150:
agreed to sell the friars' estates and promised gradual substitution of
Filipino and other non-Spanish priests for the friars. It refused, however, to withdraw the religious orders from the islands immediately, partly to avoid offending Spain. In 1904 the administration bought for $ 7.2 million the major part of the friars' holdings, amounting to some 166,000 hectares (410,000 acres), of which one-half was in the vicinity of Manila. The land was eventually resold to Filipinos, some of them tenants but the majority of them estate owners.
569:, signed Executive Order No. 364, and the Department of Agrarian Reform was renamed to Department of Land Reform. This EO also broadened the scope of the department, making it responsible for all land reform in the country. It also placed the Philippine Commission on Urban Poor (PCUP) under its supervision and control. Recognition of the ownership of ancestral domain by indigenous peoples also became the responsibility of this new department, under the
1671:
1681:
485:, equity or participation in favor of their workers or other qualified beneficiaries", in lieu of turning over their land to the government for redistribution. Despite the flaws in the law, the Supreme Court upheld its constitutionality in 1989, declaring that the implementation of the comprehensive agrarian reform program (CARP) provided by the said law, was "a revolutionary kind of expropriation".
273:
545:(DAR) during the last thirty years. But by the end of 1996, the DAR had distributed only 58.25% of the total area it was supposed to cover. From January to December 1997, the DAR distributed 206,612 hectares. That year, since 1987, the DAR had distributed a total of 2.66 million hectares which benefited almost 1.8 million
576:
On August 23, 2005, President Gloria
Macapagal Arroyo signed Executive Order No. 456 and renamed the Department of Land Reform back to Department of Agrarian Reform, since "the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law goes beyond just land reform but includes the totality of all factors and support services
454:
President
Corazon Aquino envisioned agrarian and land reform as the centerpiece of her administration's social legislative agenda. However, her family background and social class as a privileged daughter of a wealthy and landed clan became a lightning rod of criticisms against her land reform agenda.
209:
implemented the Rice Share
Tenancy Act of 1933. The purpose of this act was to regulate the share-tenancy contracts by establishing minimum standards. Primarily, the Act provided for better tenant-landlord relationship, a 50–50 sharing of the crop, regulation of interest to 10% per agricultural year,
532:
in order to meet the ten-year time frame. However, there were constraints such as the need to firm up the database and geographic focus, generate funding support, strengthen inter-agency cooperation, and mobilize implementation partners, like the non-government organizations, local governments, and
511:
revoked the stock distribution scheme adopted in
Hacienda Luisita, and ordered instead the redistribution of a large portion of the property to the tenant-farmers. The Department stepped into the controversy when in 2004, violence erupted over the retrenchment of workers in the Hacienda, eventually
295:
As further aid to the rural people, the president established the
Agricultural Credit and Cooperative Administration (ACCFA). The idea was for this entity to make available rural credits. Records show that it did grant, in this wise, almost ten million dollars. This administration body next devoted
218:
provinces. However, contracts were good only for one year. By simply refusing the renew their contract, landlords were able to eject tenants. As a result, peasant organizations agitated in vain for a law that would make the contract automatically renewable for as long as the tenants fulfilled their
149:
was a constitution for the
Insular Government, as the U.S. civil administration was known. This act, among other actions, disestablished the Catholic Church as the state religion. The United States government, in an effort to resolve the status of the friars, negotiated with the Vatican. The church
556:
One major problem that the Ramos administration faced was the lack of funds to support and implement the program. The Php50 million, allotted by R.A. No. 6657 to finance the CARP from 1988 to 1998, was no longer sufficient to support the program. To address this problem, Ramos signed R.A. No.
255:
continued. In fact these became worse in certain areas. Among the remedial measures enacted was
Republic Act No. 34 likewise known as the Tenant Act which provided for a 70–30 sharing arrangements and regulated share-tenancy contracts. It was passed to resolve the ongoing peasant unrest in Central
620:
The
Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program is the current law under which land reform is conducted. Large landholdings are broken up and distributed to farmers and workers on that particular hacienda. The crops grown on such haciendas include sugar and rice. Each farmer is given a "certificates of
243:
in 1946, much of the land was held by a small group of wealthy landowners. There was much pressure on the democratically elected government to redistribute the land. At the same time, many of the democratically elected office holders were landowners themselves or came from land-owning families.
446:, which is also known as CARP. The main highlight of the land reform program of Marcos is presidential decree number 27, which confiscated rice or corn lands over 7 hectares by mar and gave it to qualified tenants of the landowner. However, many landowners were not paid because of martial law.
287:
worked for the establishment of the
National Resettlement and Rehabilitation Administration (NARRA), which took over from the EDCOR and helped in the giving of some sixty-five thousand acres to three thousand indigent families for settlement purposes. Again, it allocated some other twenty-five
230:
Therefore, during the Commonwealth period, agrarian problems persisted. This motivated the government to incorporate a cardinal principle on social justice. Dictated by the social justice program of the government, expropriation of landed estates and other landholdings commenced. Likewise, the
459:
to demand genuine land reform from Aquino's administration. However, the march turned violent when Marine forces fired at farmers who tried to go beyond the designated demarcation line set by the police. As a result, 12 farmers were killed and 19 were injured in this incident now known as the
299:
Along this line of help to the rural areas, President Magsaysay initiated in all earnestness the artesian wells campaign. A group-movement known as the Liberty Wells Association was formed and in record time managed to raise a considerable sum for the construction of as many artesian wells as
503:
Critics argued that Aquino bowed to pressure from relatives by allowing stock redistribution under Executive Order 229. Instead of land distribution, Hacienda Luisita reorganized itself into a corporation and distributed stock. As such, ownership of agricultural portions of the hacienda were
263:
issued on October 23, 1950, Executive Order No. 355 which replaced the National Land Settlement Administration with Land Settlement Development Corporation (LASEDECO) which takes over the responsibilities of the Agricultural Machinery Equipment Corporation and the Rice and Corn Production
621:
land ownership award" or CLOA for their new property. Under the law, a landowner can only retain 5 hectares, regardless of the size of the hacienda. Conflict can arise between previous landowners and "beneficiaries" and between competing farmers' groups that have conflicting claims.
311:
Republic Act No. 1160 of 1954 – Abolished the LASEDECO and established the National Resettlement and Rehabilitation Administration (NARRA) to resettle dissidents and landless farmers. It was particularly aimed at rebel returnees providing home lots and farmlands in Palawan and
315:
Republic Act No. 1199 (Agricultural Tenancy Act of 1954) – Governed the relationship between landowners and tenant farmers by organizing share-tenancy and leasehold system. The law provided the security of tenure of tenants. It also created the Court of Agrarian
467:
In response to calls for agrarian reform, President Aquino issued Presidential Proclamation 131 and Executive Order 229 on July 22, 1987, which outlined her land reform program, which included sugar lands. In 1988, with the backing of Aquino, the new
319:
Republic Act No. 1400 (Land Reform Act of 1955) – Created the Land Tenure Administration (LTA) which was responsible for the acquisition and distribution of large tenanted rice and corn lands over 200 hectares for individuals and 600 hectares for
222:
In 1936, this Act was amended to get rid of its loophole, but the landlords made its application relative and not absolute. Consequently, it was never carried out in spite of its good intentions. In fact, by 1939, thousands of peasants in
557:
8532 to amend the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law (CARL) which further strengthened the CARP by extending the program to another ten years. Ramos signed this law on February 23, 1998 – a few months before the end of Ramos' term.
231:
National Land Settlement Administration (NSLA) began an orderly settlement of public agricultural lands. At the outbreak of the Second World War, major settlement areas containing more than 65,000 hectares were already established.
111:, set a limit of 16 hectares of land to be sold or leased to American individuals and 1,024 hectares to American corporations. This and a downturn in the investment environment discouraged the foreign-owned plantations common in
476:
No. 6657, more popularly known as the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law. The law paved the way for the redistribution of agricultural lands to tenant-farmers from landowners, who were paid in exchange by the government through
639:
House Bills 114 and 3051 were filed in the House of Representatives in 2017 and endorsed by the Department of Agrarian Reform. The bills aimed to distribute land without the need for beneficiaries to pay amortization.
303:
Finally, vast irrigation projects, as well as enhancement of the Ambuklao Power plant and other similar ones, went a long way towards bringing to reality the rural improvement program advocated by President Magsaysay.
365:
To establish owner-cultivatorship and the economic family-size farm as the basis of Philippine agriculture and, as a consequence, divert landlord capital in agriculture to industrial development;
214:
in a province petitioned for it. Since landowners usually controlled such councils, no province ever asked that the law be applied. Therefore, QuezĂłn ordered that the act be mandatory in all
323:
Republic Act No. 821 (Creation of Agricultural Credit Cooperative Financing Administration) – Provided small farmers and share tenants loans with low interest rates of six to eight percent.
227:
were being threatened with wholesale eviction. By the early 1940s, thousands of tenants in Central Luzon were ejected from their farmlands and the rural conflict was more acute than ever.
624:
In December 2008, CARP expired and the following year CARPer was passed. CARPer stands for "Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program Extension with Reforms". CARPer expired in 2014.
23:. Some efforts began during the American colonial period with renewed efforts during the Commonwealth, following independence, during martial law, and especially following the
481:
but were also allowed to retain not more than five hectares of land. However, corporate landowners were also allowed under the law to "voluntarily divest a proportion of their
1216:
455:
On January 22, 1987, less than a month before the ratification of the 1987 Constitution, agrarian workers and farmers marched to the historic Mendiola Street near the
1043:
588:
program. The Department of Agrarian Reform adopted a goal of distributed all CARP-eligible land by the end of Pres. Aquino's term in 2016. As of June 2013, 694,181
636:
filed House Bill 3059, or the proposed Genuine Agrarian Reform Act, in the House of Representatives to address what proponents say are the shortcomings of CARP.
159:
20:
95:, the Taft Commission, viewed economic development as one of its top three goals. In 1901, 93% of the islands' land area was held by the government and
570:
794:
1164:
1710:
1705:
1585:
442:
In 1988, under the 1987 Constitution framework which was signed by then-President Cory Aquino, the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law created the
272:
380:
To make the small farmers more independent, self-reliant and responsible citizens, and a source of genuine strength in our democratic society.
615:
525:
443:
139:
28:
210:
and a safeguard against arbitrary dismissal by the landlord. The major flaw of this law was that it could be used only when the majority of
138:. The American government—officially secular, hostile to continued Spanish control of much of the land of the now-American colony, and long
1312:
174:
program was initiated by the Commonwealth. However, success of the program was hampered by ongoing clashes between tenants and landowners.
44:
170:
system, as well as by the dramatic increase in population which added economic pressure to the tenant farmers' families. As a result, an
100:
1636:
1720:
1261:
662:
64:
989:
963:
1024:
679:
1646:
371:
To create a truly viable social and economic structure in agriculture conducive to greater productivity and higher farm incomes;
1284:
193:, and the severing of American ties. The uprising, which occurred in Central Luzon in May 1935, claimed about a hundred lives
1560:
667:
1605:
1053:
542:
508:
426:
338:
146:
59:. As the 19th century progressed, industrialization and liberalization of trade allowed these encomiendas to expand their
1224:
1101:
1075:
657:
652:
92:
88:
1395:
1137:
469:
1641:
300:
possible. The socio-economic value of the same could not be gainsaid and the people were profuse in their gratitude.
1600:
1715:
895:
368:
To achieve a dignified existence for the small farmers free from pernicious institutional restraints and practices;
240:
1610:
1555:
1520:
1475:
1142:
1048:
1445:
1440:
1335:
84:
1565:
1540:
1455:
1435:
1385:
1355:
1345:
1327:
1305:
1651:
1530:
1525:
1405:
1595:
1545:
1500:
1480:
1470:
1370:
488:
Despite the implementation of CARP, Aquino was not spared from the controversies that eventually centered on
1485:
1465:
1350:
1340:
566:
473:
436:
374:
To apply all labor laws equally and without discrimination to both industrial and agricultural wage earners;
202:
24:
1550:
1515:
1450:
1430:
1420:
1380:
1365:
1360:
606:
and her son, former President Benigno Simeon Cojuangco Aquino III, has been a notable case of land reform.
103:, argued for a liberal policy so that a good portion could be sold off to American investors. Instead, the
1656:
1575:
1570:
1535:
1510:
1490:
1425:
802:
104:
1495:
1460:
1415:
1615:
643:
In 2022, House Bill 1161, or the Free Land Distribution Act, was filed in the House of Representatives.
534:
767:
1020:
1400:
1390:
1375:
377:
To provide a more vigorous and systematic land resettlement program and public land distribution; and
277:
72:
288:
thousand to a little more than one thousand five hundred landless families, who subsequently became
251:
proclaimed the Rice Share Tenancy Act of 1933 effective throughout the country. However problems of
1625:
1410:
1298:
1277:
949:
689:
464:. This incident led some prominent members of the Aquino Cabinet to resign their government posts.
456:
422:
108:
96:
1680:
412:
A judicial system to decide issues arising under this Code and other related laws and regulations.
107:, influenced by agricultural interests that did not want competition from the Philippines, in the
1250:
Jong-sung You (January 22, 2015). "The genesis of inequality, land reforms and path dependence".
355:
127:
1257:
478:
461:
388:
An agricultural leasehold system to replace all existing share tenancy systems in agriculture;
211:
116:
307:
President RamĂłn Magsaysay enacted the following laws as part of his Agrarian Reform Program:
595:
489:
283:
To amplify and stabilize the functions of the Economic Development Corps (EDCOR), President
206:
187:
movement, which advocated tax reductions, land reforms, the breakup of the large estates or
120:
83:
The United States of America obtained the Spanish claim over the Philippines following the
633:
585:
403:
A machinery to provide marketing, management, and other technical services to agriculture;
284:
260:
171:
131:
993:
967:
537:
acquired and distributed 382 hectares of land with nearly a quarter of a million farmer-
684:
603:
529:
521:
497:
112:
1699:
1674:
581:
546:
538:
504:
transferred to the corporation, which in turn, gave its shares of stocks to farmers.
425:
signed the Code of Agrarian Reform of the Philippines into law which established the
224:
215:
178:
167:
163:
409:
An expanded program of land capability survey, classification, and registration; and
950:"Republic Act No. 3844 : The Agricultural Land Reform Code of the Philippines"
694:
248:
406:
A unified administration for formulating and implementing projects of land reform;
1251:
825:
394:
An authority for the acquisition and equitable distribution of agricultural land;
1684:
776:(4th ed.), Washington, D.C.: Federal Research Division, Library of Congress
709:
704:
397:
An institution to finance the acquisition and distribution of agricultural land;
351:
252:
1190:
741:
699:
348:
183:
52:
48:
1105:
1079:
795:"Philippine history American Colony and Philippine Commonwealth (1901–1941)"
714:
599:
60:
439:, the department was re-organized through Executive Order (EO) No. 129-A.
771:
589:
189:
87:
in 1898 and conquered the country from the Philippine Republic after the
56:
899:
550:
289:
68:
1290:
493:
135:
40:
400:
A machinery to extend credit and similar assistance to agriculture;
496:, which she, together with her siblings inherited from her father
482:
271:
130:
faced the problem of much of the private land being owned by the
142:—negotiated a settlement with the Church handing over its land.
47:, the Spanish settlement in the Philippines revolved around the
1294:
384:
and, in pursuance of those policies, established the following
31:, was passed following the revolution and extended until 2014.
432:
In 1978, the DAR was renamed the Ministry of Agrarian Reform.
939:. Manila: University of Santo Tomas Cooperative, 1961. Print.
541:. This constituted 41% of all land titles distributed by the
896:"Department of Agrarian Reform (DAR) – Organizational Chart"
577:
designed to lift the economic status of the beneficiaries."
874:
872:
870:
868:
866:
864:
862:
860:
858:
824:
Roces; Luna, Juan Luis Z Jr; Arcilla, Reynaldo (1986),
507:
The arrangement remained in force until 2006, when the
931:
929:
927:
925:
923:
921:
919:
917:
856:
854:
852:
850:
848:
846:
844:
842:
840:
838:
584:
took office, there was a renewed push to complete the
177:
An example of these clashes includes one initiated by
1217:"Makabayan bloc refiles genuine agrarian reform bill"
276:
President Ramon Magsaysay at the Presidential Study,
1165:"KMP chief urges solons to consider HB 3059 or GARB"
746:. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1991"
492:, a 6,453-hectare estate located in the Province of
247:
In 1946, shortly after his induction to presidency,
1624:
1584:
1326:
1138:"4 haciendas distributed; 270 sugar farmers cheer"
768:"The First Phase of United States Rule, 1898–1935"
602:family, which includes the late former President
259:As part of his Agrarian Reform agenda, President
19:has long been a contentious issue rooted in the
1131:
1129:
1127:
1125:
1123:
990:"Section 31, Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law"
391:A declaration of rights for agricultural labor;
1191:"DAR endorses Genuine Agrarian Reform Program"
964:"Section 6, Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law"
592:remained to be distributed, according to DAR.
1306:
8:
890:
888:
429:, effectively replacing the Land Authority.
361:The code declared that it was State policy
1313:
1299:
1291:
1044:"Life once 'sweeter' at Hacienda Luisita"
571:National Commission on Indigenous Peoples
1037:
1035:
1033:
882:. Quezon City: C&E Pub., 2010.Print.
880:Economics, Taxation, and Agrarian Reform
296:its attention to cooperative marketing.
736:
734:
732:
730:
726:
241:the Philippines gained its independence
1016:Association of Small Landowners v. Luz
937:The Philippines: Through the centuries
616:Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program
610:Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program
533:the business community. In 1992, the
526:Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program
444:Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program
29:Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program
7:
1253:Democracy, Inequality and Corruption
827:RR Philippine almanac: book of facts
354:law enacted in 1963 under President
101:Governor-General of the Philippines
830:, Ramon Roces y Pardo, p. 140
524:speeded the implementation of the
14:
663:Sugar industry of the Philippines
565:On September 27, 2004, President
421:On September 10, 1971, President
65:sugar industry in the Philippines
1679:
1670:
1669:
1025:Supreme Court of the Philippines
680:Development-induced displacement
435:On July 26, 1987, following the
45:Spanish colonies in the Americas
1711:Agriculture in the Philippines
1706:Land reform in the Philippines
1637:British Indian Ocean Territory
1256:. Cambridge University Press.
1223:. July 5, 2022. Archived from
1042:Russell Arador (May 4, 2007).
668:Agriculture in the Philippines
268:Ramon Magsaysay administration
197:Rice Share Tenancy Act of 1933
27:in 1986. The current law, the
17:Land reform in the Philippines
1:
1278:Agricultural Land Reform Code
770:, in Dolan, Ronald E. (ed.),
543:Department of Agrarian Reform
509:Department of Agrarian Reform
450:Corazon Aquino administration
427:Department of Agrarian Reform
345:Agricultural Land Reform Code
339:Agricultural Land Reform Code
773:Philippines: A Country Study
744:Philippines: A Country Study
658:Squatting in the Philippines
653:Land Bank of the Philippines
93:Second Philippine Commission
766:Seekins, Donald M. (1993),
528:(CARP) of former President
512:leaving seven people dead.
470:Congress of the Philippines
205:was established, President
1737:
1076:"Executiver Order No. 364"
613:
336:
134:and controlled by Spanish
1721:Reform in the Philippines
1665:
1143:Philippine Daily Inquirer
1136:Yap, DJ (June 29, 2013).
1102:"Executive Order No. 456"
1049:Philippine Daily Inquirer
1386:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
632:In 2007, Representative
328:Macapagal administration
160:American Colonial Period
63:, establishing a strong
1647:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
1280:on the LAWPhil Project.
878:Manapat, Carlos, et al.
567:Gloria Macapagal Arroyo
437:People Power Revolution
203:Philippine Commonwealth
89:Philippine–American War
25:People Power Revolution
21:Spanish colonial period
742:"Ronald E. Dolan, ed.
347:(RA 3844) was a major
280:
147:Philippine Organic Act
105:United States Congress
1227:on September 24, 2022
801:. MSU. Archived from
561:Arroyo administration
417:Marcos administration
275:
166:complained about the
1561:United Arab Emirates
1027: July 14, 1989).
1021:175 SCRA 343
902:on February 18, 2010
628:Proposed legislation
516:Ramos administration
235:Roxas administration
140:hostile to Catholics
85:Spanish–American War
67:, especially in the
1588:limited recognition
1321:Land reform in Asia
1108:on January 10, 2010
805:on October 10, 2007
690:Homestead principle
423:Ferdinand E. Marcos
154:Commonwealth Period
97:William Howard Taft
1056:on October 5, 2008
996:on August 23, 2007
970:on August 23, 2007
356:Diosdado Macapagal
281:
212:municipal councils
128:Federal Government
1716:Agrarian politics
1693:
1692:
1630:other territories
952:. August 8, 1963.
935:Molina, Antonio.
604:CorazĂłn C. Aquino
479:just compensation
462:Mendiola massacre
278:Malacañang Palace
126:Further the U.S.
117:Dutch East Indies
1728:
1683:
1673:
1672:
1642:Christmas Island
1328:Sovereign states
1315:
1308:
1301:
1292:
1267:
1237:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1213:
1207:
1206:
1204:
1202:
1187:
1181:
1180:
1178:
1176:
1161:
1155:
1154:
1152:
1150:
1133:
1118:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1104:. Archived from
1098:
1092:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1078:. Archived from
1072:
1066:
1065:
1063:
1061:
1052:. Archived from
1039:
1028:
1018:
1012:
1006:
1005:
1003:
1001:
992:. Archived from
986:
980:
979:
977:
975:
966:. Archived from
960:
954:
953:
946:
940:
933:
912:
911:
909:
907:
898:. Archived from
892:
883:
876:
833:
831:
821:
815:
814:
812:
810:
791:
785:
784:
783:
781:
763:
757:
756:
754:
752:
738:
596:Hacienda Luisita
490:Hacienda Luisita
457:Malacañan Palace
333:Land Reform Code
264:Administration.
207:Manuel L. Quezon
121:French Indochina
1736:
1735:
1731:
1730:
1729:
1727:
1726:
1725:
1696:
1695:
1694:
1689:
1661:
1629:
1620:
1601:Northern Cyprus
1587:
1580:
1322:
1319:
1274:
1264:
1249:
1246:
1244:Further reading
1241:
1240:
1230:
1228:
1215:
1214:
1210:
1200:
1198:
1197:. March 2, 2017
1189:
1188:
1184:
1174:
1172:
1169:GMA News Online
1163:
1162:
1158:
1148:
1146:
1135:
1134:
1121:
1111:
1109:
1100:
1099:
1095:
1085:
1083:
1082:on May 24, 2009
1074:
1073:
1069:
1059:
1057:
1041:
1040:
1031:
1014:
1013:
1009:
999:
997:
988:
987:
983:
973:
971:
962:
961:
957:
948:
947:
943:
934:
915:
905:
903:
894:
893:
886:
877:
836:
823:
822:
818:
808:
806:
799:Windows on Asia
793:
792:
788:
779:
777:
765:
764:
760:
750:
748:
740:
739:
728:
723:
649:
634:Crispin Beltran
630:
618:
612:
598:, owned by the
586:agrarian reform
580:When President
563:
518:
452:
419:
341:
335:
330:
285:Ramon Magsaysay
270:
261:Elpidio Quirino
237:
199:
172:agrarian reform
156:
132:Catholic Church
81:
79:American period
37:
12:
11:
5:
1734:
1732:
1724:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1698:
1697:
1691:
1690:
1688:
1687:
1677:
1666:
1663:
1662:
1660:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1633:
1631:
1622:
1621:
1619:
1618:
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