Landrace - Knowledge (XXG)

451: 179: 318:. The term was first defined by Kurt von Rümker in 1908, and more clearly described in 1909 by U. J. Mansholt, who wrote that landraces have more stable characteristics and better resistance to adverse conditions, but have lower production capacity than cultivars, and are apt to change genetically when moved to another environment. H. Kiessling added in 1912 that a landrace is a mixture of phenotypic forms despite relative outward uniformity, and a great adaptability to its natural and human environment. 38: 512: 1736:, for sporting purposes, and for other non-farming uses, so their geographic distribution may differ. For example, horse landraces are less common because human use of them for transport has meant that they have moved with people more commonly and constantly than most other domestic animals, reducing the incidence of populations locally genetically isolated for extensive periods of time. 130:. Animal landraces are distinct from ancestral wild species of modern animal stock, and are also distinct from separate species or subspecies derived from the same ancestor as modern domestic stock. Not all landraces derive from wild or ancient animal stock; in some cases, notably dogs and horses, domestic animals have escaped in sufficient numbers in an area to breed 2040: 5092: 483:

In 1927 at the International Agricultural Congress, organized by the predecessor of the FAO, an extensive discussion was held on the need to conserve landraces. A recommendation that members organize nation-by-nation landrace conservation did not succeed in leading to widespread conservation efforts.

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accession in 1960 notes that Candy Roasters had been grown for more than 100 years as of that date. It is variable in size and shape with more than 40 distinct forms according to one authority. Candy roasters consistently feature fine-textured orange flesh, while varying in size (from 10 lbs to more

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In some cultures, the development of new landraces is typically limited to members of specific social groups, such as women or shaman. Maintaining existing landraces, like developing new landraces, requires that farmers be able to identify crop-specific characteristics and that those characteristics

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Over time, the process of identifying the distinguishing characteristic or features of a new landrace is reinforced by cultivation processes; for example, descendants of a plant that is notably drought tolerant may become iteratively more so through selective breeding as farmers regard it as better

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of domesticated plant species lies in landraces and other traditionally used varieties. Some farmers using scientifically improved varieties also continue to raise landraces for agronomic reasons that include better adaptation to the local environment, lower fertilizer requirements, lower cost, and

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began to decline in Europe in the 19th century such that cereal landraces "have largely fallen out of use" in Europe. Landrace cultivation in central and northwest Europe was almost eradicated by the early 20th century, due to economic pressure to grow improved, modern cultivars. While many in the

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Landraces played a basic role in the development of the standardized breeds but are today threatened by the market success of the standardized breeds. In developing countries, landraces still play an important role, especially in traditional production systems. Specimens within an animal landrace

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and other regulatory encumbrances. However, in some jurisdictions, a focus on their production may result in missing out on some benefits afforded to producers of genetically selected and homogenous organisms, including breeders' rights legislation, easier availability of loans and other business

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is sometimes used with a more technical, productivity-related definition, synthesized by A. C. Zeven from previous definitions beginning with Mansholt's: "an autochthonous landrace is a variety with a high capacity to tolerate biotic and abiotic stress, resulting in a high yield stability and an

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Deynze, Allen Van; Zamora, Pablo; Delaux, Pierre-Marc; Heitmann, Cristobal; Jayaraman, Dhileepkumar; Rajasekar, Shanmugam; Graham, Danielle; Maeda, Junko; Gibson, Donald; Schwartz, Kevin D.; Berry, Alison M.; Bhatnagar, Srijak; Jospin, Guillaume; Darling, Aaron; Jeannotte, Richard (2018-08-07).

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There are differences between authoritative sources on the specific criteria which describe landraces, although there is broad consensus about the existence and utility of the classification. Individual criteria may be weighted differently depending on a given source's focus (e.g., governmental

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Although landraces are often discussed once they have become endemic to a particular geographical region, landraces have always been moved over long and short distances. Some landraces can adapt to various environments, while others only thrive within specific conditions. Self-fertilizing and

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As Regine Andersen of the Fridtjof Nansen Institute (Norway) and the Farmers' Rights Project puts it, "Agricultural biodiversity is being eroded. This trend is putting at risk the ability of future generations to feed themselves. In order to reverse the trend, new policies must be implemented

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The heavy 'draft' type of domestic horse, developed in Europe, has differentiated into many separate landraces or breeds. Examples of horse landraces also include insular populations in Greece and Indonesia, and, on a broader scale, New World populations derived from the founder stock of

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Geneticist D. Phillip Sponenberg described animal breeds within these classes: the landrace, the standardized breed, modern "type" breeds, industrial strains, and feral populations. He describes landraces as an early stage of breed development, created by a combination of

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region are already extinct, some have survived by being passed from generation to generation, and have also been revived by enthusiasts outside Europe to preserve European agriculture and food culture elsewhere. These survivals are usually for specific uses, such as

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are standardized breeds. They can be very different in appearance, though the Rough Collie in particular was developed from the Scotch Collie by inbreeding to fix certain highly desired traits. In contrast to the landrace, in the various standardized Collie breeds,

615:(NIAB, UK). However, more may need to be done, because plant genetic variety, the source of crop health and seed quality, depends on a diversity of landraces and other traditionally used varieties. Efforts (as of 2008) were mostly focused on 438:. Examples of references in sources to long-term local landraces of livestock include constructions such as "indigenous landraces of sheep", and "Leicester Longwool sheep were bred to the native landraces of the region". Some usage of 773:, characterized by highly productive plants with white beans that have a brown pattern around the hilum, medium brilliance, and oval shape. The Caparrona bean is usually used as a dry bean but can also be eaten as a green bean. 497: 4149:

Wingen, Luzie U; West, Claire; Leverington-Waite, Michelle; Collier, Sarah; Orford, Simon; Goram, Richard; Yang, Cai-Yun; King, Julie; Allen, Alexandra M; Burridge, Amanda; Edwards, Keith J; Griffiths, Simon (2017-04-01).

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It is maintained and fostered less deliberately than a standardized breed, with its genetic isolation principally a matter of geography acting upon whatever animals that happened to be brought by humans to a given

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show a high genetic distinctiveness and point to a long-term genetic isolation from other breeds; geographic isolation beyond the normal northern limit of the species range can be assumed to be the cause.

5254: 385:, usually applied to local cultivars, or seen as intermediate between a landrace and a cultivar, may also include landraces when referring to plant varieties not subjected to formal breeding programs. 375:

In various domestic species (including pigs, goats, sheep and geese) some standardized breeds include "Landrace" in their names, but do not meet widely used definitions of landraces. For example, the

3915: 1725:. In such a case, one may think of the landrace as a "stage" in breed development. However, in other cases, formalizing a landrace may result in the genetic resource of a landrace being lost through 476:, which are selectively bred for high yield, rapid growth, disease and drought resistance, and other commercial production values, are supplanting landraces, putting more and more of them at risk of 1441:

The name translates as "heart shaped", reflecting morphology which has also been described as "pointed or torpedo shaped", which is unusual for a tomatillo. The tomatillos taste fruity and sweet.

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for dry areas and prioritize planting it in those locations. This is one way in which farming systems can develop a portfolio of landraces over time that have specific ecological niches and uses.

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vegetatively populated species adapt by changing the frequencies of phenotypes. Outbreeding crops absorb new genotypes through intentional and unintentional hybridization, or through mutation.

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as "a breed that has largely developed through adaptation to the natural environment and traditional production system in which it has been raised." This is in contrast to its definition of a

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Gibson, Richard W. (2009). "A Review of Perceptual Distinctiveness in Landraces Including an Analysis of How Its Roles Have Been Overlooked in Plant Breeding for Low-Input Farming Systems".

627:, and dominated by species from mountainous areas. Despite their incompleteness, these efforts have been described as "crucial in preventing the extinction of many of these local ecotypes". 566:

landrace conservation practices are considered a way to avoid losing the genetic diversity completely. Research published in 2020 suggested that existing ways of cataloging diversity within

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Ramirez-Villegas, Julian; Khoury, Colin K.; Achicanoy, Harold A.; Mendez, Andres C.; Diaz, Maria Victoria; Sosa, Chrystian C.; Debouck, Daniel G.; Kehel, Zakaria; Guarino, Luigi (2020).

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An early-maturing landrace from the pueblo that served as a headquarters for Spanish colonial missions as well as a key location of resistance against the Spanish settlers in the 1600s.

501: 357: 102:, and most plant landraces are associated with traditional agricultural systems. Landraces of many crops have probably been grown for millennia. Increasing reliance upon modern plant 496:

worldwide. The irony of the matter is that the poorest farmers are the stewards of genetic diversity." Protecting farmer interests and protecting biodiversity is at the heart of the

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Baldina, Svetlana; Picarella, Maurizio E.; Troise, Antonio D.; Pucci, Anna; Ruggieri, Valentino; Ferracane, Rosalia; Barone, Amalia; Fogliano, Vincenzo; Mazzucato, Andrea (2016).

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Kantanen, J.; Edwards, C. J.; Bradley, D. G.; Viinalass, H.; Thessler, S.; Ivanova, Z.; Kiselyova, T.; Ćinkulov, M.; Popov, R.; Stojanović, S.; Ammosov, I.; Vilkki, J. (2009).

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Andreani, L.; Camerini, G.; Delogu, C.; Fibiani, M.; Lo Scalzo, R.; Manelli, E. (2022-03-01). "How to save a landrace from extinction: the example of a winter squash landrace (

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Landrace dogs have more variety in their appearance than do standardized dog breeds. An example of a dog landrace with a related standardized breed with a similar name is the

678:, but with enough characteristics in common to permit their recognition as a group. These characteristics are used by farmers to manage diversity and purity within landraces. 3919: 3631:

Harlan, Jack R. (1971). "Agricultural Origins: Centers and Noncenters: Agriculture May Originate in Discrete Centers or Evolve Over Vast Areas Without Definable Centers".

4951: 3286: 175:, etc.). Additionally, not all cultivars agreed to be landraces exhibit every characteristic of a landrace. General features that characterize a landrace may include: 3525: 3607: 2006:–type aurochs) and may have diverged from the Near East group some 35,000 years ago. Yakutian cattle are the last remaining native Turano-Mongolian cattle breed in 372:: "a breed of livestock that was developed according to a strict programme of genetic isolation and formal artificial selection to achieve a particular phenotype." 2130:

individuals closely match a breed-standard appearance but might have lost other useful characteristics and have developed undesirable traits linked to inbreeding.

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where the landrace is conserved in an artificial environment such as a gene-bank, using controls such as laminated packets kept frozen at −18 °C (0 °F).

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Where yield (e.g. of a grain or fruit crop) can be measured, a landrace will show high stability of yield, even under adverse conditions, but a moderate yield

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It has a historical origin in a specific geographic area, will usually have its own local name(s), and will often be classified according to intended purpose.

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better disease resistance. Cultural and market preferences for landraces include culinary uses and product attributes such as texture, color, or ease of use.

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Members of a landrace variety, selected for uniformity with regards to a unique feature over a period of time, can be developed into a farmers' variety or

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does occur in reference to livestock, e.g. "autochthonous races of cattle such as the Asturian mountain cattle – Ratina and Casina – and Tudanca cattle."

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vary widely depending on their origins and purpose. Landraces are distinguished from dog breeds which have breed standards, breed clubs and registries.

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services, even the right to share seed or stock with others, depending on how favorable the laws in the area are to high-yield agribusiness interests.

612: 4643:"Gendered production spaces and crop varietal selection: Case study in Yucatán, Mexico: Gendered production spaces and varietal selection, Yucatán" 1272: 4982:"Estimation of relatedness among non-pedigreed Yakutian cryo-bank bulls using molecular data: implications for conservation and breed management" 2933:, and has also been standardised as a formal breed since 1939. It is thought to descend from western European stock dating of the 17th century. 450: 5353: 5100: 4701: 3615: 3125: 1998:

Noted as the northernmost cattle landrace, and the most genetically dissimilar to other cattle. This group of cattle may represent a fourth

204:. The landrace incorporates different colours and patterns of the fruit surface and is the only melon cultivar group in northern Mozambique. 5161: 3163: 2183:

Dogs that migrated with Bantu tribes into Southern Africa. The dogs were free to mates amongst themselves without any selective breeding.

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A clear example of vegetal landrace would consist in the diverse adaptations of wheat to differential artificial selection constraints.

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Plant landraces have been the subject of more academic research, and the majority of academic literature about landraces is focused on

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to remain isolated, due to human use of horses for transportation, thus causing horses to move from one local population to another.

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in the 1950s. It is thought to be the last remaining population of an older breed of pigs kept in the deciduous forests of southern

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While many landrace animals are associated with farming, other domestic animals have been put to use as modes of transportation, as

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It is genetically adapted to, and has a reputation for being able to withstand, the conditions of the local environment, including

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than 250 lbs); shape (including round, cylindrical, teardrop, and blocky); and color (pink, tan, green, blue, gray, and orange).

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As the amount of agricultural land dedicated to growing landrace crops declines, such as in the example of wheat landraces in the

5499: 4485: 3849: 3239: 352:, that term itself has several definitions from various scientific and animal husbandry perspectives. Some of those senses of 5308:

Van Asch, Barbara; Zhang, Ai-bing; Oskarsson, Mattias; Klütsch, Cornelya; Amorim, António; Savolainen, Peter (May 10, 2012).

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Bohra, Abhishek; Kilian, Benjamin; Sivasankar, Shoba; Caccamo, Mario; Mba, Chikelu; McCouch, Susan; Varshney, Rajeev (2021).

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Many standardized breeds have rather recently (within a century or less) been derived from landraces. Examples, often called

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A landrace native to, or produced for a long time within the agricultural system in which it is found is referred to as an

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The copy at this URL is missing the author information but provides full text otherwise; that information is available in

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distinctive and identifiable (i.e., has particular and recognizable characteristics or properties), yet remains "dynamic".

5290: 5489: 5479: 4986: 3749: 721: 582: 4858: 3533: 3253: 2055: 4719:"Pursuing the Potential of Heirloom Cultivars to Improve Adaptation, Nutritional, and Culinary Features of Food Crops" 4573: 4314:"Pursuing the Potential of Heirloom Cultivars to Improve Adaptation, Nutritional, and Culinary Features of Food Crops" 3949: 3757: 1298:

Developed from a squash landrace grown by Native Americans living along the Missouri Valley along with germplasm from

3105: 4896: 4791: 4426: 4365: 71:, locally adapted, often traditional variety of a species of animal or plant that has developed over time, through 4782: 4766: 3815: 3725: 2360: 2064: 689:

Conversely, modern cultivars can also be developed into a landrace over time when farmers save seed and practice

76: 31: 3210:"Approaches and Constraints of Using Existing Landrace Material to Understand Agricultural Spread in Prehistory" 1060: 608: 4834: 3797: 3208:

Jones, Huw; Lister, Diane L.; Bower, Mim A.; Leigh, Fiona J.; Smith, Lydia M.; Jones, Martin K. (August 2008).

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The standardized swine breeds named "Landrace" are often not actually landraces or derived from landraces. The

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they are likely the oldest cattle landrace in Europe, owing to their genetic isolation for most of that time.

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and the population is presumed to have been genetically isolated for nearly the entirety of that time period

345:, isolation, and environmental pressures. Human selection for production goals is also typical of landraces. 4422:"Preliminary Evidences of Biofortification with Iodine of "Carota di Polignano", An Italian Carrot Landrace" 4420:

Signore, Angelo; Renna, Massimiliano; D'Imperio, Massimiliano; Serio, Francesco; Santamaria, Pietro (2018).

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of modern-day Turkey is a landrace of symbolic and (disputed) cultural value to Turks, Armenians and Kurds.

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breeds and their possible derivation from the Van cat landrace, the relationships are not entirely clear.

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arrived in North America. The wide diversity of the fruit reflects the genetic diversity of the landrace.

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Resource Book for the Preparation of National Plans for Conservation of Crop Wild Relatives and Landraces

1469: 812: 3945:"A gap analysis modelling framework to prioritize collecting for ex situ conservation of crop landraces" 3024:"Nitrogen fixation in a landrace of maize is supported by a mucilage-associated diazotrophic microbiota" 2897: 2874: 2608: 2299: 2295: 1974: 1859: 488: 261: 160: 135: 5093:"Independent mitochondrial origin and historical genetic differentiation in North Eastern Asian cattle" 4642: 1495: 943: 5196:

Lord, Kathryn; Coppinger, Lorna; Coppinger, Raymond (2013). Grandin, Temple; Deesing, Mark J. (eds.).

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Tapio, Ilma; Tapio, Miika; Li, Meng-Hua; Popov, Ruslan; Ivanova, Zoya; Kantanen, Juha (13 July 2010).

1622: 1482: 1353: 1307: 822: 337:, but instead rely on extended description to convey such distinctions. Spanish is one such language. 37: 30:"Landrace breed" redirects here. For specific standardized breeds with "Landrace" in their names, see 5109: 5059: 3958: 3448: 2616: 2612: 2484: 2303: 1846: 1778: 1635: 1583: 1242: 1067: 898: 595: 376: 210: 164: 2050: 984: 754: 508:

tend to be genetically similar, though more diverse than members of a standardized or formal breed.

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Camacho Villa, Taina Carolina; Maxted, Nigel; Scholten, Maria; Ford-Lloyd, Brian (December 2005).

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Some standardized animal breeds originate from attempts to make landraces more consistent through

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Unusually tall and with aerial roots which secrete mucus which supports nitrogen-fixing bacteria

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Muñoz-Concha, Diego; Quiñones, Ximena; Hernández, Juan Pablo; Romero, Sebastián (October 2020).

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from landraces can provide eternally-needed resistances to more widely-used, modern varieties.

717: 197: 3387: 1661: 1648: 1570: 1238: 5429: 5349: 5317: 5259: 5203: 5125: 5073: 5015: 4933: 4915: 4808: 4742: 4697: 4615: 4547: 4495: 4463: 4445: 4402: 4384: 4337: 4247: 4239: 4189: 4171: 4115: 4071: 4036: 3976: 3891: 3801: 3729: 3658: 3633: 3611: 3350: 3167: 3121: 3065: 3047: 2850: 2746: 2565: 1430: 1183: 1035: 1016: 516: 329:, a particular breed of lop-eared swine. Many other languages do not use separate terms, like 307: 265: 111: 5460:

Short DIVERSEEDS video on crop wild relatives and landraces in the fertile crescent in Israel

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Renewing America's Food Traditions: Saving and Savoring the Continent's Most Endangered Foods

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The Mulefoot pig originated as a landrace, but has been standardized since the early 1900s.

2275: 2134: 2011: 1961: 1766: 1733: 1329: 1313: 1287: 1256: 1241:. Xplato (Mayan-Spanish) literally translates to flat plate. Used for making a sweet called 1163: 855: 640: 559: 460: 236: 127: 48: 5375: 3432:"Cultivation of Maize Landraces by Small-scale Shade Coffee Farmers in Western El Salvador" 1674: 1234:

Squash with 'pepita menuda' (Spanish) meaning 'thin seeds' Known as the 'little sister' to

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was used to increase its resistance to blast disease while maintaining landrace diversity.

5484: 5236: 5165: 4098: 3117: 2978: 2930: 2650: 2646: 2549: 2526: 2428: 2103: 1982: 1557: 990: 713: 624: 257: 225: 87:, and due to isolation from other populations of the species. Landraces are distinct from 2607:

breed, pedigreed in 1896 from an actual local landrace, is the principal ancestor of the

5113: 3962: 3452: 5010: 4981: 4928: 4891: 4458: 4421: 4397: 4356: 4184: 3574:. Madison, Wisconsin: American Society of Agronomy and Crop Science Society of America. 3060: 3023: 2961: 2522: 2451: 2444: 2347: 1989: 1793: 1722: 1718: 1299: 1121: 1113: 661: 342: 5183: 4674: 2306:

is a modern mix of three different breeds, one of which was a "Landrace"-named breed.

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Old-Time Farm Shepherd: Dedicated to Bringing Back the Old Scotch Collie of Yesterday

4762:"'Lakota' Winter Squash, A Cultivar Derived from Native American Sources in Nebraska" 4660: 4627: 4259: 4067: 4048: 3996: 2913: 2581: 2506:

The wild progenitor of the domestic horse is extinct. It is rare for landraces among

2339: 2333: 2210: 2196: 2122: 2114: 1726: 1281: 949: 675: 68: 5309: 4761: 4135: 3670: 3408: 3235: 3150:"Reviewing the Roles of Animal Genetic Resources and Options for Their Conservation" 2762: 3721:

Managing Breeds for a Secure Future: Strategies for Breeders and Breed Associations

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genebanks fall short of cataloging the appropriate information for landrace crops.

528: 184: 156: 107: 4234: 4211: 2149:-bred individuals of the breed are not necessarily able to chase and catch desert 5343: 5197: 4691: 4151: 3719: 3687: 3646: 3597: 3500: 3042: 2201:

Developed from dogs originally from Asia this landrace has been the basis of the

1378:. Naturalists recorded Seminole pumpkins hanging from trees in the 18th century. 5121: 4167: 3850:"Adding Value to South African Landrace Breeds Conservation through Utilisation" 3603: 2920: 2247:

Served as the foundational stock for a number of purpose-bred dogs, such as the

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Participatory Approaches to the Conservation and Use of Plant Genetic Resources

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Zeven, A. C. (1998). "Landraces: A Review of Definitions and classifications".

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are most often applied to plants, with animals more often being referred to as

4596:"Concept and rationale of evolutionary plant breeding and its status in Nepal" 4225: 4111: 3868: 3400: 3227: 2730: 2639: 2015: 1872: 1833: 1820: 1770: 1262: 1225: 1052: 1046: 644: 522: 477: 201: 148: 72: 17: 5376:"Linderödsgrisen - en inventering av populationsstruktur och produktionsnivå" 5310:"MtDNA Analysis Confirms Early Pre-Columbian Origins of Native American Dogs" 4919: 4892:"Metabolite Profiling of Italian Tomato Landraces with Different Fruit Types" 4812: 4746: 4619: 4551: 4542: 4523: 4499: 4449: 4388: 4341: 4243: 4175: 4119: 4040: 3980: 3354: 3171: 3051: 915:

Has green, red, pink, or white pods that have a variety of shapes and sizes.

239:, and may lack systematic selection, development and improvement by breeders. 5000: 4910: 4737: 4718: 4610: 4440: 4379: 4332: 4313: 3792:

Ramanandan, P. (1997). "Pigeonpea: Genetic Resources". In Nene, Y.L. (ed.).

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is a standardized breed, derived from earlier breeds with "Landrace" names.

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A cold-tolerant and popular rice landrace grown in mountain ecosystems. An

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It is not the product of formal (governmental, organizational, or private)

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is derived from the Danish and from other Scandinavian breeds, as is the

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Coyne, Dermot; Reiser, J. M.; Sutton, Lisa; Graham, Alice (1995-01-01).

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International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture

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as the "brush goat" or "scrub goat", among other names than in Spain.

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and possibly has existed as feral herds continuously since that time.

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Some standardized breeds that are derived from landraces include the

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practices in order to incorporate the local community into the work.

504:(FAO), though its concerns are not exclusively limited to landraces. 311: 119: 4804: 4524:"Chili Pepper Landrace Survival and Family Farmers in Central Chile" 3430:

Breton Olson, Meryl; Morris, Katlyn S.; Méndez, V. Ernesto (2012).

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A significant proportion of farmers around the world grow landrace

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A significant proportion of farmers around the world grow landrace

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Saving Seeds, Preserving Taste: Heirloom Seed Savers in Appalachia

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From the Po floodplain in Northern Italy that nearly went extinct

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Joshi, B. K.; Ayer, D. K.; Gauchan, D.; Jarvis, D. (2020-10-13).

2877:, are not actually true landraces, but may be derived from them. 419:

intermediate yield level under a low input agricultural system."

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Dwivedi, Sangam; Goldman, Irwin; Ortiz, Rodomiro (August 2019).

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Dwivedi, Sangam; Goldman, Irwin; Ortiz, Rodomiro (August 2019).

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The modern Danish landrace duck is noted to be somewhat inbred.

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entered non-academic English in the early 1930s, by way of the

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United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural Organization

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A modern breed of the same name is derived from the landrace.

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Preservation efforts for cereal strains are ongoing including

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where the landrace is grown and conserved by farmers on farms.

5038:"Maternal and paternal genealogy of Eurasian taurine cattle ( 630:

An agricultural study published in 2008 showed that landrace

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was made in 1890 at an agriculture and forestry congress in

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Differences in the Behavior of Landraces and Breeds of Dogs

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Mallor, Cristina; Barberán, Miguel; Aibar, Joaquín (2018).

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Two approaches have been used to conserve plant landraces:

3331:

Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture.

3148:

Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture.

2873:

Many standardized goose breeds named "Landrace", e.g. the

1005:

Considered to be the most popular in the region of Maule

562:, landraces can become extinct in cultivation. Therefore 4212:"Reap the crop wild relatives for breeding future crops" 3728:: American Livestock Breeds Conservancy. pp. 8–10. 306:. The first known reference to the role of landraces as 5401:"Den danske landand [The Danish landrace duck]" 502:

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

358:

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

4307: 4305: 4303: 4301: 4299: 4297: 4295: 4293: 4291: 4289: 2655:

Once a feral landrace, it is now extinct in the wild.

106:

that are bred to be uniform has led to a reduction in

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Friis-Hansen, Esbern; Sthapit, Bhuwon, eds. (2000).

3280: 3278: 3276: 3274: 3272: 3270: 3268: 3266: 3264: 3262: 400:, while a more recently introduced one is termed an 4062:Bonjean, Alain P.; Angus, William J., eds. (2001). 716:from landraces are valuable for incorporation into 59:

gel supplying 29–82% of the plant's nitrogen supply

5202:(2nd ed.). Academic Press. pp. 195–235. 4479: 4477: 4091: 4089: 4087: 3345:. FAO Animal Production and Health Guidelines. UN 3099: 2990:This landrace is subject to conservation efforts. 2973:This landrace is subject to conservation efforts. 472:. However, as industrialized agriculture spreads, 454:A morphologically diverse group of fruit from the 4064:The World Wheat Book: A History of Wheat Breeding 4017:Duchesne) in Northern Italy (Lungavilla-Pavia)". 3718:Sponenberg, D. Phillip; Bixby, Donald E. (2007). 3682: 3680: 3097: 3095: 3093: 3091: 3089: 3087: 3085: 3083: 3081: 3079: 662:Plant breeding § Evolutionary plant breeding 5428:. White River Junction, Vermont: Chelsea Green. 5403:(in Danish). Foreningen gamle danske husdyrracer 5255:"Choosing a Livestock Guard Dog Breed, Part Two" 4679:. United States Department of Agriculture. 1967. 4517: 4515: 3591: 3589: 3587: 3585: 3583: 3581: 3108:. In Bowling, Ann T.; Ruvinsky, Anatoly (eds.). 2380:This landrace survives in larger numbers in the 5031: 5029: 3608:International Plant Genetic Resources Institute 3413:Abstract and first two pages are available for 3162:. FAO Animal Production and Health Guidelines. 4601:Journal of Agriculture and Forestry University 3326: 3324: 3322: 4975: 4973: 4859:"The Queen of Tomatillos: Reina de Malinalco" 4486:"Where Adventurous Gardeners Buy Their Seeds" 4008: 4006: 3787: 3785: 3783: 3203: 3201: 8: 5091:Hideyuki Mannen; et al. (August 2004). 4569:"The Landrace Chiles of Northern New Mexico" 4205: 4203: 3497:Internationale Weiterbildung und Entwicklung 3199: 3197: 3195: 3193: 3191: 3189: 3187: 3185: 3183: 3181: 134:populations that form new landraces through 3565: 3563: 3561: 3559: 3557: 3555: 2529:of Asia have "unimproved" characteristics. 5345:International encyclopedia of horse breeds 4641:Lope-Alzina, Diana Gabriela (March 2007). 3848:Ramsay, K.; Smuts, M.; Els, H. C. (2000). 3482: 3480: 3478: 3476: 3474: 3472: 3470: 3106:"Genetic Resources and Their Conservation" 2943: 2879: 2815: 2712: 2690:The breed originates from a population at 2621: 2531: 2394: 2308: 2226:was bred from the Scotch Collie landrace. 2155: 1943: 1802: 1526: 1451: 1388: 1139: 1082: 966: 925: 880: 837: 794: 736: 500:(the "Plant Treaty" for short), under the 253:, even under carefully managed conditions. 55:, known for extensive aerial roots with a 5248: 5246: 5182:genomic-resources ENAC (14 August 2012): 5067: 5009: 4999: 4927: 4909: 4736: 4609: 4541: 4457: 4439: 4396: 4378: 4331: 4233: 4183: 3970: 3938: 3936: 3816:"Section B. Landraces: B.1. Introduction" 3287:"Defining and Identifying Crop Landraces" 3059: 3041: 2083:Learn how and when to remove this message 1344:during the American colonial period when 827:Multicolored roots from yellow to purple 613:National Institute of Agricultural Botany 537:In situ and ex situ landrace conservation 389:Autochthonous and allochthonous landraces 294:literally means 'country-breed' (German: 3882:Simmons, Paula; Ekarius, Carol (2009) . 3343:Conservation of Animal Genetic Resources 3160:Conservation of Animal Genetic Resources 1370:A landrace originally cultivated by the 682:are passed on to following generations. 51:grown in nitrogen-depleted soils in the 5284: 5282: 4952:"Florida Cracker and Pineywoods Cattle" 4648:Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography 4563: 4561: 3520: 3518: 3425: 3423: 3380: 3378: 3376: 3374: 3372: 3370: 3368: 3366: 3364: 3104:Sponenberg, D. Phillip (May 18, 2000). 3013: 2955: 2891: 2827: 2724: 2633: 2543: 2406: 2320: 2167: 2014:breeds remaining worldwide. Studies of 1973:As a population dating from the era of 1955: 1814: 1538: 1463: 1400: 1273:United States Department of Agriculture 1151: 1094: 978: 937: 892: 849: 806: 748: 5291:"Landrace vs. Purebred Scotch Collies" 5232: 5222: 2145:across open tracts of hot desert, but 1051:Considered the most well known of the 356:relate to the concept of landraces. A 5297:. Old-time Scotch Collie Association. 5101:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 4357:"Recovery of a Common Bean Landrace ( 3750:"The British Landrace: Breed History" 2925:This landrace is associated with the 1336:, who lived in the area now known as 7: 4020:Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 3918:(UNESCO). April 2014. Archived from 3857:Animal Genetic Resources Information 3164:UN Food and Agriculture Organization 27:Locally adapted variety of a species 5381:. Swedish university of agriculture 4954:. Hobby Farms. 2012. Archived from 3890:(New ed.). Storey Publishing. 2098:landraces and the selectively bred 1114:evolutionary plant breeding program 487:Landraces are often free from many 5186:1 picture. Retrieved 30 June 2013. 5157:Juha Kantanen (30 December 2009): 704:Cultivars developed from landraces 25: 5322:KTH Royal Institute of Technology 4152:"Wheat Landrace Genome Diversity" 3827:Food and Agriculture Organization 3534:National Biodiversity Data Centre 3347:Food and Agriculture Organization 2133:The ancient landrace dogs of the 182:A basket of landrace snap melons 5422:Nabhan, Gary Paul (April 2008). 5348:, University of Oklahoma Press, 5253:Dohner, Jan (December 6, 2013). 4661:10.1111/j.1467-9493.2006.00274.x 2038: 577:conservation effort to save the 3888:Storey's Guide to Raising Sheep 3487:Andersen, Regine (April 2010). 348:As discussed in more detail in 4783:"Species Crosses in the Genus 4484:Roach, Margaret (2022-01-13). 1: 5342:Bonnie Lou Hendricks (1995), 5314:KTH Publication Database DiVA 4781:Castetter, Edward F. (1930). 4235:10.1016/j.tibtech.2021.08.009 3493:Development & Cooperation 3254:this official online abstract 2141:breed excels in running down 2010:, and one of only a few pure 722:Crop disease resistance genes 532:whose fruits are eaten unripe 446:Biodiversity and conservation 4987:Genetics Selection Evolution 4361:L.) for Commercial Purposes" 3647:10.1126/science.174.4008.468 3333:"Glossary of Selected Terms" 3043:10.1371/journal.pbio.2006352 1740:Examples of animal landraces 583:participatory plant breeding 581:squash landrace made use of 75:to its natural and cultural 5122:10.1016/j.ympev.2004.01.010 4767:Agronomy & Horticulture 4574:New Mexico State University 4168:10.1534/genetics.116.194688 3950:Diversity and Distributions 3829:of the United Nations. 2014 3758:Trumpington, Cambridgeshire 2361:Icelandic Age of Settlement 2060:quality of website sources. 2058:. The specific problem is: 2000:Aurochs domestication event 1792:In some cases, such as the 1709:Animal landrace development 728:Examples of plant landraces 589:Preserving cereal landraces 302:of it are found in various 163:and culture, environmental 5516: 4897:Frontiers in Plant Science 4792:American Journal of Botany 4427:Frontiers in Plant Science 4366:Frontiers in Plant Science 4033:10.1007/s10722-021-01294-2 3461:10.1016/j.agsy.2012.05.005 3000: 2611:(1930s). In this way, the 2054:to meet Knowledge (XXG)'s 1912:breed, among many others. 1061:Santo Domingo Pueblo chili 769:Also known by the name of 659: 656:Plant landrace development 609:Biodiversity International 276: 29: 4696:. Ohio University Press. 4690:Best, Bill (2013-04-15). 4112:10.1007/s12231-009-9086-3 3869:10.1017/S1014233900001243 3726:Pittsboro, North Carolina 3692:Dictionary.com Unabridged 3228:10.1017/S1479262108993138 3110:The Genetics of the Horse 2117:is a landrace, while the 2002:(and a third event among 1334:Algonquin language family 599:and in online-searchable 32:Landrace (disambiguation) 4543:10.3390/agronomy10101541 3804:(CABI). pp. 89–116. 3798:Wallingford, Oxfordshire 3114:Wallingford, Oxfordshire 2253:Chesapeake Bay Retriever 1158:Berrettina di Lungavilla 579:Berrettina di Lungavilla 360:(FAO) guideline defines 5500:Rare breed conservation 5001:10.1186/1297-9686-42-28 4911:10.3389/fpls.2016.00664 4738:10.3390/agronomy9080441 4676:Plant Inventory No. 168 4611:10.3126/jafu.v4i1.47023 4441:10.3389/fpls.2018.00170 4380:10.3389/fpls.2018.01440 4333:10.3390/agronomy9080441 4217:Trends in Biotechnology 4070:: Lavoisier/Intercept. 3762:British Pig Association 3706:Random House Dictionary 3401:10.1023/A:1018683119237 3292:Plant Genetic Resources 3215:Plant Genetic Resources 526:, Italian landraces of 3764:. 2014. Archived from 3570:Harlan, J. R. (1975). 3536:. 2012. Archived from 3489:"An Issue of Survival" 3003:Category:Dog landraces 2516:Colonial Spanish horse 2327:British primitive goat 2300:Finnish Landrace goats 1374:people of what is now 1302:or a similar cultivar 905:Abelmoschus esculentus 533: 465: 416:autochthonous landrace 205: 110:, because most of the 60: 2898:Danish landrace goose 2875:Twente Landrace goose 1860:Domestic short-haired 674:that are genetically 514: 489:intellectual property 453: 262:genetic heterogeneity 181: 136:evolutionary pressure 40: 5495:Domesticated animals 5170:GlobalDiv Newsletter 5139:on 27 September 2013 5060:The Genetics Society 3694:. Random House. 2014 3440:Agricultural Systems 3120:. pp. 392–393. 2834:Danish landrace duck 2694:, that was found on 2485:Welsh mountain sheep 2359:Can be dated to the 2257:Cape Shore Water Dog 2232:St. John's water dog 2205:standardized breed. 2065:improve this article 1975:Icelandic settlement 1908:The ancestor of the 1847:Domestic long-haired 1779:Norwegian Forest Cat 1721:or publication of a 1068:Santo Domingo Pueblo 377:British Landrace pig 5490:Domesticated plants 5480:Biology terminology 5114:2004MolPE..32..539M 5069:10.1038/hdy.2009.68 3963:2020DivDi..26..730R 3768:on 20 November 2014 3453:2012AgSys.111...63O 2605:Danish Landrace pig 2413:Barbados Blackbelly 1470:Coeur de bue tomato 1263:Southern Appalachia 813:Carota di Polignano 771:Caparrona de Monzón 327:Danish Landrace pig 153:biological sciences 5164:2020-03-10 at the 4835:"Seminole Pumpkin" 4491:The New York Times 4359:Phaseolus vulgaris 3754:BritishPigs.org.uk 3530:Waterford, Ireland 3349:. pp. xv–xx. 2927:Mayflower Pilgrims 2779:Swedish flower hen 2249:Labrador Retriever 1994:Russian Federation 1715:selective breeding 1509:San Marzano tomato 1360:Cucurbita moschata 1328:Cultivated by the 1236:Cucurbita moschata 1220:Cucurbita moschata 760:Phaseolus vulgaris 691:selective breeding 670:includes regional 639:, and traditional 607:), coordinated by 534: 466: 370:standardized breed 304:Germanic languages 206: 91:and from standard 61: 5374:Hansson, Monica. 5355:978-0-8061-2753-8 5318:Stockholm, Sweden 5260:Mother Earth News 4703:978-0-8214-4462-7 3972:10.1111/ddi.13046 3912:"Picos de Europa" 3802:CAB International 3641:(4008): 468–474. 3617:978-92-9043-444-3 3526:"Irish Landraces" 3305:10.1079/PGR200591 3127:978-0-85199-429-1 2994: 2993: 2937: 2936: 2866: 2865: 2851:Swedish Blue duck 2809: 2808: 2747:Icelandic chicken 2706: 2705: 2609:American Landrace 2596: 2595: 2566:Newfoundland pony 2499: 2498: 2388: 2387: 2283: 2282: 2093: 2092: 2085: 2056:quality standards 2047:This article may 2027: 2026: 1937: 1936: 1734:companion animals 1699: 1698: 1520: 1519: 1496:Lucariello tomato 1445: 1444: 1431:Physalis ixocarpa 1382: 1381: 1267:Developed by the 1184:Cappello da prete 1133: 1132: 1076: 1075: 1017:Capsicum baccatum 960: 959: 919: 918: 874: 873: 831: 830: 788: 787: 308:genetic resources 266:genetic diversity 237:breeding programs 192:, cultivar group 112:genetic diversity 16:(Redirected from 5507: 5447: 5446: 5444: 5442: 5419: 5413: 5412: 5410: 5408: 5397: 5391: 5390: 5388: 5386: 5380: 5371: 5365: 5364: 5363: 5362: 5339: 5333: 5332: 5330: 5328: 5305: 5299: 5298: 5286: 5277: 5276: 5274: 5272: 5263:. 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1105: 1103: 1097: 1096: 1093: 1090: 1087: 1080: 1077: 1074: 1073: 1070: 1065: 1063: 1057: 1056: 1049: 1040: 1038: 1036:Chimayó pepper 1032: 1031: 1029: 1020: 1013: 1007: 1006: 1003: 994: 987: 985:Cacho de cabra 981: 980: 977: 974: 971: 964: 961: 958: 957: 955: 953: 946: 940: 939: 936: 933: 930: 923: 920: 917: 916: 913: 908: 901: 895: 894: 891: 888: 885: 878: 875: 872: 871: 868: 863: 858: 852: 851: 848: 845: 842: 835: 832: 829: 828: 825: 820: 815: 809: 808: 805: 802: 799: 792: 789: 786: 785: 783: 781: 779: 775: 774: 767: 762: 757: 755:Caparrona bean 751: 750: 747: 744: 741: 734: 731: 729: 726: 705: 702: 657: 654: 652: 649: 590: 587: 556: 555: 549: 538: 535: 447: 444: 390: 387: 366:landrace breed 343:founder effect 274: 271: 270: 269: 254: 252: 247: 244: 240: 233: 214: 143: 140: 26: 24: 18:Landrace breed 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5512: 5501: 5498: 5496: 5493: 5491: 5488: 5486: 5483: 5481: 5478: 5476: 5473: 5472: 5470: 5461: 5458: 5457: 5453: 5437: 5435:9781933392899 5431: 5427: 5426: 5418: 5415: 5402: 5396: 5393: 5377: 5370: 5367: 5357: 5351: 5347: 5346: 5338: 5335: 5323: 5319: 5315: 5311: 5304: 5301: 5296: 5292: 5285: 5283: 5279: 5267:on 2014-08-14 5266: 5262: 5261: 5256: 5249: 5247: 5243: 5238: 5226: 5211: 5209:9780124055087 5205: 5201: 5200: 5192: 5189: 5185: 5179: 5176: 5172: 5171: 5167: 5163: 5160: 5154: 5151: 5135: 5131: 5127: 5123: 5119: 5115: 5111: 5107: 5103: 5102: 5094: 5087: 5084: 5079: 5075: 5070: 5065: 5061: 5057: 5053: 5049: 5048: 5043: 5041: 5032: 5030: 5026: 5021: 5017: 5012: 5007: 5002: 4997: 4993: 4989: 4988: 4983: 4976: 4974: 4970: 4957: 4953: 4947: 4944: 4939: 4935: 4930: 4925: 4921: 4917: 4912: 4907: 4903: 4899: 4898: 4893: 4886: 4884: 4882: 4880: 4876: 4864: 4860: 4854: 4851: 4840: 4839:ECHOcommunity 4836: 4830: 4827: 4822: 4818: 4814: 4810: 4806: 4802: 4798: 4794: 4793: 4788: 4786: 4777: 4774: 4769: 4768: 4763: 4756: 4753: 4748: 4744: 4739: 4734: 4730: 4726: 4725: 4720: 4713: 4710: 4705: 4699: 4695: 4694: 4686: 4683: 4678: 4677: 4670: 4667: 4662: 4658: 4654: 4650: 4649: 4644: 4637: 4634: 4629: 4625: 4621: 4617: 4612: 4607: 4603: 4602: 4597: 4590: 4587: 4576: 4575: 4570: 4564: 4562: 4558: 4553: 4549: 4544: 4539: 4535: 4531: 4530: 4525: 4518: 4516: 4512: 4501: 4497: 4493: 4492: 4487: 4480: 4478: 4474: 4469: 4465: 4460: 4455: 4451: 4447: 4442: 4437: 4433: 4429: 4428: 4423: 4416: 4413: 4408: 4404: 4399: 4394: 4390: 4386: 4381: 4376: 4372: 4368: 4367: 4362: 4360: 4351: 4348: 4343: 4339: 4334: 4329: 4325: 4321: 4320: 4315: 4308: 4306: 4304: 4302: 4300: 4298: 4296: 4294: 4292: 4290: 4288: 4286: 4284: 4282: 4280: 4278: 4276: 4274: 4272: 4270: 4266: 4261: 4257: 4253: 4249: 4245: 4241: 4236: 4231: 4227: 4223: 4219: 4218: 4213: 4206: 4204: 4200: 4195: 4191: 4186: 4181: 4177: 4173: 4169: 4165: 4161: 4157: 4153: 4145: 4142: 4137: 4133: 4129: 4125: 4121: 4117: 4113: 4109: 4105: 4101: 4100: 4092: 4090: 4088: 4084: 4079: 4073: 4069: 4068:Paris, France 4065: 4058: 4055: 4050: 4046: 4042: 4038: 4034: 4030: 4026: 4022: 4021: 4016: 4009: 4007: 4003: 3998: 3994: 3990: 3986: 3982: 3978: 3973: 3968: 3964: 3960: 3956: 3952: 3951: 3946: 3939: 3937: 3933: 3922:on 2014-10-06 3921: 3917: 3913: 3907: 3904: 3899: 3897:9781603423908 3893: 3889: 3885: 3878: 3875: 3870: 3866: 3862: 3858: 3851: 3844: 3841: 3828: 3824: 3817: 3811: 3808: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3794:The Pigeonpea 3788: 3786: 3784: 3780: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3745: 3742: 3737: 3735:9781887316071 3731: 3727: 3723: 3722: 3714: 3711: 3707: 3704:Based on the 3693: 3689: 3683: 3681: 3677: 3672: 3668: 3664: 3660: 3656: 3652: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3635: 3627: 3624: 3619: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3601: 3600: 3592: 3590: 3588: 3586: 3584: 3582: 3578: 3573: 3572:Crops and Man 3566: 3564: 3562: 3560: 3558: 3556: 3552: 3540:on 2014-01-02 3539: 3535: 3531: 3527: 3521: 3519: 3515: 3503:on 2011-09-27 3502: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3483: 3481: 3479: 3477: 3475: 3473: 3471: 3467: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3446: 3442: 3441: 3433: 3426: 3424: 3420: 3416: 3410: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3389: 3381: 3379: 3377: 3375: 3373: 3371: 3369: 3367: 3365: 3361: 3356: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3334: 3327: 3325: 3323: 3319: 3314: 3310: 3306: 3302: 3298: 3294: 3293: 3288: 3281: 3279: 3277: 3275: 3273: 3271: 3269: 3267: 3265: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3242:on 2008-05-14 3241: 3237: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3222:(2): 98–112. 3221: 3217: 3216: 3211: 3204: 3202: 3200: 3198: 3196: 3194: 3192: 3190: 3188: 3186: 3184: 3182: 3178: 3173: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3151: 3144: 3141: 3133:September 28, 3129: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3100: 3098: 3096: 3094: 3092: 3090: 3088: 3086: 3084: 3082: 3080: 3076: 3071: 3067: 3062: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3044: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3030: 3025: 3017: 3014: 3007: 3004: 2996: 2989: 2987: 2984: 2982: 2980: 2977: 2976: 2972: 2970: 2967: 2965: 2963: 2960: 2959: 2952: 2949: 2946: 2945: 2939: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2922: 2919: 2917: 2915: 2914:Pilgrim goose 2912: 2911: 2908: 2906: 2903: 2901: 2899: 2896: 2895: 2888: 2885: 2882: 2881: 2878: 2876: 2868: 2861: 2859: 2856: 2854: 2852: 2849: 2848: 2844: 2842: 2839: 2837: 2835: 2832: 2831: 2824: 2821: 2818: 2817: 2811: 2805: 2803: 2800: 2798: 2796: 2793: 2792: 2789: 2787: 2784: 2782: 2780: 2777: 2776: 2773: 2771: 2768: 2766: 2764: 2761: 2760: 2757: 2755: 2752: 2750: 2748: 2745: 2744: 2741: 2739: 2736: 2734: 2732: 2729: 2728: 2721: 2718: 2715: 2714: 2708: 2701: 2697: 2696:Linderödsåsen 2693: 2689: 2687: 2683: 2680: 2678: 2676: 2673: 2672: 2668: 2666: 2664: 2662: 2659: 2658: 2654: 2652: 2648: 2645: 2643: 2641: 2638: 2637: 2630: 2627: 2624: 2623: 2620: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2598: 2592: 2590: 2587: 2585: 2583: 2582:Shetland pony 2580: 2579: 2576: 2574: 2571: 2569: 2567: 2564: 2563: 2560: 2558: 2555: 2553: 2551: 2548: 2547: 2540: 2537: 2534: 2533: 2530: 2528: 2524: 2519: 2517: 2511: 2509: 2501: 2495: 2493: 2490: 2488: 2486: 2483: 2482: 2479: 2476:Dates to the 2475: 2473: 2470: 2468: 2466: 2465:Spælsau sheep 2463: 2462: 2459: 2457: 2453: 2450: 2448: 2446: 2443: 2442: 2439: 2437: 2434: 2432: 2430: 2427: 2426: 2423: 2421: 2418: 2416: 2414: 2411: 2410: 2403: 2400: 2397: 2396: 2390: 2383: 2379: 2377: 2374: 2372: 2370: 2367: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2356: 2353: 2351: 2349: 2346: 2345: 2341: 2340:Neolithic era 2338:Dates to the 2337: 2335: 2334:British Isles 2332: 2330: 2328: 2325: 2324: 2317: 2314: 2311: 2310: 2307: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2285: 2279: 2277: 2274: 2272: 2270: 2267: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2244: 2240: 2237: 2235: 2233: 2230: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2219: 2216: 2214: 2212: 2211:Scotch Collie 2209: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2198: 2197:United States 2195: 2193: 2190: 2187: 2186: 2182: 2179: 2177: 2175: 2172: 2171: 2164: 2161: 2158: 2157: 2154: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2131: 2129: 2124: 2123:Border Collie 2120: 2116: 2115:Scotch Collie 2112: 2107: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2087: 2084: 2076: 2066: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2052: 2045: 2036: 2035: 2029: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1995: 1991: 1988: 1986: 1984: 1981: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1970: 1967: 1965: 1963: 1960: 1959: 1952: 1949: 1946: 1945: 1939: 1932: 1928: 1926: 1923: 1921: 1919: 1916: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1905: 1902: 1900: 1898: 1895: 1894: 1891: 1889: 1887: 1884: 1883: 1880: 1878: 1876: 1874: 1871: 1870: 1867: 1865: 1863: 1861: 1858: 1857: 1854: 1852: 1850: 1848: 1845: 1844: 1841: 1839: 1837: 1835: 1832: 1831: 1828: 1826: 1824: 1822: 1819: 1818: 1811: 1808: 1805: 1804: 1801: 1799: 1795: 1790: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1744: 1739: 1737: 1735: 1730: 1728: 1727:crossbreeding 1724: 1720: 1716: 1708: 1706: 1701: 1695: 1693: 1691: 1689: 1686: 1685: 1682: 1680: 1678: 1676: 1673: 1672: 1669: 1667: 1665: 1663: 1660: 1659: 1656: 1654: 1652: 1650: 1647: 1646: 1643: 1641: 1639: 1637: 1634: 1633: 1630: 1628: 1626: 1624: 1621: 1620: 1617: 1615: 1613: 1611: 1608: 1607: 1604: 1602: 1600: 1598: 1595: 1594: 1591: 1589: 1587: 1585: 1582: 1581: 1578: 1576: 1574: 1572: 1569: 1568: 1565: 1563: 1561: 1559: 1556: 1555: 1552: 1550: 1548: 1546: 1543: 1542: 1535: 1532: 1529: 1528: 1522: 1516: 1514: 1512: 1510: 1507: 1506: 1503: 1501: 1499: 1497: 1494: 1493: 1490: 1488: 1486: 1484: 1481: 1480: 1477: 1475: 1473: 1471: 1468: 1467: 1460: 1457: 1454: 1453: 1447: 1440: 1438: 1435: 1433: 1432: 1428: 1426: 1425: 1419: 1418: 1412: 1408: 1405: 1404: 1397: 1394: 1391: 1390: 1384: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1367: 1364: 1362: 1361: 1357: 1355: 1352: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1325: 1321: 1318: 1316: 1315: 1311: 1309: 1306: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1295: 1292: 1290: 1289: 1285: 1283: 1282:Lakota squash 1280: 1279: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1264: 1261: 1259: 1258: 1254: 1252: 1251:Candy roaster 1249: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1237: 1233: 1231: 1227: 1224: 1222: 1221: 1216: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1195: 1194: 1191: 1189: 1187: 1185: 1182: 1181: 1177: 1175: 1171: 1168: 1166: 1165: 1161: 1159: 1156: 1155: 1148: 1145: 1142: 1141: 1135: 1129: 1127: 1125: 1123: 1120: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1109: 1106: 1104: 1102: 1099: 1098: 1091: 1088: 1085: 1084: 1078: 1071: 1069: 1066: 1064: 1062: 1059: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1048: 1044: 1041: 1039: 1037: 1034: 1033: 1030: 1028: 1024: 1021: 1019: 1018: 1014: 1012: 1011:Chileno negro 1009: 1008: 1004: 1002: 998: 995: 993: 992: 988: 986: 983: 982: 975: 972: 969: 968: 962: 956: 954: 952: 951: 950:Cajanus cajan 947: 945: 942: 941: 934: 931: 928: 927: 921: 914: 912: 909: 907: 906: 902: 900: 897: 896: 889: 886: 883: 882: 876: 869: 867: 864: 862: 859: 857: 854: 853: 846: 843: 840: 839: 833: 826: 824: 821: 819: 818:Daucus carota 816: 814: 811: 810: 803: 800: 797: 796: 790: 784: 782: 780: 777: 776: 772: 768: 766: 765:Monzón, Italy 763: 761: 758: 756: 753: 752: 745: 742: 739: 738: 732: 727: 725: 723: 719: 715: 711: 703: 701: 698: 694: 692: 687: 683: 679: 677: 676:heterogeneous 673: 669: 663: 655: 650: 648: 646: 642: 638: 633: 628: 626: 622: 618: 614: 610: 606: 603:collections ( 602: 598: 597: 588: 586: 584: 580: 576: 571: 569: 565: 561: 553: 550: 547: 544: 543: 542: 536: 531: 530: 525: 524: 519: 518: 513: 509: 505: 503: 499: 493: 490: 485: 481: 479: 475: 471: 463: 462: 457: 456:Zapallo Plomo 452: 445: 443: 441: 440:autochthonous 437: 433: 429: 428:allochthonous 425: 424:autochthonous 420: 417: 413: 408: 406: 404: 403:allochthonous 399: 397: 396:autochthonous 388: 386: 384: 380: 378: 373: 371: 367: 363: 359: 355: 351: 346: 344: 338: 336: 332: 328: 324: 319: 317: 313: 309: 305: 301: 297: 293: 288: 284: 280: 272: 267: 263: 259: 255: 250: 248: 245: 241: 238: 234: 231: 227: 223: 219: 215: 212: 208: 207: 203: 199: 195: 191: 187: 186: 180: 176: 174: 170: 166: 162: 158: 154: 150: 141: 139: 137: 133: 129: 125: 121: 116: 113: 109: 105: 101: 96: 94: 90: 86: 82: 78: 74: 70: 66: 58: 54: 50: 47: 43: 39: 33: 19: 5439:. Retrieved 5424: 5417: 5405:. Retrieved 5395: 5383:. Retrieved 5369: 5359:, retrieved 5344: 5337: 5325:. Retrieved 5313: 5303: 5294: 5289:Ward, Andy. 5269:. Retrieved 5265:the original 5258: 5213:. Retrieved 5198: 5191: 5178: 5168: 5153: 5141:. Retrieved 5134:the original 5105: 5099: 5086: 5062:): 404–415. 5051: 5045: 5039: 4991: 4985: 4960:. Retrieved 4956:the original 4946: 4901: 4895: 4867:. Retrieved 4865:. 2022-07-25 4862: 4853: 4842:. Retrieved 4838: 4829: 4799:(1): 41–57. 4796: 4790: 4784: 4776: 4765: 4755: 4728: 4722: 4712: 4692: 4685: 4675: 4669: 4655:(1): 21–38. 4652: 4646: 4636: 4599: 4589: 4578:. Retrieved 4572: 4536:(10): 1541. 4533: 4527: 4503:. Retrieved 4489: 4431: 4425: 4415: 4370: 4364: 4358: 4350: 4323: 4317: 4221: 4215: 4159: 4155: 4144: 4103: 4097: 4063: 4057: 4024: 4018: 4014: 3954: 3948: 3924:. Retrieved 3920:the original 3906: 3887: 3877: 3863:(27): 9–15. 3860: 3856: 3843: 3831:. Retrieved 3822: 3810: 3793: 3772:30 September 3770:. 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