Road surface marking - Knowledge (XXG)

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out the markings and suction up the water and debris back to the storage area of the truck. The method can remove markers at speeds of 2 mph (3.2 km/h). The only disadvantage of this method is that it can only be operated at above the freezing temperature. Sand blasting methods utilizes high-pressure air and a nozzle to blast sand aggregate. This method produces a lot of debris. It requires a vehicle to supply the aggregate sand and another vehicle with debris collection system. Sand blasting can cause the pavement surface to be polished causing surface scars and ghost marks due to the contrast between the blasting and non blasting areas. Soda and dry ice blasting are similar to sand blasting with reduced effects in surface scarring and ghost marks, but the process is slower. Hydroblasting is a combination of water and sand blasting operated at the pressures up to 10,000 psi (69 MPa). However, the method has been replaced with high-pressure water blasting.

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an obstruction except in New South Wales and Western Australia where double lines may be crossed to enter or leave the roadway. Dashed lines may be crossed for overtaking, changing lanes or turning, and also in the case of double-line markings provided the dashed line is on your side of the markings. For this reason, dashed lines are usually used to mark multiple lanes travelling in one direction. Single yellow lines along road edges are used nationally to indicate "No Standing" areas not otherwise marked by signs. Solid white lines are also used to indicate kerbside parking, pedestrian and bicycle lanes, and other kerbside features. In cities with tramway networks, double yellow lines separate the tramway from the road. Yellow line markings are also used in areas that receive regular annual snowfall to provide contrast. Double-line markings are used to separate traffic flowing in opposite directions on busy roads.

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the road surface and applied using a propane heat torch. Some models require heating the road surface prior to the placement of the preformed thermoplastics. These markings are used primarily because of their durability and cost-effective service life. Since the plastics are melted into the surface, they are not easily damaged by snowplows. Typically, the preformed thermoplastic markings can last 3 to 6 years. The most common applications of preformed thermoplastic pavement markings are found at intersections as transverse markings such as stop lines, legends, crosswalks, arrows, bike lane symbols, and accessibility symbols.

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of Ottawa, Highway 60 West of Renfrew, Highway 28 east of Bancroft, Highway 400 North of Honey Harbour and on Highway 37, South of Tweed. Pavement marking manufacturers from around the world supply a variety of materials for these sites to have their products evaluated and approved for use on provincial highways. Other provinces with road marking test areas include Quebec, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia. Quebec's is outside of Montreal on Autoroute 40; in New Brunswick, the area is outside of Fredericton on Highway 2; Nova Scotia's test area is north of Halifax on Highway 102.

706: 1770: 1292: 571: 1693:" when referring to the Halifax type road stud, are placed in the road. These devices reflect the light from a car's headlights back towards the driver in order to highlight features of the road in poor visibility or at night. The color of road studs differs according to their location. Those defining the division between lanes are white, red road studs are placed along the hard shoulder of motorways, dual carriageways and other roads to mark the left-hand edge of a running lane; and orange road studs are placed along the edge of the 282: 1079:(MUTCD), which mandated white as the standard color of center lines nationwide. The only exceptions to this standard were for double center lines on multi-lane highways and for center lines in no-passing zones, where yellow was recommended but not mandatory. By November 1954, 47 of the 48 states had adopted white as their standard color for highway centerlines, with Oregon being the last holdout to use yellow. In 1958, the U.S. Bureau of Public Roads adopted white as the standard color for the new interstate highway system. 1559:

centerline is removed, and the shoulder lines are broken. Short, broken lines means passing is allowed, long, broken lines means passing is allowed but dangerous, and a double yellow line means passing is forbidden. Roads with speed limits below 60 km/h (37 mph) that indicate that passing is allowed but dangerous have a very short yellow line instead of a long one. On motorways, the left shoulder is a yellow line, like in the US. Most other European countries use white lines for all these types of lines.

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fed to the application apparatus. This is often a screed box or ribbon gun. Immediately after the thermoplastic has been applied, glass beads are laid onto the hot material so that they embed before the plastic hardens. These beads provide initial retroreflection. As the marking wears during use and the initial beads are lost, the beads mixed with the binder are uncovered, providing long-term retroreflectivity. These can be made exceptionally thick to produce a

1448: 197:. They consist of four reflective lenses mounted in a durable white rubber housing, two facing fore and two facing aft. The housing is mounted within a cast iron shoe, which the rubber housing sinks in to when driven over. This provides protection from snow plowing and allows the lenses to be self-cleaning—they pass a rubber blade when depressed. The lenses are available in a variety of different colors, mainly white, yellow/orange, green, red, and blue. 658: 551: 1271:, with longer dashed white lines to indicate lanes of opposing traffic or hazards, and shorter dashed white lines for lanes in the same direction. Solid double white lines indicate that drivers and cyclists must not drive or cycle on them. A solid white line with a broken white line indicates that crossing the line is allowed from the lane closer to the broken line. Double solid white lines are in place in all tunnels and underpasses. 1117: 328: 1655: 123: 1193:. On two-lane roads, a single broken center line means that passing is allowed in either direction, a double solid center line means passing is prohibited in both directions, and the combination of a solid line with a broken line means that passing is allowed only from the side with the broken line and prohibited from the side with the solid line. Lanes with double broken yellow lines on each side are reversible, and 441:

bed. Paint is run through a series of hoses under air pressure and applied to the roadway surface along with the application of glass beads for retroreflectivity. After application, the paint dries fairly quickly. Sometimes the glass beads are mixed in with the paint and applied together. However, a more recommended method is to use a separate gun to spray the glass beads on to the wet paint during the application.

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surface preparation, and workmanship. A technique to minimize the tape being scraped off by snowplows is sandblasting a groove into the surface and fixing the tape onto this groove. This technique diminishes the advantage of low labor cost of the tapes. The preformed polymer tape markings are slippery when wet, especially in large sections such as crosswalks, and caution should be used due to poor wet traction.

1809: 428: 1464: 1046:, which Rexford patrolled as a traffic officer. When Multnomah County declined to fund the project, Rexford's boss, Chief Deputy Martin T. Pratt (later elected Sheriff), paid for the paint out of his own pocket so that the center line could be painted. Rexford later described the April 1917 line as the "first yellow center line ever painted on pavement" in the United States. An article published in 298:

interpret the marks as an unknown form of mechanical markers or strange road surface markings. When roads are under construction and the lanes are shifted laterally, those marks may interfere with temporary lane markings. As the marks from the dowel bar retrofit are not intended to be any form of road surface markings, the responsible agencies try to make these marks less visible to the motorists.

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coating is introduced into an insulated marking bucket. The marking bucket leads to a marking shoe that applies the material. Moving the shoe forward pulls a thin layer of paint onto the road. The thickness of this layer is controlled by the gap between the marking shoe and the road. A specialized attachment can spread an even layer of glass beads onto the paint as it is deposited.

831: 1949: 246:. Uses of rumble strips can be across the travel direction (to warn of hazards ahead) or along the travel direction (to warn of hazards of not staying within a specific lane). Their main way of function is creating a strong vibration when driven over that will alert a driver to various upcoming hazards both by sound and the physical vibration of the vehicle. A 1011:, Board of Roads, after watching a leaky milk wagon leave a white trail along a road. Hines was the fifth recipient of the George S. Bartlett Award for Highway Progress, and was inducted posthumously in 1972 into the Michigan Transportation Hall of Honor for his innovation, and was honored in 2011 with the first Paul Mijksenaar Design for Function Award. 1083:

white center or lane lines and thus gives emphasis to the hazard; (2) Yellow has been accepted as a symbolic warning color in signs and signals; and (3) It is consistent with the standard for no-passing-zone markings approved by the American Association of State Highway Officials and is in use in more than two-thirds of the States for barrier lines."

507:, rosin esters or maleic modified rosin esters (MMRE). Thermoplastic coatings are generally homogeneous dry mixes of binder resins, plasticizers, glass beads (or other optics), pigments, and fillers. Their use has increased over paints mainly due to the performance benefits of increased durability, retro-reflectivity, and a lack of VOC solvents. 159: 234:

specific form of raised strips using thermoplastic is called profile thermoplastic markings. The markings are created by fusing thermoplastic to the pavement and create alternating elevation and recession pattern. This can be done as inverted-profile markings or raised-profile markings. Inverted-profile markings are created by pressing a

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in the direction of travel, where the gaps are longer than the painted lines, indicates the center of the road and that there are no hazards specific to the design and layout of the road, i.e. no turnings, sharp bends ahead etc. A broken white line in which the gaps are shorter than the painted lines indicates an upcoming hazard.

1065:. Dr. McCarroll soon communicated her idea to the local chamber of commerce and the Riverside County Board of Supervisors, with no success. She then took it upon herself to hand-paint a white stripe down the middle of the road, thus establishing the actual width of the lane to prevent similar accidents. In 2002, a portion of 1042:, at the direction of Multnomah County Sheriff's Deputy Peter Rexford. Later in 1917, the same line was continued west of Crown Point. Rexford first conceived the idea of a yellow center line in early 1917 while riding on a bus from Salem, Oregon on a dark and rainy night, and advocated it as a safety measure on the 1494:

directions. Many countries use yellow, orange, or red to indicate when lanes are being shifted temporarily to make room for construction projects. In Croatia, in addition to serving as temporary signage, yellow lines are used permanently to distinguish lanes and turn directions dedicated to public transport.

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Pavement markings are used in addition to signs in the United States to designate regular and handicap parking spaces. Regular parking spaces are normally marked with white, although other colours are used. Handicap parking spaces are required to be located within a specified distance of an entrance.

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A number of provinces have pavement marking test areas on major roads, to evaluate new pavement markings in relation to existing markings. In Ontario, a well-known location is the eastbound lanes of Highway 401 near Belleville. Other test sites are located on the westbound lanes on Highway 417, east

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Orange painted lines are sometimes used when the direction of the road is altered temporarily for construction projects. However, the color scheme was reversed before 1971, when white was formerly used to denote the separation of opposing traffic, and yellow lines, when used, to denote the separation

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The life of the preformed polymer tapes can vary based on the applications. If applied correctly, they can last between 4 and 8 years. However, there have been cases where tape failures start soon after the installation. Conditions that may contribute to tape failure are cold weather at installation,

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Paint is usually applied right after the road has been paved. The road is marked commonly by a truck called a "striper." These trucks contain hundreds of gallons of paint stored in huge drums which sit on the bed. The markings are controlled manually or automatically by the controller who sits on the

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In Australia, road markings are typically in line with Germany and Switzerland. White lines are generally used both to separate traffic flowing in the same direction and traffic flowing in opposite directions. Double solid white centre lines may not be crossed under any circumstances unless avoiding

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In Russia, yellow lines may be used instead of white lines to separate oncoming traffic flows. They were authorized only recently, in 2018, and were first painted on a short stretch of federal highway A138 in Murmansk Oblast. Broken yellow lines at the edge of the road mean that you cannot park, but

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Following the successful "white line" experiment at Ashford, Kent in 1914, the use of painted lines on UK roads grew dramatically during the 1920s. In 1926 official guidelines were issued by the Ministry of Transport that defined where and how white lines on roads should be used. A broken white line

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The 1961 edition of the MUTCD mandated the use of yellow for the two specific exceptions where yellow had been previously recommended but not required, and concurrently banned white in those contexts. The drafters of the 1961 MUTCD gave three reasons for the change: "(1) It contrasts with the normal

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upon Rexford's retirement claimed that a contest with a $ 10,000 reward was once held to determine the originator of the highway center line, but the contest was scrapped when information from Europe revealed that ancient civilizations had used white bricks to mark the center lines of their streets.

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Broken lines that are wider and closer together than regular broken lines are called continuity lines. Continuity lines on the left side of a lane denote that the lane is about to end and that motorists must soon merge left. Continuity lines on the right mean that the lane will continue, but traffic

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to remove the markers. In certain cases, masking the markers is preferred. Marking material is used to cover the markers or a portion of road surface. The color of the masking material is made to be similar to the color of the road surface. Some markings such removable preformed tapes are applied as

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can emit heated gas with temperatures of 2,400 °F (1,320 °C). An excess-oxygen method uses propane and oxygen mixture ejected out of a nozzle to create an external flame and additional oxygen is added to the flame to create temperatures in excess of 4,500 °F (2,480 °C). The flame

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To install glass beads, line painters often use hand dispensers or glass bead dispensers. No matter what tool they use, the line paint should be wet when applying the reflective glass. It is important that the reflective glass beads is not mixed with paint. They must sit on top of the paint to catch

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the proper direction of travel, creating a danger of a head-on collision. Reflective markers are also referred to as raised pavement markers, road studs, and sometimes (generically) in the UK and Ireland as cat's eye, although this name refers to one particular brand of product. These markers can be

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during Easter in 1957. The markings were cautionary, and had no legal status at that time, but motorists were advised that ignoring them could weigh heavily against someone involved in an accident in their vicinity. Further, "it is in order, if safe to do so, to cross the lines only when the broken

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Other markings include in the cities, destination and exit names painted in the lanes, which is done due to the very close proximity of exits, where in many cases it would be impractical to put up many overhead signs, although these are often seen approaching exits, a curved or slanted arrow points

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Marked crosswalks are indicated at a minimum by a pair of white lines. On major boulevards, crosswalks are further highlighted by zebra stripes, which are large white rectangles in the crosswalk perpendicular to traffic. In order to maximize the longevity of zebra crossing stripes, they are usually

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Other equipment is often used with road marking machines. The main auxiliary equipment includes thermoplastic paint pre-heaters, hand-push pre-markers and road marking removers. Thermoplastic paint pre-heater is used to melt the solid powder coating into a viscous liquid, providing a steady supply

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Blasting: There are many materials that can be used for blasting on the road surface to remove markers. These include water, sand, crushed glass, dry ice and soda. High-pressure water blasting method uses 30,000 psi (210 MPa) water jet system on a truck equipped with vacuum heads to blast

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Thermoplastic markings are applied using specially designed vehicles. Usually, thermoplastic marking mode is applied by machine to coat traffic lines, afree preheating by a device commonly called a preheater. The thermoplastic mix is heated in trucks to about 200 °C (400 °F)] before being

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Reflective markers are used as travel lane dividers, to mark the central reservation (median) or to mark exit slip-roads. Incorporating a raised retro-reflective element, they are typically more visible at night and in inclement weather than standard road marking lines. The colour of markers varies

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A double solid white line indicates that the line may not be crossed, overtaking is permitted if it can be performed safely without crossing the line. Solid lines can be crossed in certain specific conditions (entering premises, overtaking a stationary vehicle, overtaking a vehicle, pedal cycle or

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that is responsible for the reduction of accidents. Others have suggested that road markings, especially with middle marker, make the road look like a main road, triggering faster and more relaxed driving, while no marking makes the road look like a lower quality road. It is an experience from the

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The yellow line is the center line, which separates traffic in the opposite direction. Solid line means "do not overtake", and double solid line has the meaning of further emphasis on that way. Dash lines allow overtaking. Some intersections have white broken lines at the center. This means it's a

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were commonly used to mark lanes on most freeways from the mid-1960s to the mid-2010s (when the state began to transition away from them and back to using painted lines to divide lanes). Many California cities also use Botts' dots on some (or all) major arterial roads. The notable exception is the

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years drivers still had to use the old and new. One odd exception was that white was still allowed as the left edge line color on the leftmost lane (closest to the median) on divided highways. The 1973 supplement of the MUTCD fixed this by mandating yellow for left edge lines on divided highways.

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in pavement markings: from now on, yellow would always delineate opposing traffic flows and white would always delineate traffic flowing in the same direction. The changeover to the 1971 MUTCD standards took place between 1971 and 1975, with most repainting completed by the end of 1973, so for two

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Abrasion may dislodge these beads from the road marking itself, and the reaction of these beads with an aqueous environment vastly accelerates their decomposition and heavy metal release. During both routine road marking removal and harsh environmental conditions, these glass beads can degrade and

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Preformed thermoplastic pavement markings (sometime called "tape", but not to be confused with preformed polymer tape) are thermoplastic cut into the final shapes by the manufacturers and ready to position onto an asphalt or concrete pavement surface. Preformed thermoplastics are put into place on

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are commonly used for the same purpose. A rumble strip can be a series of simple troughs, typically 1 cm (0.4 in) deep and 10 cm (4 in) wide, that is ground out of the asphalt. Other alternatives, similar to the Botts' dots, use raised strips, painted or glued to the surface. A

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A double yellow line (commonly known as just a "Double Yellow") next to the curb means that no parking is allowed at any time, whilst a single yellow line is used in conjunction with signs to denote that parking is restricted at certain times. Double and single red lines mean that stopping is not

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process to reinforce concrete slabs in order to extend the life of older concrete pavements. The completion of the process leaves a symmetrical pattern of dash marks on the roadway, as if there were an associated meaning to the pattern. When there are many of them along the roadway, motorists may

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Shoulder lines are generally interrupted outside built-up area to make the driver be aware the presence of crossing bicycles and pedestrians, driveways and stopping cars. Wider roads sometimes have a single, but in most cases have a double centre line. Interrupted center lines mean overtaking is

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Solid yellow lines are painted along the kerbside to indicate that stopping is not allowed, unlike in the UK where they only prohibit parking. Double solid yellow lines mean stopping is not allowed at any time (parking itself is prohibited on any street with street lighting regardless of whether

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uses a high-pressure airless pump to spray the paint. The atomized paint is not so fine and smooth as air spray, but there is no high speed air flow to scatter any rebounding paint. The marked lines are neat. This method can apply paints of high viscosity, and apply relatively thick layers in a

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Materials used are waterborne paint, thermoplastics, and cold-applied plastic (PMMA), all with glass beads. Bead is generally 1mm for longitudinal marking. Currently moving to performance-specified contracts with the primary performance indicator being retro-reflectivity measured with 30 m

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countries reserve white for routine lane markings of any kind. Yellow is used to mark forbidden parking, such as on bus stops. In most European countries, white is used to separate traffic directions, but this is not the case in Norway: the country instead has yellow markings separating traffic

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Removable tapes can also be used in road construction sites as temporary markers. The tapes can be placed to shift the lanes and black tapes can be used to temporarily blackout the existing markings. At the end of the constructions or within 6 months, the tapes can be pulled out off the surface

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The line was put down as an experiment as there were a lot of accidents there, even in the early days of the motor car. The experiment proved to be so successful that the whole country adopted it as a standard road safety device, and later foreign countries paint lines on their roads, as well.

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Yellow lines are used to separate traffic moving in opposite directions, and white lines are used to separate traffic moving in the same direction, and on the shoulders of paved roads. On one-directional roads, a yellow line appears on the left shoulder, and a white line on the right shoulder.

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of paint to the marking machine. Pre-markers are used to draw a field sketch in advance to avoid faulty marking. Road marking removers are used to remove old or incorrect markings. Large self-propelled machines usually do not need any support equipment, as equivalent functionality is built in.

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Thermoplastic road marking paint is a solid powder at room temperature. The thermoplastic paint is melted in a specialized machine called a thermoplastic heater-mixer, before being transferred into the paint tank of a marker. Larger marking machines may have internal heater-mixers. The molten

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to provide guidance and information to drivers and pedestrians. Uniformity of the markings is an important factor in minimizing confusion and uncertainty about their meaning, and efforts exist to standardize such markings across borders. However, countries and areas categorize and specify road

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there are single or double yellow lines). Zig-zag lines are used on both ends of zebra crossings to indicate that drivers and cyclists must not stop unless giving way to pedestrians, and pedestrians must not cross the road otherwise than on the crossing. Road studs are also used as in the UK.

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and elsewhere, raised markers are used to mark pedestrian crossings to assist the blind in crossing streets. In colder climates, reflective markers may be installed below ground using an elongated narrow triangle, cut into the road surface that allows the device to be installed below the road

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In Norway, yellow lines are used to separate traffic moving in opposite directions and on the left shoulders of paved roads, and white lines are used to separate traffic moving in the same direction, and on the right shoulders of paved roads. On roads narrower than 6 m (20 ft), the

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Shoulder lines on expressways and motorways are solid to imply the general absence of crossing traffic and residential driveways, as well as the disallowance of leaving the road on places other than specified exits. Expressways always have double centre lines. Exit and acceleration lanes are

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allowed, a solid line means overtaking is not allowed, depending on which side of a double line is solid. Smaller roads and roads where bicycles are allowed generally do not have center lines, and many country roads have no lines at all. Sometimes there is a center line only in sharp curves.

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can damage the thermoplastics, limiting usage in cold-climate areas. The filling materials of road paint can affect the mechanical strength, abrasion resistance and hue of the coating film. The particle size of the paint powder influences the flow, sedimentation, and the surface processing.

1109:. The researchers conducted a survey and discovered that 75% of American drivers associate dashed yellow center lines with dividing opposing traffic; this number rises to 85% for solid center lines. These findings implied that any conversion to white would require an enormously expensive 1072:

The question of which color to use for highway center lines (dividing opposing traffic) in the United States was the subject of considerable debate and changing standards over a period of several decades. It was the single most controversial and most heavily debated issue resolved by the

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In 1917, the idea of using painted center lines on rural state highways was conceived and/or put into action in at least three states (Michigan, Oregon, and California), apparently completely independent of one another. At some point in 1917, a white highway center line was painted along

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White is also used on divided expressways with a solid raised center divider. Two-lane expressways where poles are the only physical barrier between opposing directions of travel always have yellow either side of the row of poles, and white is between the yellow striping and the poles.

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This type of surface damage can be found exclusively underneath the pavement markings such as lane markings and turn-lane arrows. There is no definitive explanation of the relationship between pavement markings and surface deterioration, but there are several hypotheses. One is that

639:. The two parts are mixed in a specialized truck for epoxy marking application. The epoxy is then heated prior to spraying onto road surface. Retroreflective glass beads are applied using a separate bead gun behind the epoxy spray gun. Typically, epoxy markings last about 4 years. 1176:

usually the lines, and no paint is used for additional markings. Exceptions include: freeways built from white concrete where painted stripes are added to make the lanes more visible through sun glare, freeways built so wide that the risk of drifting out of lane is minimal (e.g.,

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horse travelling at less than 10 mph, or when directed to do so by a police officer). A solid white line with a broken white line parallel to it indicates that crossing the line is allowed for traffic in one direction (the side closest to the broken line) and not the other.

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introduction of marking, that at least on narrow roads and in curves, middle lines help make drivers stay on their side when meeting, and therefore reducing meeting accidents. Note that the 2005 experiment was on urban roads. In Sweden, local streets generally have no marking.

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strains between the areas with and without markings. Small flaws caused by differential strains may be combined into longitudinal cracks along the markings. There are certain surface treatments that can make the road surface less susceptible to this type of distresses, such as

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follows the convention of a solid yellow line to indicate no passing on roads with two-way traffic, it uses 3 m-long (9 ft 10 in) dashed white lines with a 7 m (23 ft) gap to indicate when passing against opposing traffic is allowed on two-lane roads

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In areas with high levels of snow, such as Snowy Mountains NSW (where this picture was taken), yellow lines are used to contrast the white snow. The markers on the side of the road are also taller than other markers in NSW and pink, in order to increase visibility in snowy

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In general, white lines separate traffic in the same direction, single broken lines mean passing or lane changing is allowed, single solid white lines mean lane changing is discouraged or prohibited, and double solid white lines mean it is prohibited, as it often is in

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In Japan, white always separates traffic in the same direction or indicates traffic in the same direction can use a buffered area that is striped in crosshatch patterns such as at right turns on two-way roads since Japan is a country that has left-side driving.

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lane markers, are applied manually using stencils. Painted markings usually last 9 to 36 months. There are some water-based paints that can be applied at double the level of thickness of typical latex paints. This technique can extend the life of the markings.

378:, and fillers which bring out the color pigments (color Yellow, White, Orange and Light Blue) to the required level. Resins or binders are the glue of the paint to bind pigment and glass beads together to the road surface. The resins for water-based paints are 1352:

In the Republic of Korea, white always separates traffic in the same direction. Solid line means "do not change lanes", and a double solid line has the meaning of further emphasis on that way. Dash lines allow changing lanes. Zigzag lanes mean deceleration.

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is a method of marking that uses compressed air to spray the paint onto the road surface. The finely atomized paint produces a thin and smooth layer, but the rebounding air flow causes significant paint scattering. This produces somewhat sloppy markings.

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is permitted from both directions, and solid yellow lines when overtaking is prohibited from both directions; when overtaking is permitted from only one direction, such countries separate traffic with a combination of white and yellow lines.

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or special purpose spaces for disabled parking, loading zones, or time-restricted parking areas. colors for these applications vary by locality. Paint is a low-cost marking and has been in widespread use since approximately the early 1950s.

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depending on the country of use; freeways in the United States often use reflectors manufactured to appear white to drivers proceeding in the proper direction of travel, and appear red on the reverse to warn drivers that they are proceeding

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Overlay: The application being laid over the surface of the pavement. Using industrial-grade rubber cement, once the tape is combined with the pavement, it should last three years. Major obstacles to estimated life are snowplows, salt, and

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rolling over the markings while they are wet to make them corrugated. Raised-profile markings are created by extruding extra thickness of thermoplastic at a specific interval to create bumps. Raised-profile markings are sometime known as

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from regular traffic lanes. They are also used in areas where lanes are used at different times for travel in both directions. These cones have shafts that drop into holes in the road surface. A good example of this type of use was the

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Grinding: The grinding method is to use rotating abrasive surface against the markings to break them up. It can be in the form of grinding, milling or flailing. One grinding head uses orbital abrasive disks similar to an

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Epoxy has been in use since the late 1970s and has gained popularity over the 1990s as the technology has become more affordable and reliable. This material competes directly with plastic with respect to usage and cost.

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Text is painted onto the pavement to reinforce roadside signs that may be obscured for various reasons or that drivers may overlook. Common examples of such legends include "STOP" (before a solid stop line and beside a

1027:, under the direction of Kenneth Ingalls Sawyer, who served as engineer-superintendent of the Marquette County Road Commission. Sawyer was inducted posthumously into the Michigan Transportation Hall of Honor in 1973. 669:

in many kinds of road markings. Retroreflectivity occurs when incident light from vehicles is refracted within glass beads that are embedded in road markings and then reflected back into the driver's field of view.

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or serve as noise generators when run across a road, or attempt to wake a sleeping driver when installed in the shoulders of a road. Road surface marking can also indicate regulations for parking and stopping.

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reported that accidents fell by a third, with motorists' speed falling by an average of 5%. It has been suggested that naked roads force drivers to make eye contact with other road users, and that it is this

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of Indio, California developed the idea of white center lines and began advocating for their use, after she was run off the road by a truck while driving along a highway that would later be incorporated into

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Solid white lines are used to mark an intersection that a driver must stop at before entering whilst obeying all right-of-way laws. Dashed white lines are used to mark an intersection at which a driver must

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Other methods: Laser has been used in an experimental phase to remove markers, but the process is slow. A method of chemical applications to the markers to break them down is also used. This method requires

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In the Netherlands all general lines are white, while yellow lines are used to mark forbidden stopping (solid yellow), forbidden parking (broken yellow) and for temporarily lining at construction projects.

526:, improving the anti-settling, anti-pollution, and anti-tarnish qualities. Thermoplastic marking paint is most commonly produced in yellow and white. The white marking paint mainly contains titanium white, 1370:

Dash line: bus-only lane. Other cars can temporarily use bus lanes to turn right into alleys or join regular lanes. Taxis can also temporarily pass through bus-only lanes to allow passengers to get on and

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Inlay: The tape physically becomes part of the asphalt. Using the heat generated in the paving process, road workers lay special tape on the asphalt in the hardening process, and rollers compress the two

211:, who invented the epoxy that keeps them glued down, are one type of a mechanical non-reflective raised marker. Generally they are used to mark the edges of traffic lanes, frequently in conjunction with 1086:

The 1971 edition of the MUTCD mandated yellow as the standard color of all center lines on all roads and highways in all contexts, and banned the use of white. The point was to establish a consistent

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In the United States, the demand for glass beads has led to importing from countries using outdated manufacturing regulations and techniques. These techniques include the use of heavy metals such as

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Yellow single solid line: no parking and no stopping, however some local governments allow parking or stopping at particular times. The time available for parking or stopping is written on a sign.

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Today, road markings are used to convey a range of information to the driver spanning navigational, safety and enforcement issues leading to their use in road environment understanding within

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was used to paint yellow lines through the end of the 20th century. As a result, U.S. transportation workers must take special precautions when disturbing or removing yellow lane markings.

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One of the most common types of road marking based on its balance between cost and performance longevity, thermoplastic binder systems are generally based on one of three core chemistries:

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Chevron, sign that forms a complete line which is not included in the meaning of line marking or cross marking, to indicate an area of the road surface that is not a vehicle traffic lane.

1149:, black material is applied on the surface before a shorter white line is painted. This improves the contrast of the marking against "white" pavements, such as concrete or faded asphalt. 1094:

The major downside to the MUTCD white-yellow system is that yellow has slightly less contrast than white, especially at night, so for maximum contrast, bright yellow—and highly toxic—

1426:

Symbol marking, mark that contain certain meanings to express warnings, orders and prohibitions to complement or confirm the intent conveyed by traffic signs or other traffic signs.

3340: 1463: 3515: 1283:

In Israel, white lines are used to separate both traffic driving in the same direction and in opposite directions, while yellow lines are used to mark the shoulder of the road.

402:. The pigments and resins are mixed with water for water-based paints and solvents for solvent-based paints so that they can be applied onto the road surface. Solvents include 2387:; Ndiba, P.K.; Ramanujachary, K.V. & Magdelano, T.F. (2010). "Heavy Metal Contamination in Highway Marking Glass Beads". Trenton: New Jersey Department of Transportation. 1385:

Yellow dash line: stopping is allowed, but no parking. However, some local governments allow parking at particular times. The time available for parking is written on a sign.

1367:

Double line: bus-only lane at additional times such as 5:00-11:00 / 15:00-22:00 on weekdays or double line on several streets means bus-only lane all day, including weekends.

1717:

can stop for up to 5 minutes, or more if that is needed to load and unload people or cargo. A solid yellow line on the edge of the road denotes that stopping is prohibited.

1606:. Following complaints by residents over reckless driving and several collisions, the Sutton Coldfield Corporation decided to paint the line on Maney Corner in the area of 1671:

one is on your side. It is not in order to cross when the solid line is on your side or to park there." Despite the instruction about parking, it was observed that nine

1246:: northbound lanes, between mile markers 194 to 198, where the roadway is concrete; and southbound lanes between mile markers 162 to 163, where the roadway is asphalt. 689:

during the manufacturing process as decolourizing and fining agents. It has been found that the heavy metals become incorporated into the bead's glass matrix and may

272:

surface. Newer technology allows these to be placed above ground with snowplough-able rails that attempt to protect the reflective components from the snowplow blade.

63:

to mark parking spaces or designate areas for other uses. In some countries and areas (France, Italy, Czech Republic, Slovakia etc.), road markings are conceived as

721:. The paint and tape markers can cause the road surface to crack, and in more severe cases, the markers contribute to road surface raveling (a process in which the 697:

leach incorporated heavy metals. There are other, non-toxic metals that can achieve the same results. These may include zirconium, tungsten, titanium, and barium.

1794:

shorter ones to separate lanes going in the same direction. The New Zealand convention followed the USA MUTCD convention common between 1961 and the early 1970s.

1314:

On expressways where there are many sharp turns and curves, seen especially in the largest cities, a yellow line indicates no passing between lanes, as follows:

489:

or other light-coloured rocks. This kind of marking is long-lasting, but can be slippery in rain or wet conditions unless surfaced with a matte or rough finish.

3408: 3357: 1746:

is possible (intersections in which two cars travelling in opposite directions turn to the same direction of travel as each other without coming into contact).

1486:, which describes what road signs and road markings shall look like. The convention has some flexibility so road markings vary somewhat between the countries. 1207:

applied to correspond with the portions of the lane on which the wheels of a car are not usually traveling, thereby reducing wear on the markings themselves.

578:

Commonly referred to as tape or cold plastic, this product is heavy-grade material with reflective beads embedded in the plastic. It is commonly used to mark

1311:

White is also used to denote passing allowed on other two-lane roads. Yellow indicates no passing is allowed. On all roads, yellow stripes are always solid.

1020: 1483: 3042:

Starr, Shannon (April 6, 2002). "Woman Credited for Highway Center Lines: Dr. June McCarroll of Indio Will Be Honored with Signs on Interstate 10".

1497:

In France on highways the outside lines are interrupted at a regular distance which allows drivers and police to check distance between moving vehicles.

2996: 1947:, Huang Weiquan, "Automatic marking device for convex traffic line", published 2004-04-28, assigned to Sanhuan Yakeli Traffic Material 1134: 1075: 3382: 1227:). On many California streets, the speed limit is painted onto the road surface to alert drivers to a reduced speed zone. At some complex junctions, 215:. Botts' dots are also used across a travel lane to draw the drivers attention to the road. They are frequently used in this way to alert drivers to 3779: 2707: 800:

with teeth. Another type of grinding use a drum of disks with teeth stacked side by side. Surface scarring is expected with all grinding techniques.

953:, it is legal to cross a single solid yellow line along a straight road and the vehicle is not within 30 meters of a bridge or railway crossing. 518:

The thermoplastic marking coating sets quickly. The melt adhesion of a synthetic resin makes hot-melt paint adhere strongly to the road surface.

1567: 3887: 3832: 359:

Paint, sometimes with additives such as retroreflective glass beads, is generally used to mark travel lanes. It is also used to mark spaces in

79:

surface markings in different ways—white lines are called white lines mechanical, non-mechanical, or temporary. They can be used to delineate

3167: 3026: 2516: 1102: 3322: 1321:

Solid yellow beside broken white: passing is permitted from the side with the broken white line, but not from the side with the yellow line.

374:. Pigments are finely grounded materials that give out colors or block out the surface beneath it. They may contain other materials such as 3717: 1580: 1340:

Road markings in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea are rare, but if they do exist, the lines are usually painted white, as in the

936:

usually uses white lines only, except when snowy conditions are possible (in the South and on mountain roads). Then all lines are yellow.

1197:

are used to indicate which direction traffic in such lanes is supposed to travel. The solid white line on the right side is called the '

2617: 2279: 1591:, the first "white line" road markings appeared on a number of dangerous bends on the London-Folkestone road at Ashford, Kent, in 1914. 32: 3522: 2472: 2350:

dos Santos, E. J.; Hermann, A. B.; Prado, S. K.; Fantis, E. B.; dos Santos, V. W.; de Oliveira, A. V. M. & Curtius, A. J. (2013).

1329:

to the side of the expressway the exit will be on. A straight arrow following characters indicates the destination of the expressway.

103: 1750:(98 ft) geometry instruments. Intervention levels vary generally from 100 to 150 mcd/lux/m (from 0.029 to 0.044 foot-lamberts). 3499: 3299: 3260: 3225: 5097: 1833: 498: 2137: 2032: 1391:

Yellow double solid line: no parking and stopping all day. These are used near an intersection, the crosswalk, or a bus station.

4227: 3637: 1775:

The bridge over the Thredbo River, one of the points in which the white lines become yellow as the number of snowfall increases

1508:

In the Netherlands, Germany, Sweden, and the UK, so-called "naked roads" have been trialed, whereby all visible road markings,

1318:

Solid yellow beside solid white: no entry permitted from the lane the stripe is next to, but passing is permitted with caution.

1043: 1031: 964:

In some areas, reflective markers (cat's eyes) recessed into the pavement are used, especially approaching curves in the road.

652: 3548: 1504:

Yellow road markings separating lanes in Austria, 1990. They were replaced with regular white road markings starting from 1995

5123: 5102: 4217: 4202: 3817: 2858: 2173: 1420:

Cross marking, mark that is crosswise to the axis of the road, such as at a stop line at a Zebra cross or at an intersection

574:

Preformed polymer tapes used for crosswalk markings on a New York city street (notice tape failure on lower leftmost stripe)

5079: 5069: 4306: 4197: 3842: 1228: 1106: 5074: 4888: 4413: 4276: 3090:

Hawkins, H. Gene; Parham, Angelia H.; Womack, Katie N. (2002). "Appendix A: Evolution of U.S. Pavement Marking System".

2497:

Pike, Adam M.; Miles, Jeffrey D. (2013). "Chapter 3: Identification, Description, and Evaluation of Removal Processes".

1983: 821:

a temporary marker removal measure. The most expensive method is resurfacing. This method is used only in limited cases.

705: 1113:

program on top of the cost of repainting center lines, and therefore the Texas researchers advised against conversion.

4795: 4685: 3882: 1470: 1182: 1062: 882: 587: 1742:. Dashed white lines are also commonly used to indicate turns in intersections and to indicate intersections where a 2762: 2305: 1868: 1291: 741:

from the aggregate materials. Another hypothesis is that the reflectivity of the markings may create differences in

570: 3973: 1843: 1797:

New Zealand road markings are governed/standardized by Part 2 of the Manual Of Traffic Signs And Markings (MOTSAM)

1024: 916: 5084: 4903: 3759: 2922: 891: 2145:. Office of Traffic, Safety, and Technology, Minnesota Department of Transportation. March 2013. pp. G1–J1. 983:

along the Marquette–Negaunee Road in Marquette County, Michigan, shown in 1917 with its hand-painted center line

281: 5064: 4790: 4785: 4760: 3877: 3797: 3710: 1239: 895: 3118: 2890: 2675: 1185:), and freeways in areas where it snows in the winter (since the snowplows would scrape off the Botts' dots). 812:

is applied directly to the markers. In both methods, care is to be taken not to melt the asphalt road surface.

661:

Incident light is refracted within glass beads on road surfaces and reflected into the driver's field of view.

95:

There is continuous effort to improve the road marking system, and technological breakthroughs include adding

3139:

American Association of State Highway Officials; National Joint Committee on Traffic Control Devices (1971).

1643:. As a result, white lines were painted on the sides of the road and pedestrians were allowed to use a small 2591: 1662:

The Ministry of Transport experimented with double-line road markings for the first time on sections of the

1633: 1526: 1243: 1212: 1158: 725:

are dislodged from the road surface, causing the surface texture to become deeply pitted and very rough) or

267:

to indicate that emergency service vehicles have a code or device that allows them to open the gate. In the

3675:

Manual of traffic signs and markings (MOTSAM) - Part 2: markings - Waka Kotahi NZTA, Published August 2010

1720:

During road works, temporary orange lines are often provided. These have priority over permanent markings.

803:

Burning: High heat and flame can be used as methods of marker removal. In the hot-compressed air method, a

5128: 4997: 4964: 4301: 4271: 4212: 4177: 3852: 2006: 1004: 722: 212: 4959: 4296: 4187: 3787: 2711: 2652: 2392: 2058: 1615: 4680: 1944: 1324:

Solid yellow line alone: passing prohibited from either lane, used on very tight curves and in tunnels.

1203:' used to help cars stay in their lane during foggy conditions and help pedestrians stay off the road. 1110: 4700: 4423: 4321: 4207: 3807: 3792: 2428: 1357:

U-turn area; drivers can make U-turns only at this place and not make a U-turn over the yellow line.

1251: 1194: 1121: 1035: 755: 690: 523: 179: 1550:

Furthermore, several traffic signs are painted on the road, such as speed limits and warning signs.

4954: 4828: 4547: 4503: 4391: 4243: 4182: 3938: 3923: 3918: 3812: 3746: 3703: 1828: 1694: 1690: 1341: 1016: 980: 595: 478: 422:. Due to environmental concerns, some jurisdictions may have restrictions on solvent-based paints. 383: 208: 186: 163: 44: 3147:. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration. p. 181 2948: 2825:

Making Michigan Move: A History of Michigan Highways and the Michigan Department of Transportation

2458: 2084: 223:

or other significant reduction of speed limit. They are normally only used in warm climates since

4858: 4672: 4657: 4468: 4403: 4326: 4311: 4256: 4232: 4192: 4160: 4094: 4084: 4055: 3992: 3862: 3827: 3651: 3326: 1891: 1663: 1640: 887: 804: 415: 302: 294: 286: 3189: 3091: 1447: 1382:

White line: parking and stopping is allowed, but it isn't allowed on motorways and expressways.

1332:

Where a solid white line appears between lanes, passing is generally allowed but with caution.

599: 457: 4918: 4731: 4721: 4652: 4602: 4341: 4222: 4060: 4032: 4017: 4002: 3872: 3867: 3857: 3495: 3414: 3295: 3256: 3221: 3140: 3022: 2977: 2871: 2829: 2793: 2546: 2512: 2169: 1925:(August 2004 ed.). Texas Department of Transportation. August 1, 2004. pp. 2–36–2–37 1697:. Green road studs denote slip roads at grade-separated junctions and also road-side lay-bys. 1095: 992: 746: 738: 737:

may have been trapped underneath the road surface markings, causing the de-bonding of asphalt

555: 554:

Preformed thermoplastic markings ready to be applied to the road surface with a blow torch in

431: 379: 96: 3574: 2785: 2629: 293:

Sometimes the result of roadwork may leave visible marks on the pavements. An example is the

4775: 4537: 4453: 4448: 4363: 4166: 4121: 3963: 3769: 3764: 3294:(Revision 2 to 2009 ed.). Washington, DC: Federal Highway Administration. p. 354. 3255:(Revision 2 to 2009 ed.). Washington, DC: Federal Highway Administration. p. 349. 2504: 2436: 2363: 2161: 1883: 1599: 1138:

is the standard, although each state produces its own manual based upon the Federal manual.

817: 714: 657: 550: 5012: 4972: 4883: 4873: 4843: 4833: 4818: 4780: 4736: 4562: 4552: 4483: 4099: 3802: 3060:

Guzman, Richard (April 24, 2002). "Caltrans Will Honor Local Motorist Who Drew the Line".

2405: 2253: 1917: 1234:

Pavement marking test areas exist throughout the United States on various major roads. In

1116: 1039: 1000: 264: 3440: 2432: 2156:

Hunger, Klaus & Herbst, Willy (2000). "Pigments, Organic". In Ullmann, Fritz (ed.).

1069:

was designated and signed as "The Doctor June McCarroll Memorial Freeway" in her honor.

537:

In warm climate areas, the thermoplastic markings can last three to six years. However,

4982: 4944: 4913: 4893: 4878: 4690: 4572: 4114: 4042: 3913: 3908: 3847: 3837: 3729: 1848: 1588: 1521: 1153: 1057: 797: 793: 718: 666: 591: 327: 268: 200: 107: 1394:

Red double solid line: no parking or stopping all day because there is a fire hydrant.

170: 122: 5117: 4992: 4949: 4898: 4838: 4803: 4770: 4637: 4587: 4577: 4478: 4408: 4398: 4291: 4261: 4150: 4109: 4027: 3903: 3737: 3284: 3245: 2930: 2862: 2770: 2352:"Determination of Toxic Elements in Glass Beads Used for Pavement Marking by ICP OES" 1364:

Single line: bus-only lane at a rush hour such as 7:00-9:00 / 17:30-19:30 on weekdays

1129: 1066: 1048: 988: 742: 470: 387: 375: 194: 75: 3676: 1211:

Blue markings are used to indicate the parking space is reserved for persons with a

976: 427: 27:

Any kind of device or material used on a road surface to convey official information

5017: 5007: 4908: 4863: 4823: 4813: 4808: 4765: 4647: 4642: 4567: 4493: 4463: 4355: 4336: 4266: 4104: 4012: 3754: 2109: 1895: 1814: 1743: 1701: 1654: 1629: 1572: 1374:

Solid line: bus-only lane. Other cars are never allowed to enter the bus-only lane.

1247: 1178: 878: 512: 360: 260: 247: 230: 68: 3465: 1598:, the idea of painting a center white line was first experimented with in 1921 in 3169:

Compendium of Environmental Stewardship Practices in Construction and Maintenance

2733: 2368: 2351: 1512:, traffic lights, and signs are removed, on urban roads. When this was tested in 1105:

researched the viability of converting from yellow to white center lines for the

1030:

In Oregon in April 1917, a yellow center line was painted down the center of the

4987: 4632: 4622: 4597: 4522: 4433: 4381: 4331: 4136: 4068: 4037: 2808: 1786: 1689:

On many roads in the UK, retro-reflective road studs, including those known as "

1509: 1224: 751: 734: 504: 482: 474: 399: 395: 391: 306: 220: 3690: 2199: 1700:

Comprehensive information about highway markings in the UK can be found in the

1132:, and road surfaces are legally regulated—the Federal Highway Administration's 830: 178:

Mechanical devices may be raised or recessed into the road surface, and either

4977: 4853: 4726: 4662: 4627: 4607: 4488: 4458: 4428: 4368: 4316: 3968: 2844: 1887: 1869:"Automatic Real-time Road Marking Recognition Using a Feature Driven Approach" 1804: 1644: 1603: 1165: 1087: 928: 527: 240: 216: 190: 174:

White raised pavement marker near "pea-structure" side-line on highway surface

88: 3220:(Revision 2, 2003 ed.). Washington, DC: Federal Highway Administration. 2550: 2165: 370:

consists of three main components: pigments, resins or binders, and water or

4848: 4695: 4582: 4542: 4532: 4527: 4418: 4286: 4281: 4131: 4050: 4007: 3958: 3948: 3943: 3933: 3418: 3191:

NCHRP Report 484: Feasibility Study for an All-White Pavement Marking System

3093:

NCHRP Report 484: Feasibility Study for an All-White Pavement Marking System

2981: 2440: 2228: 1672: 1517: 1220: 937: 920: 915:

Almost all countries in North and South America have solid and intermittent

709:

Road surface raveling and potholes found exclusively along pavement markings

607: 579: 531: 519: 3407:

Staff (2000). "Chapter 5: For All Drivers, White Lines and Traffic Lanes".

2875: 2833: 2797: 2498: 17: 1231:

guide drivers into the correct lane in advance of an overhead guide sign.

5041: 5036: 4868: 4617: 4612: 4473: 4438: 4386: 4376: 4022: 3997: 3822: 3469: 2384: 1739: 1636: 1142: 1008: 996: 682: 636: 603: 538: 411: 224: 204: 84: 3341:"FDOT and NTPEP Pavement Marking Materials Test Decks: Project Overview" 3166:

Center for Environmental Excellence. "Section 5.5, Pavement Recycling".

2565: 4939: 4923: 4750: 4592: 4443: 3953: 3928: 1667: 1639:

for the government to make it safer for pedestrians to walk during the

1595: 1235: 1146: 950: 924: 835: 808: 726: 713:

Non-mechanical markers are found to contribute to the deterioration of

678: 419: 407: 403: 371: 60: 47:

in order to convey official information; they are commonly placed with

2710:(Press release). Michigan Department of Transportation. Archived from 2473:"Pavement Surface Condition Field Rating Manual for Asphalt Pavements" 991:, the first documented use of a painted center line was in 1911 along 949:

Passing rules are denoted by dashed lines as in the United States. In

158: 5046: 4716: 4126: 4089: 3172:. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. 2823: 2540: 1576: 1490: 1407: 1190: 1169: 486: 462: 665:

Glass beads composed of soda lime glass are essential for providing

3099:. Washington, D.C.: Transportation Research Board. pp. A-1–A-7 2864:

America's Highways, 1776–1976: A History of the Federal-Aid Program

2508: 1682:

Solid white lines are also used to mark the outer edges of a road.

999:, the idea of using a painted center line was conceived in 1911 by 995:'s River Road in Wayne County, Michigan. According to the state of 434:

is a common yellow colorant used for road marking on U.S. highways.

3145:

Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices for Streets and Highways

1822: 1705: 1653: 1607: 1566: 1513: 1499: 1446: 1296: 1290: 1115: 975: 933: 829: 779:

Pavement marking removal system using high-pressure water blasting

765: 704: 656: 632: 569: 549: 456: 367: 326: 280: 169: 157: 31: 3765:

Dual carriageway / Divided highway / Expressway

3695: 3691:

U.S. Federal Highway Administration—Learn About Pavement Markings

3197:. Washington, D.C.: Transportation Research Board. pp. 53–59 2229:"A Brief Overview of Thermoplastic Road Marking and Its Benefits" 1254:

between mile markers 27 to 29 in both east- and westbound lanes.

3726: 3019:

Multnomah: The Tumultuous Story of Oregon's Most Populous County

2503:. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. pp. 13–16. 1838: 686: 583: 243: 235: 80: 3699: 3188:

Hawkins, H. Gene; Parham, Angelia H.; Womack, Katie N. (2002).

2419:

Hayden, J. S. (2004). "Ecologically Friendly Optical Glasses".

4557: 2870:. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office. p. 127. 2828:. Lansing: Michigan Department of Transportation. p. 10. 1417:

Line marking, marks that are parallel to the axis of the road.

445: 117: 2708:"Inventor of Highway Centerline Receives International Honor" 2653:"Inventor of Highway Centerline Receives International Honor" 2007:"An Old Technology Gives New Life to Aging Concrete Roadways" 1406:

Road markings in Indonesia are almost similar to markings in

203:(low rounded white or yellow dots), named for the California 3323:"Houston Parking Lot Line Striping, Parking Lot Maintenance" 3021:. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University Press. p. 63. 1267:

Road markings in Hong Kong are basically identical with the

250:

uses specific patterns of these vibrations to produce music.

3549:"History of Road Markings and How They Were First Designed" 3492:

The Royal Town of Sutton Coldfield: A Commemorative History

2478:. Northwest Pavement Management Association. pp. 32–33 1686:

allowed at any time or between certain times respectively.

1128:

In the U.S., the type, placement, and graphic standards of

2792:. Vol. 67, no. 4. October 23, 1920. p. 29. 2628:(1). Ministry of Transportation of Ontario. Archived from 2618:"Pavement Marking Innovations Paving the Way for Progress" 3128:(Editorial). Portland, OR. February 26, 1958. p. 3M. 2774:(Editorial). Portland, OR. November 17, 1954. p. 4M. 2339:(M.S. thesis). College Station: Texas A&M University. 485:, markings can be made with white blocks or stones, like 305:

to identify responsible parties of the patches that fill

259:

used for other purposes such as marking the locations of

182:

or non-reflective. Most are permanent; some are movable.

3183: 3181: 3179: 1295:

Workers applying crosswalk road surface markings in the

534:, while the yellow paint is mainly heat-yellowing lead. 309:. The color coded tags are visible on the road surface. 193:

in the 1930s, Cat's eyes equip many major routes in the

99:, increasing longevity, and lowering installation cost. 59:). They can also be applied in other facilities used by 2033:"What Are the 'Ground-In Strips' for on Interstate 80?" 1619:

wrote an article in the newspaper recalling the event.

134: 3626:(2457). London: Temple Press Ltd: 612. April 18, 1957. 2655:(Press release). Michigan Department of Transportation 927:

have intermittent white lines separating traffic when

693:

under environmental conditions that roads experience.

3607:(2451). London: Temple Press Ltd: 612. March 7, 1957. 2943: 2941: 2337:

Heavy Metals in Glass Beads Used in Pavement Markings

2304:

Julian, Frank & Moler, Steve (July–August 2008).

2459:

Failure of Surface Courses Beneath Pavement Markings

348: Uses both white and yellow for the center line 331:

Countries by the colors of the center line on roads

43:

is any kind of device or material that is used on a

5055: 5026: 4932: 4749: 4709: 4671: 4513: 4502: 4354: 4241: 4158: 4149: 4077: 3982: 3896: 3778: 3745: 3736: 2974:

A History of the Office of Multnomah County Sheriff

2566:"Frequently Asked Questions About Ontario Highways" 2457:Romero, Pedro & Brown, Charli A. (March 2010). 301:Some municipalities require contractors to install 285:Typical dash marks in the middle of the lane after 36:

Variety of surface markings on a road in Luxembourg

2740:. Transportation Research Board. February 19, 2009 166:, showing the iron base, rubber housing and lenses 3677:https://www.nzta.govt.nz/resources/motsam/part-2/ 3638:"На российских дорогах появилась желтая разметка" 3085: 3083: 3081: 3079: 3077: 3075: 3073: 3071: 2916: 2914: 2912: 2280:"Use of Road Tape Proves a Sticky Issue for UDOT" 1413:Markings are divided into four types, they are: 1124:, where the lanes are marked only by Botts' dots 957:of the paved road from the right-hand shoulder. 2701: 2699: 2697: 1621: 1473:In Europe every country has its own standards. 3239: 3237: 2967: 2965: 2158:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 1675:were located inside prohibited parking areas. 635:consists of parts: a pigmented resin base and 3711: 2132: 2130: 2128: 2126: 1430:The colors also represent the use, they are: 783:There are several methods of marker removal: 444:Painted symbols, such as turn-lane arrows or 8: 3516:"The History of the Pedestrians Association" 2461:(Report). Utah Department of Transportation. 1867:Kheyrollahi, A. & Breckon, T.P. (2012). 2452: 2450: 1984:"Dowel Bar Retrofit Construction Practices" 1484:Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals 1120:A typical stretch of Valencia Boulevard in 902:without using heat, solvents, or machines. 522:in the coating paint increases the coating 4510: 4155: 3742: 3718: 3704: 3696: 3594: 3592: 3017:Lansing, Jewel & Leeson, Fred (2012). 2997:"Sheriff Department History Full of Color" 2976:(B.A. thesis). Lewis & Clark College. 2958:. Portland, OR. June 29, 1947. p. 22. 2757: 2755: 582:, stop bars, and traffic guidance such as 390:. The resins for solvent-based paints are 3599:"Everybody's Business—A Fault Revealed". 3292:Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices 3253:Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices 3218:Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices 3055: 3053: 2367: 1482:In general European countries follow the 1378:A line drawn along the side of the road: 1135:Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices 1076:Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices 2822:Kulsea, Bill & Shawver, Tom (1980). 2254:"The Thermoplastic Rumble Strip Process" 1073:promulgation of the 1948 edition of the 919:separating traffic directions. However, 807:with a mixture of high-velocity air and 426: 354: Unknown / Insufficient information 227:usually remove them along with the snow. 3283:Federal Highway Administration (2010). 3244:Federal Highway Administration (2010). 3216:Federal Highway Administration (2003). 2897:. Michigan Department of Transportation 2682:. Michigan Department of Transportation 2598:. Ministry of Transportation of Ontario 2193: 2191: 2189: 2187: 2185: 1859: 1752: 3555:. Traffic signs and meanings 2000-2010 2921:Rexford, Peter V. (December 4, 1954). 2500:Effective Removal of Pavement Markings 2401: 2390: 1360:A blue line means bus (or tram) only. 1223:) and "SCHOOL" (at the beginning of a 1103:Texas A&M Transportation Institute 4814:Median / Central reservation 2209:. Minnesota Local Road Research Board 342: Uses yellow for the center line 277:Confusion with marks left by roadwork 7: 3494:. Sutton Coldfield: Westwood Press. 2895:Michigan Transportation Hall of Fame 2680:Michigan Transportation Hall of Fame 2306:"Gaining Traction in Roadway Safety" 2278:Brown, Matthew (February 22, 1991). 2200:"Cost of Pavement Marking Materials" 610:. There are two ways to apply tape: 336: Uses white for the center line 106:and consideration for future use in 2316:(1). Federal Highway Administration 2057:Brown, Charles (November 3, 2008). 1410:and especially in the Netherlands. 1268: 4732:Risk compensation (road transport) 3413:. Hong Kong Transport Department. 2706:Cranson, Jeff (November 2, 2011). 2651:Cranson, Jeff (November 2, 2011). 2139:MnDOT Pavement Marking Field Guide 1242:has two test locations located in 104:advanced driver-assistance systems 74:Road surface markings are used on 25: 2160:(6th ed.). New York: Wiley. 1613:In 1971, a correspondent for the 5098:Glossary of road transport terms 3521:. Living Streets. Archived from 2995:Kneidek, Tony (March 11, 1978). 2786:"Traffic Marks on Country Roads" 2233:www.whiteliningcontractors.co.uk 2198:Montebello, David (March 2000). 2031:Huetter, John (March 27, 2013). 2005:Haldane, David (July 15, 2001). 1834:Thermoplastic road marking paint 1807: 1768: 1755: 1516:, a village in the UK county of 1462: 701:Negative impacts to road surface 499:Thermoplastic road marking paint 121: 3466:"Can 'Naked Roads' Kill Speed?" 3064:. Palm Springs, CA. p. B1. 2083:Lukas, Paul (August 15, 2014). 1876:Machine Vision and Applications 1440:Red for Bus-way and School zone 1437:Yellow for line (National road) 1397:Zigzag lanes mean deceleration. 1342:highway from Pyongyang to Nampo 881:are sometimes used to separate 653:Glass bead road surface marking 461:Stone traffic lane markings in 2859:Federal Highway Administration 1547:separated by 'block marking'. 1229:route shield pavement markings 858:High-pressure airless spraying 1: 5080:Pavement performance modeling 5070:International roughness index 3358:"Traffic Signs Giving Orders" 2676:"Edward N. Hines (1870-1938)" 1250:had two testing locations in 1107:Transportation Research Board 796:. Another grinding head uses 674:the light from the vehicles. 5075:Present serviceability index 4869:Sidewalk / Pavement 4414:Diamond grinding of pavement 3577:. Government Digital Service 3141:"Section 3B-1, Center Lines" 3046:. Riverside, CA. p. B3. 2949:"Noted Deputy Gives up Post" 2369:10.1016/j.microc.2012.11.003 906:Country specific information 894:, before they switched to a 883:High-occupancy vehicle lanes 5047:Underpass / Tunnel 5042:Overpass / Flyover 4796:High-occupancy vehicle lane 4686:Driving under the influence 3760:Freeway / Motorway 3441:"Highway Pyongyang - Nampo" 2934:. Portland, OR. p. 3M. 2421:Optics & Photonics News 1172:, Botts' dots when present 5145: 3974:Highway systems by country 3553:Traffic signs and meanings 3490:Jones, Douglas V. (1994). 3439:Frühtau (April 11, 2013). 2891:"K. I. Sawyer (1884-1944)" 2734:"George S. Bartlett Award" 2207:Synthesis Report 2010-2011 2085:"The Street's Secret Code" 2059:"Confusing Lines on I-405" 1844:Yellow line (road marking) 1025:Marquette County, Michigan 834:A road marking vehicle in 650: 496: 57:pavement marking equipment 5093: 5085:Granular base equivalency 4904:Traffic signal preemption 4312:Right-in/right-out (RIRO) 4218:Single-point urban (SPUI) 2928:. Letters to the Editor. 2596:Ontario Driver's Handbook 2383:Jahan, K.; Sandhu, N.K.; 2335:Mangalgirl, K.P. (2012). 1964:"The Hidden Persuaders". 1919:Pavement Marking Handbook 1888:10.1007/s00138-010-0289-5 1056:In the fall of 1917, Dr. 961:may merge into it ahead. 213:raised reflective markers 67:, as opposed to vertical 5065:Pavement condition index 4791:High-occupancy toll lane 4786:Contraflow lane reversal 4761:Barrier transfer machine 3652:"Revitalising Newcastle" 3618:"Everybody's Business". 2166:10.1002/14356007.a20_371 2110:"Reflective Glass Beads" 1882:(1). Springer: 123–133. 108:autonomous road vehicles 65:horizontal traffic signs 3919:Express-collector setup 2441:10.1364/OPN.15.8.000036 1634:Pedestrians Association 1527:nonverbal communication 1213:disabled parking permit 1161:which only uses paint. 1141:In some areas, such as 896:moveable barrier system 546:Preformed thermoplastic 5103:Road types by features 4998:Raised pavement marker 4965:Constant-slope barrier 4889:Traffic directionality 4879:Street running railway 4302:Protected intersection 2972:King, John G. (1965). 2763:"Goodbye, Yellow Line" 2674:Staff (May 10, 2006). 2400:Cite journal requires 1986:. Pavement Interactive 1945:CN patent 2613509Y 1659: 1626: 1584: 1505: 1452: 1300: 1125: 1044:Columbia River Highway 1032:Columbia River Highway 1003:, the chairman of the 984: 838: 826:Road marking technique 780: 710: 662: 575: 566:Preformed polymer tape 558: 466: 435: 356: 313:Non-mechanical markers 290: 263:(blue) or at gates of 175: 167: 53:road marking equipment 37: 5124:Road surface markings 4960:Concrete step barrier 4297:Offset T-intersection 2889:Staff (May 9, 2006). 2356:Microchemical Journal 1657: 1616:Sutton Coldfield News 1579:, pictured from atop 1570: 1503: 1477:Bottom - French-style 1450: 1294: 1119: 979: 846:Machine marking types 833: 778: 708: 660: 573: 553: 460: 430: 330: 284: 173: 161: 51:(also referred to as 49:road marking machines 35: 5003:Road surface marking 4701:Single-vehicle crash 4424:Full depth recycling 4322:Seagull intersection 3387:Transport Department 3362:Transport Department 3044:The Press-Enterprise 2714:on December 25, 2011 2037:Reno Gazette Journal 1825:(road marking paint) 1195:lane control signals 1122:Valencia, California 756:stone mastic asphalt 596:pedestrian crossings 469:In roads paved with 41:Road surface marking 4829:Pedestrian crossing 4392:Reinforced concrete 4228:Three-level diamond 3939:Two-lane expressway 3924:Farm-to-market road 3383:"Where Not to Park" 3329:on October 2, 2013. 2790:The Literary Digest 2632:on January 11, 2015 2592:"Pavement Markings" 2545:. Queen's Printer. 2542:Highway Traffic Act 2433:2004OptPN..15R..36H 1829:Pedestrian crossing 1695:central reservation 1658:Road mark in London 1475:Top - German-style 940:uses white lines. 865:Auxiliary equipment 723:aggregate particles 384:methyl methacrylate 303:utility repair tags 4859:Runaway truck ramp 4681:Driver's education 4469:Rubberized asphalt 4404:Crocodile cracking 4327:Split intersection 4095:Hierarchy of roads 4056:Single carriageway 3285:"Part 3: Markings" 3246:"Part 3: Markings" 2570:The King's Highway 2258:Traffic Lines, Inc 1972:(9). October 2007. 1660: 1585: 1506: 1453: 1301: 1126: 985: 888:Golden Gate Bridge 839: 805:combustion chamber 781: 711: 663: 576: 559: 467: 436: 416:methylene chloride 357: 295:dowel bar retrofit 291: 287:dowel bar retrofit 176: 168: 154:Mechanical markers 133:. You can help by 38: 5111: 5110: 4919:Wide outside lane 4745: 4744: 4722:Automotive safety 4603:Road slipperiness 4350: 4349: 4198:Diverging diamond 4145: 4144: 4061:Single-track road 4003:Bicycle boulevard 3640:. April 11, 2018. 3028:978-0-87071-665-2 2564:Bevers, Cameron. 2518:978-0-309-28358-8 2063:The Seattle Times 2011:Los Angeles Times 1443:Green for Bicycle 1019:" on what is now 874:Temporary markers 776: 747:thermal expansion 667:retroreflectivity 556:Brussels, Belgium 432:Pigment Yellow 10 380:polyvinyl acetate 265:gated communities 151: 150: 97:retroreflectivity 71:placed on posts. 16:(Redirected from 5136: 4955:Cat's eye (road) 4776:Complete streets 4548:Dead Man's Curve 4511: 4449:Pavement milling 4364:Asphalt concrete 4307:Quadrant roadway 4248: 4170: 4156: 4122:Street hierarchy 3770:Elevated highway 3743: 3720: 3713: 3706: 3697: 3679: 3673: 3667: 3666: 3664: 3662: 3648: 3642: 3641: 3634: 3628: 3627: 3615: 3609: 3608: 3596: 3587: 3586: 3584: 3582: 3571: 3565: 3564: 3562: 3560: 3544: 3538: 3537: 3535: 3533: 3527: 3520: 3512: 3506: 3505: 3487: 3481: 3480: 3478: 3476: 3462: 3456: 3455: 3453: 3451: 3436: 3430: 3429: 3427: 3425: 3410:Road Users' Code 3404: 3398: 3397: 3395: 3393: 3379: 3373: 3372: 3370: 3368: 3354: 3348: 3347: 3345: 3337: 3331: 3330: 3325:. Archived from 3319: 3313: 3312: 3310: 3308: 3289: 3280: 3274: 3273: 3271: 3269: 3250: 3241: 3232: 3231: 3213: 3207: 3206: 3204: 3202: 3196: 3185: 3174: 3173: 3163: 3157: 3156: 3154: 3152: 3136: 3130: 3129: 3123: 3119:"White, or Else" 3115: 3109: 3108: 3106: 3104: 3098: 3087: 3066: 3065: 3057: 3048: 3047: 3039: 3033: 3032: 3014: 3008: 3007: 3001: 2992: 2986: 2985: 2969: 2960: 2959: 2953: 2945: 2936: 2935: 2927: 2918: 2907: 2906: 2904: 2902: 2886: 2880: 2879: 2869: 2855: 2849: 2848: 2842: 2840: 2819: 2813: 2812: 2806: 2804: 2782: 2776: 2775: 2767: 2759: 2750: 2749: 2747: 2745: 2730: 2724: 2723: 2721: 2719: 2703: 2692: 2691: 2689: 2687: 2671: 2665: 2664: 2662: 2660: 2648: 2642: 2641: 2639: 2637: 2614: 2608: 2607: 2605: 2603: 2588: 2582: 2581: 2579: 2577: 2572:. Self-published 2561: 2555: 2554: 2536: 2530: 2529: 2527: 2525: 2494: 2488: 2487: 2485: 2483: 2477: 2469: 2463: 2462: 2454: 2445: 2444: 2416: 2410: 2409: 2403: 2398: 2396: 2388: 2380: 2374: 2373: 2371: 2347: 2341: 2340: 2332: 2326: 2325: 2323: 2321: 2301: 2295: 2294: 2292: 2290: 2275: 2269: 2268: 2266: 2264: 2250: 2244: 2243: 2241: 2239: 2225: 2219: 2218: 2216: 2214: 2204: 2195: 2180: 2179: 2153: 2147: 2146: 2144: 2134: 2121: 2120: 2118: 2116: 2106: 2100: 2099: 2097: 2095: 2080: 2074: 2073: 2071: 2069: 2054: 2048: 2047: 2045: 2043: 2028: 2022: 2021: 2019: 2017: 2002: 1996: 1995: 1993: 1991: 1980: 1974: 1973: 1960: 1954: 1953: 1952: 1948: 1941: 1935: 1934: 1932: 1930: 1924: 1913: 1907: 1906: 1904: 1902: 1873: 1864: 1817: 1812: 1811: 1810: 1772: 1759: 1600:Sutton Coldfield 1466: 1202: 1201: 1111:driver education 1017:Dead Man's Curve 981:Dead Man's Curve 836:Nastola, Finland 818:pressure washing 777: 715:asphalt concrete 353: 347: 341: 335: 146: 143: 125: 118: 21: 5144: 5143: 5139: 5138: 5137: 5135: 5134: 5133: 5114: 5113: 5112: 5107: 5089: 5057: 5051: 5022: 5013:Traffic barrier 4973:F-Shape barrier 4928: 4884:Traffic calming 4844:Reversible lane 4834:Pedestrian zone 4819:Motorcycle lane 4781:Contraflow lane 4753:time allocation 4752: 4741: 4737:Underride guard 4705: 4667: 4553:Expansion joint 4515: 4505: 4498: 4484:Stamped asphalt 4346: 4277:Continuous flow 4250: 4246: 4245: 4237: 4171: 4167:grade-separated 4164: 4163: 4141: 4100:Private highway 4073: 3978: 3892: 3774: 3732: 3724: 3687: 3682: 3674: 3670: 3660: 3658: 3650: 3649: 3645: 3636: 3635: 3631: 3617: 3616: 3612: 3598: 3597: 3590: 3580: 3578: 3575:"Road markings" 3573: 3572: 3568: 3558: 3556: 3546: 3545: 3541: 3531: 3529: 3528:on July 1, 2015 3525: 3518: 3514: 3513: 3509: 3502: 3489: 3488: 3484: 3474: 3472: 3464: 3463: 3459: 3449: 3447: 3438: 3437: 3433: 3423: 3421: 3406: 3405: 3401: 3391: 3389: 3381: 3380: 3376: 3366: 3364: 3356: 3355: 3351: 3343: 3339: 3338: 3334: 3321: 3320: 3316: 3306: 3304: 3302: 3287: 3282: 3281: 3277: 3267: 3265: 3263: 3248: 3243: 3242: 3235: 3228: 3215: 3214: 3210: 3200: 3198: 3194: 3187: 3186: 3177: 3165: 3164: 3160: 3150: 3148: 3138: 3137: 3133: 3121: 3117: 3116: 3112: 3102: 3100: 3096: 3089: 3088: 3069: 3059: 3058: 3051: 3041: 3040: 3036: 3029: 3016: 3015: 3011: 3004:Gresham Outlook 2999: 2994: 2993: 2989: 2971: 2970: 2963: 2951: 2947: 2946: 2939: 2925: 2920: 2919: 2910: 2900: 2898: 2888: 2887: 2883: 2867: 2857: 2856: 2852: 2838: 2836: 2821: 2820: 2816: 2802: 2800: 2784: 2783: 2779: 2765: 2761: 2760: 2753: 2743: 2741: 2732: 2731: 2727: 2717: 2715: 2705: 2704: 2695: 2685: 2683: 2673: 2672: 2668: 2658: 2656: 2650: 2649: 2645: 2635: 2633: 2616: 2615: 2611: 2601: 2599: 2590: 2589: 2585: 2575: 2573: 2563: 2562: 2558: 2538: 2537: 2533: 2523: 2521: 2519: 2496: 2495: 2491: 2481: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2470: 2466: 2456: 2455: 2448: 2418: 2417: 2413: 2399: 2389: 2382: 2381: 2377: 2349: 2348: 2344: 2334: 2333: 2329: 2319: 2317: 2303: 2302: 2298: 2288: 2286: 2277: 2276: 2272: 2262: 2260: 2252: 2251: 2247: 2237: 2235: 2227: 2226: 2222: 2212: 2210: 2202: 2197: 2196: 2183: 2176: 2155: 2154: 2150: 2142: 2136: 2135: 2124: 2114: 2112: 2108: 2107: 2103: 2093: 2091: 2082: 2081: 2077: 2067: 2065: 2056: 2055: 2051: 2041: 2039: 2030: 2029: 2025: 2015: 2013: 2004: 2003: 1999: 1989: 1987: 1982: 1981: 1977: 1963: 1961: 1957: 1950: 1943: 1942: 1938: 1928: 1926: 1922: 1915: 1914: 1910: 1900: 1898: 1871: 1866: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1813: 1808: 1806: 1803: 1783: 1776: 1773: 1764: 1760: 1731: 1726: 1714: 1565: 1556: 1536: 1480: 1479: 1478: 1476: 1474: 1472: 1467: 1458: 1404: 1350: 1338: 1289: 1281: 1265: 1260: 1199: 1198: 1152:In California, 1040:Multnomah Falls 1021:County Road 492 1001:Edward N. Hines 974: 946: 913: 908: 876: 867: 848: 828: 766: 764: 719:surface courses 703: 655: 649: 630: 615:misapplication. 592:train crossings 568: 548: 501: 495: 475:Belgian/Italian 455: 355: 351: 349: 345: 343: 339: 337: 333: 325: 320: 315: 279: 156: 147: 141: 138: 131:needs expansion 116: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5142: 5140: 5132: 5131: 5126: 5116: 5115: 5109: 5108: 5106: 5105: 5100: 5094: 5091: 5090: 5088: 5087: 5082: 5077: 5072: 5067: 5061: 5059: 5053: 5052: 5050: 5049: 5044: 5039: 5034: 5030: 5028: 5024: 5023: 5021: 5020: 5015: 5010: 5005: 5000: 4995: 4990: 4985: 4983:Jersey barrier 4980: 4975: 4970: 4967: 4962: 4957: 4952: 4947: 4942: 4936: 4934: 4930: 4929: 4927: 4926: 4921: 4916: 4914:Unused highway 4911: 4906: 4901: 4896: 4894:Traffic island 4891: 4886: 4881: 4876: 4871: 4866: 4861: 4856: 4851: 4846: 4841: 4836: 4831: 4826: 4821: 4816: 4811: 4806: 4801: 4798: 4793: 4788: 4783: 4778: 4773: 4768: 4763: 4757: 4755: 4747: 4746: 4743: 4742: 4740: 4739: 4734: 4729: 4724: 4719: 4713: 4711: 4707: 4706: 4704: 4703: 4698: 4693: 4691:Drowsy driving 4688: 4683: 4677: 4675: 4669: 4668: 4666: 4665: 4660: 4655: 4650: 4645: 4640: 4635: 4630: 4625: 4620: 4615: 4610: 4605: 4600: 4595: 4590: 4585: 4580: 4575: 4573:Level crossing 4570: 4565: 4560: 4555: 4550: 4545: 4540: 4535: 4530: 4525: 4519: 4517: 4508: 4500: 4499: 4497: 4496: 4491: 4486: 4481: 4476: 4471: 4466: 4461: 4456: 4451: 4446: 4441: 4436: 4431: 4426: 4421: 4416: 4411: 4406: 4401: 4396: 4395: 4394: 4384: 4379: 4374: 4371: 4366: 4360: 4358: 4352: 4351: 4348: 4347: 4345: 4344: 4339: 4334: 4329: 4324: 4319: 4314: 4309: 4304: 4299: 4294: 4289: 4284: 4279: 4274: 4272:Channelization 4269: 4264: 4259: 4257:3-way junction 4253: 4251: 4242: 4239: 4238: 4236: 4235: 4230: 4225: 4220: 4215: 4210: 4205: 4200: 4195: 4190: 4185: 4180: 4174: 4172: 4159: 4153: 4151:Road junctions 4147: 4146: 4143: 4142: 4140: 4139: 4134: 4129: 4124: 4119: 4118: 4117: 4115:business route 4112: 4102: 4097: 4092: 4087: 4081: 4079: 4075: 4074: 4072: 4071: 4066: 4063: 4058: 4053: 4048: 4045: 4043:Primitive road 4040: 4035: 4030: 4025: 4020: 4015: 4010: 4005: 4000: 3995: 3990: 3986: 3984: 3980: 3979: 3977: 3976: 3971: 3966: 3961: 3956: 3951: 3946: 3941: 3936: 3931: 3926: 3921: 3916: 3914:County highway 3911: 3909:Collector road 3906: 3900: 3898: 3894: 3893: 3891: 3890: 3885: 3883:United Kingdom 3880: 3875: 3870: 3865: 3860: 3855: 3850: 3845: 3840: 3835: 3830: 3825: 3820: 3818:Czech Republic 3815: 3810: 3805: 3800: 3795: 3790: 3784: 3782: 3776: 3775: 3773: 3772: 3767: 3762: 3757: 3751: 3749: 3747:Limited-access 3740: 3734: 3733: 3725: 3723: 3722: 3715: 3708: 3700: 3694: 3693: 3686: 3685:External links 3683: 3681: 3680: 3668: 3643: 3629: 3610: 3588: 3566: 3539: 3507: 3500: 3482: 3457: 3431: 3399: 3374: 3349: 3332: 3314: 3300: 3275: 3261: 3233: 3226: 3208: 3175: 3158: 3131: 3110: 3067: 3062:The Desert Sun 3049: 3034: 3027: 3009: 2987: 2961: 2937: 2923:"Earlier Line" 2908: 2881: 2850: 2814: 2777: 2751: 2725: 2693: 2666: 2643: 2609: 2583: 2556: 2531: 2517: 2509:10.17226/22474 2489: 2464: 2446: 2411: 2402:|journal= 2375: 2342: 2327: 2296: 2270: 2245: 2220: 2181: 2174: 2148: 2122: 2101: 2075: 2049: 2023: 1997: 1975: 1955: 1936: 1908: 1858: 1856: 1853: 1852: 1851: 1849:Zebra crossing 1846: 1841: 1836: 1831: 1826: 1819: 1818: 1802: 1799: 1782: 1779: 1778: 1777: 1774: 1767: 1765: 1761: 1754: 1730: 1727: 1725: 1722: 1713: 1710: 1706:gov.uk website 1564: 1563:United Kingdom 1561: 1555: 1552: 1535: 1532: 1522:county council 1469: 1468: 1461: 1460: 1459: 1457: 1454: 1445: 1444: 1441: 1438: 1435: 1434:White for line 1428: 1427: 1424: 1421: 1418: 1403: 1400: 1399: 1398: 1395: 1392: 1389: 1386: 1383: 1376: 1375: 1372: 1368: 1365: 1349: 1346: 1337: 1334: 1326: 1325: 1322: 1319: 1288: 1285: 1280: 1277: 1269:United Kingdom 1264: 1261: 1259: 1256: 1244:Brevard County 1183:Central Valley 1058:June McCarroll 973: 970: 945: 942: 912: 909: 907: 904: 875: 872: 866: 863: 847: 844: 827: 824: 823: 822: 813: 801: 794:orbital sander 789: 763: 762:Marker removal 760: 702: 699: 651:Main article: 648: 645: 629: 626: 621: 620: 616: 567: 564: 547: 544: 497:Main article: 494: 491: 454: 451: 438: 437: 350: 344: 338: 332: 324: 321: 319: 316: 314: 311: 278: 275: 274: 273: 269:United Kingdom 251: 228: 198: 189:, invented by 155: 152: 149: 148: 128: 126: 115: 112: 76:paved roadways 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5141: 5130: 5129:Traffic signs 5127: 5125: 5122: 5121: 5119: 5104: 5101: 5099: 5096: 5095: 5092: 5086: 5083: 5081: 5078: 5076: 5073: 5071: 5068: 5066: 5063: 5062: 5060: 5054: 5048: 5045: 5043: 5040: 5038: 5035: 5032: 5031: 5029: 5025: 5019: 5016: 5014: 5011: 5009: 5006: 5004: 5001: 4999: 4996: 4994: 4993:Noise barrier 4991: 4989: 4986: 4984: 4981: 4979: 4976: 4974: 4971: 4968: 4966: 4963: 4961: 4958: 4956: 4953: 4951: 4950:Cable barrier 4948: 4946: 4943: 4941: 4938: 4937: 4935: 4931: 4925: 4922: 4920: 4917: 4915: 4912: 4910: 4907: 4905: 4902: 4900: 4899:Traffic lanes 4897: 4895: 4892: 4890: 4887: 4885: 4882: 4880: 4877: 4875: 4872: 4870: 4867: 4865: 4862: 4860: 4857: 4855: 4852: 4850: 4847: 4845: 4842: 4840: 4839:Refuge island 4837: 4835: 4832: 4830: 4827: 4825: 4822: 4820: 4817: 4815: 4812: 4810: 4807: 4805: 4804:Living street 4802: 4799: 4797: 4794: 4792: 4789: 4787: 4784: 4782: 4779: 4777: 4774: 4772: 4771:Climbing lane 4769: 4767: 4764: 4762: 4759: 4758: 4756: 4754: 4748: 4738: 4735: 4733: 4730: 4728: 4725: 4723: 4720: 4718: 4715: 4714: 4712: 4708: 4702: 4699: 4697: 4694: 4692: 4689: 4687: 4684: 4682: 4679: 4678: 4676: 4674: 4673:Human factors 4670: 4664: 4661: 4659: 4656: 4654: 4651: 4649: 4646: 4644: 4641: 4639: 4638:Traffic light 4636: 4634: 4631: 4629: 4626: 4624: 4621: 4619: 4616: 4614: 4611: 4609: 4606: 4604: 4601: 4599: 4596: 4594: 4591: 4589: 4588:Oversize load 4586: 4584: 4581: 4579: 4578:Manhole cover 4576: 4574: 4571: 4569: 4566: 4564: 4561: 4559: 4556: 4554: 4551: 4549: 4546: 4544: 4541: 4539: 4536: 4534: 4531: 4529: 4526: 4524: 4521: 4520: 4518: 4512: 4509: 4507: 4501: 4495: 4492: 4490: 4487: 4485: 4482: 4480: 4477: 4475: 4472: 4470: 4467: 4465: 4462: 4460: 4457: 4455: 4452: 4450: 4447: 4445: 4442: 4440: 4437: 4435: 4432: 4430: 4427: 4425: 4422: 4420: 4417: 4415: 4412: 4410: 4409:Crushed stone 4407: 4405: 4402: 4400: 4397: 4393: 4390: 4389: 4388: 4385: 4383: 4380: 4378: 4375: 4372: 4370: 4367: 4365: 4362: 4361: 4359: 4357: 4353: 4343: 4340: 4338: 4335: 4333: 4330: 4328: 4325: 4323: 4320: 4318: 4315: 4313: 4310: 4308: 4305: 4303: 4300: 4298: 4295: 4293: 4292:Michigan left 4290: 4288: 4285: 4283: 4280: 4278: 4275: 4273: 4270: 4268: 4265: 4263: 4260: 4258: 4255: 4254: 4252: 4249: 4244:Intersections 4240: 4234: 4231: 4229: 4226: 4224: 4221: 4219: 4216: 4214: 4211: 4209: 4206: 4204: 4201: 4199: 4196: 4194: 4193:Directional T 4191: 4189: 4186: 4184: 4181: 4179: 4176: 4175: 4173: 4168: 4162: 4157: 4154: 4152: 4148: 4138: 4135: 4133: 4130: 4128: 4125: 4123: 4120: 4116: 4113: 4111: 4110:special route 4108: 4107: 4106: 4103: 4101: 4098: 4096: 4093: 4091: 4088: 4086: 4083: 4082: 4080: 4076: 4070: 4067: 4064: 4062: 4059: 4057: 4054: 4052: 4049: 4046: 4044: 4041: 4039: 4036: 4034: 4031: 4029: 4028:Frontage road 4026: 4024: 4021: 4019: 4016: 4014: 4011: 4009: 4006: 4004: 4001: 3999: 3996: 3994: 3991: 3988: 3987: 3985: 3981: 3975: 3972: 3970: 3967: 3965: 3962: 3960: 3957: 3955: 3952: 3950: 3947: 3945: 3942: 3940: 3937: 3935: 3932: 3930: 3927: 3925: 3922: 3920: 3917: 3915: 3912: 3910: 3907: 3905: 3904:Arterial road 3902: 3901: 3899: 3895: 3889: 3888:United States 3886: 3884: 3881: 3879: 3876: 3874: 3871: 3869: 3866: 3864: 3861: 3859: 3856: 3854: 3851: 3849: 3846: 3844: 3841: 3839: 3836: 3834: 3831: 3829: 3826: 3824: 3821: 3819: 3816: 3814: 3811: 3809: 3806: 3804: 3801: 3799: 3796: 3794: 3791: 3789: 3786: 3785: 3783: 3781: 3777: 3771: 3768: 3766: 3763: 3761: 3758: 3756: 3753: 3752: 3750: 3748: 3744: 3741: 3739: 3738:Types of road 3735: 3731: 3728: 3721: 3716: 3714: 3709: 3707: 3702: 3701: 3698: 3692: 3689: 3688: 3684: 3678: 3672: 3669: 3657: 3653: 3647: 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Oregonian 2924: 2917: 2915: 2913: 2909: 2896: 2892: 2885: 2882: 2877: 2873: 2866: 2865: 2860: 2854: 2851: 2846: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2826: 2818: 2815: 2810: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2781: 2778: 2773: 2772: 2771:The Oregonian 2764: 2758: 2756: 2752: 2739: 2735: 2729: 2726: 2713: 2709: 2702: 2700: 2698: 2694: 2681: 2677: 2670: 2667: 2654: 2647: 2644: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2622:MTO Road Talk 2619: 2613: 2610: 2597: 2593: 2587: 2584: 2571: 2567: 2560: 2557: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2543: 2535: 2532: 2520: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2501: 2493: 2490: 2474: 2468: 2465: 2460: 2453: 2451: 2447: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2415: 2412: 2407: 2394: 2386: 2379: 2376: 2370: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2346: 2343: 2338: 2331: 2328: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2300: 2297: 2285: 2281: 2274: 2271: 2259: 2255: 2249: 2246: 2234: 2230: 2224: 2221: 2208: 2201: 2194: 2192: 2190: 2188: 2186: 2182: 2177: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2152: 2149: 2141: 2140: 2133: 2131: 2129: 2127: 2123: 2111: 2105: 2102: 2090: 2086: 2079: 2076: 2064: 2060: 2053: 2050: 2038: 2034: 2027: 2024: 2012: 2008: 2001: 1998: 1985: 1979: 1976: 1971: 1967: 1959: 1956: 1946: 1940: 1937: 1921: 1920: 1912: 1909: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1870: 1863: 1860: 1854: 1850: 1847: 1845: 1842: 1840: 1837: 1835: 1832: 1830: 1827: 1824: 1821: 1820: 1816: 1805: 1800: 1798: 1795: 1793: 1788: 1780: 1771: 1766: 1758: 1753: 1751: 1747: 1745: 1741: 1735: 1728: 1723: 1721: 1718: 1711: 1709: 1707: 1703: 1698: 1696: 1692: 1687: 1683: 1680: 1676: 1674: 1669: 1665: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1635: 1631: 1625: 1620: 1618: 1617: 1611: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1592: 1590: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1569: 1562: 1560: 1553: 1551: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1533: 1531: 1528: 1523: 1520:in 2005, the 1519: 1515: 1511: 1502: 1498: 1495: 1492: 1487: 1485: 1471: 1465: 1455: 1449: 1442: 1439: 1436: 1433: 1432: 1431: 1425: 1422: 1419: 1416: 1415: 1414: 1411: 1409: 1401: 1396: 1393: 1390: 1387: 1384: 1381: 1380: 1379: 1373: 1369: 1366: 1363: 1362: 1361: 1358: 1354: 1347: 1345: 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Retrieved 1879: 1875: 1862: 1839:Traffic lane 1815:Roads portal 1796: 1791: 1784: 1748: 1744:diamond turn 1736: 1732: 1719: 1715: 1702:Highway Code 1699: 1688: 1684: 1681: 1677: 1661: 1649: 1630:World War II 1627: 1622: 1614: 1612: 1593: 1586: 1581:the Monument 1573:box junction 1557: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1507: 1496: 1488: 1481: 1429: 1412: 1405: 1377: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1339: 1331: 1327: 1313: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1282: 1273: 1266: 1248:Interstate 4 1233: 1217: 1209: 1205: 1187: 1179:Interstate 5 1173: 1163: 1151: 1140: 1133: 1127: 1100: 1093: 1085: 1081: 1074: 1071: 1055: 1047: 1029: 1013: 1005:Wayne County 986: 966: 963: 959: 955: 947: 917:yellow lines 914: 911:The Americas 900: 877: 868: 857: 856: 850: 849: 840: 782: 752:slurry seals 731: 712: 695: 676: 672: 664: 641: 631: 622: 577: 560: 536: 517: 513:rumble strip 509: 505:hydrocarbons 502: 483:cobblestones 468: 443: 439: 400:alkyd resins 366: 361:parking lots 358: 318:Marker types 307:utility cuts 300: 292: 255: 248:musical road 221:school zones 209:Elbert Botts 177: 139: 135:adding to it 130: 101: 94: 73: 64: 56: 52: 48: 45:road surface 40: 39: 29: 5056:Performance 4988:Kassel kerb 4945:Botts' dots 4933:Demarcation 4633:Storm drain 4598:Road debris 4523:Aquaplaning 4516:environment 4504:Road safety 4382:Cobblestone 4332:Superstreet 4137:Winter road 4085:Concurrency 4078:Other terms 4069:Sunken lane 4038:Main street 3983:Local roads 3559:January 29, 3450:October 24, 2901:February 2, 2839:January 18, 2809:Archive.org 2803:January 18, 2362:: 233–238. 1929:January 25, 1787:New Zealand 1781:New Zealand 1704:and on the 1534:Netherlands 1451:School Zone 1348:South Korea 1336:North Korea 1252:Polk County 1225:school zone 1159:Los Angeles 1154:Botts' dots 1036:Crown Point 735:water vapor 647:Glass beads 481:styles) or 217:toll booths 201:Botts' dots 89:pedestrians 18:Lane marker 5118:Categories 5058:indicators 5027:Structures 4978:Guard rail 4854:Road verge 4727:Seat belts 4663:Snowsquall 4628:Speed bump 4608:Road train 4429:Glassphalt 4369:Bioasphalt 4342:Turnaround 4317:Roundabout 4247:(at-grade) 4213:Roundabout 4178:Cloverleaf 4033:Green lane 3969:Trunk road 3897:Main roads 3780:By country 3424:January 8, 3392:August 30, 3367:August 30, 3307:January 8, 3201:August 10, 3103:August 10, 2845:Wikisource 2718:January 8, 2659:January 8, 2636:January 6, 2602:January 6, 2576:January 8, 2175:3527306730 2094:August 21, 1966:Contractor 1855:References 1691:cat's eyes 1604:Birmingham 1166:California 1088:color code 1034:, between 929:overtaking 608:bike lanes 600:taxi lanes 584:turn lanes 580:crosswalks 528:zinc oxide 524:plasticity 479:Portuguese 465:, Portugal 225:snow plows 191:Percy Shaw 180:reflective 4849:Road diet 4751:Space and 4696:Road rage 4583:Oil spill 4543:Crosswind 4533:Black ice 4528:Avalanche 4454:Permeable 4287:Jughandle 4282:Hook turn 4188:Free-flow 4132:Toll road 4051:Side road 4008:Boulevard 3964:Super two 3959:Ring road 3934:Link road 3833:Hong Kong 3788:Australia 3730:hierarchy 2551:695599257 2539:Ontario. 2385:Axe, L.B. 2289:April 22, 2213:April 22, 2068:March 24, 2042:March 24, 2016:March 24, 1990:March 24, 1785:Although 1729:Australia 1673:bus stops 1641:black out 1518:Wiltshire 1402:Indonesia 1263:Hong Kong 1221:stop sign 938:Venezuela 921:Argentina 851:Air spray 619:together. 604:bus lanes 588:HOV lanes 539:snowplows 532:lithopone 520:Additives 396:soya oils 207:engineer 187:Cat's eye 164:cat's eye 85:motorists 83:, inform 5037:Causeway 4874:Shoulder 4710:Vehicles 4658:Whiteout 4618:Rockfall 4613:Roadkill 4538:Bleeding 4514:Road and 4474:Sealcoat 4399:Corduroy 4387:Concrete 4377:Chipseal 4356:Surfaces 4208:Raindrop 4023:Driveway 4018:Dead end 3998:Backroad 3949:2+2 road 3944:2+1 road 3868:Portugal 3858:Pakistan 3470:BBC News 3419:45968644 3151:July 21, 2982:43008710 2861:(1977). 2744:July 14, 2263:July 25, 1901:April 8, 1801:See also 1763:weather. 1740:give way 1491:European 1200:fog line 1157:city of 1143:Colorado 1009:Michigan 997:Michigan 798:spindles 727:potholes 683:antimony 637:catalyst 515:effect. 412:methanol 372:solvents 289:roadwork 205:Caltrans 142:May 2024 61:vehicles 4940:Bollard 4924:Woonerf 4653:Washout 4593:Pothole 4506:factors 4494:Texture 4464:Plastic 4444:Macadam 4233:Trumpet 4183:Diamond 3954:Parkway 3929:Highway 3843:Ireland 3823:Germany 3813:Croatia 3793:Belgium 3656:Twitter 3475:May 19, 3268:May 21, 2876:3280344 2834:8169232 2798:5746986 2738:Trb.org 2482:May 31, 2429:Bibcode 2115:May 10, 1896:9758256 1724:Oceania 1637:lobbied 1628:During 1596:England 1587:In the 1583:in 1969 1236:Florida 1191:tunnels 1181:in the 1147:Florida 993:Trenton 987:In the 951:Ontario 925:Uruguay 809:propane 679:arsenic 473:(as in 420:acetone 408:toluene 404:naphtha 392:linseed 382:latex, 256:against 114:History 5033:Bridge 4717:Airbag 4489:Tarmac 4434:Gravel 4262:Bowtie 4203:Parclo 4127:Stroad 4090:Detour 4065:Street 3993:Avenue 3878:Taiwan 3863:Poland 3828:Greece 3803:Canada 3798:Brazil 3547:Anon. 3498: 3445:Flickr 3417: 3298: 3259: 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