 years, only an additional £400,000 of Land Tax was redeemed, despite attempts to make the option more attractive. After 1800, the value of Land Tax to the government continued to decline, partly because of redemption and partly because of inflation.
1715:
fixed sum for the whole country. For example, if the rate was four shillings a place might have to pay £10,000 out of the £2 million total. If the rate was two shillings, the total for the country became £1 million, and the place would have to pay £5,000. Unpaid local worthies were appointed by the Acts to run the tax, and they split the total for their area down to parishes and individual properties in proportion to the 1689 valuations. Usually, the commissioners carried the same valuation for each property forward from one year to the next. After the Acts of Union 1707, the annual Land Tax Act also included a fixed sum for
Scotland.
1745:
1650:
1004:
the original valuation become increasingly unrealistic and, moreover, the relative value of property in different areas changed, especially as the
Industrial Revolution got underway. Poor land in places that became major powerhouses increased hugely in value. Surprisingly, however, there was never another valuation in the entire 271-year history of Land Tax, even though it was re-enacted annually until 1798, when it was made permanent. Naturally, there were many complaints over the years about the unfair incidence of the tax, but MPs for the lightly taxed areas resisted reform.
1555:
1460:
1357:
1257:
1144:
1034:
877:
754:
632:
508:
1786:. c. 60) made the Land Tax permanent, although some MPs complained that the government was setting historic injustices in stone. Prime Minister William Pitt resisted a new valuation on the grounds that the 1692 figures had been used for over 100 years despite the annual opportunity for reevaluation when the tax was re-imposed. Parliament had had plenty of chances to reform, and had been content to continue the old system; so there was no reason to change now. In the midst of war, Pitt probably had no time to undertake a new valuation.
467:. Taxes on land date back to the Norman Conquest and beyond, and the Land Tax introduced in 1692 was a natural successor to taxation acts in 1671 and 1689, but the 1692 act "has been regarded as a turning point in the history of English revenue collection. It was from this Act that contemporaries and historians alike date what has come to be known as the eighteenth-century Land Tax". The land tax elements of the 1671, 1689 and 1692 Acts were limited to one year but the 1798 Act made the tax perpetual (until it was abolished in 1963).
602:. This act was described by Cecil Chandaman as "the product of the hardest and most constructive thinking by the Commons on the subject of direct taxation during the Restoration period". Beckett calls it "an attempt to resurrect and renovate the basic principle of the old subsidy which national wealth would be assessed at a pound rate", and thus the precursor of the 1689 and 1692 acts. Among the many revenue-raising elements, section IX specifies that "Lands, Mines, &c. to pay 12d. in the Pound of the yearly Value for one Year".
1711:£438 million today). The quota Acts subsequently raised one of four sums depending on the budgetary requirements of the year: £2 million, £1.5 million, £1 million or £0.5 million using nominal rates of four shillings, three shillings, two shillings and one shilling. The rates were nominal because they were not used to calculate the annual amount. By the end of the eighteenth century, four shillings had become the usual rate.
36:
1000:) in the pound (5%). However, despite this, it soon proved impracticable to collect much tax from business and employment, and the main yield of the tax came from the charges on land. Hence before long, the tax came to be called the Land Tax, and the annual Land Tax Acts used this name. The business and employment charges lingered on, and were repealed by 1877.
1789:
Land Tax was made permanent because Pitt devised a scheme to offer property owners the option to buy out ('redeem') future Land Tax by paying a lump sum. The government gave up its future stream of tax for an immediate capital payment. It was necessary for Land Tax to be converted from an annual tax
1714:
The quota Acts divided the total for
England and Wales between towns and counties using the 1689 valuations, which were never revised. Land Tax Acts thereafter listed each town and county by name together with the amount of quota due. The amounts due from each place only changed in proportion to the
976:
or leased at a rack rent and according to the full true value thereof without any respect had to the present rents reserved for the same if such rents have been reserved upon such leases or estates made for which any fine or income hath been paid or secured and without any respect had to any former
1710:
tax. That is, after several years of falling yields, the government decided to abandon the attempt to measure assets. Instead, they raised a set sum from
England and Wales based on the yield from the 1692 Act. That Act imposed a tax at four shillings in the pound and raised about £2 million (about
1003:
The charge on land in 1689 depended on a valuation of all property throughout the country to find its open market rental value. That value was the income subject to the tax. Because, no doubt, of the difficulty and expense of valuation, the same values were used in subsequent years. As time passed
1226:
The 1692 Act is introduced simply as "an Act for granting to their
Majesties an Aid of four shillings in the pound for one year, for carrying on a vigorous war against France", but subsequently became known as one of the Land Tax Acts. (Four shillings in the pound equates to 20% of imputed income
987:
This Act aimed to capture income from all sources: business, employment and land (the main source of wealth in the seventeenth century and for many years afterwards). In a sense, it was a general income tax, although income was not itself assessed. The state lacked the administrative machinery to
1793:
For most of the eighteenth century, the bulk of government revenue came from customs and excise—taxes on everyday goods such as salt, candles, leather, beer, soap and starch, as well as luxury goods like wine, brandy, silks, gold and silver thread, silver plate, horses, coaches and hats. In the
1701:
The 1697 Act, "'An Act for granting an Aid to His
Majesty as well by a Land Tax as by several Subsidies and other Duties payable for One Yeare", the third of the 17th century Land Tax Acts, is the first to say so explicitly in its title. Despite the Act levying a
1762:
An Act for making perpetual, subject to
Redemption and Purchase in the Manner therein stated, the several Sums of Money now charged in Great Britain as a Land Tax for One Tear from the Twenty-fifth day of March One thousand seven hundred and
771:
An
Additionall Act for the Appointing Commissioners for the Executing an Act of this present Parliament Entituled An Act for a Grant to their Majestyes of an Ayde of Twelve Pence in the Pound for One Yeare for the necessary Defence of their
972:... shall pay unto their Majesties the sum of twelve pence for twenty shillings by the year which the said manors messuages lands tenements hereditaments and other the premisses now worth to be leased if the same were truly and
1374:
An Act for granting to His
Majesty the Summ of One Million four hundred eighty four thousand and fifteene one Shilling eleaven Pence three Farthings for disbanding the Army providing for the Navy and for other necessary
894:
An Act for
Granting an Aid to Their Majesties of the Summe of Sixteene hundred fifty one thousand seven hundred and two pounds eighteen shillings towards the Carrying on a Vigorous Warre against France.
1846:
The phrase "yearly value" means the actual or notional annual rent that could be obtained on the open market for the asset concerned, whether actually let or not. "12d in the pound" means
1801:. Periodically an act was passed listed all the names of the commissioners to be appointed, grouped by the area within which they had authority. The longest act enrolled in the
2164:
1798:
2190:
1797:
Until the mid-19th century the land tax commissioners were local property owners acting without remuneration. Latterly they also had responsibility for collecting the
1667:
An Act for granting an Aid to His Majesty, by a Land Tax, to be raised in Great Britain, for the Service of the Year One Thousand Seven Hundred Twenty-one.
1572:
An Act for granting an Aid to Her Majesty, to be raised by a Land Tax in Great Britain, for the Service of the Year One Thousand Seven Hundred and Twelve.
1477:
An Act for granting an Aid to Her Majesty, to be raised by a Land Tax in Great Britain, for the Service of the Year One Thousand Seven Hundred and Eleven.
961:
1706:, income taxes and a variety of other taxes in addition to the land tax, the tax raised just 87% of the 1693 yield. In the 1697 Act, Land Tax became a
145:
2271:
964:
to give an Act the date at which the session of Parliament began, the Land Tax Act 1688 is so-called even though it was actually made law in 1689.
223:
218:
2217:
1938:
1768:
1672:
1577:
1482:
1380:
1279:
1166:
1056:
899:
777:
654:
530:
253:
968:
CAP XX An act for a grant to their Majesties of an aid of twelve pence in the pound for one year for the necessary of defence of their realms.
442:
181:
1959:
1161:
An Act for granting to Their Majesties an Aid of Foure Shillings in the Pound, for One yeare, for carrying on a vigorous War against France.
1051:
An Act for granting to their Majesties an Aid of four shillings in the pound for one year, for carrying on a vigorous war against France.
53:
649:
An Act for a Grant to Their Majestyes of an Ayde of Twelve pence in the Pound for One Yeare for the necessary Defence of Their Realmes.
2243:
416:
396:
329:
2047:
248:
119:
993:
233:
228:
1274:
An Act for granting an Aid to His Majesty as well by a Land Tax as by several Subsidies and other Duties payable for One Yeare.
100:
213:
186:
136:
72:
57:
1615:
1520:
1418:
1315:
1204:
1102:
945:
835:
712:
576:
2308:
2303:
79:
1898:
1749:
1654:
1559:
1464:
598:"An Act for granting a Subsidy to his Majestie for Supply of his Extraordinary Occasions" was enacted in the reign of
475:
203:
2016:
Charles II, 1670 & 1671: An Act for granting a Subsidy to his Majestie for Supply of his Extraordinary Occasions
1822:
411:
86:
46:
435:
401:
365:
463:
levied in England from 1692 to 1963, though such taxes predate the best-known 1692 Act. It was abolished by the
68:
406:
360:
2285:
1866:
1802:
375:
238:
165:
2149:
1818:
1757:
1662:
1567:
1472:
1369:
1361:
1269:
1261:
1156:
1148:
1046:
1038:
889:
881:
766:
758:
644:
636:
599:
520:
512:
334:
263:
2098:
1989:
428:
370:
2100:
from the First Year of King James the First to the Tenth Year of the reign of King William the Third
324:
303:
283:
243:
191:
1432:
1329:
1218:
1116:
590:
2118:
2014:
1963:
1933:
1794:
middle of the eighteenth century, the Land Tax accounted for about 15% of the total tax revenue.
471:
293:
258:
198:
726:
2019:. Statutes of the Realm 1628-80. Vol. 5. Great Britain Record Commission. pp. 693–703
2043:
1817:
measuring 348 metres (1,142 ft). It has been displayed (rolled up) in exhibitions in the
1171:
1061:
904:
782:
659:
535:
355:
339:
93:
849:
1910:
1899:"Land Tax or Excise: the levying of taxation in seventeenth- and eighteenth-century England"
1284:
988:
measure actual income. Instead, income was calculated indirectly by reference to the deemed
464:
319:
1677:
989:
268:
1806:
525:
An Act for granting a Subsidy to his Majestie for Supply of his Extraordinary Occasions.
1928:
460:
2297:
1865:
Inflation estimates are based on retail prices or average wages rather than the UK's
2083:
from the First Year of K. William and Q. Mary to the Eighth Year of King William III
1690:
1595:
1500:
1184:
1074:
917:
807:
684:
548:
298:
288:
2081:
17:
391:
160:
35:
1914:
1385:
278:
1869:, which might be more appropriate but data are not available for this period.
1814:
1809:. c. 123) which names about 65,000 land tax commissioners; it comprises 757
1783:
1773:
1782:
Nor was there a new valuation in 1798 when the Land Tax Perpetuation Act (
1703:
997:
992:
from the capital value of assets, to which was applied a rate of twelve
1582:
2086:. The Statutes at Large. Vol. 9. Charles Bathurst. p. 25–43.
2244:"A Major Loan from the Parliamentary Archives: The Longest Act, 1821"
1810:
1610:
1515:
1487:
1413:
1310:
1199:
1097:
940:
830:
707:
571:
273:
2103:. The Statutes at Large. Vol. 3. Mark Basket. p. 483–499.
2066:
Debates of the House of Commons from the Year 1677 to the Year 1694
2064:
A. Grey, ed. (1769). "1 William and Mary c 20 C. J. x. 118, 131".
29:
2195:
Living Heritage; People & Parliament transforming society
2169:
Living Heritage; People & Parliament transforming society
474:, the Scottish charge was included in subsequent Acts of the
470:
A Land Tax had also applied in Scotland from 1667. After the
2159:
2157:
1962:. National Records of Scotland. 31 May 2013. Archived from
2042:. Clarendon Press, Oxford University Press. p. 149.
2117:
John Raithby, ed. (1820). "8&9 Gul. III. c. 6.".
1767:
1756:
1730:
1689:
1684:
1671:
1661:
1635:
1621:
1609:
1604:
1594:
1589:
1576:
1566:
1540:
1526:
1514:
1509:
1499:
1494:
1481:
1471:
1445:
1431:
1424:
1412:
1407:
1399:
1394:
1379:
1368:
1342:
1328:
1321:
1309:
1304:
1296:
1291:
1278:
1268:
1242:
1217:
1210:
1198:
1193:
1183:
1178:
1165:
1155:
1129:
1115:
1108:
1096:
1091:
1083:
1073:
1068:
1055:
1045:
1019:
951:
939:
934:
926:
916:
911:
898:
888:
862:
848:
841:
829:
824:
816:
806:
801:
776:
765:
739:
725:
718:
706:
701:
693:
683:
678:
653:
643:
617:
589:
582:
570:
565:
557:
547:
542:
529:
519:
493:
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2218:"House of Lords: Display of Historical Documents"
1997:Magazine of the Friends of The National Archives
1799:Duty on Pensions, Offices, and Personal Estates
966:
1999:. Vol. 22, no. 3. National Archives.
1719:Land Tax Perpetuation Act 1798 (Great Britain)
482:Subsidy Act 1670/71 (22 & 23 Cha. 2. c. 3)
1960:"Taxation records | Land tax rolls 1645-1831"
436:
8:
2112:
2110:
606:Land Tax Act 1688 (1 Will. & Mar. c. 20)
274:Various alcohol- and gambling-related duties
2134:
1231:Land Tax Act 1697 (8 & 9 Will. 3. c. 6)
2123:. Vol. 7, 1695–1701. pp. 166–189
2008:
2006:
1983:
1981:
1727:
1632:
1537:
1442:
1339:
1239:
1126:
1016:
1008:Land Tax Act 1692 (4 Will. & Mar c. 1)
859:
736:
614:
490:
443:
429:
131:
2272:History of taxation in the United Kingdom
1892:
1890:
1888:
1886:
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
2290:(Audio-visual presentation, 45 minutes.)
1805:is the Land Tax Commissioners Act 1821 (
1882:
1839:
383:
347:
311:
173:
152:
134:
2216:Moore-Brabazon, Ivon (22 June 2004).
1433:Text of statute as originally enacted
1390:(Ruffhead: 10 & 11 Will. 3. c. 9)
1330:Text of statute as originally enacted
1219:Text of statute as originally enacted
1117:Text of statute as originally enacted
850:Text of statute as originally enacted
727:Text of statute as originally enacted
591:Text of statute as originally enacted
7:
2040:The English public revenue 1660-1688
58:adding citations to reliable sources
2131:– via British History Online.
2027:– via British History Online.
977:rates or taxes thereupon imposed:
1929:"Finance Act 1963: Section 68"
1227:based on the value of the asset.)
417:Business rates in Northern Ireland
397:Domestic rates in Northern Ireland
330:Land and Buildings Transaction Tax
25:
792:1 Will. & Mar. Sess. 1. c. 31
741:Land Tax (Commissioners) Act 1688
669:1 Will. & Mar. Sess. 1. c. 20
249:Annual Tax on Enveloped Dwellings
2284:Pearsall, Mark (1 August 2011).
2070:cited in Beckett (1985) page 288
2054:cited in Becket (1985), page 292
1988:Pearsall, Mark (December 2011).
1743:
1648:
1553:
1458:
1355:
1255:
1142:
1032:
875:
752:
630:
506:
144:
34:
45:needs additional citations for
27:A land value tax (1689 to 1963)
1732:Land Tax Perpetuation Act 1798
982:1 Will. & Mary c 20, 1689.
137:Taxation in the United Kingdom
1:
2288:(Podcast). National Archives.
1903:The English Historical Review
1616:Statute Law Revision Act 1867
1521:Statute Law Revision Act 1867
1419:Statute Law Revision Act 1867
1316:Statute Law Revision Act 1867
1205:Statute Law Revision Act 1867
1103:Statute Law Revision Act 1867
946:Statute Law Revision Act 1867
836:Statute Law Revision Act 1867
713:Statute Law Revision Act 1867
577:Statute Law Revision Act 1863
1750:Parliament of Great Britain
1655:Parliament of Great Britain
1560:Parliament of Great Britain
1465:Parliament of Great Britain
476:Parliament of Great Britain
204:Health and Social Care Levy
2325:
2038:Chandaman, Cecil Douglas.
2013:John Raithby, ed. (1819).
1897:Beckett, JV (April 1985).
1725:United Kingdom legislation
1630:United Kingdom legislation
1535:United Kingdom legislation
1440:United Kingdom legislation
1337:United Kingdom legislation
1237:United Kingdom legislation
1124:United Kingdom legislation
1014:United Kingdom legislation
962:the convention at the time
959:
857:United Kingdom legislation
734:United Kingdom legislation
612:United Kingdom legislation
488:United Kingdom legislation
412:Business rates in Scotland
2080:Pickering, Danby (1764).
1941:, 1963 c. 25 (s. 68)
1819:Westminster Royal Gallery
1742:
1737:
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1642:
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1136:
1031:
1026:
874:
869:
751:
746:
629:
624:
505:
500:
402:Business rates in England
366:Welsh Rates of Income Tax
153:UK Government Departments
2286:"The Land Tax 1692-1963"
2165:"Land Tax Commissioners"
2148:Short title assigned by
1990:"The Land Tax 1692-1963"
1915:10.1093/ehr/C.CCCXCV.285
2248:People's History Museum
2097:Ruffhead, Owen (1763).
1823:People's History Museum
407:Business rates in Wales
361:Welsh Revenue Authority
69:"Land Tax" England
2224:. HL Deb vol 662 c1116
2135:
1867:Gross Domestic Product
1803:Parliamentary Archives
985:
376:Landfill Disposals Tax
239:Stamp Duty Reserve Tax
166:HM Revenue and Customs
2150:Short Titles Act 1896
2120:Statutes of the Realm
1939:The National Archives
1362:Parliament of England
1262:Parliament of England
1149:Parliament of England
1039:Parliament of England
882:Parliament of England
759:Parliament of England
637:Parliament of England
513:Parliament of England
335:Scottish Landfill Tax
264:Petroleum Revenue Tax
254:Insurance Premium Tax
371:Land Transaction Tax
54:improve this article
2309:Taxation in England
2304:Land value taxation
2191:"1821 Land Tax Act"
1909:(CCCXCV): 285–308.
325:Scottish income tax
312:Scottish Government
304:Vehicle Excise Duty
284:Climate Change Levy
244:Stamp Duty Land Tax
1934:legislation.gov.uk
1172:5 Will. & Mar.
1062:4 Will. & Mar.
905:3 Will. & Mar.
783:1 Will. & Mar.
660:1 Will. & Mar.
536:22 & 23 Cha. 2
472:Acts of Union 1707
294:Machine Games Duty
259:Air Passenger Duty
208:proposal abolished
199:National Insurance
1821:in 2004, and the
1780:
1779:
1738:Act of Parliament
1699:
1698:
1643:Act of Parliament
1637:Land Tax Act 1720
1628:
1627:
1605:Other legislation
1548:Act of Parliament
1542:Land Tax Act 1711
1533:
1532:
1510:Other legislation
1453:Act of Parliament
1447:Land Tax Act 1710
1438:
1437:
1408:Other legislation
1350:Act of Parliament
1344:Land Tax Act 1698
1335:
1334:
1305:Other legislation
1285:8 & 9 Will. 3
1250:Act of Parliament
1244:Land Tax Act 1696
1224:
1223:
1194:Other legislation
1137:Act of Parliament
1131:Land Tax Act 1693
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1121:
1092:Other legislation
1027:Act of Parliament
1021:Land Tax Act 1692
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957:
935:Other legislation
870:Act of Parliament
864:Land Tax Act 1691
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854:
825:Other legislation
747:Act of Parliament
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731:
702:Other legislation
625:Act of Parliament
619:Land Tax Act 1688
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595:
566:Other legislation
501:Act of Parliament
453:
452:
356:Taxation in Wales
340:Air Departure Tax
219:Capital gains tax
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18:Land Tax Act 1728
16:(Redirected from
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1844:
1807:1 & 2 Geo. 4
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1746:
1733:
1728:
1695:11 February 1721
1652:
1651:
1638:
1633:
1623:Status: Repealed
1600:22 December 1711
1557:
1556:
1543:
1538:
1528:Status: Repealed
1505:23 December 1710
1462:
1461:
1448:
1443:
1426:Status: Repealed
1359:
1358:
1345:
1340:
1323:Status: Repealed
1259:
1258:
1245:
1240:
1212:Status: Repealed
1146:
1145:
1132:
1127:
1110:Status: Repealed
1036:
1035:
1022:
1017:
983:
953:Status: Repealed
922:31 December 1691
879:
878:
865:
860:
843:Status: Repealed
793:
756:
755:
742:
737:
720:Status: Repealed
670:
634:
633:
620:
615:
584:Status: Repealed
510:
509:
496:
495:Subsidy Act 1670
491:
465:Finance Act 1963
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438:
431:
384:Local Government
348:Welsh Government
320:Revenue Scotland
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2197:. UK Parliament
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2174:
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2171:. UK Parliament
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2126:
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65:Find sources:
59:
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43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
2251:. Retrieved
2247:
2238:
2226:. Retrieved
2221:
2211:
2199:. Retrieved
2194:
2185:
2173:. Retrieved
2168:
2144:
2125:. Retrieved
2119:
2099:
2092:
2082:
2075:
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2039:
2033:
2021:. Retrieved
2015:
1996:
1968:. Retrieved
1964:the original
1954:
1943:, retrieved
1932:
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1902:
1861:
1842:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1781:
1722:
1713:
1707:
1700:
1691:Royal assent
1596:Royal assent
1501:Royal assent
1403:15 July 1867
1300:15 July 1867
1234:
1225:
1185:Royal assent
1087:15 July 1867
1075:Royal assent
1011:
1002:
986:
973:
971:
967:
930:15 July 1867
918:Royal assent
820:15 July 1867
808:Royal assent
697:15 July 1867
689:22 June 1689
685:Royal assent
609:
597:
561:28 July 1863
553:6 March 1671
549:Royal assent
485:
469:
456:
454:
299:Tobacco Duty
289:Landfill tax
207:
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
2133:("Gul." is
1611:Repealed by
1516:Repealed by
1414:Repealed by
1311:Repealed by
1200:Repealed by
1098:Repealed by
960:Because of
941:Repealed by
831:Repealed by
790:(Ruffhead:
708:Repealed by
667:(Ruffhead:
572:Repealed by
392:Council Tax
161:HM Treasury
2298:Categories
2253:13 October
2228:13 October
2201:13 October
2175:13 October
1970:9 February
1829:References
1758:Long title
1663:Long title
1568:Long title
1473:Long title
1386:10 Will. 3
1375:Occasions.
1370:Long title
1270:Long title
1157:Long title
1047:Long title
890:Long title
767:Long title
645:Long title
600:Charles II
521:Long title
279:Bingo Duty
234:Stamp Duty
187:Income tax
80:newspapers
1877:Citations
1825:in 2021.
1815:sheepskin
1784:38 Geo. 3
1774:38 Geo. 3
974:bona fide
110:June 2021
2266:See also
2136:Gulielmi
1769:Citation
1704:poll tax
1673:Citation
1578:Citation
1483:Citation
1400:Repealed
1381:Citation
1297:Repealed
1280:Citation
1167:Citation
1084:Repealed
1057:Citation
998:shilling
980:—
927:Repealed
900:Citation
817:Repealed
778:Citation
772:Realmes.
694:Repealed
655:Citation
558:Repealed
531:Citation
457:Land Tax
2222:Hansard
1851:⁄
1776:. c. 60
1583:10 Ann.
94:scholar
2127:5 June
2046:
2023:4 June
1945:3 June
1856:or 5%.
1811:vellum
1680:. c. 4
1488:9 Ann.
1388:. c. 9
1287:. c. 6
538:. c. 3
459:was a
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
1993:(PDF)
1834:Notes
1708:quota
1685:Dates
1590:Dates
1495:Dates
1395:Dates
1292:Dates
1179:Dates
1069:Dates
996:(one
994:pence
990:yield
912:Dates
802:Dates
785:c. 31
679:Dates
662:c. 20
543:Dates
101:JSTOR
87:books
2255:2021
2230:2021
2203:2021
2177:2021
2129:2021
2044:ISBN
2025:2021
1972:2020
1947:2021
1585:c. 1
1490:c. 1
1174:c. 1
1064:c. 1
907:c. 5
455:The
192:PAYE
73:news
1911:doi
1853:240
182:VAT
56:by
2300::
2246:.
2220:.
2193:.
2167:.
2156:^
2109:^
2005:^
1995:.
1980:^
1937:,
1931:,
1905:.
1901:.
1885:^
1849:12
478:.
2257:.
2232:.
2205:.
2179:.
2068:.
2052:.
1974:.
1917:.
1913::
1907:C
794:)
671:)
444:e
437:t
430:v
210:)
206:(
123:)
117:(
112:)
108:(
98:·
91:·
84:·
77:·
50:.
20:)
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