315:, the older generations grew up celebrating posadas, but the tradition fell out of fashion in cities by the 1960s; however, another major holiday called La Gritería (The Shoutings), on 7 December in honor of La Purísima Virgen (The Purest Virgin). La Purísima originated in León in the 1600s with Franciscan friars, and the celebration spread quickly throughout the country. By the 1800s, it became a national holiday and has since become a tradition in the Nicaraguan diaspora. La Purísima starts at noon on December 7 with major fireworks. Around 6:00 PM more fireworks announce the time when adults and children go out around their neighborhoods or towns with burlap sacks in hand visiting different altars while caroling the
333:. The tradition began in the 19th century by Father Francisco Vigil de Quiñones, the priest of the Grand Cathedral of Remedios, in order to get the people to go to midnight masses the week before Christmas; he had the idea to put together groups of children and provide them with jars, plates, and spoons so they could run around the village making noise and singing verses. The idea persisted over the years and gained a street party ending.
27:
2519:
139:
2569:
308:(Midnight Mass) and sometimes on each of the nine nights. The main difference, compared to Mexico, is that actors are used for Mary and Joseph instead of statues and sing the requests for accommodation. The lines of the "innkeepers" are also often sung, but sometimes these respond without singing. Another difference is that the lyrics are not in Spanish but in a Philippine language.
154:
plays used to teach religious doctrine to a largely illiterate population in 10th- and 11th-century Europe. The plays lost favor with the Church and were eventually banned as they became popular through the addition of folk music and other non-religious elements; they were reintroduced in the 16th
225:
and certain houses are designated to be "inns"; the head of the procession carries a candle inside a paper shade. The actors travel to one house each night for nine nights. At each house, the resident responds by singing a song and the pair are recognized and allowed to enter; the group of guests
233:
Individuals may play the various parts of Mary (María) and Joseph (José), with the expectant mother riding a real donkey, attendants such as angels and shepherds joining along the way, or pilgrims who may carry images of the holy personages instead, while children may carry
189:
lent itself to an almost-seamless merging of the two holidays. Seeing the opportunity to proselytize, Spanish missionaries brought the reinvented religious pageant to Mexico where they used it to teach the story of Jesus' birth. In 1586, Friar Diego de Soria obtained a
319:. In exchange for singing, people receive sweets, fruit and toys. The celebration goes on into the night. At midnight, fireworks in the shape of Mary, stars and angels begin, typically lasting half an hour.
150:
This celebration has been a
Mexican tradition for over 400 years, starting in 1586. Many Mexican holidays include dramatizations of original events, a tradition which has its roots in the ritual of
77:. It is typically celebrated each year between December 16 and December 24. Latin American countries have continued to celebrate the holiday, with very few changes to the tradition.
1770:
602:
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1765:
1721:
706:
2107:
1468:
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178:(the mother of the gods) was celebrated on the winter solstice, and she is still feted on December 12, while their most important deity, the sun god
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was born during the month of
December (panquetzaliztli). The parallel in time between this native celebration and the celebration of
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198:, stating that a Christmas mass should be observed throughout Mexico on the nine days preceding Christmas Day.
20:
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festival was one of the most important celebrations of the year that came on
December 12 according to the
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and everyone sits for a feast. The piñatas used during the holiday are traditionally made out of clay.
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238:. The procession is followed by musicians, with the entire procession singing posadas such as
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story. It uses the plural form as the celebration lasts for a nine-day interval (called the
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242:. At the end of each night, Christmas carols are sung, children break open star-shaped
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443:"Latinos here celebrate Christmas tradition Las Posadas, 'festival of acceptance'"
138:
2500:
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1609:
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1316:
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348:, families and friends gather from the 16th to the 24th of December to pray the
316:
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54:
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come into the home and kneel around the
Nativity scene to pray (typically, the
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243:
206:
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560:
American Myths, Legends, and Tall Tales: An
Encyclopedia of American Folklore
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159:— a new kind of religious ceremony to accompany the Christmas holiday.
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2017:
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Saving San
Antonio: the precarious preservation of a heritage
414:"No Room in the Inn: Remembering Migrants on the U.S. Border"
49:(an extended devotional prayer). It is celebrated chiefly in
744:
603:"Las Posadas: Passing on a Hispanic tradition in Dodge City"
304:
pageant; sometimes it is performed immediately before the
230:). The final location may be a church instead of a home.
265:
A large procession has been held since 1966 along the
122:
season, which represents the nine-month pregnancy of
2696:
2627:
2580:
2448:
2417:
2364:
2338:
2317:
2196:
2141:
2128:
1926:
1821:
1732:
1563:
1285:
1206:
1117:
994:
848:
707:"San Antonio's River Walk offers winter wonderland"
575:"St. Mary's students observe Las Posadas tradition"
479:
108:) which, in this case, refers to the inn from the
416:. Peace.mennolink.org. 2010-07-04. Archived from
170:used by the Spanish until 1582. According to the
16:Christmas tradition in the Spanish-speaking world
262:and Christmas gifts donated to needy children.
2551:
760:
659:. Lubbock, Tex: Texas Tech University Press.
636:"Event mixes Christmas tradition and charity"
8:
512:, p. 110, University Press of America, 2001
329:; though, its atmosphere is more similar to
30:Children smashing a traditional star-shaped
2558:
2544:
2536:
2138:
767:
753:
745:
735:"POSADAS IN MEXICO, A CHRISTMAS TRADITION"
680:Hoyt, Catherine A.; Simons, Helen (1996).
557:Fee, Christopher R. and Webb, Jeffrey B.,
2645:Aniversario de la Expropiación petrolera
733:Villamayor, Carlos (December 20, 2017).
538:
536:
520:
518:
137:
2615:Transmisión del Poder Ejecutivo Federal
378:
482:Encyclopedia of Latino popular culture
469:
467:
465:
384:
382:
2683:Natalicio de José Ma. Morelos y Pavón
2097:Yes, Virginia, there is a Santa Claus
684:. Austin: University of Texas Press.
436:
434:
155:century by two Spanish saints as the
34:in a pre-posada party in Mexico City.
7:
545:Guadalupe: Symbol of Evangelization
486:. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press.
209:Latinos also follow the tradition.
146:, Mexico, celebrating Las Posadas.
269:. It traverses large landmarks in
14:
530:, p. 74, Editorial Progreso, 1995
2567:
2518:
2517:
1973:Christmas Day (Trading) Act 2004
1868:Old Santeclaus with Much Delight
573:Pemberton, Tricia (2010-12-15).
2679:Consumación de la Independencia
737:(Press release). JourneyMexico.
325:has a similar tradition called
1953:Bronner's Christmas Wonderland
1882:Christmas Day in the Workhouse
1265:Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer
1044:Legend of the Christmas Spider
1:
2797:Religious festivals in Mexico
2744:Día de la Virgen de Guadalupe
1904:Christmas television specials
1803:The New Oxford Book of Carols
890:Annunciation to the shepherds
441:Erickson, Doug (2010-12-23).
1958:Christmas and holiday season
601:Candia, Pablo (2010-12-20).
2757:Dia de los Santos Inocentes
2660:Natalicio de Miguel Hidalgo
2650:Heroica Defensa de Veracruz
634:Langlois, Ed (2010-12-23).
2818:
2741:Día de los Fieles Difuntos
2596:Natalicio de Benito Juárez
870:Adoration of the Shepherds
705:Eakin, Tyra (2010-12-20).
18:
2688:Descubrimiento de América
2574:Public holidays in Mexico
2513:
2114:WWE Tribute to the Troops
1875:A Visit from St. Nicholas
1796:The Oxford Book of Carols
1372:Feast of the Seven Fishes
935:Massacre of the Innocents
784:
682:A guide to hispanic Texas
655:Fisher, Lewis F. (1996).
287:Cathedral of San Fernando
283:Spanish Governor's Palace
1916:Apollo 8 Genesis reading
563:, p. 747, ABC-CLIO, 2016
524:Flores Segura, Joaquín,
478:; García, Peter (2004).
2737:Día de Todos los Santos
2704:Día de los Santos Reyes
2675:Día de los Niños Héroes
2078:Small Business Saturday
1948:Black Friday (shopping)
1943:Black Friday (partying)
1437:Nine Lessons and Carols
1367:Events and celebrations
509:Religion and Dialectics
506:Mansueto, Anthony E.,
448:Wisconsin State Journal
394:Encyclopedia Britannica
217:Two people dress up as
201:While its roots are in
2592:Día de la Constitución
1722:Post-War United States
608:Dodge City Daily Globe
300:is illustrated by the
267:San Antonio River Walk
147:
35:
1771:Hit singles in the US
1766:Hit singles in the UK
1327:Carols by Candlelight
1255:Santa Claus' daughter
863:Adoration of the Magi
275:Arneson River Theater
141:
29:
2792:December observances
2611:Día de la Revolución
2606:Día de Independencia
2063:Santa's Candy Castle
1387:Google Santa Tracker
527:Tonantzin, Guadalupe
476:Candelaria, Cordelia
350:Novena de Aguinaldos
19:For other uses, see
2787:Christmas in Mexico
2709:Día de San Valentín
2068:Santa Claus Village
1983:Christmas Mountains
1889:Journey of the Magi
895:Baptism of the Lord
644:. Portland, Oregon.
474:Aldama, Arturo J.;
362:Christmas in Mexico
296:, the tradition of
250:Regional variations
2728:Día del estudiante
2581:Statutory holidays
2178:Twelve-dish supper
2028:Jews and Christmas
1978:Christmas Lectures
1707:American Civil War
1442:NORAD Tracks Santa
818:Saint Nicholas Day
271:San Antonio, Texas
148:
36:
2802:Nativity of Jesus
2782:Culture of Mexico
2764:
2763:
2719:Día de las Madres
2640:Día de la Bandera
2533:
2532:
2509:
2508:
2173:Thirteen desserts
2093:Virginia O'Hanlon
1938:Advent Conspiracy
1852:Films (Christmas,
1844:A Christmas Carol
1789:Carols for Choirs
1332:Cavalcade of Magi
1312:Boar's Head Feast
981:Star of Bethlehem
952:Nativity of Jesus
940:flight into Egypt
825:St. Stephen's Day
712:Victoria Advocate
641:Catholic Sentinel
157:Christmas pageant
88:derives from the
2809:
2670:Grito de Dolores
2665:Día de la Marina
2635:Día del Ejército
2572:
2571:
2570:
2560:
2553:
2546:
2537:
2525:
2521:
2520:
2356:Redcurrant sauce
2145:
2139:
2134:
2108:Winter festivals
1858:Christmas horror
1825:
1736:
1567:
1422:Meals and feasts
1342:Christmas jumper
1289:
1260:Santa's reindeer
1212:
1158:Father Christmas
1122:
1079:Santa's workshop
1000:
962:in later culture
840:
833:
826:
819:
812:
805:
798:
791:
778:
769:
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755:
746:
739:
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730:
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702:
696:
695:
677:
671:
670:
652:
646:
645:
631:
625:
624:
622:
620:
611:. Archived from
598:
592:
591:
589:
587:
570:
564:
555:
549:
540:
531:
522:
513:
504:
498:
497:
485:
471:
460:
459:
457:
455:
438:
429:
428:
426:
425:
410:
404:
403:
401:
400:
386:
285:, ending at the
273:, including the
258:, finishes with
256:Portland, Oregon
126:, the mother of
2817:
2816:
2812:
2811:
2810:
2808:
2807:
2806:
2767:
2766:
2765:
2760:
2724:Día del Maestro
2692:
2623:
2601:Día del Trabajo
2576:
2568:
2566:
2564:
2534:
2529:
2523:
2505:
2471:Pickled herring
2444:
2413:
2360:
2351:Cranberry sauce
2334:
2313:
2289:Red velvet cake
2274:Poppy seed roll
2192:
2143:
2132:
2130:
2124:
2103:White Christmas
1993:Christmas truce
1988:Christmas seals
1968:Christmas creep
1930:
1928:
1922:
1823:
1817:
1734:
1728:
1565:
1559:
1412:Lord of Misrule
1347:Christmas Peace
1297:Advent calendar
1287:
1281:
1230:Knecht Ruprecht
1210:
1208:
1202:
1124:
1120:
1113:
1002:
998:
990:
915:Herod the Great
850:
844:
838:
831:
824:
817:
810:
803:
796:
789:
780:
776:
773:
743:
742:
732:
731:
727:
717:
715:
704:
703:
699:
692:
679:
678:
674:
667:
654:
653:
649:
633:
632:
628:
618:
616:
615:on 10 July 2011
600:
599:
595:
585:
583:
572:
571:
567:
556:
552:
548:, Ibukku, 2017
542:Campos, Jorge.
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451:
440:
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398:
396:
388:
387:
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375:
358:
252:
215:
180:Huitzilopochtli
168:Julian calendar
164:winter solstice
162:In Mexico, the
136:
83:
71:Latin Americans
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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2647:
2642:
2637:
2631:
2629:
2628:Civic holidays
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2083:Super Saturday
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
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2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2013:Giving Tuesday
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1963:Christmas club
1960:
1955:
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1819:
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1810:Piae Cantiones
1806:
1799:
1792:
1782:
1776:Music charts (
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1283:
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1280:
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1274:
1269:
1268:
1267:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1245:Père Fouettard
1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1216:
1214:
1211:Saint Nicholas
1204:
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1200:
1195:
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1175:
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1165:
1163:Grandpa Indian
1160:
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1131:Saint Nicholas
1127:
1125:
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1115:
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1111:
1106:
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1096:
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1086:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1069:Old Man Winter
1066:
1061:
1056:
1054:Miner's figure
1051:
1046:
1041:
1039:Kallikantzaros
1036:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1005:
1003:
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989:
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983:
978:
977:
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969:Nativity scene
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828:
821:
814:
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804:Children's Day
800:
793:
790:Blue Christmas
785:
782:
781:
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771:
764:
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697:
690:
672:
665:
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593:
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532:
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430:
405:
377:
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364:
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251:
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214:
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172:Aztec calendar
135:
132:
82:
79:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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2800:
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2772:
2756:
2754:
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2733:
2732:Día del Padre
2730:
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2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
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2712:
2710:
2707:
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2702:
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2699:
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2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2655:Cinco de Mayo
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
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2630:
2626:
2620:
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2469:
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2459:
2457:
2454:
2453:
2451:
2449:Meat and fish
2447:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2422:
2420:
2416:
2410:
2407:
2403:
2400:
2399:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2387:Hot chocolate
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
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2370:
2369:
2367:
2363:
2357:
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2255:
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2250:
2247:
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2240:
2237:
2235:
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2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2201:
2199:
2195:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2150:
2148:
2146:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2127:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2115:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2098:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2088:Ugly sweaters
2086:
2084:
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2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
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2061:
2059:
2056:
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2046:
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2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1998:Controversies
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
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1951:
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1946:
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1936:
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1933:
1925:
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1911:
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1862:
1859:
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1833:In literature
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1702:United States
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1457:
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1448:
1445:
1443:
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1438:
1435:
1433:
1432:Moravian star
1430:
1428:
1427:Midnight Mass
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
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1400:
1398:
1395:
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1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1317:Candle arches
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1307:Advent wreath
1305:
1303:
1302:Advent candle
1300:
1298:
1295:
1294:
1292:
1290:
1284:
1278:
1275:
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1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1209:Companions of
1205:
1199:
1196:
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1191:
1189:
1186:
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1179:
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1132:
1129:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:Gift-bringers
1116:
1110:
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1097:
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1092:
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1007:
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986:Twelfth Night
984:
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979:
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972:
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948:
947:Nativity Fast
945:
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933:
931:
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918:
916:
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906:
905:Christmastide
903:
901:
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888:
886:
883:
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880:Angel Gabriel
878:
876:
873:
871:
868:
864:
861:
860:
859:
858:Biblical Magi
856:
855:
853:
847:
841:
836:
834:
829:
827:
822:
820:
815:
813:
811:Christmas Eve
808:
806:
801:
799:
794:
792:
787:
786:
783:
779:
770:
765:
763:
758:
756:
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747:
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729:
726:
714:
713:
708:
701:
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693:
691:0-292-77709-4
687:
683:
676:
673:
668:
666:0-89672-372-0
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643:
642:
637:
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614:
610:
609:
604:
597:
594:
582:
581:
580:The Oklahoman
576:
569:
566:
562:
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554:
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528:
521:
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493:0-313-33211-8
489:
484:
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477:
470:
468:
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462:
450:
449:
444:
437:
435:
431:
420:on 2012-07-06
419:
415:
409:
406:
395:
391:
390:"Las Posadas"
385:
383:
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372:
368:
365:
363:
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359:
355:
353:
351:
347:
343:
339:
334:
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328:
324:
320:
318:
314:
309:
307:
306:Misa de Gallo
303:
299:
295:
290:
288:
284:
280:
279:Museo Alameda
276:
272:
268:
263:
261:
257:
254:One event in
249:
247:
245:
241:
237:
231:
229:
224:
220:
212:
210:
208:
204:
199:
197:
196:Pope Sixtus V
193:
188:
184:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
160:
158:
153:
145:
140:
133:
131:
129:
125:
121:
118:) during the
117:
116:
111:
107:
106:
105:accommodation
101:
100:
95:
91:
87:
80:
78:
76:
75:United States
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
51:Latin America
48:
47:
42:
41:
33:
28:
22:
2747:
2714:Día del Niño
2461:Gefilte fish
2409:Ponche crema
2244:Melomakarono
2112:
2003:Cyber Monday
1908:
1873:
1842:
1808:
1801:
1794:
1787:
1784:Music books
1777:
1615:Nazi Germany
1507:
1503:Secret Santa
1490:
1396:
1377:Flying Santa
1084:Tió de Nadal
1034:Korvatunturi
885:Annunciation
851:Christianity
832:Sol Invictus
728:
716:. Retrieved
710:
700:
681:
675:
656:
650:
639:
629:
617:. Retrieved
613:the original
606:
596:
584:. Retrieved
578:
568:
559:
553:
544:
526:
508:
502:
481:
452:. Retrieved
446:
422:. Retrieved
418:the original
408:
397:. Retrieved
367:Simbang Gabi
335:
321:
310:
297:
291:
264:
253:
240:pedir posada
232:
216:
213:Re-enactment
200:
182:
161:
149:
142:Children in
128:Jesus Christ
113:
103:
97:
93:
85:
84:
45:
39:
38:
37:
2748:Las Posadas
2697:Festivities
2476:Roast goose
2397:Mulled wine
2377:Champurrado
2372:Apple cider
2346:Bread sauce
2299:Szaloncukor
2279:Pumpkin pie
2229:Gingerbread
2183:Smörgåsbord
1824:Other media
1662:Philippines
1652:New Zealand
1535:Twelve Days
1492:Räuchermann
1447:Nutcrackers
1397:Las Posadas
1357:Decorations
1337:Christingle
1277:Zwarte Piet
1272:Snegurochka
1193:Sinterklaas
1143:Santa Claus
718:24 December
619:24 December
586:24 December
454:24 December
317:Virgin Mary
302:Panunulúyan
298:Las Posadas
294:Philippines
260:Santa Claus
236:poinsettias
203:Catholicism
86:Las Posadas
55:El Salvador
40:Las Posadas
2771:Categories
2753:Nochebuena
2204:Candy cane
2153:Joulupöytä
2053:Pikkujoulu
1717:New Mexico
1566:By country
1540:Wassailing
1481:Poinsettia
1288:Traditions
1240:Mrs. Claus
1220:Belsnickel
1173:Julemanden
1168:Joulupukki
1099:Wenceslaus
1064:North Pole
1029:Jack Frost
1019:Christkind
974:Neapolitan
797:Boxing Day
424:2012-11-03
399:2020-02-11
373:References
281:, and the
207:Protestant
192:Papal bull
2588:Año Nuevo
2491:Tourtière
2481:Romeritos
2418:Dumplings
2365:Beverages
2269:Pecan pie
2259:Panettone
2254:Pampushka
2249:Mince pie
2224:Fruitcake
2168:Réveillon
2048:NFL games
2043:NBA games
2038:In August
2008:Economics
1778:Billboard
1632:Indonesia
1575:Australia
1550:Yule goat
1525:Stockings
1459:Ornaments
1188:Père Noël
1183:Olentzero
1178:Noel Baba
1153:Ded Moroz
1109:Yule Lads
1049:Mari Lwyd
900:Bethlehem
777:Christmas
342:Venezuela
327:Parrandas
313:Nicaragua
187:Christmas
176:Tonantzin
120:Christmas
81:Etymology
69:, and by
63:Guatemala
46:novenario
2524:Category
2495:meat pie
2486:Stuffing
2440:Varenyky
2309:Yule log
2284:Qurabiya
2158:Julebord
2131:Food and
2058:SantaCon
2023:El Gordo
1910:Yule Log
1682:Scotland
1595:Ethiopia
1580:Colombia
1555:Yule log
1509:Spanbaum
1486:Pyramids
1352:Crackers
1250:Sack Man
1136:folklore
1104:Yule cat
1009:Badalisc
999:folklore
910:Epiphany
356:See also
338:Colombia
331:Carnaval
110:Nativity
67:Honduras
2619:Navidad
2430:Pierogi
2425:Hallaca
2330:Borscht
2294:Stollen
2264:Pavlova
2239:Makówki
2219:Cozonac
2188:Wigilia
2073:Scrooge
2033:In July
1931:society
1863:Poetry
1697:Ukraine
1672:Romania
1637:Ireland
1627:Iceland
1622:Hungary
1610:Germany
1600:Finland
1590:England
1585:Denmark
1545:Windows
1476:Piñatas
1464:Parades
1417:Markets
1402:Letters
1392:Hampers
1235:Krampus
1074:Perchta
1014:Caganer
346:Ecuador
292:In the
244:piñatas
134:History
99:lodging
90:Spanish
73:in the
21:Posadas
2777:Advent
2501:Turkey
2435:Tamale
2392:Kissel
2382:Eggnog
2339:Sauces
2325:Menudo
2304:Turrón
2214:Cookie
2197:Sweets
2163:Kūčios
2144:Dinner
2018:Grinch
1929:modern
1896:Tomten
1855:Santa,
1838:novels
1756:Operas
1744:Carols
1712:Hawaii
1692:Sweden
1687:Serbia
1677:Russia
1667:Poland
1657:Norway
1647:Mexico
1605:France
1520:Stamps
1515:Szopka
1407:Lights
1362:Didukh
1198:Others
1148:Befana
1094:Vertep
957:in art
925:Joseph
875:Advent
688:
663:
490:
344:, and
228:Rosary
223:Joseph
144:Oaxaca
115:novena
94:posada
59:Mexico
32:piñata
2234:Kutia
2133:drink
1761:Songs
1735:Music
1642:Italy
1498:Seals
1452:dolls
1382:Gifts
1322:Cards
1225:Elves
1089:Turoń
1059:Nisse
1024:Grýla
920:Jesus
194:from
152:Bible
102:, or
92:word
43:is a
2456:Carp
2318:Soup
2209:Cake
2120:Xmas
1749:list
1530:Tree
1469:list
930:Mary
839:Yule
720:2010
686:ISBN
661:ISBN
621:2010
588:2010
488:ISBN
456:2010
323:Cuba
221:and
219:Mary
124:Mary
2466:Ham
996:In
336:In
311:In
2773::
2099:")
2095:("
1927:In
849:In
709:.
638:.
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577:.
535:^
517:^
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433:^
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1870:"
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1860:)
1780:)
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722:.
694:.
669:.
623:.
590:.
496:.
458:.
427:.
402:.
183:,
96:(
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
