Land recycling - Knowledge (XXG)

373:

Co-design, is much more intentional and focuses on a multitude solutions by completing cost-benefit analyses, engaging in more inclusive conversations with stakeholders along with environmental impacts like energy and resources which may be consumed during land recycling projects. The Society of American Military Engineers have focused on using policy implemented by the American department of defense to ensure more sustainable practices. Looking more specifically some efforts being implemented by the S.A.M.E include composition of a sustainability remediation tool which allows for estimates of specific technologies to be considered when analyzing land remediation. Planning and design for land development and transformation by using co-design has resulted in better shared information on systems. These have worked well on sustainable land development as well as improved communication and handling of barriers, ultimately creating a better integrated program on a global scale.

377:

the sustainable remediation framework was created and used to create better co-design processes starting small scale locally and extending out to global scales. The process was split into three components starting with assisting in creating urban goals on each level of the scale which align with world views and influence, the policies which are in place and finally, to local technology and knowledge. Then shifting to look at how the urban goals affect urban systems like finances, environmental, and social capital as well as more physical systems like energy and water. Allowing better understanding of the costs and benefits of different land remediation goals. Then the process then looks more long term and focuses on the outcomes over time to understand the overarching effects of the implemented land remediation goals. Finally, the process looks at the major parts of the framework which need to be improved or need more focus.

590:

the town, then brownfield transformation and finally, residential development. Cost benefit also played a big role in the conversion of pieces of land which hadn't been in use for a long period of time like, a military property. As development continued, there was also compensation for interference with ecosystems and natural spaces by addition of green spaces and by planting trees. When comparing both the old land use plan and the new land use plan, they found that the cost of the new had the potential to save 55% of costs, but ultimately there wasn't much change between the results of the old and the new land use plans. The application of an accelerated inner urban development plan was neither advantageous nor non-advantageous, for Stralsund, Germany, because of the previous structure of the policy. The country of Germany also had goals to reach

568:

developed and undeveloped land because they each have different potential to produce green urban infrastructure. For the Urban Atlas database, the focus is the same but more geographically and theme specific accuracy so it used to test more of the land recycling indicators. The indicators were tested in all the countries in Europe from 1990 to 2002 in three sections, the tests were used to compare projections and determine the meaningfulness of land recycling using data from the CLC and UA datasets. The results of the data analysis showed little to no trends in land recycling and more variation in between the different European countries. The approach of the EU then focused more on the large scale environmental impacts of land recycling by quantification and identification of places where land use could be improved.

20: 297:. Redevelopment within an urban core reduces commuting distances and therefore average vehicle miles traveled (VMTs) by creating residential, office, and other amenities within close proximity. Since transportation alone accounts for a third of greenhouse gases (GHGs) emitted in the United States, land recycling offers a key tool in any fight against climate change. A recent Urban Land Institute study found that compact urban developments reduce the number of vehicle miles traveled (VMTs) by 20 to 40 percent because users are closer to amenities and can more easily rely on public transportation. Smart urban planning is therefore crucial to maximizing energy savings and overall reduction of greenhouse gases. 306: 317:(LEED) Green Building Rating System, a certification system that rewards the design, construction and operation of high-performance green buildings. LEED certification signifies incorporation of smart building design and technology to reduce energy use and minimize waste. However, even if a building is energy-efficient, the energy required to travel to and from a LEED certified site may well exceed the energy saved through energy-efficient features. LEED certified buildings and other developments best benefit climate change when they reuse infill sites and access existing resources. 485:

differently in different types of environments. It depends on the soil, where the plant is placed, if it is getting enough nutrients to thrive, etc. The plants end up being so greatly polluted from heavy metals that they need to be disposed of. Thermal treatment is used as a disposal option. Thermal treatment implicates the combustion of the waste materials through machines that produce high enough temperatures, which decomposes the organic molecules within the plant. This treatment is typically used in the residential and industrial scale, making it useful for brownfield sites.

155: 281:

Applying sustainable principles to land use and growth management requires that growth be redirected from scattered fringe areas back to our urban cores, where people, services and infrastructure already exist. Building up urban areas positively increases population density, providing the critical mass to support local services from coffee shops to grocery stores, public transit to libraries and symphony halls. Land recycling can also assist in the creation of affordable housing, as it increases housing stocks due to its use of land previously unused for residential purposes.

357: 381: 521:

potentially be legally and financially liable regardless of who is responsible for contamination. This liability web continues to throw a chill on many brownfield projects even in the presence of regulatory reforms designed to encourage redevelopment. A common belief among many brownfield owners is that it is less risky and cheaper to abandon or “mothball” a facility than to conduct a site assessment that could trigger large cleanup costs and potential liability.

116:

schools, residential neighborhoods, or other workplaces by mitigating occupational hazards from such contaminants commonly found in construction. This is considered more economically friendly, when accounting for direct and indirect cost savings to the construction company and to the building owner. The cost of producing new materials and the services that come with manufacturing these products are much more costly than repurposing existing buildings.

620:

This allows for public knowledge of the cost of cleaning up a site, and ensures the protection of the present and future use of the site. The second standard is granted liability relief. The third standard promotes transparency by giving specific time frames for clean ups and routine reporting of what is being done on the site. Lastly, the fourth standard for this land recycling program is providing financial assistance for cleanups.

3369: 3359: 2845: 436:. When considering the real or perceived risks and costs of land recycling, a greenfield development may seem more economically sensible as the immediate costs are typically less than developing on an infill or brownfield site. However, it is important to consider the long-term economic gain of land recycling and the added social and environmental rewards of sustainable development. 389:

being built and where they were being built. Now as urbanization has increased, the push is for using land which has already been partially or completely developed and transforming it into something different. The inclusion of garden cities, which are cities built with the intention of avoiding disrupting previously present natural ecosystems. An example is the

3406: 406:

time went on there were also more conversations about the influence that people have on their environment with more literature about the effects of environmental degradation became more mainstream. This allowed more intersectional land development goals to be implemented when looking at the different needs of people in different countries.

542:. The new building can lead to wealthier people coming in and causing displacement of existing residents. Depending on the building occupancy, such as a new apartment complex charging a higher rent, this can drive for higher priced services to come in and eventually push out existing residents who can no longer afford to live in the area. 236:, creating jobs, and stimulating additional private investment and local tax-revenue. An abandoned, well-situated, factory site can be cleaned up and redeveloped into a much-needed mixed-use development with a grocery store, senior housing, and access to public transportation. The addition of neighborhood-serving retail, 484:

and iron, are removed from contaminated soil through this process. These procedures are inexpensive because the plants rely on sunlight and the recycled nutrients in the ground. Although, phytoremediation cannot be used the same way in every destination due to different types of plants being nurtured

414:

While land recycling has great economic and environmental benefits, without the right tools, skills, and knowledge, reusing land can produce certain challenges. Obstacles to redevelopment may include lack of funding and increased scrutiny. These can particularly impede projects on brownfields, which

405:

In the US, a city beautification movement started in the early 20th century, many cities were redeveloped as part of the movement but Chicago was the most influenced. As the city was being physical improved they found that there was a need for more focus on development and its social implications. As

132:

as "A brownfield is a property, the expansion, redevelopment, or reuse of which may be complicated by the presence or potential presence of a hazardous substance, pollutant, or contaminant." Currently in the United States there are more than 450,000 brownfields, which when improved have been shown to

648:

opening in 1964, this was one of the first examples of major land recycling in the United States. Surrounding this square is many buildings and waterfront properties that were originally used for production of local goods as well as transportation through the bay. No longer needed for their original

619:

In Pennsylvania a land recycling program was established to promote the voluntary clean up and reuse of contaminated sites. This program was established in 1995 and is also known as the Voluntary Cleanup Program. This program aims to set four main standards, the first is to set structured standards.

580:

specifically for settling and traffic to 30 ha per day starting in 2002 as a part of the National Sustainability Strategy. They also incentivized urban development and improvement by making it easier for contractors to obtain permits to develop urban areas. Studies were done to see the effectiveness

461:

Due to differences in regulation, production techniques, and heavy industrial use in the past, it is difficult to attract those willing to tackle the uncertainty and obstacles associated with potential clean up. Sites that are contaminated can cause public health risks, including physical risks like

388:

A push for sustainable land remediation can be seen all over the world, when looking at urban planning and can also be connected to large public health scares or changes in social norms. In the UK after cholera outbreaks in the 19th century, people started to pay more attention to the way homes were

376:

It has been used in cities in Australia as part of global urban research programs to create land remediation solutions. The overall process involves four phases which included co-design which resulted in outcomes for policy and practice, research and knowledge and solution development. In this case,

259:

Sprawl development scatters housing, public transit, jobs and other amenities farther apart, demanding more frequent use of cars for travel. The increase in miles travelled by vehicles causes a range of health and environmental problems, including air pollution, increased greenhouse gas emissions, a

589:

as well as for its appeal for not only younger families looking for in expensive places to settle but also for companies looking for places to develop. The land development of Stralsund was then monitored from 1992 to 2018, the focus of development started with industrialization of the outskirts of

423:

Because idled and underused infill sites are often located in distressed urban areas concerns arise about crime, safety, and access to quality education and services. These and other market factors frequently pull development to open land near traditionally desirable communities and away from urban

115:

The adaptive process also provides a more sustainable way to promote environmentally friendly infrastructure. It also reduces the amount of pollutants that can contaminate the soil and water around the abandoned building. This can be particularly beneficial when repurposing buildings which are near

111:

than building all new structure with new materials. This repurposing of materials in the existing adaption or to a different building site could include wood, metals, roofing, brick, etc. and would provide products for new projects to prevent excessive waste. Site disruptions are also decreased due

493:

Assessing whether or not a site is contaminated can be a costly process that deters land reuse. Potential purchasers are often unwilling or unable to risk an investment in a site assessment for a property that may require cleanup they cannot afford. Even if a site has been purchased, concerns over

452:

site is “real property, the expansion, redevelopment, or reuse of which may be complicated by the presence or potential presence of a hazardous substance, pollutant, or contaminant”. In other words, brownfield sites comprise abandoned, idled, or underused industrial and commercial facilities where

669:

project designed by local firm McIntosh Poris Associates (MPA) with collaboration with Simone Deary Design group. This project actually combined two adjacent buildings that were not in use. The main building was built in 1929 and originally housed the city's oldest fire department. The additional

652:

The inclusion of new retail spaces, offices, and residential properties in these existing abandoned buildings not only put to use otherwise empty spaces but also prevent the erection of new structures and therefore use less materials, energy, and land. In addition to this, Ghirardelli Square also

280:

Redirecting population growth and growth of businesses to already urbanized areas can help in the fostering of sustainable communities, as buildings are already near existing infrastructure and amenities, not requiring new infrastructure to be built as would be the case in greenfield development.

80:

Since many abandoned and underutilized properties lie within economically distressed and disadvantaged communities, land recycling often benefits and stimulates re-investment in historically under-served areas. However, due to the previous use of these sites, there can be many health hazards when

567:

is used in the EU to monitor land use changes, its main components are Corine Land Cover (CLC) and Urban Atlas (UA). Each of these has its own indicators for measuring increasing land use and increasing urbanization, for Corine Land Cover the flows of land recycling are split based on previously

511:

The concern for contamination of new occupants of a redeveloped brownfield is a concern. Communities of color and low income are disproportionately affected by pollution and brownfield sites offer a higher risk to the communities surrounding them. Many suggest that brownfield programs are a good

271:

Land recycling offers an alternative to sprawl development. It reuses vital infrastructure and public resources and creates compact, full-service neighborhoods that reduce vehicle use and carbon dependence. Rebuilding in urban neighborhoods generates reinvestment in vibrant economic and cultural

529:

The potentially complex process of successfully redeveloping an infill site, particularly a brownfield, can challenge land recycling interest and proposals. Understanding and complying with federal, state, and local legal and regulatory requirements can be daunting for some property owners and

466:

is an idea being talked about to produce a more environmental space. Nature-based solutions can be looked at as policies and approaches to environmental issues that are in benefit to human health and biodiversity. An example would include developing a permeable green area, from these brownfield

145:

environments are involve a building. Agricultural reuse is a very important part of land reuse where an existing field might have been abandoned due to nutrient depletion, and can be developed into something else. In addition to this the redevelopment of underutilized land into parks, community

372:

is an aspect of land development where there is an increased focus the costs and benefits of certain aspects of land recycling. It aims to look at land remediation holistically considering not just the current environmental implications but also the long term social and economic implications.

320:

LEED Certification can also benefit the occupant of the reused building. As sustainability becomes more prioritized within the building movement, having a LEED certified building becomes more desirable This certification may persuade public opinion and encourage more of the population to seek

220:

The re-use of land revitalizes communities and renews economic activity, particularly in under-served urban areas. Abandoned, idled, and vacant properties often lie in former industrial and commercial areas, typically in urban and historically disadvantaged areas. These sites can be community

605:

improvement of land and community quality was done by creating more urban forestry. With increased research of the people's response to the improved brownfields generally quality of life was improved. Some research shows that the greenspaces though positive needed to be made more usable for

520:

Although recent changes in some country's federal laws provide some liability relief to new purchasers of contaminated properties, the law remains very complex and many state laws still have strict liability covering real property. Thus, in many cases, any current or past property owner can

606:

improvement of quality of life. Mainly stakeholders have a say in the way greenspace is allocated in Germany, so there is more of a push to ensure policy matches with what is beneficial for the people who would be using greenspaces not just in Germany but in other European countries.

462:

uncovered holes, unsafe structures, and sharp objects. Past industrial activities can leave behind chemical contamination, and people may become exposed to these chemicals when entering the properties. Sites that have high levels of land contamination have a high cost of remediation.

393:

which began formulating plans that focused on preservation of natural beauty in the area by avoiding the removal of plant life that was already there and working to build around it. This also spread to other countries in Europe with Germany building its first garden city in 1909 and

263:

By moving new jobs, economic opportunities and community amenities farther from established populations, sprawl development can cripple once-thriving cities. This trend takes a toll on the socio-economic health of urban communities as growth retreats from the urban center.

133:

improve the surrounding environmental stress. Funding for these hazardous sites may be obtained through the EPA's Brownfields and Land Revitalization Program which empowers municipalities, landholders, and land developers to safely clean up and repurpose the land.

471:

is another environmentally friendly approach for brownfield remediation. Phytoremediation programs reduce contaminants in the soil, water and air through planting different types of plants. Important metals that are harmful to human health, such as

2480:

Altherr, Wendy; Blumer, Daniel; Oldörp, Heike; Nagel, Peter (2007). "How do stakeholders and legislation influence the allocation of green space on brownfield redevelopment projects? Five case studies from Switzerland, Germany and the UK".

81:

dealing with the land, such as metals, plastics, asbestos, glass shards, gas generation, and radioactive substances. Such environmentally distressed properties, with site clean-up and mitigation considerations, are commonly referred to as

693:

Factory sat in Shaw neighborhood from early 1913 to the mid-1980s in full production. After the company moved out of the space the building was abandoned and vacant for almost 20 years until Douglas Development, founded by

344:. As most brownfields and other abandoned sites are typically situated in urban areas, they tap into existing nearby infrastructure, limiting the need to build new roads, gridlines, and amenities, thereby reducing further 653:

shows the change of building use to reflect the needs of the residents. Churches specifically have changed from predominantly Christian to other religious uses or convert into secular uses such as housing and businesses.

502:

Obtaining private front-end financing for brownfield cleanup can be a difficult process. Since financing is more readily available for development on greenfields, infill and brownfield sites are often passed over.

677:

in their work. This is significant because as stated above, gentrification can be a major negative effect during land recycling and the attempt to maintain the existing exterior of the building counteracts this.

339:

and responsible, sustainable patterns of development. A 2001 study by George Washington University shows that for every acre of brownfield redeveloped, 4.5 acres (18,000 m) of undeveloped land is conserved.

530:

developers. Guidance from legal specialists and environmental cleanup consultants is often needed to design, develop, and guide a project through the process of regulatory requirements and permitting approvals.

966:

Conejos, Sheila; Langston, Craig; Smith, Jim (2015-01-01). "Enhancing sustainability through designing for adaptive reuse from the outset: A comparison of adaptSTAR and Adaptive Reuse Potential (ARP) models".

267:

Rather than take advantage of existing infrastructure such as roads, public transit, and public works, building sprawl projects abandons these resources and demands further consumption of land and resources.

102:

of abandoned or unused building properties. Adaptive building is the development of an old abandoned building to repurpose it into a new building design and/or new purpose. Saving the old buildings and

705:

by minimizing the level of exterior renovation as much as possible while still creating a new use for a space that was highly needed in the community. This building is 98,000 square feet and is now

2445:

Rink, Dieter; Arndt, Thomas (2016). "Investigating perception of green structure configuration for afforestation in urban brownfield development by visual methods—A case study in Leipzig, Germany".

225:. The failure to redevelop brownfields in particular translates into potentially more exposure to toxins and the loss of economic and housing benefits that can come from appropriate redevelopment. 321:

services by a company that prioritizes sustainability. In addition to this, some governmental bodies provide monetary benefits for prioritizing a sustainable cite such as tax breaks and stipends.

1604:

Webb, Robert; Bai, Xuemei; Smith, Mark Stafford; Costanza, Robert; Griggs, David; Moglia, Magnus; Neuman, Michael; Newman, Peter; Newton, Peter; Norman, Barbara; Ryan, Chris (February 2018).

601:

but also land which was previously developed. The push for target amounts of recycled land stems from status quo influence with other countries development of brownfield mitigation work. In

555:

An in-depth examination of land recycling in different countries shows many different perspectives on implementations of land recycling. The general European focus looked at land use in the

670:

building was once home to Pontchartrain Wine Cellars. In 2013 the fire department moved out and the building was left unoccupied for over a year until bought by Aparium Hotel Group.

1756:"Brownfield Redevelopment versus Greenfield Development: A Private Sector Perspective on the Costs and Risks Associated with Brownfield Redevelopment in the Greater Toronto Area" 1509:

Brownfield Redevelopment: Stakeholders Report That EPA's Program Helps to Redevelop Sites, but Additional Measures Could Complement Agency Efforts GAO-05-94; December 2, 2004

2321:

Wunder, Stephanie; Bodle, Ralph (February 2019). "Achieving land degradation neutrality in Germany: Implementation process and design of a land use change based indicator".

2231:"Do Administrative Incentives for the Containment of Cities Work? An Analysis of the Accelerated Procedure for Binding Land-Use Plans for Inner Urban Development in Germany" 260:

larger occurrence of traffic jams, and asthma. This results in a lower quality of life for residents, ever-increasing commute times, and the health implications of smog.

3452: 272:

centers, rather than drawing away much-needed resources. As daily commute times decrease due to proximity to urban centres, quality of life can also be increased.

895: 19: 538:

Because most communities with underutilized buildings are those in poverty, an existing company coming in and investing in reimagining it can raise a concern of

2373: 763: 445: 314: 125: 49:

contaminated properties; reuse and/or making use of used land surrounded by development or nearby infrastructure. End-uses from land recycling may include:

342:

Public Policies and Private Decisions Affecting the Redevelopment of Brownfields: An Analysis of Critical Factors, Relative Weights and Areal Differentials

494:

cleanup costs may further stall redevelopment. Uncertainty over time, cost or a high price for cleanup leaves many brownfield sites in development limbo.

2606: 3457: 1124:

Hou, Deyi; Ding, Zhenyu; Li, Guanghe; Wu, Longhua; Hu, Pengjie; Guo, Guanlin; Wang, Xingrun; Ma, Yan; O'Connor, David; Wang, Xianghui (2018).

2702: 1383: 3015: 2397:

Ganser, Robin; Williams, Katie (2007-04-13). "Brownfield Development: Are We Using the Right Targets? Evidence from England and Germany".

213:

Land recycling helps clean up and revitalize inner cities by returning abandoned, idle, or underused sites to productive use, bolstering

3442: 2739: 183:: Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs; and 1217: 871: 512:

alternative to the Superfund Act, but the standards of cleanup need to be highly considered in order to avoid future contamination.

398:

in Australia where the main goal was to reestablish and maintain forest cover around the city. Later, Design with Nature written by

2081: 698:, bought it in 1997. The building sat vacant for another 15 years until it was redeveloped and converted it into offices in 2013. 3437: 3392: 3113: 1462: 348:. Each infill development prevents sprawl into open space, forests and agricultural land, preserving acres of undeveloped land. 3055: 3045: 3382: 3067: 305: 649:

uses, these buildings have been transformed and retrofitted to accommodate the needs of the community and attract tourism.

3387: 3377: 3279: 3060: 356: 332:

involves meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

3088: 3040: 1892:

Song, Yinan; Kirkwood, Niall; Maksimović, Čedo; Zheng, Xiaodi; O'Connor, David; Jin, Yuanliang; Hou, Deyi (2019-05-01).

1405: 380: 3399: 2974: 2634: 818: 154: 108: 1955: 842: 2995: 2898: 899: 240:, or a clean public park in a disadvantaged community can boost local spirit and improve overall quality of life. 2959: 341: 2866: 778: 368:

and development of land, by reusing previously abandoned and unused land in commercial areas of larger cities.

2056: 673:

This project focused on the new needs of the community while still preserving the aesthetic and incorporated

3304: 2814: 2732: 2540: 2516: 1554:

Forbes, Rose; Favara, Paul; Lovenburg, John; Downey, Doug; de Groot, Pat (2009). "Sustainable Remediation".

1403:

Urban Land Institute. Growing Cooler: The Evidence of Urban Development and Climate Change. Available at

939: 793: 432:

Brownfields and infill sites must compete with attractive, undeveloped suburban and rural land, also called

390: 369: 179: 1894:"Nature based solutions for contaminated land remediation and brownfield redevelopment in cities: A review" 3462: 3344: 3188: 3143: 3000: 2908: 1021: 463: 594:

neutrality by 2030 by reaching its sustainable development goals specifically based on soil improvement.

3447: 3133: 3128: 3035: 3030: 2756: 2106:

Unintended impacts of redevelopment and revitalization efforts in five environmental justice communities

702: 674: 50: 3410: 1181: 2272:"Land-Development Offset Policies in the Quest for Sustainability: What Can China Learn from Germany?" 3339: 3329: 2881: 2853: 2330: 2011: 1999: 1981:"Phytoremediation of Chicago's brownfields: consideration of ecological approaches and social issues" 1905: 1893: 1767: 1690:"50 years change in urban land use and ecological planning globally in the era of design with nature" 1617: 1137: 733: 723: 564: 222: 2000:"Disposal options for polluted plants grown on heavy metal contaminated brownfield lands – A review" 1810: 1110: 1086: 1008:; Manke Jonathan P. (2008-03-01). "Building Reuse Assessment for Sustainable Urban Reconstruction". 914: 3289: 3153: 3103: 3050: 3020: 3010: 3005: 2969: 2861: 2764: 1339: 758: 597:

Germany has focused a lot on brownfield development as much of Europe with that including not just

402:, influenced a lot of the sustainable development goals which were implemented all over the world. 3358: 2658: 2188: 3467: 3372: 3362: 3233: 3212: 3178: 3123: 3025: 2888: 2774: 2725: 2422: 2354: 2157: 1937: 1791: 1571: 1297: 1163: 889: 788: 633: 560: 294: 237: 70: 1730: 1755: 171:: development that takes place within existing communities, making maximum use of the existing 3432: 3173: 3163: 3108: 2933: 2923: 2871: 2809: 2698: 2498: 2462: 2414: 2346: 2303: 2252: 2149: 2110: 2035: 2027: 1929: 1921: 1857: 1783: 1711: 1651: 1633: 1563: 1379: 1289: 1213: 1155: 1050: 984: 877: 867: 728: 598: 3334: 3324: 3208: 3183: 3083: 2903: 2876: 2824: 2799: 2789: 2784: 2769: 2490: 2454: 2406: 2338: 2293: 2283: 2242: 2141: 2019: 1913: 1847: 1775: 1701: 1641: 1625: 1371: 1279: 1145: 1025: 1017: 976: 866:. George Fleming, Institution of Civil Engineers, Thomas Telford. London. 1991. p. 16. 783: 753: 748: 686: 641: 591: 468: 453:

expansion or redevelopment is complicated by real or perceived environmental contamination.

345: 214: 66: 58: 1875: 228:

By putting these properties to new and productive use, land recycling encourages growth of

3319: 3284: 3228: 3223: 3203: 2964: 2913: 2834: 2804: 2794: 2130:"Introduction: The Global South and/in the Global North: Interdisciplinary Investigations" 645: 577: 433: 335:

By encouraging the recycling rather than the consumption of land, land recycling promotes

196: 187: 129: 46: 563:

which disrupts natural ecosystems. Beginning with research, a database maintained by the

2334: 2015: 1909: 1771: 1621: 1141: 3264: 3158: 2928: 2893: 1646: 1605: 798: 738: 718: 666: 556: 539: 329: 290: 172: 42: 2023: 3426: 3309: 3299: 3168: 3118: 2979: 2949: 2918: 2829: 2426: 2358: 2161: 1795: 1301: 1167: 695: 640:

and is the center of many examples of land recycling and building reuse. Designed by

637: 192: 99: 74: 35: 1941: 1917: 1463:"Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics" 221:

eyesores, negatively impacting social and economic development, and often human and

3269: 3238: 3098: 1005: 768: 743: 690: 365: 336: 249: 142: 54: 2128:

Trefzer, Annette; Jackson, Jeffrey T.; McKee, Kathryn; Dellinger, Kirsten (2014).

1706: 1689: 1126:"A Sustainability Assessment Framework for Agricultural Land Remediation in China" 195:

for which its reuse may be complicated by the presence or potential presence of a

2692: 2342: 1519: 1409: 1315: 1242: 1210:

Recycling land : understanding the legal landscape of brownfield development

3243: 3193: 3093: 1980: 585:. The city was chosen for its ability to be developed as a mostly rural part of 162:

Other commonly used terms can relate to or serve as synonyms of land recycling:

2844: 2458: 2082:"Dangerous Crossing: State Brownfields Recycling and Federal Enterprise Zoning" 1284: 1267: 3294: 3248: 3148: 2410: 2145: 1836:"Brownfield Development: Uncertainty, Asymmetric Information, and Risk Premia" 1779: 1629: 1375: 449: 399: 253: 82: 62: 2502: 2466: 2418: 2350: 2307: 2256: 2153: 2114: 2031: 1925: 1861: 1787: 1715: 1637: 1567: 1293: 1159: 1054: 988: 881: 3218: 2748: 1366:

Oliver, John E. (2005). "Intergovernmental Panel in Climate Change (IPCC)".

773: 582: 559:

and the importance of reducing new land use as well as reducing addition of

384:

Striving for sustainable development goals to create more sustainable cities

2039: 1933: 1655: 1520:"3. Benefits of Land Recycling | CCLR - Center for Creative Land Recycling" 1316:"3. Benefits of Land Recycling | CCLR - Center for Creative Land Recycling" 1243:"3. Benefits of Land Recycling | CCLR - Center for Creative Land Recycling" 1212:. Ann Arbor: Ann Arbor : University of Michigan Press. pp. 1–11. 980: 1487:"Environmental & Energy Management | The George Washington University" 861: 2954: 1266:

Clark, Ben; Chatterjee, Kiron; Martin, Adam; Davis, Adrian (2020-12-01).

473: 395: 229: 1575: 3274: 2635:"9 projects that reimagine old buildings, from factories to firehouses" 2247: 2230: 1852: 1835: 1435: 1370:. Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series. Springer-Verlag. p. 429. 662: 602: 586: 233: 2588: 2298: 2288: 2271: 2129: 1030: 2779: 2104: 1606:"Sustainable urban systems: Co-design and framing for transformation" 1150: 1125: 481: 167: 2494: 1340:"An introduction to brownfield: the land that's ripe for recycling" 3314: 3198: 2819: 1834:

Trouw, Michael; Weiler, Stephan; Silverstein, Jesse (2020-03-06).

1068: 379: 355: 232:

and services in such areas, helping to break up concentrations of

153: 104: 31: 18: 141:

Land recycling can also include those spaces that are not within

2103:(U.S.), National Environmental Justice Advisory Council (2006). 819:"Land recycling and densification — European Environment Agency" 706: 477: 2721: 1047:

Building green via design for deconstruction and adaptive reuse

364:

Land development is an aspect of land recycling which involves

576:

On a smaller scale, Germany focused on limiting the amount of

53:, residential, commercial, or industrial developments; and/or 248:

Land recycling increases density in urban areas, by reducing

2717: 1486: 293:

emissions by encouraging smart, compact growth that reduces

1182:"History of the Community Garden Movement : NYC Parks" 313:

As of 2009 the green movement has started to emphasize the

23:

Remediation process in Marlbrook at a former landfill site

301:

Leaders in Energy and Environmental Design Certification

158:

Example of a potential site for urban infill development

2607:"Detroit Foundation Hotel by McIntosh Poris Associates" 2564: 1956:"Phytoremediation - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics" 2685: 2374:"Brownfield redevelopment and inner urban development" 2270:

Tan, Rong; Wang, Rongyu; Sedlin, Thomas (2014-05-28).

146:

gardens and open space reservoirs are also prominent.

107:

the materials within the buildings is considered more

3257: 3076: 2988: 2942: 2852: 2755: 1998:Kovacs, Helga; Szemmelveisz, Katalin (2017-01-01). 581:of the implementation of this policy by looking at 175:

instead of building on previously undeveloped land;

1010:Journal of Construction Engineering and Management 34:of abandoned, vacant, or underused properties for 2229:Dillmann, Oliver; Beckmann, Volker (2018-12-12). 1111:"EPA Brownfields and Land Revitalization Program" 217:, creating jobs and boosting local tax-revenues. 1760:Journal of Environmental Planning and Management 98:The most common form of land recycling is the 2733: 1985:In: Brownfields 2001 Proceedings; Chicago, II 1979:Westphal, Lynne M.; Isebrands, J. G. (2001). 1436:"What is LEED? | U.S. Green Building Council" 764:Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design 315:Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design 8: 2659:"Wonder Bread Factory | Douglas Development" 1268:"How commuting affects subjective wellbeing" 610:Land Recycling Programs in the United States 1876:"Public Health and BrownfieldsIn Wisconsin" 41:Land recycling aims to ensure the reuse of 2740: 2726: 2718: 894:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2297: 2287: 2246: 1851: 1705: 1645: 1283: 1149: 1029: 940:"Transforming Old Buildings for New Uses" 352:Sustainable Land Remediation and Planning 709:styles offices available to the public. 309:LEED Gold Plaque in a Certified Building 304: 1811:"Overview of EPA's Brownfields Program" 1754:De Sousa, Christopher (November 2000). 1087:"Overview of EPA's Brownfields Program" 1022:10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9364(2008)134:3(217) 915:"Overview of EPA's Brownfields Program" 810: 3453:Urban studies and planning terminology 2545:Department of Environmental Protection 2521:Department of Environmental Protection 2051: 2049: 1457: 1455: 1430: 1428: 1426: 1406:"Smart Growth America: Growing Cooler" 1399: 1397: 1395: 1361: 1359: 1237: 1235: 1233: 1231: 1229: 1203: 1201: 1080: 1078: 887: 2628: 2626: 2483:Business Strategy and the Environment 2440: 2438: 2436: 2224: 2222: 2220: 2218: 2216: 2214: 2212: 2210: 2208: 2183: 2181: 2179: 2177: 2175: 2173: 2171: 1683: 1681: 1679: 1677: 1675: 1673: 1671: 1669: 1667: 1665: 1599: 1597: 1595: 1593: 1591: 1589: 1587: 1585: 1549: 1547: 1545: 1543: 1541: 1539: 16:Reuse of abandoned buildings or sites 7: 3405: 1000: 998: 961: 959: 844:Anatomy of Brownfields Redevelopment 276:Directing development to urban cores 2447:Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 1694:Ecosystem Health and Sustainability 415:carry the stigma of contamination. 2686:Center for Creative Land Recycling 2323:Environmental Science & Policy 1130:Land Degradation & Development 446:US Environmental Protection Agency 209:Social and economic revitalization 112:to less destruction and building. 14: 2086:Fordham Environmental Law Journal 2080:Wolf, Michael Allan (1997–1998). 2024:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.09.076 1368:Encyclopedia of World Climatology 1208:Geltman, Elizabeth Glass (2000). 289:Land recycling effectively curbs 3404: 3368: 3367: 3357: 3114:Extended producer responsibility 2843: 2372:Stallmann, Martin (2014-02-13). 1898:Science of the Total Environment 360:ZETOR building before demolition 137:Non-infrastructure redevelopment 1918:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.347 1731:"Brownfields and Public Health" 3458:Environmental issues with soil 45:as part of: new developments; 1: 3280:Container-deposit legislation 2691:Fleming, George, ed. (1991). 1707:10.1080/20964129.2019.1656111 701:This building also pulled on 516:Environmental-liability risks 2633:Barber, Megan (2017-11-02). 2343:10.1016/j.envsci.2018.09.022 252:and unplanned, low-density, 2975:Materials recovery facility 2611:www.architecturalrecord.com 2193:European Environment Agency 1809:US EPA, OLEM (2014-01-08). 1729:US EPA, OLEM (2020-09-25). 1688:Douglas, Ian (2019-01-02). 1085:US EPA, OLEM (2014-01-08). 913:US EPA, OLEM (2014-01-08). 199:, pollutant or contaminant. 109:environmentally sustainable 3484: 3443:Sustainable urban planning 2459:10.1016/j.ufug.2015.11.010 2189:"Land recycling in Europe" 1285:10.1007/s11116-019-09983-9 3353: 2841: 2411:10.1080/09654310600852654 2399:European Planning Studies 2146:10.2979/globalsouth.8.2.1 1780:10.1080/09640560020001719 1630:10.1007/s13280-017-0934-6 1376:10.1007/1-4020-3266-8_109 1049:. University of Florida. 638:San Francisco, California 572:Land Recycling in Germany 285:Addressing climate change 256:-dependent developments. 2541:"Land Recycling Program" 2517:"Land Recycling Program" 1045:Saleh, Tarek M. (2009). 779:Sustainable architecture 661:The Foundation Hotel in 551:Land Recycling in the EU 120:Brownfield redevelopment 3438:Sustainable development 3305:Reverse vending machine 2694:Recycling derelict land 863:Recycling derelict land 850:. EPA. 2015. p. 1. 794:Sustainable development 525:Regulatory requirements 428:Greenfields competition 391:Hampstead Garden Suburb 370:Sustainable Remediation 180:Sustainable development 3345:Water recycling shower 3189:Reuse of human excreta 3159:Recycling (ecological) 3144:Material flow analysis 2663:douglasdevelopment.com 981:10.1108/F-02-2013-0011 464:Nature-based solutions 457:Brownfield Remediation 385: 361: 310: 188:Brownfield development 159: 24: 3134:Interchangeable parts 3129:Industrial metabolism 1960:www.sciencedirect.com 1556:The Military Engineer 1467:www.sciencedirect.com 898:) CS1 maint: others ( 703:Historic preservation 675:Historic preservation 507:Environmental Justice 489:Uncertainty and costs 383: 359: 308: 244:Alternative to sprawl 157: 22: 3340:Water heat recycling 3330:Waste management law 2589:"Ghirardelli Square" 734:Green infrastructure 724:Environmental design 682:Wonder Bread Factory 565:Copernicus Programme 223:environmental health 3290:Ethical consumerism 3224:Urban lumberjacking 3154:Product stewardship 3104:Eco-industrial park 2335:2019ESPol..92...46W 2016:2017Chmsp.166....8K 1910:2019ScTEn.663..568S 1772:2000JEPM...43..831D 1622:2018Ambio..47...57W 1186:www.nycgovparks.org 1142:2018LDeDe..29.1005H 1071:. 14 November 2013. 759:Land rehabilitation 197:hazardous substance 71:open space reserves 3363:Environment portal 3234:Waste minimisation 3179:Reusable packaging 3124:Industrial ecology 2697:. Thomas Telford. 2248:10.3390/su10124745 1853:10.3390/su12052046 789:Sustainable design 634:Ghirardelli Square 629:Ghirardelli Square 561:impervious surface 444:As defined by the 386: 362: 311: 295:vehicle dependence 238:affordable housing 168:Infill development 160: 25: 3420: 3419: 3174:Resource recovery 3164:Refill (campaign) 3109:Ecological design 3089:Dematerialization 2899:Fluorescent lamps 2704:978-0-7277-1318-6 2289:10.3390/su6063400 2061:www.reading.ac.uk 1385:978-1-4020-3264-6 1113:. 8 January 2014. 1069:"EPA Brownfields" 975:(9/10): 531–552. 823:www.eea.europa.eu 729:Green development 663:Detroit, Michigan 599:contaminated land 498:Project financing 191:: development of 94:Adaptive building 67:community gardens 55:public open space 3475: 3408: 3407: 3371: 3370: 3361: 3335:Waste management 3325:Waste collection 3184:Reuse of bottles 3084:Circular economy 3061:Northern Ireland 2847: 2742: 2735: 2728: 2719: 2714: 2712: 2711: 2673: 2672: 2670: 2669: 2655: 2649: 2648: 2646: 2645: 2630: 2621: 2620: 2618: 2617: 2603: 2597: 2596: 2585: 2579: 2578: 2577: 2576: 2565:"Adaptive reuse" 2561: 2555: 2554: 2552: 2551: 2537: 2531: 2530: 2528: 2527: 2513: 2507: 2506: 2477: 2471: 2470: 2442: 2431: 2430: 2394: 2388: 2387: 2385: 2384: 2369: 2363: 2362: 2318: 2312: 2311: 2301: 2291: 2282:(6): 3400–3430. 2267: 2261: 2260: 2250: 2226: 2203: 2202: 2200: 2199: 2185: 2166: 2165: 2134:The Global South 2125: 2119: 2118: 2109:. . p. 16. 2100: 2094: 2093: 2077: 2071: 2070: 2068: 2067: 2053: 2044: 2043: 1995: 1989: 1988: 1976: 1970: 1969: 1967: 1966: 1952: 1946: 1945: 1889: 1883: 1882: 1880: 1872: 1866: 1865: 1855: 1831: 1825: 1824: 1822: 1821: 1806: 1800: 1799: 1751: 1745: 1744: 1742: 1741: 1726: 1720: 1719: 1709: 1685: 1660: 1659: 1649: 1601: 1580: 1579: 1551: 1534: 1533: 1531: 1530: 1516: 1510: 1507: 1501: 1500: 1498: 1497: 1491:eem.seas.gwu.edu 1483: 1477: 1476: 1474: 1473: 1459: 1450: 1449: 1447: 1446: 1432: 1421: 1420: 1418: 1417: 1408:. Archived from 1401: 1390: 1389: 1363: 1354: 1353: 1351: 1350: 1336: 1330: 1329: 1327: 1326: 1312: 1306: 1305: 1287: 1278:(6): 2777–2805. 1263: 1257: 1256: 1254: 1253: 1239: 1224: 1223: 1205: 1196: 1195: 1193: 1192: 1178: 1172: 1171: 1153: 1151:10.1002/ldr.2748 1136:(4): 1005–1018. 1121: 1115: 1114: 1107: 1101: 1100: 1098: 1097: 1082: 1073: 1072: 1065: 1059: 1058: 1042: 1036: 1035: 1033: 1002: 993: 992: 963: 954: 953: 951: 950: 938:Craven, Jackie. 935: 929: 928: 926: 925: 910: 904: 903: 893: 885: 858: 852: 851: 849: 839: 833: 832: 830: 829: 815: 784:Sustainable city 754:Land reclamation 749:Land development 687:Washington, D.C. 657:Foundation Hotel 642:Lawrence Halprin 603:Leipzig, Germany 592:land degradation 469:Phytoremediation 346:land consumption 215:community spirit 59:urban open space 38:or repurposing. 3483: 3482: 3478: 3477: 3476: 3474: 3473: 3472: 3423: 3422: 3421: 3416: 3349: 3320:Waste-to-energy 3285:Dumpster diving 3253: 3229:Waste hierarchy 3204:Right to repair 3072: 3041:The Netherlands 2996:Rate by country 2984: 2938: 2848: 2839: 2751: 2746: 2709: 2707: 2705: 2690: 2682: 2677: 2676: 2667: 2665: 2657: 2656: 2652: 2643: 2641: 2632: 2631: 2624: 2615: 2613: 2605: 2604: 2600: 2593:Knowledge (XXG) 2587: 2586: 2582: 2574: 2572: 2569:Knowledge (XXG) 2563: 2562: 2558: 2549: 2547: 2539: 2538: 2534: 2525: 2523: 2515: 2514: 2510: 2495:10.1002/bse.595 2479: 2478: 2474: 2444: 2443: 2434: 2396: 2395: 2391: 2382: 2380: 2378:Umweltbundesamt 2371: 2370: 2366: 2320: 2319: 2315: 2269: 2268: 2264: 2228: 2227: 2206: 2197: 2195: 2187: 2186: 2169: 2127: 2126: 2122: 2102: 2101: 2097: 2079: 2078: 2074: 2065: 2063: 2055: 2054: 2047: 1997: 1996: 1992: 1978: 1977: 1973: 1964: 1962: 1954: 1953: 1949: 1891: 1890: 1886: 1878: 1874: 1873: 1869: 1833: 1832: 1828: 1819: 1817: 1808: 1807: 1803: 1753: 1752: 1748: 1739: 1737: 1728: 1727: 1723: 1687: 1686: 1663: 1603: 1602: 1583: 1553: 1552: 1537: 1528: 1526: 1518: 1517: 1513: 1508: 1504: 1495: 1493: 1485: 1484: 1480: 1471: 1469: 1461: 1460: 1453: 1444: 1442: 1434: 1433: 1424: 1415: 1413: 1404: 1402: 1393: 1386: 1365: 1364: 1357: 1348: 1346: 1338: 1337: 1333: 1324: 1322: 1314: 1313: 1309: 1265: 1264: 1260: 1251: 1249: 1241: 1240: 1227: 1220: 1207: 1206: 1199: 1190: 1188: 1180: 1179: 1175: 1123: 1122: 1118: 1109: 1108: 1104: 1095: 1093: 1084: 1083: 1076: 1067: 1066: 1062: 1044: 1043: 1039: 1006:Laefer Debra F. 1004: 1003: 996: 965: 964: 957: 948: 946: 937: 936: 932: 923: 921: 912: 911: 907: 886: 874: 860: 859: 855: 847: 841: 840: 836: 827: 825: 817: 816: 812: 807: 715: 684: 659: 646:William Wurster 631: 626: 617: 612: 578:land conversion 574: 553: 548: 546:Implementations 536: 527: 518: 509: 500: 491: 459: 442: 434:greenfield land 430: 421: 412: 354: 327: 303: 287: 278: 246: 211: 206: 152: 139: 122: 96: 91: 17: 12: 11: 5: 3481: 3479: 3471: 3470: 3465: 3460: 3455: 3450: 3445: 3440: 3435: 3425: 3424: 3418: 3417: 3415: 3414: 3402: 3397: 3396: 3395: 3390: 3385: 3380: 3365: 3354: 3351: 3350: 3348: 3347: 3342: 3337: 3332: 3327: 3322: 3317: 3312: 3307: 3302: 3297: 3292: 3287: 3282: 3277: 3272: 3267: 3265:Bottle cutting 3261: 3259: 3255: 3254: 3252: 3251: 3246: 3241: 3236: 3231: 3226: 3221: 3216: 3206: 3201: 3196: 3191: 3186: 3181: 3176: 3171: 3166: 3161: 3156: 3151: 3146: 3141: 3139:Land recycling 3136: 3131: 3126: 3121: 3116: 3111: 3106: 3101: 3096: 3091: 3086: 3080: 3078: 3074: 3073: 3071: 3070: 3065: 3064: 3063: 3056:United Kingdom 3053: 3048: 3043: 3038: 3033: 3028: 3023: 3018: 3013: 3008: 3003: 2998: 2992: 2990: 2986: 2985: 2983: 2982: 2977: 2972: 2967: 2962: 2957: 2952: 2946: 2944: 2940: 2939: 2937: 2936: 2931: 2926: 2921: 2916: 2911: 2906: 2901: 2896: 2891: 2886: 2885: 2884: 2874: 2869: 2867:Automotive oil 2864: 2858: 2856: 2850: 2849: 2842: 2840: 2838: 2837: 2832: 2827: 2822: 2817: 2812: 2807: 2802: 2797: 2792: 2787: 2782: 2777: 2772: 2767: 2761: 2759: 2753: 2752: 2747: 2745: 2744: 2737: 2730: 2722: 2716: 2715: 2703: 2688: 2681: 2680:External links 2678: 2675: 2674: 2650: 2622: 2598: 2580: 2556: 2532: 2508: 2489:(7): 512–522. 2472: 2432: 2405:(5): 603–622. 2389: 2364: 2313: 2276:Sustainability 2262: 2235:Sustainability 2204: 2167: 2120: 2095: 2072: 2045: 1990: 1971: 1947: 1884: 1867: 1840:Sustainability 1826: 1801: 1766:(6): 831–853. 1746: 1721: 1700:(1): 185–198. 1661: 1581: 1562:(659): 69–70. 1535: 1511: 1502: 1478: 1451: 1422: 1391: 1384: 1355: 1331: 1307: 1272:Transportation 1258: 1225: 1218: 1197: 1173: 1116: 1102: 1074: 1060: 1037: 1016:(3): 217–227. 994: 955: 930: 905: 872: 853: 834: 809: 808: 806: 803: 802: 801: 799:Urban planning 796: 791: 786: 781: 776: 771: 766: 761: 756: 751: 746: 741: 739:Green urbanism 736: 731: 726: 721: 719:Bioremediation 714: 711: 683: 680: 667:Adaptive reuse 658: 655: 630: 627: 625: 622: 616: 613: 611: 608: 573: 570: 552: 549: 547: 544: 540:gentrification 535: 534:Gentrification 532: 526: 523: 517: 514: 508: 505: 499: 496: 490: 487: 458: 455: 441: 438: 429: 426: 424:infill sites. 420: 419:Market factors 417: 411: 408: 353: 350: 330:Sustainability 326: 325:Sustainability 323: 302: 299: 291:greenhouse-gas 286: 283: 277: 274: 245: 242: 210: 207: 205: 202: 201: 200: 184: 176: 173:infrastructure 151: 148: 138: 135: 121: 118: 95: 92: 90: 87: 75:regional parks 43:developed land 28:Land recycling 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3480: 3469: 3466: 3464: 3463:Redevelopment 3461: 3459: 3456: 3454: 3451: 3449: 3446: 3444: 3441: 3439: 3436: 3434: 3431: 3430: 3428: 3413: 3412: 3403: 3401: 3398: 3394: 3393:organizations 3391: 3389: 3386: 3384: 3381: 3379: 3376: 3375: 3374: 3366: 3364: 3360: 3356: 3355: 3352: 3346: 3343: 3341: 3338: 3336: 3333: 3331: 3328: 3326: 3323: 3321: 3318: 3316: 3313: 3311: 3310:Simple living 3308: 3306: 3303: 3301: 3300:Pallet crafts 3298: 3296: 3293: 3291: 3288: 3286: 3283: 3281: 3278: 3276: 3273: 3271: 3268: 3266: 3263: 3262: 3260: 3256: 3250: 3247: 3245: 3242: 3240: 3239:Waste picking 3237: 3235: 3232: 3230: 3227: 3225: 3222: 3220: 3217: 3214: 3210: 3207: 3205: 3202: 3200: 3197: 3195: 3192: 3190: 3187: 3185: 3182: 3180: 3177: 3175: 3172: 3170: 3169:Repairability 3167: 3165: 3162: 3160: 3157: 3155: 3152: 3150: 3147: 3145: 3142: 3140: 3137: 3135: 3132: 3130: 3127: 3125: 3122: 3120: 3119:Green economy 3117: 3115: 3112: 3110: 3107: 3105: 3102: 3100: 3097: 3095: 3092: 3090: 3087: 3085: 3082: 3081: 3079: 3075: 3069: 3068:United States 3066: 3062: 3059: 3058: 3057: 3054: 3052: 3049: 3047: 3044: 3042: 3039: 3037: 3034: 3032: 3029: 3027: 3024: 3022: 3019: 3017: 3014: 3012: 3009: 3007: 3004: 3002: 2999: 2997: 2994: 2993: 2991: 2987: 2981: 2980:Waste sorting 2978: 2976: 2973: 2971: 2968: 2966: 2963: 2961: 2958: 2956: 2953: 2951: 2948: 2947: 2945: 2941: 2935: 2932: 2930: 2927: 2925: 2922: 2920: 2917: 2915: 2912: 2910: 2909:Mobile phones 2907: 2905: 2902: 2900: 2897: 2895: 2892: 2890: 2887: 2883: 2880: 2879: 2878: 2875: 2873: 2870: 2868: 2865: 2863: 2860: 2859: 2857: 2855: 2851: 2846: 2836: 2833: 2831: 2828: 2826: 2823: 2821: 2818: 2816: 2813: 2811: 2808: 2806: 2803: 2801: 2798: 2796: 2793: 2791: 2788: 2786: 2783: 2781: 2778: 2776: 2773: 2771: 2768: 2766: 2763: 2762: 2760: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2743: 2738: 2736: 2731: 2729: 2724: 2723: 2720: 2706: 2700: 2696: 2695: 2689: 2687: 2684: 2683: 2679: 2664: 2660: 2654: 2651: 2640: 2636: 2629: 2627: 2623: 2612: 2608: 2602: 2599: 2594: 2590: 2584: 2581: 2570: 2566: 2560: 2557: 2546: 2542: 2536: 2533: 2522: 2518: 2512: 2509: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2476: 2473: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2441: 2439: 2437: 2433: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2393: 2390: 2379: 2375: 2368: 2365: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2317: 2314: 2309: 2305: 2300: 2295: 2290: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2266: 2263: 2258: 2254: 2249: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2225: 2223: 2221: 2219: 2217: 2215: 2213: 2211: 2209: 2205: 2194: 2190: 2184: 2182: 2180: 2178: 2176: 2174: 2172: 2168: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2124: 2121: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2107: 2099: 2096: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2076: 2073: 2062: 2058: 2057:"Brownfields" 2052: 2050: 2046: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1994: 1991: 1986: 1982: 1975: 1972: 1961: 1957: 1951: 1948: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1888: 1885: 1877: 1871: 1868: 1863: 1859: 1854: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1830: 1827: 1816: 1812: 1805: 1802: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1750: 1747: 1736: 1732: 1725: 1722: 1717: 1713: 1708: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1684: 1682: 1680: 1678: 1676: 1674: 1672: 1670: 1668: 1666: 1662: 1657: 1653: 1648: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1600: 1598: 1596: 1594: 1592: 1590: 1588: 1586: 1582: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1550: 1548: 1546: 1544: 1542: 1540: 1536: 1525: 1521: 1515: 1512: 1506: 1503: 1492: 1488: 1482: 1479: 1468: 1464: 1458: 1456: 1452: 1441: 1440:www.usgbc.org 1437: 1431: 1429: 1427: 1423: 1412:on 2010-12-24 1411: 1407: 1400: 1398: 1396: 1392: 1387: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1362: 1360: 1356: 1345: 1341: 1335: 1332: 1321: 1317: 1311: 1308: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1286: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1262: 1259: 1248: 1244: 1238: 1236: 1234: 1232: 1230: 1226: 1221: 1219:9786612765605 1215: 1211: 1204: 1202: 1198: 1187: 1183: 1177: 1174: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1152: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1120: 1117: 1112: 1106: 1103: 1092: 1088: 1081: 1079: 1075: 1070: 1064: 1061: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1041: 1038: 1032: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1001: 999: 995: 990: 986: 982: 978: 974: 970: 962: 960: 956: 945: 941: 934: 931: 920: 916: 909: 906: 901: 897: 891: 883: 879: 875: 873:0-7277-1318-3 869: 865: 864: 857: 854: 846: 845: 838: 835: 824: 820: 814: 811: 804: 800: 797: 795: 792: 790: 787: 785: 782: 780: 777: 775: 772: 770: 767: 765: 762: 760: 757: 755: 752: 750: 747: 745: 742: 740: 737: 735: 732: 730: 727: 725: 722: 720: 717: 716: 712: 710: 708: 704: 699: 697: 696:Douglas Jemal 692: 688: 681: 679: 676: 671: 668: 664: 656: 654: 650: 647: 643: 639: 635: 628: 623: 621: 614: 609: 607: 604: 600: 595: 593: 588: 584: 579: 571: 569: 566: 562: 558: 550: 545: 543: 541: 533: 531: 524: 522: 515: 513: 506: 504: 497: 495: 488: 486: 483: 479: 475: 470: 465: 456: 454: 451: 447: 439: 437: 435: 427: 425: 418: 416: 409: 407: 403: 401: 397: 392: 382: 378: 374: 371: 367: 358: 351: 349: 347: 343: 338: 333: 331: 324: 322: 318: 316: 307: 300: 298: 296: 292: 284: 282: 275: 273: 269: 265: 261: 257: 255: 251: 243: 241: 239: 235: 231: 226: 224: 218: 216: 208: 203: 198: 194: 193:real property 190: 189: 185: 182: 181: 177: 174: 170: 169: 165: 164: 163: 156: 149: 147: 144: 136: 134: 131: 128:classifies a 127: 119: 117: 113: 110: 106: 101: 100:redevelopment 93: 88: 86: 84: 78: 76: 72: 68: 64: 60: 56: 52: 48: 44: 39: 37: 36:redevelopment 33: 29: 21: 3448:New Urbanism 3409: 3270:Cogeneration 3138: 3099:Durable good 2708:. Retrieved 2693: 2666:. Retrieved 2662: 2653: 2642:. Retrieved 2638: 2614:. Retrieved 2610: 2601: 2592: 2583: 2573:, retrieved 2571:, 2020-02-27 2568: 2559: 2548:. Retrieved 2544: 2535: 2524:. Retrieved 2520: 2511: 2486: 2482: 2475: 2450: 2446: 2402: 2398: 2392: 2381:. Retrieved 2377: 2367: 2326: 2322: 2316: 2279: 2275: 2265: 2241:(12): 4745. 2238: 2234: 2196:. Retrieved 2192: 2137: 2133: 2123: 2105: 2098: 2089: 2085: 2075: 2064:. Retrieved 2060: 2007: 2003: 1993: 1984: 1974: 1963:. Retrieved 1959: 1950: 1901: 1897: 1887: 1881:. June 2005. 1870: 1843: 1839: 1829: 1818:. Retrieved 1814: 1804: 1763: 1759: 1749: 1738:. Retrieved 1734: 1724: 1697: 1693: 1616:(1): 57–77. 1613: 1609: 1559: 1555: 1527:. Retrieved 1524:www.cclr.org 1523: 1514: 1505: 1494:. Retrieved 1490: 1481: 1470:. Retrieved 1466: 1443:. Retrieved 1439: 1414:. Retrieved 1410:the original 1367: 1347:. Retrieved 1343: 1334: 1323:. Retrieved 1320:www.cclr.org 1319: 1310: 1275: 1271: 1261: 1250:. Retrieved 1247:www.cclr.org 1246: 1209: 1189:. Retrieved 1185: 1176: 1133: 1129: 1119: 1105: 1094:. Retrieved 1090: 1063: 1046: 1040: 1013: 1009: 972: 968: 947:. Retrieved 943: 933: 922:. Retrieved 918: 908: 862: 856: 843: 837: 826:. Retrieved 822: 813: 769:New Urbanism 744:Land banking 700: 691:Wonder Bread 685: 672: 660: 651: 632: 618: 615:Pennsylvania 596: 575: 554: 537: 528: 519: 510: 501: 492: 460: 443: 431: 422: 413: 404: 387: 375: 366:urbanization 363: 337:smart growth 334: 328: 319: 312: 288: 279: 270: 266: 262: 258: 250:urban sprawl 247: 227: 219: 212: 186: 178: 166: 161: 140: 123: 114: 97: 79: 69:; or larger 40: 27: 26: 3383:by material 3244:Wishcycling 3194:Repurposing 3094:Downcycling 3046:Switzerland 2882:PET bottles 2830:Cooking oil 2815:Refrigerant 2140:(2): 1–15. 2004:Chemosphere 1904:: 568–579. 1846:(5): 2046. 1735:www.epa.gov 919:www.epa.gov 440:Brownfields 150:Other terms 83:brownfields 63:urban parks 47:cleaning up 3427:Categories 3388:by product 3378:by country 3295:Freeganism 3275:Composting 3249:Zero waste 3149:Precycling 2970:Collection 2960:Blue boxes 2862:Appliances 2710:2009-11-08 2668:2020-04-01 2644:2020-04-01 2616:2020-04-01 2575:2020-04-01 2550:2020-03-27 2526:2021-09-22 2383:2020-02-28 2299:10535/9521 2198:2020-02-28 2066:2021-09-26 1965:2020-04-01 1820:2021-04-01 1740:2021-09-27 1529:2020-04-01 1496:2020-04-23 1472:2020-04-23 1445:2020-04-23 1416:2014-04-01 1349:2021-09-22 1325:2021-09-22 1252:2021-04-01 1191:2020-04-23 1096:2020-04-23 1031:10197/2278 969:Facilities 949:2020-04-23 924:2021-09-22 828:2021-09-22 805:References 450:brownfield 410:Challenges 400:Ian McHarg 254:automobile 230:businesses 130:brownfield 3468:Recycling 3219:Upcycling 3213:Green Dot 3001:Australia 2989:Countries 2955:Blue bags 2943:Apparatus 2889:Computers 2872:Batteries 2765:Aluminium 2757:Materials 2749:Recycling 2503:0964-4733 2467:1618-8667 2453:: 65–74. 2427:154584830 2419:0965-4313 2359:159012665 2351:1462-9011 2329:: 46–55. 2308:2071-1050 2257:2071-1050 2162:141973073 2154:1932-8656 2115:677017471 2032:0045-6535 1926:0048-9697 1862:2071-1050 1796:216141628 1788:0964-0568 1716:2096-4129 1638:0044-7447 1568:0026-3982 1302:159234013 1294:1572-9435 1168:134241797 1160:1099-145X 1055:665095445 989:0263-2772 944:ThoughtCo 890:cite book 882:181922310 774:Superfund 583:Stralsund 143:urbanized 51:mixed-use 3433:Land use 3373:Category 3258:See also 3077:Concepts 3036:Mongolia 3031:Malaysia 2934:Vehicles 2924:Textiles 2854:Products 2775:Concrete 2040:27681256 2010:: 8–20. 1942:73433276 1934:30726765 1656:28766172 1576:44530662 713:See also 624:Examples 474:selenium 396:Canberra 204:Benefits 73:such as 61:used by 57:such as 3411:Commons 3016:Ireland 2877:Bottles 2810:Plastic 2770:Asphalt 2331:Bibcode 2012:Bibcode 1906:Bibcode 1768:Bibcode 1647:5709263 1618:Bibcode 1138:Bibcode 587:Germany 467:sites. 234:poverty 105:reusing 30:is the 3209:Symbol 3051:Taiwan 3021:Israel 3011:Canada 3006:Brazil 2904:Lumber 2825:Timber 2800:Gypsum 2790:Energy 2785:Cotton 2780:Copper 2701: 2639:Curbed 2501: 2465: 2425: 2417: 2357: 2349: 2306: 2255: 2160: 2152: 2113: 2092:: 495. 2038: 2030: 1940: 1932: 1924: 1860: 1815:US EPA 1794: 1786: 1714: 1654: 1644: 1636: 1574: 1566: 1382: 1300: 1292: 1216: 1166: 1158: 1091:US EPA 1053: 987: 880: 870: 665:is an 636:is in 482:nickel 3400:Index 3315:Waste 3199:Reuse 3026:Japan 2965:Codes 2929:Tires 2919:Ships 2914:Paint 2894:Drugs 2835:Water 2820:Scrap 2805:Paper 2795:Glass 2423:S2CID 2355:S2CID 2158:S2CID 1938:S2CID 1879:(PDF) 1792:S2CID 1610:Ambio 1572:JSTOR 1298:S2CID 1164:S2CID 848:(PDF) 89:Types 32:reuse 2950:Bins 2699:ISBN 2499:ISSN 2463:ISSN 2415:ISSN 2347:ISSN 2304:ISSN 2253:ISSN 2150:ISSN 2111:OCLC 2036:PMID 2028:ISSN 1930:PMID 1922:ISSN 1858:ISSN 1784:ISSN 1712:ISSN 1652:PMID 1634:ISSN 1564:ISSN 1380:ISBN 1344:CPRE 1290:ISSN 1214:ISBN 1156:ISSN 1051:OCLC 985:ISSN 900:link 896:link 878:OCLC 868:ISBN 707:Loft 644:and 478:zinc 448:, a 124:The 2491:doi 2455:doi 2407:doi 2339:doi 2294:hdl 2284:doi 2243:doi 2142:doi 2020:doi 2008:166 1914:doi 1902:663 1848:doi 1776:doi 1702:doi 1642:PMC 1626:doi 1560:101 1372:doi 1280:doi 1146:doi 1026:hdl 1018:doi 1014:134 977:doi 689:’s 126:EPA 3429:: 2661:. 2637:. 2625:^ 2609:. 2591:. 2567:, 2543:. 2519:. 2497:. 2487:16 2485:. 2461:. 2451:15 2449:. 2435:^ 2421:. 2413:. 2403:15 2401:. 2376:. 2353:. 2345:. 2337:. 2327:92 2325:. 2302:. 2292:. 2278:. 2274:. 2251:. 2239:10 2237:. 2233:. 2207:^ 2191:. 2170:^ 2156:. 2148:. 2136:. 2132:. 2088:. 2084:. 2059:. 2048:^ 2034:. 2026:. 2018:. 2006:. 2002:. 1983:. 1958:. 1936:. 1928:. 1920:. 1912:. 1900:. 1896:. 1856:. 1844:12 1842:. 1838:. 1813:. 1790:. 1782:. 1774:. 1764:43 1762:. 1758:. 1733:. 1710:. 1696:. 1692:. 1664:^ 1650:. 1640:. 1632:. 1624:. 1614:47 1612:. 1608:. 1584:^ 1570:. 1558:. 1538:^ 1522:. 1489:. 1465:. 1454:^ 1438:. 1425:^ 1394:^ 1378:. 1358:^ 1342:. 1318:. 1296:. 1288:. 1276:47 1274:. 1270:. 1245:. 1228:^ 1200:^ 1184:. 1162:. 1154:. 1144:. 1134:29 1132:. 1128:. 1089:. 1077:^ 1024:. 1012:. 997:^ 983:. 973:33 971:. 958:^ 942:. 917:. 892:}} 888:{{ 876:. 821:. 557:EU 480:, 476:, 85:. 77:. 65:, 3215:) 3211:( 2741:e 2734:t 2727:v 2713:. 2671:. 2647:. 2619:. 2595:. 2553:. 2529:. 2505:. 2493:: 2469:. 2457:: 2429:. 2409:: 2386:. 2361:. 2341:: 2333:: 2310:. 2296:: 2286:: 2280:6 2259:. 2245:: 2201:. 2164:. 2144:: 2138:8 2117:. 2090:9 2069:. 2042:. 2022:: 2014:: 1987:. 1968:. 1944:. 1916:: 1908:: 1864:. 1850:: 1823:. 1798:. 1778:: 1770:: 1743:. 1718:. 1704:: 1698:5 1658:. 1628:: 1620:: 1578:. 1532:. 1499:. 1475:. 1448:. 1419:. 1388:. 1374:: 1352:. 1328:. 1304:. 1282:: 1255:. 1222:. 1194:. 1170:. 1148:: 1140:: 1099:. 1057:. 1034:. 1028:: 1020:: 991:. 979:: 952:. 927:. 902:) 884:. 831:.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.