Lane Seminary - Knowledge (XXG)

980:" He said the great desire of the slaves was "liberty and education." "How strange it is that anybody should believe any human being could be a slave, and yet be contented! I do not believe there ever was a slave, who did not long for liberty. I know very well that slave-owners take a great deal of pains to make the people in the free States believe that the slaves are happy; but I know, likewise, that I was never acquainted with a slave, however well he was treated, who did not long to be free. There is one thing about this, that people in the free States do not understand. When they ask slaves whether they wish for their liberty, they answer, 'No;' and very likely they will go so far as to say they would not leave their masters for the world. But, at the same time, they desire liberty more than anything else, and have, perhaps, all along been laying plans to get free. The truth is, if a slave shows any discontent, he is sure to be treated worse, and worked the harder for it; and every slave knows this. This is why they are careful not to show any uneasiness when white men ask them about freedom. When they are alone by themselves, all their talk is about liberty — liberty! It is the great thought and feeling that fills the mind full all the time." 290: 1044:

for circulation among those who can read, and are about establishing a reading room. In addition to this two of our students, one theological and one literary , have felt so deeply their degradation, and have been so affected by the intense desire to acquire knowledge which they exhibit, that they have taken a dismission from the institution, and commenced a school among the blacks in the city. They expect to teach a year, and them take up their course in the seminary again, when others will no doubt be ready to take their places. The first went down and opened a school, and it was filled the first day, and that mainly with adults, and those nearly grown. For a number of days he rejected from ten to twenty daily, because he could not teach them. This induced the other dear brother to leave his studies and join him. Both are now incessantly occupied.

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at her work, with as much spite as you would a snake, and for what I should consider no offence at all. There lived in this same family a young man, a slave, who was in the habit of running away. He returned one time after a week’s absence. The master took him into the barn, stripped him entirely naked, tied him up by his hands so high that he could not reach the floor, tied his feet together, and put a small rail between his legs, so that he could not avoid the blows, and commenced whipping him. He told me that he gave him five hundred lashes. At any rate, he was covered with wounds from head to foot. Not a place as big as my hand but what was cut. Such things as these are perfectly common all over Virginia; at least so far as I am acquainted. Generally, planters avoid punishing their slaves before strangers.

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man procured help, and finally succeeded in securing him. He then wreaked his vengeance on him for resisting — flogging him till he was not able to walk. They then put him on a horse, and came on with him ten miles to Nicholasville. When they entered the village, it was noticed that he sat upon his horse like a drunken man. It was a very hot day; and whilst they were taking some refreshment, the negro sat down upon the ground, under the shade. When they ordered him to go, he made several efforts before he could get up; and when he attempted to mount the horse, his strength was entirely insufficient. One of the men struck him, and with an oath ordered him to get on the horse without any more fuss. The negro staggered back a few steps, fell down, and died. I do not know that any notice was ever taken of it.

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worse than it now is; that they are incompetent to provide for themselves; that they would become paupers and vagrants, and would rather steal than work for wages." This shrewd and intelligent black, cut up these white objections by the roots, and withered and scorched them under the sun of sarcastic argumentation, for nearly an hour, to which the assembly responded in repeated and spontaneous roars of laughter, which were heartily joined in by both Colonizationists and Abolitionists. Do not understand me as saying, that his speech was devoid of argument. No. It contained sound logic, enforced by apt illustrations. I wish the slanderers of negro intellect could have witnessed this unpremeditated effort. ..."They have to take care of, and support themselves

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Cincinnati, Ohio, the nearest theological institution where manual labor was made a requisition, and incorporated into the system. They traveled on foot to Olean, in the state of New-York, at the head of the Allegany river, hired themselves out to work a raft, descended the river three hundred miles to its junction with the Ohio, at Pittsburg, and thence five hundred miles farther to Cincinnati. Upon their arrival, they received each twenty-two dollars for their services as raftsmen. A few months after four other students of the same institution, upon the same errand, traveled the same route, in the same way. A number more expect soon to start for the same destination, and if rafts are to be found they hope to enjoy the privilege of working their passage."

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antislavery society, stating that "no associations or Societies among the students ought to be allowed in the Seminary except such as have for their immediate object improvement in the prescribed course of studies." They also declared that they had the right to dismiss any student "when they shall think it necessary to do so." They further adopted a rule to "discourage...such discussions and conduct among the students as are calculated to divert their attention from their studies", meaning that students were not to discuss abolitionism even when dining (talking to students while they were eating was specifically prohibited in the Standing Rules enacted by the trustees on October 13, 1834.) The committee underlined their position by dismissing professor

253:." He and his brother Lane pledged $ 4,000 for the new school, on condition that it be in Cincinnati and follow the manual labor model. After this, their connection with the Seminary was minimal; Ebenezer was not even happy that it carried his name. The land was donated by Kemper Seminary. "Walnut Hill was a pretty little village, quite distant from Cincinnati, the first stopping-place for the stage on the Madisonville or some other northern Ohio route." "The location of Lane Seminary is in the midst of a most beautiful landscape. There is just enough, and just the right admixture of hills and dale, forest and field, to give it the effect we love in gazing upon a calm and quiet scene of beauty," wrote a visiting minister in 1842. 1165:. "We went out, not knowing whither we went. The Lord's hand was with us. Five miles from the seminary we found a deserted brick tavern, with many convenient rooms. Here we rallied. A gentleman of the vicinity offered us all necaessary fuel, a gentleman far off sent us a thousand dollars, and we set up a seminary of our own and became a law unto ourselves. George Whipple was competent in Hebrew, and William T. Allan in Greek. They were made professors in the intermediate state. It was desirable that we should remain near to Cincinnati for a season, as we were there teaching in evening schools for the colored people of that city." 1170:

The rebels also preached in local black and white churches. A few young men also joined the Cumminsville group who were prospective Lane students, but never attended the seminary. These three men that we know of are: Benjamin Foltz, Theodore J. Keep, and William Smith. They are considered by some scholars to be a part of the Lane rebels, though I do not formally include them in the group. Those individuals, along with the rest of the former Lane students at Cumminsville, attended Oberlin Collegiate Institute. Henry B. Stanton was one of the few at Cumminsville who did not attend Oberlin, instead, Stanton went to law school.

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effectively converted almost all the students to abolition. American newspapers publicized the debates, and women supporters, "the Cincinnati Sisters," organized local schools for African-American children. When the trustees prohibited the students from discussing controversial issues, most of the students withdrew, set up a seminary in exile in Cumminsville, and then moved it to Oberlin College. The Lane Seminary Debates marked the shift in American antislavery efforts from colonization to abolition, and the "Lane Rebels" became ministers, abolitionists, and social reformers across the country.

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night, she told her master that she was sick, and wished to go to the house. She went, and as soon as she reached it, laid down on the floor exhausted. The mistress asked her what the matter was? She made no reply. She asked again; but received no answer. "I'll see," said she, "if I can’t make you speak." So taking the tongs, she heated them red hot, and put them upon the bottoms of her feet ; then upon her legs and body; and, finally, in a rage, took hold of her throat. This had the desired effect. The poor girl faintly whispered, "Oh, misse, don't — I am most gone", and expired.

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institution...where training for the western ministry could be provided for poor but earnest young men who had dedicated their lives to the home missionary cause in the 'vast valley of the Mississippi'". Weld himself was seeking to continue his preparation for a career as a minister. As he put it in his report, "though I can no longer publicly advocate it as the agent of your society, I hope soon to plead its cause in the humbler sphere of personal example, while pursuing my professional studies, in a rising institution at the west, in which manual labor is a DAILY REQUISITION."

992:"The trustees soon expressed a determination to prevent all further discussion of the comparative merits of the policy of the Colonization Society, and the doctrine of immediate emancipation, either in the recitation rooms, the rooms of the students, or at the public table; although no objection had previously been made to the free discussion of any subject whatever. During the vacation that followed, in the absence of a majority of the professors, this purpose was framed into a law, or rule, of the seminary, and obedience to it required from all." 1215: 1130:

class of 1836 (which began in 1833). There were also prospective students who declined to enroll. Lawrence Lesick, author of the only book on the Lane Rebels, gives a figure of 75, but 19 more had left before the trustees took action, and only 8 students, out of 103, remained at Lane at the beginning of the next term. According to Oberlin, 32 of them enrolled, although some others who enrolled at the same time, though not students at Lane, are considered part of the Rebels. A few enrolled at other schools, such as

347:; Lane had been trying to recruit him since February 1831. Lane, Weld concluded, would do as a manual labor theological school, if Beecher would come. "Such an institution would undoubtedly attract many of Weld's associates who had been disappointed in the failure to establish theological instruction at the Oneida Institute." Beecher did come, as president and as "Chair of Systematic Theology", motivated by the promise of a $ 20,000 subvention for Lane from "Tappan". Beecher, along with professor 436:, a Negro who had bought his freedom from slavery with the earnings of his own hands. Most of these students were mature; only eleven were less than twenty-one years old; twelve of them had been agents for the national benevolent societies, and six were married men with families. The theological class was the largest that had ever gathered in America, and its members were deeply conscious of their importance. 1337:

Boston as its first president. The president's house, now known as the Stowe House after Beecher's daughter Harriet Beecher Stowe, author of Uncle Tom's Cabin, still remains at Gilbert and Foraker. Lane Theological Seminary, bound by present day Gilbert, Chapel, Park, and Yale streets, continued to educate Presbyterian ministers until 1932, when it was merged with McCormick Theological Seminary in Chicago.

1032:'s example, he also set up a school for black women, and Arthur Tappan paid $ 1,000 (equivalent to $ 30,520 in 2023) for four female teachers to relocate from New York to Cincinnati. As Lewis Tappan put it in his biography of his brother, "he anti-slavery students of Lane Seminary established evening-schools for the adults, and day-schools for the children of the three thousand colored of Cincinnati." 759:, who had served as an agent for the Colonization Society, testified that his view of the Society's plan changed when he realized that no blacks, despite the claims of those who ventured to speak for them, would ever consent to be removed from their native country and transplanted to a foreign land. He reasoned, therefore, that the plan could only be enacted by a "national society of kidnappers". 242:. As early as 1825, the denomination was on record as saying such a seminary was needed. In 1829 there were only 8,000 ministers to serve a population of 12,000,000, two thousand more churches than ministers, and only 200 ministers per year being trained. While there were local efforts to have the new seminary in Cincinnati, the Presbyterian General Assembly decided in 1827 to locate it in 374:, and "six other young Finneyites" arrived in Cincinnati, having completed their journey by river from Rochester and Oneida. "They were promptly admitted to the seminary on the recommendation of two other 'Oneidas' already in attendance." However, although technically enrolled as a student, and having declined the chair of Sacred Rhetoric and Oratory, Weld was the 29: 566:(Blacks born free) was rising even faster. Some owners freed their slaves in their wills. Philanthropic societies and individuals raised or donated funds to purchase slaves' freedom; freedmen sometimes were able to purchase the freedom of family members. In some Northern cities there were more than a handful of escaped slaves. 1269:, and the Seminary continued as a small but respected school, though financial pressures continued to increase. Following a brief period of growth in the 1920s, it became apparent that Lane could no longer survive as an independent school. In 1932 it suspended operations and transferred its library and other resources to 1028:"We believe faith without works is dead," Weld wrote to Arthur Tappan in 1834. He, Augustus Wattles, and other students created a school out of three rooms, and raised hundreds of dollars to outfit a library and rent classrooms. Classes were run both days and evenings, and the school was soon at capacity. Inspired by 1473:

on the same day of last week, when Mr. Weed arrived in town on some business; and being known as an abolitionist, some indignities were offered to him—such as shaving his horse, removing the wheels of his wagon, &c.; that Mr. Weed soon after left town, was followed by the mob, his wagon broken to

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Side A: The Lanes, Baptist merchants from New Orleans, and the Kempers, a Presbyterian family from Cincinnati, gave money and land respectively for Cincinnati's first manual labor theological seminary and high school, which opened in suburban Walnut Hills in 1829. The Reverend Lyman Beecher came from

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At Cumminsville, "the students continued their work in the black community. William T. Allan, Andrew Benton, Marius R. Robinson, Henry B. Stanton, and George Whipple taught in the Sabbath schools. John W. Alvord, Huntington Lyman, Henry B. Stanton, James A. Thome, and Samuel Wells gave lectures twice

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among them, and lecture three or four evenings a week on grammar, geography, arithmetic, natural philosophy, &c. Besides this, an evening free school, for teaching them to read, is in operation every week day evening; and we are about establishing one or two more. We are also getting up a library

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A young woman, who was generally very badly treated, after receiving a more severe whipping than usual, ran away. In a few days she came back, and was sent into the field to work. At this time the garment next her skin was stiff like a scab, from the running of the sores made by the whipping. Towards

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I have frequently seen the mistress of a family in Virginia, with whom I was well acquainted, beat the woman who performed the kitchen work, with a stick two feet and a half long, and nearly as thick as my wrist ; striking her over the head, and across the small of the back, as she was bent over

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Letter of Mr. Henry B. Stanton. Speech of Mr. James A. Thome. Letter of Rev. Dr. S. H. Cox. Debate at the Lane seminary, Cincinnati. Speech of James A. Thome, of Kentucky, delivered at the annual meeting of the American anti-slavery society, May 6, 1834. Letter of the Rev. Dr. Samuel H. Cox, against

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As Cincinnati businessmen, the members of the school's board of trustees were quite concerned about being associated with such a radical expression of abolitionism, which could have led to a physical attack on the Seminary. "A riot was very averted, probably only because of Lane's summer vacation."

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I hardly know what to relate. But one fact occurs to me just at this time, that happened in the village where I live. The circumstances are these. A colored man, a slave, ran away. As he was crossing Kentucky river, a white man, who suspected him, attempted to stop him. The negro resisted. The white

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Over a period of several months Weld convinced nearly all of the students individually of the superiority of the abolitionist view. To generate publicity for the abolitionist cause, Weld announced a series of "debates". Weld "had no intention of holding a debate on the pros and cons of antislavery."

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Weld stopped at Cincinnati twice on his manual labor lecture and scouting tour: in February and March 1832, and in the following September. On the earlier visit, when the campus was run by F. Y. Vail, who spent more time fundraising than teaching, he delivered several lectures and supported the call

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A group of former students left Lane Seminary and lived four miles away in a village named Cumminsville. This group of students included William T. Allan, Huntington Lyman, John Tappan Pierce, Henry B. Stanton, and James A. Thome. These students lived, studied, and taught the local black community.

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At the end of the debate, many of the participants concluded not only that slavery was a sin, but also that the policy of the American Colonization Society to send blacks to Africa was wrong. As a result, these students formed an antislavery society and began organizing activities and outreach work

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The status of these free blacks was anything but comfortable. They were not citizens and in most states could not vote. They had no access to the courts or protection by the police. In no state could their children attend the public schools. They were subject to discriminatory treatment in everyday

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Meanwhile, young men gathered in Cincinnati "as from the hives of the north". Most of them were from western New York. H B. Stanton and a few others from Rochester floated down the Ohio from Pittsburgh on a raft. More than a score came from Oneida Institute. Even more arrived from Utica and Auburn,

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The students negotiated with Shipherd the installation of Asa Mahan, the Lane trustee who resigned, as Oberlin's president. Oberlin also agreed to hire Morgan, the discharged professor. The trustees would not have the power, as they did at Lane, to meddle in the affairs of professors and students.

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had 51 signatures, but it adds that "several of our brethren, who coincide with us in sentiment, are not able to affix their names to this document, in consequence of being several hundred miles from the Seminary." According to Lane, there were 40, including the entirety of Lane's first class, the

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Besides these two day schools, and the evening schools, and the lectures, we have three large Sabbath schools and Bible classes among the colored people. By sections in rotation, and teaching the evening reading schools in the same way, we can perform an immense amount of labor among them, without

669:"There was little opposition, little conflict, and consequently little debate." In his correspondence Weld informed friends that he was trying to get the anti-slavery (immediatist) argument and evidence out to as many people as possible. Nevertheless, what was announced was debates, on two points. 380:

head of Lane; "He...told the trustees what appointments to make." "Many of the students considered him the real leader of Lane", their "patron saint". "In the estimation of the class, he was president. He took the lead of the whole institution. The young men had, many of them, been under his care,

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James Bradley, the emancipated slave above alluded to, addressed us nearly two hours; and I wish his speech could have been heard by every opponent of immediate emancipation, to wit: first, that "it would be unsafe to the community;" second, that "the condition of the emancipated negroes would be

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However, sending former slaves to a British colony as a policy was politically unacceptable. The American Colonization Society was formed to help found a new, American colony of freed blacks. Although there was some talk of locating the colony in the American territories of the Midwest, or on the

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was the only New Yorker among them, but this was not to last long. Three Oneida students went west to teach country schools in the winter of 1831–32. George Whipple and J. L. Tracy went to Kentucky; Calvin Waterbury got a school at Newark on the Licking River in Ohio. When in the spring Waterbury

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A board was set up in October 1828, and the Ohio General Assembly issued a charter on February 11, 1829, specifying that the manual labor system would be "the fundamental principle" of the Seminary. The Rev. George C. Beckwith was appointed to a professorship in April, accepted in August, and he

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President Beecher did not want to escalate the matter by overreacting, but when the press began to turn public opinion against the students that summer, he was fundraising in Boston. In his absence, the executive committee of the trustees issued a report ordering the abolishment of the school's

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The students at Lane took the initiative in the affairs of the seminary and practiced piety mixed with practicality in the Oneida manner. In March of 1833 thirty-two students, including apparently all the Oneida Institute "alumni" then present, petitioned against the serving of that harmful and

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The trustees laid down the doctrine that "no associations or societies ought to be allowed in the seminary, except such as have for their immediate object, improvement in the prescribed course of studies." This was followed by an order in these words: "Ordered that the students be required to

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Beecher, in his autobiography, takes a dig at Oberlin, while claiming that there were already "colored students" at Lane: "It was with great difficulty, and only in the prospect of rich endowments and of securing a large class of students, that the principle of admission irrespective of color,

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A few months since, two members of the same institution, who had enjoyed the benefits of the manual labor system for some years, and who wished soon to enter upon their professional studies, left the Institute with their packs upon their backs, and shaped their course for the Lane Seminary, at

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Side B: In the winter of 1834, the students of Lane Theological Seminary, including some southerners and one African-American former slave, organized an eighteen-night revival under the leadership of Theodore Dwight Weld. These antislavery debates over immediate abolition versus colonization

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from its opening in 1827 through 1830. When he left Oneida, he was hired by the new Manual Labor Society, an institution created to employ Weld, its only employee ever. Funded by the same Tappan brothers that had funded Oneida, his charge was "to find a site for a great national manual labor

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a week in the black community. The students also alternated in preaching at eight different churches, including two black churches. They helped support Augustus Wattles' teachers in schools, enlisted the cooperation of local black ministers, and kept Weld, now an anti-slavery agent, and

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magazine. Smith was for temperance, and according to him, the fact that blacks in Africa were allowed to import liquor from the United States revealed the true goals of many of the white members of the American Colonization Society: to get rid of the Blacks without having them up north.

1277:. While a permanent Board of Trustees for Lane Theological Seminary remained in service until the Seminary was legally merged out of existence in 2007, the faculty, library collections, and students were transferred to Chicago, and the last remnants of the Cincinnati campus, except for 1210:

The conditions of the Rebels set limits, for the first time, on an American college's authority over students and faculty. They also were part of the shift in American antislavery efforts from colonization to abolition; many of the Rebels would become part of Oberlin's cadre of

269:, president of the Oneida Institute, recommended a steward to supervise the Seminary farm; in February the trustees made the appointment. But in the winter of 1830–31, "Lane Seminary was in a state of suspended animation. There were no teachers and apparently only two students, 280:

In 1834, the manual labor department contained six printing presses, operated by 20 students, and had printed 150,000 copies of "Webster's spelling books", for a bookstore. 30 students were employed in cabinet making, and total enrollment before the mass walkout was about 100.

238:"The founding of Lane Seminary was accomplished after years of sometimes disparate efforts on the part of a large number of people." The Presbyterian tradition was to have educated clergy, and there was no seminary serving the vast and increasingly populated lands west of the 672:

When the merits of the proposed solutions to slavery were debated over 18 days at the Seminary in February 1834, it was one of the first major public discussions of the topic, but it was more of an anti-slavery revival than a "debate". No speaker appeared to defend either

277:, who had come out from the Oneida Institute and had been given special permission by the trustees to occupy rooms in the lonesome Seminary building." Bushnell, who on his arrival in 1830 "found no theology", slept "on a study-table, with his books for a pillow". 2545: 1231:"Of the several gloomy years that succeeded the abolition secession, I need only say, that the wonder is, that Lane did not perish. It had few students and little money." "The institution was disgraced and wrecked; it never recovered from the experience." 1206:

The Lane Rebels, with Weld at their head, could insist on these conditions because funding from the Tappans came with them. If the trustees did not agree they would lose this crucial funding, as well as Mahan, Finney, and Shipherd, who threatened to quit.

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talked too much temperance, the inhabitants threatened to ride him out of town on a rail. He prudently climbed aboard a raft and floated down to Cincinnati. There, he and Dresser were soon joined by two other Oneidas, Sereno W. Streeter and Edward Weed.

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already in practice at Lane, received from the trustees of Oberlin a cold and ambiguous sanction." What he says about Oberlin is roughly correct, but none of the black students at Oneida moved to Lane. The one black student currently known of at Lane,

1373:(1807–1880), was one of the five students Weld enrolled to travel Ohio lecturing against slavery. Studied at Oneida; graduated from Oberlin; pastor in Connecticut and Massachusetts; superintendent of the schools of the Freedmen's Bureau, 1866–1870. 1356:. So far as is known, none of Oneida's African-American students made the move. Those identified conclusively are the following. Those that left with the Lane Rebels (according to the table cited above) and enrolled at Oberlin are marked in bold. 261:

and wrote back to Cincinnati that manual labor worked well and that the farmers and mechanics of the neighborhood approved of it. He resigned in August 1830. "At that time , the seminary consisted of some woods and one foundation for a building."

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of 28 pages, published anonymously but written by Weld, on "the reasons which induced the students of Lane Seminary, to dissolve their connection with that institution." The pamphlet received national attention, as it was reprinted in full in

428:, and across the Ohio from Kentucky came James Thome, scion of a wealthy planting family. Up from Alabama journeyed two others of Weld's disciples, the sons of the Rev. Dr. Allan. From Virginia came young Hedges; and from Missouri, Andrew, of 585:, where the British took many of them, too cold. The British also took to Sierra Leone slaves captured from slaving ships who were being smuggled illegally across the Atlantic to North America. A well-to-do African-American shipowner, 1097:

On his return, Beecher and two professors issued a statement intended to assuage the anger of the students regarding the action of the trustees, but it was regarded by the students as a faculty endorsement of the trustees' action.

323:"Cincinnati was the logical location. Cincinnati was the focal center of population and commerce in the Ohio valley." In the pre-railroad era, Cincinnati was the most accessible city in what was then the west of the United States. 209:

incident in America. There was strong pro-slavery sentiment in Cincinnati, and the trustees immediately prohibited further discussion of the topic, to avoid repercussions. With the city being on the border of the South, a lot of

610:, who presided over its first meeting; as well as most of the future white abolitionists. The problem had been solved, and in an honorable way; the former slaves would fare better in Africa, it was argued, among other blacks. 479:, by his own description "so ignorant, that I suppose it will take me two years to get up with the lowest class in the institution," despite Beecher's regret felt it wiser not to attend a student gathering at Beecher's home. 390:

The self-assembling at Lane of men from very diverse places, called by a modern writer an invasion, was so colorful that multiple authors have described it. The earliest is from Weld himself; he is one of the "two members":

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Lyman Beecher, head of the Seminary, was a colonizationist, and gave a speech on that topic to the Cincinnati Colonization Society on June 4, 1834. At Lane there was a "colonization society", supporting the efforts of the

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When the Rebels departed in October 1834, "they left behind them but two seminarians in a theological department that had boasted forty, and only five scholars of the sixty formerly enrolled for the literary curriculum."

621:, an abolitionist philanthropist, was that the American Colonization Society allowed the sale of alcohol (as well as guns and chewing tobacco) in the colonies that became Liberia. He commented on it in the Society's 443:

Resolved, that it is inexpedient for students, during their continuance in this institution, to form connections by marriage, and that forming such connection is a sufficient ground for dismission from the Seminary.

665:'s four published sermons, and his relocation under pressure to Gale's school, Oneida. What Garrison desired, and he convinced Green, was "immediatism": immediate, complete, and uncompensated freeing of all slaves. 1015:

among the black population of Cincinnati. They intended to attain the emancipation of blacks, not by rebellion or force, but by "approaching the minds of slave holders with the truth, in the spirit of the Gospel."

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The colonization project got off to a promising start, with various governmental and private donations and the participation of distinguished individuals: U.S. presidents Jefferson, Monroe, and Madison; Senator

951:"Mr. Calvin H. Tate, of Missouri, whose father and brother were slaveholders, related the following at the same meeting. The plantation on which it occurred, was in the immediate neighborhood of his father's." 639:

to send free blacks to Africa, to Liberia. How it came to be is not known, but it was there when the Oneida contingent and friends arrived. There had been similar groups at Western Reserve and other colleges.

453:"he institution itself is second in importance to no other in the United States." Beecher "assured us that he had more brains in this theological camp than could be found in any other in the United States." 613:

The situation quickly started to unravel. First of all, the disease rates among the new colonists were the highest since accurate record-keeping began. Over 50% of them died of malaria and other diseases.

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After the Civil War, the New School and the Old School Presbyterians had reconciled, and Lane Seminary was reorganized along more conservative Presbyterian lines. In 1910, it became affiliated with the

355:, began as president December 26, 1832; this is when "Lane actually began operation.... Before that time, staff was slight and housing meager." The house the Beecher family lived in is now known as the 558:

United States, was the question of what to do with former slaves who had become free. Since the eighteenth century, Quakers and others had preached the sinfulness of slave ownership, and the number of

966:, as he was the only Black participant and so far as is known the only Black in attendance. This is the first instance in the history of the United States that a Black man addressed a white audience: 1003:

and the right of students to participate in free discussion. It also marked the first organized student body in American history. Several of those involved went on to play an important role in the

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The event resulted in the dismissal of a professor, John Morgan, and the departure of a group of 40 students and a trustee. It was one of the first significant tests in the United States of

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Agent, author of a lengthy published break with or attack on the Society. "His knowledge and pervasive influence informed the Lane Seminary debate, lifting it to the height of its subject."

709:, to collect the texts which were written out — not all were — and make a booklet of them. However, Garrison promptly published a pamphlet, and there are excerpts in newspapers and books. 4434: 3498: 3228: 2773: 4429: 4374: 4369: 2266:

Addresses and proceedings at Lane Theological Seminary, December 18, 1879. I. Dedication of Seminary Hall. II. Inauguration of Rev. Jas. Eells, D.D. III. Semi-Centennial Celebration

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Fifth annual report of the trustees of the Cincinnati Lane Seminary: together with the laws of the institution and a catalogue of the officers and students, November, 1834

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Pacific coast—a sort of reservation for Blacks—what was decided was to follow the English example and start an African colony. The closest available land was what became

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The narrative of Amos Dresser: with Stone's letters from Natchez, an obituary notice of the writer, and two letters from Tallahassee, relating to the treatment of slaves

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The narrative of Amos Dresser: with Stone's letters from Natchez, an obituary notice of the writer, and two letters from Tallahassee, relating to the treatment of slaves

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The most controversial condition insisted on by the Rebels was that Oberlin commit itself to accepting African-American students in general, and the very popular

535:; Weld published a lengthy reply. The affair got further publicity late in 1834, when 51 of the Lane students — the vast majority — published a 28-page pamphlet, 356: 1122:

Hostile press reports turned this incorrectly into the expulsion of the students, "in consequence of the dangerous principles they held in relation to slavery."

1057:

Cincinnati was convulsed as never before. Rumors circulated during the summer of 1834 about mob violence against the Seminary; the threat of violence had caused

3173: 4210: 3812: 2751: 1965: 387:

According to Beecher, "among those students was an embodiment of a greater piety and talent than he had ever known to be collected in any other institution."

384:

The tempo of the seminary was sharply stepped up, its real head now being on the ground. "Weld is here & we are glad," wrote Professor Biggs on July 2.

1190:, "a college in name only" that had been founded the previous year (1833). "The former Lane students literally took possession of the embryo institution." 1149:— had been threatened with expulsion. Weld did not withdraw until the motion to expel him, which would have been nationally publicized, had been defeated. 249:

In the summer of 1828 Ebenezer Lane, a New Orleans businessman, "made known his interest in setting up a theological seminary near Cincinnati based on the

4058: 3037: 2531: 4409: 3787: 3646: 3616: 2502: 2317: 1992:

First annual report of the Society for Promoting Manual Labor in Literary Institutions, including the report of their general agent, Theodore D. Weld

1599: 316: 3082: 201:

of the West." However, the founding and first years of Lane were difficult and contentious, culminating in a mass student exodus over the issue of

4449: 2264: 1554: 1110:(another member of Finney's contingent). (Technically, they requested dismissal from the school, which was granted.) In December they published a 1066: 127: 3466: 2905: 2687:

Four sermons preached in the chapel of the Western Reserve College : on Lord's Days, November 18th and 25th, and December 2nd and 9th, 1832

4459: 2399: 2119: 1448:(1810–1880) graduated from Oberlin and was ordained in 1836. After much organizing work and several ministerial positions, he was professor at 562:(and freed women) was rising and showed every sign that it would continue to grow. The freed slaves married and had children, so the number of 3558: 3492: 3399: 3349: 3220: 1792: 1761: 3985: 2716: 495:, daughter of Lane's president. They were nominally on the topic of colonization of freed slaves, on sending them to (not "back to") Africa. 4359: 4170: 3713: 2777: 4444: 3807: 465:

at the time of Finney's revival there, was interim teacher of the Literary Department, there were fifty young men attending the seminary.

4424: 4404: 1363:(1810–1882) did not study at Oneida. He met Weld when the latter stayed at his parents' house during his manual labor tour. He attended 1249:, and Sabbath legislation. The seminary admitted students from other denominations and pursued educational and evangelistic unity among 1094:

for taking the side of the students. In October, without waiting for Beecher to return, the board ratified the committee's resolutions.

4399: 3555:

Pamphlet souvenir of the sixtieth anniversary in the history of Lane Theological Seminary, containing papers read before the Lane Club

1789:

Pamphlet souvenir of the sixtieth anniversary in the history of Lane Theological Seminary, containing papers read before the Lane Club

1758:

Pamphlet souvenir of the sixtieth anniversary in the history of Lane Theological Seminary, containing papers read before the Lane Club

1281:, were destroyed in 1956. A historical marker in front of an automobile dealership at 2820 Gilbert Ave. marks the site of the campus. 222:, who would participate in the pivotal Lane slavery debates in the 1830s. Their competition for jobs had led to the anti-abolitionist 3317: 3296: 4146: 3868: 3425: 2867:

James G. Birney and his times; the genesis of the Republican party with some account of abolition movements in the South before 1828

2472: 2129: 2088: 2030: 1729: 1524: 1004: 3761: 3123: 706: 257:

arrived in Cincinnati in the following November. He "had 3 or 4 students during the winter." In July, 1830, Beckwith visited the

2659: 2071: 3834: 3691: 3522: 1324: 658: 429: 4384: 3838: 3673: 1492:"abandoned his school in Kentucky to study theology and teach elementary courses at the seminary". Later he taught at Oberlin. 2817: 1270: 2610:

Egerton, Douglas R. (Winter 1985). "'Its Origin Is Not a Little Curious': A New Look at the American Colonization Society".

1311: 801:, minister, called, after his father Lyman, "the most noted minister of the nineteenth century". Supported sending rifles (" 2936:

A review of the statement of the faculty of Lane seminary : in relation to the recent difficulties in that institution

416:

A contemporary commentator points to the work on rafts as reflecting the students' experience with manual labor at Oneida.

3202:

A statement of the reasons which induced the students of Lane Seminary, to dissolve their connection with that institution

2977: 2612: 1398: 1266: 822: 697: 636: 538:

A statement of the reasons which induced the students of Lane Seminary, to dissolve their connection with that institution

4193: 858:, minister, and the only Lane trustee who supported the students; resigned with the students and accompanied them to the 3264: 1643: 1200: 1187: 963: 922:, made the following statement at a public meeting in Lane Seminary, Ohio, in 1833 . He was at that time a slaveholder." 859: 828: 674: 499: 476: 433: 332: 219: 202: 194: 315:

had been one of the first Oneida students, first studying and working on George Washington Gale's farm, then at Gale's

4102: 2702: 2394: 1131: 3923:

Annual catalogue of the officers and students of Lane Theological Seminary : with a triennial catalogue appended

3735: 2115: 3158: 1039:

We have formed a large and efficient organization for elevating the colored people in Cincinnati—have established a

700:, and the influence of its principal supporters, such as render it worthy of the patronage of the Christian public?" 4080: 3802: 3108: 2930: 2741: 1953: 1939: 1528: 865: 772:"The President, and the members of the faculty, with one exception , were present during parts of the discussion." 488: 4018: 1069:, which specifically targeted the Tappans, were heavily reported in the Cincinnati newspapers. In 1835, after the 4469: 4454: 3291: 3032: 2589: 2497: 2464: 2173: 1294: 649: 573:

The original "remedy" for this problem was to help them go "back to Africa". The British had been doing this, in

331:

to come west; Finney declined, though he did come three years later, as professor and later president of the new

4124: 4040: 3027: 2177: 1542: 1238: 1070: 1058: 352: 328: 227: 223: 179: 106: 3601: 2587: 2536: 2492: 1814:

Jakle, John A. (Spring 1979). "Cincinnati in the 1830s: A Cognitive Map of Traveler's Landscape Impressions".

1214: 531: 1091: 1061:

to ban the discussion of abolition. Cincinnati, largely pro-Southern, had already experienced the anti-black

3129: 2871: 2809: 2708: 2460: 2457:

Prudence Crandall's legacy: the fight for equality in the 1830s, Dred Scott, and Brown v. Board of Education

2306: 1234:

In 1837 "the seminary had no students", but Beecher went on a recruiting trip and persuaded some to enroll.

1203:

in particular, equally. This was agreed to reluctantly, after a "dramatic" vote (4–4, tie broken by chair).

1062: 919: 243: 3958:

Stone, Asa A. (1836). "The General Treatment of Slaves at the South-west. Two Letters to the Editor of the

940:"Rev. Coleman S. Hodges, a resident of Western Virginia, gave the following testimony at the same meeting:" 745:

No matter how kind their master is, slaves are dissatisfied and would rather be hired servants than slaves.

577:, moving former American slaves there who had gained their freedom by escaping to British lines during the 297:

By coincidence, the local efforts to set up a seminary fit with the desires of the Tappan philanthropists,

3638: 3610: 3587: 3167: 2843: 2833: 2488: 2423: 2359: 2081: 2077: 1959: 1595: 879: 875: 644: 514: 266: 508: 3063: 2595: 2576: 782: 492: 344: 3705: 3606: 3163: 529:

form. A seven-page response, under the title "Education and slavery", appeared in the Cincinnati-based

3447: 1360: 1138: 850: 205:, or more specifically whether students were permitted to discuss the topic publicly, the first major 4474: 3072: 2567: 2385: 2329: 2018: 1481: 1125:

The Rebels were a loosely defined group, and different sources give different names and figures. The

905: 891: 869: 844: 787: 563: 458: 348: 250: 73: 3451: 2890: 2421:

Willey, Larry G. (Fall 1994). "John Rankin, Antislavery Prophet, and the Free Presbyterian Church".

1456: 1245:

and others in mission and education efforts and involved in social reform movements like abolition,

1142: 779:, physician, lecturer on physiology at Lane, who went on to become an abolitionist newspaper editor. 742:

When inspired with a promise of freedom, slaves will toil with incredible alacrity and faithfulness.

712:

Each question was debated for two and a half hours a night for nine nights. Among the participants:

705:

The debates were not transcribed, and there was no attempt afterwards, as there would be later with

335:. Weld's second choice—and it was his choice, because the Tappans relied on his recommendations—was 4307: 3550: 3395: 3334: 3260: 2528: 1784: 1753: 1246: 802: 578: 239: 175: 4379: 3927: 2205: 1624:

Trial of the Rev. Lyman Beecher, D.D. before the Presbytery of Cincinnati, on the charge of heresy

1077:, newspapers of that city "warn the leaders of that institution to be cautious how they proceed." 4348: 4273: 4258: 4074: 4010: 4002: 3531: 3102: 2837: 2629: 2432: 2286: 2241: 2053: 1839: 1831: 1628: 1518: 1254: 1242: 1162: 1008: 885: 794: 735:

Arguments addressing the first question in favor of the immediate abolition of slavery included:

594: 340: 4325: 4134: 4050: 3000: 2963: 502:, creating support for abolition. A four-page report by H. B. Stanton appeared in March in both 487:

Lane Seminary is known primarily for the debates held there over 18 evenings in February 1834;

4142: 3781: 3339: 3268: 3254: 3006: 2875: 2813: 2722: 2712: 2468: 2211: 2181: 2135: 2125: 2094: 2084: 2026: 1909: 1725: 1513: 1470: 1449: 1436: 1274: 1029: 785:, at that time simply Harriet Beecher, daughter of Lane's president; 18 years later published 371: 4275:

Inaugural Discourses, of Professors Morris and Nelson: Delivered at Lane Theological Seminary

3581: 2367: 1990: 1933: 1253:

churches in the West. In 1837 there were 41 students from 15 states, and 4 faculty: Beecher,

4248: 3994: 3765: 3381: 3023: 2746: 2621: 2231: 1823: 1353: 1315:, was released in December 2019. It is based on a play by Earlene Hawley and Curtis Heeter. 1258: 1183: 1161:, as they came to be called, established an informal seminary of their own in 1834–1835, in 1146: 1000: 555: 312: 258: 206: 183: 95: 4171:

Resources for Studying the Lane Debates and the Oberlin Commitment to Racial Egalitarianism

2049:

Beecher's Trial (Trial of the Rev. Lyman Beecher, D.D. Before the Presbytery of Cincinnati)

3321: 3314: 3286: 2311: 2019:"Lift up thy voice: the Grimké family's journey from slaveholders to civil rights leaders" 1905: 1721: 1509: 1385: 1379: 1298: 1290: 834: 818: 806: 776: 462: 425: 274: 211: 2967: 657:, which appeared in 1832. These had a great influence at the other eastern Ohio college, 2047: 1622: 1367:

but moved to Lane, probably through Weld's influence. He graduated from Oberlin in 1836.

4231:

Myers, John L. (1963). "Antislavery Activities of Five Lane Seminary Boys in 1835–36".

3921: 3897:

Myers, John L. (1963). "Antislavery Activities of Five Lane Seminary Boys in 1835–36".

3361: 3308: 3094: 3068: 3049: 2861: 2685: 2514: 1533: 1364: 1176: 246:, near Pittsburgh. The western synods refused to accept this, finding it too far away. 2934: 1442:

Asa A. Stone, †1835 Stone published two lengthy letters reporting on Southern slavery.

4393: 4045: 4014: 3864: 3462: 3375: 3343: 2959: 2901: 2865: 2651: 2647: 2352: 2022: 1899: 1843: 1715: 1578: 1537: 1250: 989:

The debates were closely followed by the national press and the religious community.

901: 812: 756: 536: 336: 298: 78: 4215: 4054: 2996: 2940: 2681: 1496: 1391: 897: 840: 662: 618: 574: 466: 302: 270: 172: 91: 4328:. Includes reproductions of original documents (letters) regarding the Lane Rebels 4138: 3981:"Partners in Motion: Gender, Migration, and Reform in Antebellum Ohio and Kansas" 3736:"Gilder Lehrman Center: Historic Reenactment of the Lane Slavery Debates of 1834" 976:

and this being so, it would be strange if they could not provide for themselves,

2847: 2363: 1158: 872:

in Ohio. In 1835 Rankin published a pamphlet defending the students who debated.

582: 518: 3272: 2098: 607: 586: 3963: 3942: 3520:

Henry, Stuart C. (Spring 1971). "The Lane Rebels: A Twentieth Century Look".

3200: 2726: 2704:

Gentlemen of property and standing: anti-abolition mobs in Jacksonian America

186:. Its campus was bounded by today's Gilbert, Yale, Park, and Chapel Streets. 142: 129: 4283: 4247:(1882). "Pastoral Experiences of Such Conflicts in the City of Cincinnati". 4244: 2227: 2139: 1182:

This was the point at which the former Lane students came into contact with

1107: 1074: 855: 305:, to found a seminary in what was then the growing west of the new country. 198: 4094: 2185: 1717:

The Lane rebels : evangelicalism and antislavery in antebellum America

498:

They were publicized nationally and influenced the nation's thinking about

4095:"John Gregg Fee, 1816-1901. Autobiography of John G. Fee: Berea, Kentucky" 3998: 3739: 1913: 690:"Ought the people of the slaveholding states abolish slavery immediately?" 28: 4177: 4128: 1289:

The Lane Debates have been re-enacted in recent years by historians from

1111: 559: 526: 376: 309: 215: 4285:

History of the foundation and endowment of the Lane theological seminary

3535: 2436: 1141:, Weld's collaborator and president of Lane's new anti-slavery society; 868:, author of the first American anti-slavery book, and key figure on the 4006: 3980: 2633: 1835: 1218:

Postcard of Lane Seminary, Walnut Hills, Cincinnati. Late 19th century?

798: 525:

and most books on slavery in the U.S. in the early 1830s, issued it in

2971: 1901:

A history of Oberlin College from its foundation through the civil war

1486:

Samuel T. Wells, described as "student monitor-general" on Lane's farm

748:

Blacks are abundantly able to take care of and provide for themselves.

1352:

24 of the 40 members of Lane's first theological class were from the

1040: 2806:

Passionate Liberator. Theodore Dwight Weld and the Dilemma of Reform

2625: 1827: 3865:"Lane Theological Seminary / The Lane Seminary Debates Marker Home" 1213: 843:, Lane student; would become famous for being publicly whipped in 398: 288: 1648:. Ph.D. dissertation, Illinois State University. pp. 75–76. 112: 401:

will, in no case, be allowed in any building of the Seminary, —

4340: 1106:

On October 21, most of the students resigned, as did trustee

878:, future abolitionist speaker and politician, and husband of 4233:

Bulletin of the Historical and Philosophical Society of Ohio

3899:

Bulletin of the Historical and Philosophical Society of Ohio

2973:

American Slavery As It Is. Testimony of a Thousand Witnesses

1237:

Following the slavery debates, Lane Seminary continued as a

424:

Finney's converts all. From Tennessee came Weld's disciple,

2207:

Autobiography, Correspondence, Etc., of Lyman Beecher, D.D.

1997:

Society for Promoting Manual Labor in Literary Institutions

751:

Blacks would be kind and docile if immediately emancipated.

731:

One, Birney, had been an agent of the Colonization Society.

900:, former Oneida student; moved to Canada and ran Canadian 725:

One, Bradley, had been a slave and had bought his freedom.

3557:. Cincinnati: Lane Theological Seminary. pp. 41–55. 3377:

General Catalogue of Lane Theological Seminary, 1828-1881

1791:. Cincinnati: Lane Theological Seminary. pp. 30–40. 918:"Mr. Henry P. Thompson, a native and still a resident of 1760:. Cincinnati: Lane Theological Seminary. pp. 5–15. 1194:

The conditions of the Lane Rebels' enrollment at Oberlin

370:"Lane was Oneida moved west." Early in June 1833, Weld, 3315:

https://www.newspapers.com/clip/39211019/the_liberator/

2121:

Cincinnati, a Guide to the Queen City and Its Neighbors

2073:

Unvanquished Puritan : a portrait of Lyman Beecher

974:

now, and their master, and his family into the bargain;

3295:. Boston, Massachusetts. January 10, 1835. p. 1. 1785:"Historical Sketch of Lane Seminary from 1853 to 1856" 4272:

Morris, Edward Dafydd; Nelson, Henry Addison (1868).

4194:"A Cause for Freedom. The Founding of Lane Seminary" 888:, Lane professor, future husband of Harriet Beecher. 716:

Eleven had been born and brought up in slave states.

696:"Are the doctrines, tendencies, and measures of the 554:Part of "the negro problem", as it was seen in the 101: 85: 72: 64: 56: 48: 38: 589:, transported some former slaves to Sierra Leone. 4465:Demolished buildings and structures in Cincinnati 4440:Defunct private universities and colleges in Ohio 4250:Autobiography, intellectual, moral, and spiritual 3424:. Oberlin College Libraries. 2017. Archived from 2233:Autobiography, Intellectual, Moral, and Spiritual 815:, president of Lane, father of Henry and Harriet. 755:In response to the second question, the Reverend 3839:"Guide to the Lane Theological Seminary Records" 2398:, November 4, 1834.). Boston. pp. 106–112. 722:One had only recently ceased to be a slaveowner. 4435:Educational institutions disestablished in 1932 3803:"Film Describes the Beginning of Slavery's End" 3706:"Lane Seminary propelled anti-slavery movement" 3639:"Lane Seminary, Walnut Hills, Cincinnati, Ohio" 3491:Smith, Maddie. "The Lane Rebels' Dismissions". 3256:Antislavery; the crusade for freedom in America 2204:Beecher, Lyman (1866). Beecher, Charles (ed.). 1340: 1334: 1167: 1037: 996:discontinue those societies in the seminary." 969: 954: 943: 925: 894:, former Oneida student, anti-slavery activist. 455: 440: 421: 409: 394: 365:expensive drink, coffee, at the boarding house. 361: 293:Theodore Dwight Weld, leader of the Lane Rebels 2774:"American Memory from the Library of Congress" 1476:himself suspended to a tree by a rope of bark, 1323:Archival materials of Lane are located at the 1145:, a prominent speaker during the debates; and 1137:Weld and some other student leaders at Lane — 4430:Universities and colleges established in 1829 4360:Lane Seminary propelled anti-slavery movement 1067:anti-abolition riots in New York in July 1834 8: 4178:"From Pulpit to Protest: Ohio's Lane Rebels" 3867:. Remarkable Ohio. Ohio History Connection. 3380:. Lane Theological Seminary. 1881. pp. 3195: 3193: 3191: 2259: 2257: 1572: 1570: 1469:Edward Weed. "There was a town gathering at 962:The most notable speaker at the debates was 21: 4485:Buildings and structures demolished in 1956 4415:Seminaries and theological colleges in Ohio 4211:"Marius Robinson, A Forgotten Abolitionist" 2450: 2448: 2446: 1893: 1891: 1889: 1887: 1885: 1883: 1881: 1879: 1877: 1875: 1873: 847:, for distributing abolitionist literature. 685:The two specific questions addressed were: 4263:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3214: 3212: 3153: 3151: 2291:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2246:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2199: 2197: 2195: 2110: 2108: 1871: 1869: 1867: 1865: 1863: 1861: 1859: 1857: 1855: 1853: 1747: 1745: 1743: 1741: 1397:Alexander Duncan, not to be confused with 20: 16:Theological college in Ohio, United States 3248: 3246: 3028:"Letter to Arthur Tappan, March 18, 1834" 3018: 3016: 2991: 2989: 2987: 2379: 2377: 2347: 2345: 2343: 2341: 2339: 2163: 2161: 1927: 1925: 1923: 1709: 1707: 1705: 1703: 1701: 1699: 1697: 1695: 1693: 1691: 1689: 1687: 1478:until he was dead." (italics in original) 419:A modern retelling of the same incident: 193:at Cincinnati — soon to become the great 4385:Presbyterian Historical Society archives 3892: 3890: 3888: 3886: 2799: 2797: 2795: 2222: 2220: 2065: 2063: 2012: 2010: 2008: 2006: 1985: 1983: 1685: 1683: 1681: 1679: 1677: 1675: 1673: 1671: 1669: 1667: 1645:A History of Academic Freedom in America 1474:pieces, his horse killed, and at length 1081:Trustees ban the discussion of abolition 317:Oneida Institute of Science and Industry 4420:Universities and colleges in Cincinnati 4299: 4130:Personal reminiscences of Lyman Beecher 3916: 3914: 3912: 3643:Cincinnati Journal and Western Luminary 2954: 2952: 2950: 2742:"Re-Creating 1834 Debates on Abolition" 2052:. New York: New York Observer. p. 1627:. New-York: New York Observer. p. 1594:Walnut Hills Redevelopment Foundation. 1566: 1555:Walnut Hills United Presbyterian Church 4480:African-American history in Cincinnati 4256: 4072: 4061:from the original on February 13, 2020 3786:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 3779: 3402:from the original on February 10, 2020 3100: 3040:from the original on December 24, 2021 2284: 2239: 1968:from the original on November 10, 2019 550:The abolition–colonization controversy 3986:Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies 3845:from the original on October 31, 2019 3815:from the original on October 31, 2019 3716:from the original on January 22, 2013 3649:from the original on October 28, 2019 3619:from the original on October 31, 2019 3472:from the original on January 25, 2021 3352:from the original on January 18, 2022 3085:from the original on January 18, 2022 2911:from the original on January 25, 2021 2754:from the original on January 27, 2020 2505:from the original on November 1, 2019 2386:"History of James Bradley, by myself" 2320:from the original on February 6, 2020 2273:from the original on February 5, 2020 1602:from the original on October 31, 2019 189:Its board intended it to be "a great 7: 4288:. Ben Franklin Printing House. 1848. 4105:from the original on October 9, 2017 3808:The Dispatch / The Rock Island Argus 2501:. Boston, Massachusetts. p. 2. 1279:the house of president Lyman Beecher 1193: 343:, who would graduate from Lane, and 4358:Randy McNutt (September 28, 2003). 3801:Turner, Jonathan (March 11, 2019). 3561:from the original on April 14, 2021 2740:Leavenworth, Jesse (May 22, 2003). 2170:Theodore Weld, crusader for freedom 1795:from the original on April 14, 2021 1764:from the original on April 14, 2021 1652:from the original on April 28, 2019 1583:. Cincinnati: Corey & Fairbank. 218:went through Cincinnati, including 178:that operated from 1829 to 1932 in 4021:from the original on June 19, 2021 3501:from the original on July 28, 2019 3465:: E. J. Goodrich. pp. 60–69. 3299:from the original on July 17, 2021 3231:from the original on July 28, 2019 3176:from the original on July 17, 2021 3136:from the original on July 13, 2019 3069:National Banner and Nashville Whig 2904:: E. J. Goodrich. pp. 60–69. 2402:from the original on June 29, 2016 2146:from the original on July 17, 2021 1935:The antislavery impulse, 1830–1844 1267:Presbyterian Seminary of the South 978:when disencumbered from this load. 807:trying to make Kansas a free state 14: 4410:Abolitionism in the United States 3871:from the original on July 8, 2020 3396:"Lane Rebels Who Came to Oberlin" 2662:from the original on May 31, 2017 2548:from the original on May 17, 2022 2355:the American colonization society 1621:Stansbury, Arthur Joseph (1835). 1577:Cincinnati Lane Seminary (1834). 1024:Activities in the black community 4057:). October 14, 1836. p. 2. 3668:McCormick Theological Seminary. 3348:. September 1, 1835. p. 2. 3205:. Cincinnati. December 15, 1834. 2455:Williams Jr., Donald E. (2014). 2269:. Cincinnati. 1879. p. 22. 1898:Fletcher, Robert Samuel (1943). 1754:"Reminiscences of Lane Seminary" 1714:Lesick, Lawrence Thomas (1980). 1007:movement and the buildup to the 681:The stated topics of the debates 655:Thoughts on African Colonization 381:and they thought he was a god." 27: 4380:Lane Rebels Who Came to Oberlin 3835:Presbyterian Historical Society 3523:Journal of Presbyterian History 3172:. November 7, 1834. p. 3. 2388:. In Child, Lydia Maria (ed.). 2168:Thomas, Benjamin Platt (1950). 1325:Presbyterian Historical Society 1312:Sons & Daughters of Thunder 862:, becoming its first president. 719:Seven were sons of slaveowners. 432:. From the South came another, 191:central theological institution 4450:1932 disestablishments in Ohio 4205:Reproduces original documents. 3457:. In Ballantine, W. G. (ed.). 3253:Dumond, Dwight Lowell (1961). 3081:. August 19, 1835. p. 3. 2896:. In Ballantine, W. G. (ed.). 2124:. Best Books on. p. 290. 1932:Barnes, Gilbert Hobbs (1964). 1536:, abolitionist and founder of 1527:, abolitionist and founder of 1271:McCormick Theological Seminary 1153:The "seminary" at Cumminsville 1048:interference with our studies. 985:Sequela (the following events) 728:Ten had lived in slave states. 647:'s new abolitionist newspaper 397:Resolved, that the smoking of 1: 4460:American manual labor schools 4343:Sons and Daughters of Thunder 3459:The Oberlin Jubilee 1833–1883 3221:"The Lane Rebels Dismissions" 2978:American Anti-Slavery Society 2898:The Oberlin Jubilee 1833–1883 2701:Richards, Leonard L. (1970). 2613:Journal of the Early Republic 2572:"Discussion at Lane Seminary" 2316:. April 19, 1834. p. 2. 1439:, worked in Lane's print shop 1399:Alexander Duncan (politician) 1348:Students who enrolled at Lane 831:, the only Black participant. 823:American Colonization Society 698:American Colonization Society 677:or the colonization project. 637:American Colonization Society 601:The rejection of colonization 285:The Oneida Institute and Lane 4176:White, Abby; Brown, Marcia. 3615:. March 9, 1837. p. 3. 3265:University of Michigan Press 1964:. March 7, 1834. p. 3. 1188:Oberlin Collegiate Institute 860:Oberlin Collegiate Institute 829:James Bradley (former slave) 333:Oberlin Collegiate Institute 4445:1829 establishments in Ohio 4375:Lane Seminary, Walnut Hills 4253:. London. pp. 172–186. 3551:"Lane Seminary As I Saw It" 3335:"Incendiarism (pt. 2 of 2)" 3125:The Origins of Knox College 2839:Debate at the Lane Seminary 1940:Harcourt, Brace & World 1309:A movie about the debates, 1241:seminary, cooperating with 1179:informed of local events." 1132:Auburn Theological Seminary 430:the famous family of Benton 357:Harriet Beecher Stowe House 226:and would soon produce the 4501: 4425:Christianity in Cincinnati 4405:19th century in Cincinnati 3979:Getz, Lynne Marie (2006). 3580:Chapman, John Jay (1921). 3549:Tuttle, Joseph F. (1890). 2307:"Manual Labor Institution" 1642:Wilson, John Karl (2014). 1035:Weld continued to Tappan: 866:John Rankin (abolitionist) 837:(probable but unconfirmed) 491:was in attendance, as was 182:, today a neighborhood in 4400:Lane Theological Seminary 3422:"The Lane Rebels Gallery" 3287:"Defence of the students" 3036:. Boston, Massachusetts. 3002:The Life of Arthur Tappan 2804:Abzug, Robert H. (1980). 2620:(4): 463–480, at p. 466. 2465:Wesleyan University Press 2174:New Brunswick, New Jersey 2070:Henry, Stuart C. (1973). 1295:University of Connecticut 653:, begun in 1831, and his 169:Lane Theological Seminary 143:39.1301722°N 84.4882889°W 44:Lane Theological Seminary 26: 4349:Lane Debates - Resources 3452:"'Lane Seminary Rebels'" 2891:"'Lane Seminary Rebels'" 2537:Western Monthly Magazine 2178:Rutgers University Press 2116:Federal Writers' Project 1720:. Metuchen, New Jersey: 1285:Historical re-enactments 1211:minister–abolitionists. 1102:The "Lane Rebels" resign 1071:whipping of Amos Dresser 1059:Miami University of Ohio 739:Slaves long for freedom. 630:Weld organizes "debates" 617:Particularly telling to 532:Western Monthly Magazine 329:Charles Grandison Finney 228:Cincinnati riots of 1836 224:Cincinnati riots of 1829 165:Cincinnati Lane Seminary 107:Walnut Hills, Cincinnati 4364:The Cincinnati Enquirer 3947:. 1836. pp. 32–35. 2872:D. Appleton and Company 2810:Oxford University Press 2709:Oxford University Press 2652:"Dr. Beecher's Address" 2532:"Education and slavery" 2493:"Cheering Intelligence" 2461:Middletown, Connecticut 2384:Bradley, James (1834). 2314:(Springfield, Illinois) 2046:Stansbury, A J (1835). 1783:Wishard, S. E. (1890). 1432:Charles Stewart Renshaw 1409:Augustus Hopkins †1841 1257:, Thomas J. Biggs, and 1223:The Seminary after 1834 1063:Cincinnati riot of 1829 920:Nicholasville, Kentucky 913:Speakers at the debates 659:Western Reserve College 457:In 1831, when the Rev. 244:Allegheny, Pennsylvania 148:39.1301722; -84.4882889 33:Campus of Lane Seminary 4079:: CS1 maint: others ( 3611:Bellows Falls, Vermont 3588:Atlantic Monthly Press 3583:William Lloyd Garrison 3168:Bellows Falls, Vermont 3107:: CS1 maint: others ( 2424:American Presbyterians 2082:W.B. Eerdmans Pub. Co. 2078:Grand Rapids, Michigan 1960:Bellows Falls, Vermont 1446:Sereno Wright Streeter 1419:Joseph Hitchcock Payne 1345: 1339: 1219: 1172: 1157:About a dozen of the 1053:The threat of violence 1050: 982: 959: 948: 937: 880:Elizabeth Cady Stanton 876:Henry Brewster Stanton 768:Notable people present 645:William Lloyd Garrison 472: 450: 438: 414: 407: 368: 351:, future president of 294: 267:George Washington Gale 4326:"A Cause for Freedom" 3999:10.1353/fro.2007.0004 3694:on December 24, 2012. 3688:"Corporation Details" 3676:on February 24, 2007. 3320:May 17, 2022, at the 3077:. Reprinted from the 2599:), 14 Jun 1834, p. 1. 2596:Boston, Massachusetts 1752:White, J. C. (1890). 1382:; Michigan politician 1217: 1186:, founder of the new 1073:, a Lane student, in 783:Harriet Beecher Stowe 493:Harriet Beecher Stowe 345:Harriet Beecher Stowe 327:to famous revivalist 292: 3428:on February 10, 2020 3073:Nashville, Tennessee 2330:newspaperarchive.com 2017:Perry, Mark (2003). 1816:Environmental Review 1482:Theodore Dwight Weld 1427:Samuel Fuller Porter 906:Underground Railroad 892:Theodore Dwight Weld 870:Underground Railroad 845:Nashville, Tennessee 564:free people of color 541:(Cincinnati, 1834). 167:, and later renamed 4370:Lane Seminary, 1841 4308:Black Nova Scotians 4135:Funk & Wagnalls 3494:A Cause for Freedom 3398:. Oberlin College. 3261:Ann Arbor, Michigan 2584:on August 27, 2006. 1999:. January 28, 1833. 1958:Vermont Chronicle ( 821:, attorney, former 579:American Revolution 509:New York Evangelist 483:The slavery debates 251:manual labor system 240:Allegheny Mountains 176:theological college 163:, sometimes called 139: / 23: 3122:Forssberg, Grant. 3026:(April 12, 1834). 2656:African Repository 2577:Cincinnati Journal 2491:(March 29, 1834). 2212:Harper & Bros. 1525:Jonathan Blanchard 1519:Henry Ward Beecher 1452:from 1857 to 1860. 1412:Russell Jesse Judd 1371:John Watson Alvord 1255:Calvin Ellis Stowe 1243:Congregationalists 1220: 1163:Cumminsville, Ohio 1009:American Civil War 886:Calvin Ellis Stowe 795:Henry Ward Beecher 623:African Repository 353:Cincinnati College 341:Henry Ward Beecher 295: 265:In January, 1831, 180:Walnut Hills, Ohio 4225:Most recent first 3968:. pp. 15–32. 3607:Vermont Chronicle 3225:Cause for Freedom 3164:Vermont Chronicle 3024:Weld, Theodore D. 3007:Hurd and Houghton 2718:978-0-19-501351-1 2650:(November 1834). 2568:Weld, Theodore D. 1514:Kansas City Mayor 1450:Otterbein College 1437:Robert L. Stanton 1401:, from Cincinnati 1331:Historical marker 1327:in Philadelphia. 1319:Archival material 1030:Prudence Crandall 1019:After the debates 788:Uncle Tom's Cabin 707:Pennsylvania Hall 448: 405: 403:November 30, 1832 372:Robert L. Stanton 366: 158: 157: 4492: 4470:Academic freedom 4455:Oneida Institute 4337: 4335: 4333: 4311: 4304: 4289: 4279: 4278:. Lane Seminary. 4268: 4262: 4254: 4240: 4220: 4204: 4202: 4200: 4188: 4186: 4184: 4153: 4152: 4121: 4115: 4114: 4112: 4110: 4099:docsouth.unc.edu 4091: 4085: 4084: 4078: 4070: 4068: 4066: 4037: 4031: 4030: 4028: 4026: 3976: 3970: 3969: 3960:N. Y. Evangelist 3955: 3949: 3948: 3938: 3932: 3931: 3918: 3907: 3906: 3894: 3881: 3880: 3878: 3876: 3861: 3855: 3854: 3852: 3850: 3831: 3825: 3824: 3822: 3820: 3798: 3792: 3791: 3785: 3777: 3775: 3773: 3764:. Archived from 3758: 3752: 3751: 3749: 3747: 3738:. Archived from 3732: 3726: 3725: 3723: 3721: 3710:www.enquirer.com 3702: 3696: 3695: 3690:. Archived from 3684: 3678: 3677: 3672:. 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Allan 1001:academic freedom 851:Huntington Lyman 805:") to emigrants 803:Beecher's Bibles 675:American slavery 581:, and who found 442: 396: 363: 313:Theodore D. Weld 259:Oneida Institute 207:academic freedom 154: 153: 151: 150: 149: 144: 140: 137: 136: 135: 132: 96:Baxter Dickinson 52:Private seminary 31: 24: 4500: 4499: 4495: 4494: 4493: 4491: 4490: 4489: 4390: 4389: 4353:Oberlin College 4331: 4329: 4324:Smith, Maddie. 4323: 4320: 4315: 4314: 4305: 4301: 4296: 4282: 4271: 4255: 4243: 4230: 4227: 4209:Nye, Russel B. 4208: 4198: 4196: 4192:Smith, Maddie. 4191: 4182: 4180: 4175: 4167: 4162: 4160:Further reading 4157: 4156: 4149: 4125:White, James C. 4123: 4122: 4118: 4108: 4106: 4093: 4092: 4088: 4071: 4064: 4062: 4039: 4038: 4034: 4024: 4022: 3978: 3977: 3973: 3957: 3956: 3952: 3940: 3939: 3935: 3920: 3919: 3910: 3896: 3895: 3884: 3874: 3872: 3863: 3862: 3858: 3848: 3846: 3833: 3832: 3828: 3818: 3816: 3800: 3799: 3795: 3778: 3771: 3769: 3762:"Archived copy" 3760: 3759: 3755: 3745: 3743: 3734: 3733: 3729: 3719: 3717: 3704: 3703: 3699: 3686: 3685: 3681: 3667: 3666: 3662: 3652: 3650: 3637: 3636: 3632: 3622: 3620: 3602:"Lane Seminary" 3600: 3599: 3595: 3579: 3578: 3574: 3564: 3562: 3548: 3547: 3543: 3519: 3518: 3514: 3504: 3502: 3490: 3489: 3485: 3475: 3473: 3469: 3454: 3446: 3445: 3441: 3431: 3429: 3420: 3419: 3415: 3405: 3403: 3394: 3393: 3389: 3374: 3373: 3369: 3355: 3353: 3340:Huron Reflector 3333: 3332: 3328: 3322:Wayback Machine 3302: 3300: 3285: 3284: 3280: 3252: 3251: 3244: 3234: 3232: 3219:Smith, Maddie. 3218: 3217: 3210: 3199: 3198: 3189: 3179: 3177: 3159:"Lane Seminary" 3157: 3156: 3149: 3139: 3137: 3121: 3120: 3116: 3099: 3088: 3086: 3079:Cincinnati Whig 3062: 3061: 3057: 3043: 3041: 3022: 3021: 3014: 2995: 2994: 2985: 2958: 2957: 2948: 2929: 2928: 2924: 2914: 2912: 2908: 2893: 2888: 2887: 2883: 2862:Birney, William 2860: 2859: 2855: 2832: 2831: 2827: 2820: 2803: 2802: 2793: 2783: 2781: 2772: 2771: 2767: 2757: 2755: 2739: 2738: 2734: 2719: 2700: 2699: 2695: 2680: 2679: 2675: 2665: 2663: 2646: 2645: 2641: 2626:10.2307/3123062 2609: 2608: 2604: 2598: 2592: 2566: 2565: 2561: 2551: 2549: 2527: 2526: 2522: 2508: 2506: 2487: 2486: 2482: 2475: 2454: 2453: 2444: 2420: 2419: 2415: 2405: 2403: 2395:The Emancipator 2383: 2382: 2375: 2351: 2350: 2337: 2323: 2321: 2312:Sangamo Journal 2305: 2304: 2300: 2283: 2276: 2274: 2263: 2262: 2255: 2238: 2226: 2225: 2218: 2203: 2202: 2193: 2167: 2166: 2159: 2149: 2147: 2132: 2114: 2113: 2106: 2091: 2069: 2068: 2061: 2045: 2044: 2040: 2033: 2016: 2015: 2004: 1989: 1988: 1981: 1971: 1969: 1954:"Lane Seminary" 1952: 1951: 1947: 1931: 1930: 1921: 1906:Oberlin College 1897: 1896: 1851: 1828:10.2307/3984039 1813: 1812: 1808: 1798: 1796: 1782: 1781: 1777: 1767: 1765: 1751: 1750: 1739: 1732: 1722:Scarecrow Press 1713: 1712: 1665: 1655: 1653: 1641: 1640: 1636: 1620: 1619: 1615: 1605: 1603: 1593: 1592: 1588: 1576: 1575: 1568: 1563: 1551: 1529:Wheaton College 1510:Edward H. Allen 1506: 1386:Horace Bushnell 1380:Charles P. Bush 1350: 1333: 1321: 1307: 1299:Oberlin College 1291:Yale University 1287: 1225: 1196: 1155: 1104: 1083: 1065:; and the huge 1055: 1046: 1045: 1026: 1021: 987: 915: 835:Samuel Crothers 819:James G. Birney 777:Gamaliel Bailey 770: 765: 683: 632: 603: 552: 547: 485: 463:Auburn Seminary 461:, a student at 459:Lewis D. Howell 451: 426:Marius Robinson 408: 349:Thomas J. Biggs 287: 275:Horace Bushnell 236: 212:fugitive slaves 147: 145: 141: 138: 133: 130: 128: 126: 125: 124: 123: 119: 115: 109: 88: 41: 34: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4498: 4496: 4488: 4487: 4482: 4477: 4472: 4467: 4462: 4457: 4452: 4447: 4442: 4437: 4432: 4427: 4422: 4417: 4412: 4407: 4402: 4392: 4391: 4388: 4387: 4382: 4377: 4372: 4367: 4356: 4346: 4338: 4319: 4318:External links 4316: 4313: 4312: 4298: 4297: 4295: 4292: 4291: 4290: 4280: 4269: 4241: 4226: 4223: 4222: 4221: 4206: 4189: 4173: 4166: 4163: 4161: 4158: 4155: 4154: 4147: 4116: 4101:. p. 13. 4086: 4032: 3993:(2): 102–135. 3971: 3950: 3933: 3926:. Cincinnati: 3908: 3882: 3856: 3826: 3811:. p. A7. 3793: 3768:on May 8, 2004 3753: 3742:on May 2, 2004 3727: 3697: 3679: 3660: 3630: 3593: 3572: 3541: 3512: 3483: 3439: 3413: 3387: 3367: 3362:newspapers.com 3326: 3309:newspapers.com 3278: 3242: 3208: 3187: 3147: 3114: 3095:newspapers.com 3055: 3050:newspapers.com 3012: 2983: 2960:Weld, Theodore 2946: 2922: 2881: 2853: 2834:Stanton, H. B. 2825: 2818: 2791: 2765: 2732: 2717: 2693: 2673: 2648:Beecher, Lyman 2639: 2602: 2559: 2520: 2515:newspapers.com 2489:Stanton, H. B. 2480: 2473: 2442: 2431:(3): 157–171. 2413: 2373: 2335: 2298: 2253: 2216: 2191: 2180:. p. 42. 2157: 2130: 2104: 2089: 2059: 2038: 2031: 2002: 1979: 1945: 1919: 1849: 1806: 1775: 1737: 1730: 1663: 1634: 1613: 1586: 1565: 1564: 1562: 1559: 1558: 1557: 1550: 1547: 1546: 1545: 1543:James C. White 1540: 1534:John Gregg Fee 1531: 1522: 1516: 1505: 1504:Notable alumni 1502: 1501: 1500: 1493: 1490:George Whipple 1487: 1484: 1479: 1467: 1464: 1461: 1457:James A. Thome 1453: 1443: 1440: 1434: 1429: 1424: 1421: 1416: 1413: 1410: 1407: 1402: 1395: 1388: 1383: 1377: 1376:George Bristol 1374: 1368: 1365:Centre College 1349: 1346: 1332: 1329: 1320: 1317: 1306: 1303: 1286: 1283: 1224: 1221: 1195: 1192: 1177:Joshua Leavitt 1154: 1151: 1143:James A. Thome 1103: 1100: 1082: 1079: 1054: 1051: 1025: 1022: 1020: 1017: 986: 983: 968: 967: 953: 952: 942: 941: 932:are so common, 924: 923: 914: 911: 910: 909: 895: 889: 883: 873: 863: 853: 848: 838: 832: 826: 816: 810: 792: 780: 769: 766: 764: 761: 753: 752: 749: 746: 743: 740: 733: 732: 729: 726: 723: 720: 717: 703: 702: 693: 682: 679: 631: 628: 602: 599: 551: 548: 546: 543: 521:, printers of 484: 481: 439: 393: 286: 283: 235: 232: 156: 155: 121: 117: 111: 105: 103: 99: 98: 89: 87:Academic staff 86: 83: 82: 76: 70: 69: 66: 62: 61: 58: 54: 53: 50: 46: 45: 42: 39: 36: 35: 32: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4497: 4486: 4483: 4481: 4478: 4476: 4473: 4471: 4468: 4466: 4463: 4461: 4458: 4456: 4453: 4451: 4448: 4446: 4443: 4441: 4438: 4436: 4433: 4431: 4428: 4426: 4423: 4421: 4418: 4416: 4413: 4411: 4408: 4406: 4403: 4401: 4398: 4397: 4395: 4386: 4383: 4381: 4378: 4376: 4373: 4371: 4368: 4365: 4361: 4357: 4354: 4350: 4347: 4345: 4344: 4341:Web site for 4339: 4327: 4322: 4321: 4317: 4309: 4303: 4300: 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