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out. Anything that interferes with the operation of the laser such as a scrap of torn paper may prevent the laser from discharging some portion of the drum, causing those areas to appear as white vertical streaks. If the neutral wiper blade fails to remove residual toner from the drum's surface, that toner may circulate on the drum a second time, causing smears on the printed page with each revolution. If the charge roller becomes damaged or does not have enough power, it may fail to adequately negatively charge the surface of the drum, allowing the drum to pick up excessive toner on the next revolution from the developer roll and causing a repeated but fainter image from the previous revolution to appear down the page.
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increases pressure on the environment. For these toner cartridges (as with inkjet cartridges), reset devices can be used to override the limitation set by the smart chip. Also, for some printers, online walk-throughs have been posted to demonstrate how to use up all the ink in the cartridge. These chips offer no benefit to the end-user—some laser printers used an optical mechanism to assess the amount of remaining toner in the cartridge rather than using a chip to electrically count the number of printed pages, and the chip's only function was as an alternate method to decrease the cartridge's usable life.
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880:) enabled the development of low-end laser printers which offload rasterization to the sending PC. For such printers, the operating system's print spooler renders the raw bitmap of each page into the PC's system memory at the target resolution, then sends that bitmap directly to the laser (at the expense of slowing down all other programs on the sending PC). The appearance of so-called "dumb" or "host-based" laser printers from
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images. An in-depth comparison of inkjet and laser printers suggest that laser printers are the ideal choice for a high quality, volume printer, while inkjet printers tend to focus on large-format printers and household units. Laser printers offer more precise edging and in-depth monochromatic color. In addition, color laser printers are much faster than inkjet printers, although being generally larger and bulkier.
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1478:. The machine population studied, however, was only those machines already in place in the building and was thus biased toward specific manufacturers. The authors noted that particle emissions varied substantially even among the same model of machine. According to Professor Morawska of the Queensland University of Technology, one printer emitted as many particles as a burning cigarette:
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1085:. If paper moves through the fuser more slowly, there is more roller contact time for the toner to melt, and the fuser can operate at a lower temperature. Smaller, inexpensive laser printers typically print slowly, due to this energy-saving design, compared to large high-speed printers where paper moves more rapidly through a high-temperature fuser with very short contact time.
1044:, and as they emerge onto the developer drum they are electrostatically attracted to the photoreceptor's latent image (the areas on the surface of the drum which had been struck by the laser). Because negative charges repel each other, the negatively charged toner particles will not adhere to the drum where the negative charge (imparted previously by the charge roller) remains.
1302:: the printers are sold cheaply while replacement toners and inks are relatively expensive. A color laser printer's average running cost per page is usually slightly less, even though both the laser printer and laser toner cartridge have higher upfront prices, as laser toner cartridges print many more sheets relative to their cost than inkjet cartridges.
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inexpensive enough for home-office use, having displaced other printing technologies, although color inkjet printers (see below) still had advantages in photo quality reproduction. As of 2016, low-end monochrome laser printers can sell for less than $ 75, and while these printers tend to lack onboard processing and rely on the host computer to generate a
855:-sized page of dots at 300 dpi. At 300 dpi, there are 90,000 dots per square inch (300 dots per linear inch). A typical 8.5 Ă— 11 sheet of paper has 0.25-inch (6.4 mm) margins, reducing the printable area to 8.0 by 10.5 inches (200 mm Ă— 270 mm), or 84 square inches. 84 sq/in Ă— 90,000 dots per sq/in = 7,560,000 dots. 1
1183:(printing on both sides of the paper) can halve paper costs and reduce filing volumes, albeit at a slower page-printing speed because of the longer paper path. Formerly only available on high-end printers, duplexers are now common on mid-range office printers, though not all printers can accommodate a duplexing unit.
637:, and others. First-generation machines had large photosensitive drums, of circumference greater than the loaded paper's length. Once faster-recovery coatings were developed, the drums could touch the paper multiple times in a pass, and therefore be smaller in diameter. A year later, Apple introduced the
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However, some ozone escapes the filtering process in commercial printers, and ozone filters are not used at all in most smaller home printers. When a laser printer or copier is operated for a long period of time in a small, poorly ventilated space, these gases can build up to levels at which the odor
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The print quality of color lasers is limited by their resolution (typically 600–1200 dpi) and their use of just four color toners. They often have trouble printing large areas of the same or subtle gradations of color. Inkjet printers designed for printing photos can produce much higher quality color
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Color printing adds complexity to the printing process because very slight misalignments known as registration errors can occur between printing each color, causing unintended color fringing, blurring, or light/dark streaking along the edges of colored regions. To permit a high registration accuracy,
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If the toner doctor blade does not ensure that a smooth, even layer of toner is applied to the developer roll, the resulting printout may have white streaks from this in places where the blade has scraped off too much toner. Alternatively, if the blade allows too much toner to remain on the developer
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The mechanism inside a laser printer is somewhat delicate and, once damaged, often impossible to repair. The drum, in particular, is a critical component: it must not be left exposed to ambient light for more than a few hours, as light is what causes it to lose its charge and will eventually wear it
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The paper passes through rollers in the fuser assembly, where temperatures up to 427 °C (801 °F) and pressure are used to permanently bond the toner to the paper. One roller is usually a hollow tube (heat roller) and the other is a rubber-backed roller (pressure roller). A radiant heat lamp
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page-description language (up until this point, each manufacturer used its own proprietary page-description language, making the supporting software complex and expensive). PostScript allowed the use of text, fonts, graphics, images, and color largely independent of the printer's brand or resolution.
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The German Social
Accident Insurance has commissioned a human study project to examine the effects on health resulting from exposure to toner dusts and from photocopying and printing cycles. Volunteers (23 control persons, 15 exposed persons and 14 asthmatics) were exposed to laser printer emissions
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particles are formulated to have electrostatic properties and can develop static electric charges when they rub against other particles, objects, or the interiors of transport systems and vacuum hoses. Static discharge from charged toner particles can ignite combustible particles in a vacuum cleaner
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If the fuser roller does not reach a high enough temperature or if the ambient humidity is too high, the toner will not fuse well to the paper and may flake off after printing. If the fuser is too hot, the plastic component of the toner may smear, causing the printed text to look like it is wet or
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A sheet of paper is then rolled under the photoreceptor drum, which has been coated with a pattern of toner particles in the exact places where the laser struck it moments before. The toner particles have a very weak attraction to both the drum and the paper, but the bond to the drum is weaker and
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A much-discussed proposal for reducing emissions from laser printers is to retrofit them with filters. These are fixed with adhesive tape to the printer's fan vents to reduce particle emissions. However, all printers have a paper output tray, which is an outlet for particle emissions. Paper output
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The cost of this technology depends on a combination of factors, including the cost of paper, toner, drum replacement, as well as the replacement of other items such as the fuser assembly and transfer assembly. Often printers with soft plastic drums can have a very high cost of ownership that does
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that increases the performance and efficiency of laser printers in the workplace. The software can be used to set rules dictating how employees interact with printers, such as setting limits on how many pages can be printed per day, limiting usage of color ink, and flagging jobs that appear to be
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to "write" the light on the drum. The toner is based on either wax or plastic, so that when the paper passes through the fuser assembly, the particles of toner melt. The paper may or may not be oppositely charged. The fuser can be an infrared oven, a heated pressure roller, or (on some very fast,
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As the drum completes a revolution, it is exposed to an electrically neutral soft plastic blade that cleans any remaining toner from the photoreceptor drum and deposits it into a waste reservoir. A charge roller then re-establishes a uniform negative charge on the surface of the now-clean drum,
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negative image on the drum's surface which will repel the negatively charged toner particles. The areas on the drum which were struck by the laser, however, momentarily have no charge, and the toner being pressed against the drum by the toner-coated developer roll in the next step moves from the
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that reduce the number of pages that can be printed with it (reducing the amount of usable ink or toner in the cartridge to sometimes only 50%), in an effort to increase sales of the toner cartridges. Besides being more expensive for printer users, this technique also increases waste, and thus
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Once the raster image generation is complete, all steps of the printing process can occur one after the other in rapid succession. This permits the use of a very small and compact unit, where the photoreceptor is charged, rotates a few degrees and is scanned, rotates a few more degrees, and is
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Different manufacturers claim that their toners are specifically developed for their printers and that other toner formulations may not match the original specifications in terms of either tendency to accept a negative charge, to move to the discharged areas of the photoreceptor drum from the
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As with most electronic devices, the cost of laser printers has decreased significantly over the years. In 1984, the HP LaserJet sold for $ 3500, had trouble with even small, low-resolution graphics, and weighed 32 kg (71 lb). By the late 1990s, monochrome laser printers had become
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reviewed existing research and concluded that "no epidemiology studies directly associating laser printer emissions with adverse health outcomes were located" and that several assessments conclude that "risk of direct toxicity and health effects from exposure to laser printer emissions is
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made it possible for the retail cost of low-end 300-dpi laser printers to decrease to as low as US$ 700 by early 1994 and US$ 600 by early 1995. In
September 1997, HP introduced the host-based LaserJet 6L, which could print 600 dpi text at up to six pages per minute for only US$ 400.
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at rates up to sixty-five million times per second. The drum continues to rotate during the sweep, and the angle of sweep is canted very slightly to compensate for this motion. The stream of rasterized data held in the printer's memory rapidly turns the laser on and off as it sweeps.
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some color laser printers use a large rotating belt called a "transfer belt". The transfer belt passes in front of all the toner cartridges and each of the toner layers are precisely applied to the belt. The combined layers are then applied to the paper in a uniform single step.
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pages per minute (12,000 pages per hour). The fastest color laser printers can print over 100 pages per minute (6000 pages per hour). Very high-speed laser printers are used for mass mailings of personalized documents, such as credit card or utility bills, and are competing with
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under defined conditions in an exposure chamber. The findings from the study based on a broad spectrum of processes and subjects fail to confirm that exposure to high laser printer emissions initiates a verifiable pathological process resulting in the reported illnesses.
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the particles transfer once again, this time from the drum's surface to the paper's surface. Some machines also use a positively charged "transfer roller" on the backside of the paper to help pull the negatively charged toner from the photoreceptor drum to the paper.
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were so underpowered and insufficient for graphics work that attached laser printers usually had more onboard processing power. Memory prices later decreased significantly, while rapid improvements in the performance of PCs and peripheral cables (most importantly,
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roll, the toner particles might come loose as the roll turns, precipitate onto the paper below, and become bonded to the paper during the fusing process. This will result in a general darkening of the printed page in broad vertical stripes with very soft edges.
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developed in 1979 the Canon LBP-10, a low-cost desktop laser printer. Canon then began work on a much-improved print engine, the Canon CX, resulting in the LBP-CX printer. Having no experience in selling to computer users, Canon sought partnerships with three
847:, so 600 dpi requires a minimum of 4 megabytes for monochrome, and 16 megabytes for color (still at 600 dpi). For fully graphical output using a page description language, a minimum of 1 megabyte of memory is needed to store an entire monochrome
658:. Laser printers brought exceptionally fast and high-quality text printing in multiple fonts on a page, to the business and home markets. No other commonly available printer during this era could also offer this combination of features.
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The drum then transfers the image onto paper which is passed through the machine by direct contact. Finally, the paper is passed onto a finisher, which uses heat to instantly fuse the toner that represents the image onto the paper.
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printing process. Laser printing differs from traditional xerography as implemented in analog photocopiers in that in the latter, the image is formed by reflecting light off an existing document onto the exposed drum.
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During the 1980s, memory chips were still very expensive, which is why entry-level laser printers in that era always came with four-digit suggested retail prices in US dollars. The primitive microprocessors in early
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toner layers is stored as a separate bitmap, and all four layers are typically preprocessed before printing begins, so a minimum of 4 megabytes is needed for a full-color letter-size or A4-size page at 300 dpi.
585:. The Xerox 9700 excelled at printing high-value documents on cut-sheet paper with varying content (e.g. insurance policies). Inspired by the Xerox 9700's commercial success, Japanese camera and optics company
534:, who worked in Xerox's product development department, had the idea of using a laser beam to "draw" an image of what was to be copied directly onto the copier drum. After transferring to the recently formed
1332:, for the purpose of traceability. The dots are yellow and about 0.1 mm (0.0039 in) in size, with a raster of about 1 mm (0.039 in). This is purportedly the result of a deal between the
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charge onto the photoreceptor (otherwise named the photoconductor unit), a revolving photosensitive drum or belt, which is capable of holding an electrostatic charge on its surface while it is in the dark.
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A laser printer uses a laser because lasers are able to form highly focused, precise, and intense beams of light, especially over the short distances inside of a printer. The laser is aimed at a rotating
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1200 dpi printers have been widely available in the home market since 2008. 2400 dpi electrophotographic printing plate makers, essentially laser printers that print on plastic sheets, are also available.
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and Ronald Rider to add a control system and character generator, resulting in a printer called EARS (Ethernet, Alto
Research character generator, Scanned laser output terminal)—which later became the
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Pirela, Sandra V.; Lu, Xiaoyan; Miousse, Isabelle; Sisler, Jennifer D.; Qian, Yong; Guo, Nancy; Koturbash, Igor; Castranova, Vincent; Thomas, Treye; Godleski, John; Demokritou, Philip (January 2016).
2606:"Effects of intratracheally instilled laser printer-emitted engineered nanoparticles in a mouse model: A case study of toxicological implications from nanomaterials released during consumer use"
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if sufficient toner is airborne. Toner particles are so fine that they are poorly filtered by conventional household vacuum cleaner filter bags and blow through the motor or back into the room.
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presses that uses electrostatically charged ink instead of toner, and using a heated transfer roller instead of a fuser, that melts the charged ink particles before applying them to the paper.
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Laser printing differs from other printing technologies in that each page is always rendered in a single continuous process without any pausing in the middle, while other technologies like
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840:(where the laser reaches a point on the page before it has the dots to draw there), a laser printer typically needs enough raster memory to hold the bitmap image of an entire page.
859:= 1,048,576 bytes, or 8,388,608 bits, which is just large enough to hold the entire page at 300 dpi, leaving about 100 kilobytes to spare for use by the raster image processor.
625:) system, affordable only to a fraction of the businesses and institutions at which it was targeted. Later, in 1984, the first laser printer intended for mass-market sales, the
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was brought to market. Unlike the IBM 3800, the Xerox 9700 was not targeted to replace any particular existing printers; however, it did have limited support for the loading of
1283:); however, newer printers designed to print on dark T-shirts utilize a special white toner allowing them to make transfers for dark garments or dark business products.
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prohibited pass-through passengers from carrying toner or ink cartridges weighing over 1 pound (0.45 kg) on inbound flights, in both carry-on and checked luggage.
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Laser printer speed can vary widely, and depends on many factors, including the graphic intensity of the job being processed. The fastest models can print over 200
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and many others. Over the decades, quality and speed have increased as prices have decreased, and the once cutting-edge printing devices are now ubiquitous.
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on every sheet of paper printed, which allows pieces of paper to be traced by the manufacturer to identify the place of purchase, and sometimes the buyer.
1127:. The warmup process that a laser printer goes through when power is initially applied to the printer consists mainly of heating the fuser element.
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1406:) filter may be needed for effective cleaning. These specialized tools are called "ESD-safe" (Electrostatic Discharge-safe) or "toner vacuums".
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538:(Xerox PARC) in 1971, Starkweather adapted a Xerox 7000 copier to make SLOT (Scanned Laser Output Terminal). In 1972, Starkweather worked with
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2522:"Investigation on health effects of emissions from laserprinters and -copiers, Subproject LMU: Exposition of volunteers in a climatic chamber"
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spanning the width of the page to generate an image, rather than using a laser. "Exposing" is also known as "writing" in some documentation.
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bias voltage is applied to the primary charge roller to remove any residual charges left by previous images. The roller will also apply a
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cylinder called a "drum" to define a differentially charged image. The drum then selectively collects electrically charged powdered ink (
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Magnification of color laser printer output, showing individual toner particles comprising 4 dots of an image with a bluish background
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If toner spills into the laser printer, a special type of vacuum cleaner with an electrically conductive hose and a high-efficiency (
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trays cannot be provided with filters, so it is impossible to reduce their contribution to overall emissions with retrofit filters.
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2-part Color laser transfers are part of a two-step process whereby the color laser printers use colored toner (dry ink), typically
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Color laser transfer printers are designed to produce transfer media which are transfer sheets designed to be applied by means of a
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Small yellow dots on white paper, generated by a color laser printer, are nearly invisible. (Click to see higher-resolution image)
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energy uniformly heats the roller from the inside. For proper bonding of the toner, the fuser roller must be uniformly hot.
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The CMYK color printing process allows for millions of colors to be faithfully represented by the unique imaging process.
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noted that the ban would not impact most travelers, as the majority of cartridges do not exceed the prescribed weight.
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depend on particle composition, but the results can range from respiratory irritation to more severe illness such as
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Color printers usually have a higher cost per page than monochrome printers, even if printing monochrome-only pages.
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only use one laser scanner assembly, color printers often have two or more, often one for each of the four colors.
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Laser light selectively neutralizes the negative charge on the photoreceptive drum, to form an electrostatic image
738:) particles are then electrostatically attracted to remaining areas of the drum that have not been laser-beamed.
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filter in the air exhaust stream breaks down these noxious gases to prevent pollution of the office environment.
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In a commercial environment such as an office, it is becoming increasingly common for businesses to use external
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mirror which directs the light beam through a system of lenses and mirrors onto the photoreceptor drum, writing
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process. It produces high-quality text and graphics (and moderate-quality photographs) by repeatedly passing a
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of ozone or irritation may be noticed. A potential health hazard is theoretically possible in extreme cases.
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which is stored in the printer's raster memory. Each horizontal strip of dots across the page is known as a
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particles which some suspect may be associated with respiratory diseases. Of 63 printers evaluated in the
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negligible". The review also observes that, because the emissions have been shown to be volatile or semi-
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for the
Macintosh and LaserWriter, was also released in 1985 and the combination became very popular for
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in the 1970s. Laser printers were introduced for the office and then home markets in subsequent years by
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developer roll, to fuse appropriately to the paper, or to come off the drum cleanly in each revolution.
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developed, and so forth. The entire process can be completed before the drum completes one revolution.
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positioned parallel to the drum or, in more recent printers, a primary charge roller, projects an
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30:"Silentwriter" redirects here. For the Apple Thermo printer sometimes called SilentWriter, see
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The document to be printed is encoded in a page description language such as PostScript,
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There are typically seven steps involved in the process, detailed in the sections below.
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A laser beam projects an image of the page to be printed onto an electrically charged,
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Institute for
Occupational Safety and Health of the German Social Accident Insurance.
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Institute for
Occupational Safety and Health of the German Social Accident Insurance.
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According to a 2012 study conducted in
Queensland, Australia, some printers emit sub-
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laser printer. In 1976, the first commercial implementation of a laser printer, the
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Fine Art
Printing for Photographers: Exhibition Quality Prints with Inkjet Printers
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that generates a small amount of ionized oxygen and nitrogen, which react to form
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are concerned about this erosion of the privacy and anonymity of those who print.
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smudged, or may cause the melted toner to soak through the paper to the backside.
621:. Although it was innovative, the Star workstation was a prohibitively expensive (
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2032:"A New LaserJet Jewel: HP LaserJet 6L makes 6-ppm printing an affordable venture"
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Brief Review on Health
Effects of Laser Printer Emissions Measured as Particles
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or coloring agents. The toner particles are given a negative charge inside the
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Laser unit from a Dell P1500. The white hexagon is the rotating scanner mirror.
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In the late 1960s, Xerox, then the dominant manufacturer of office copiers ...
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Laser printers .. complex imaging process ... charge neutralizes ... the drum
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2175:"Print efficiency in the workplace: how to make your office more efficient"
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Bill & Dave: How
Hewlett and Packard Built the World's Greatest Company
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Some printers use a very thin flexible metal foil roller, so there is less
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Many modern color laser printers mark printouts by a nearly invisible dot
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roll's rubber surface to the charged portions of the surface of the drum.
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In 1981, the first small personal computer designed for office use, the
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A+, Network+, Security+ Exams in a Nutshell: A Desktop Quick Reference
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RTBF documentary "L'obsolescence programmée" by Xavier Vanbuggenhout
2218:"Inkjet vs Laser Printers: Pros, Cons & Recommendation for 2019"
1643:"Creation Myth - Xerox PARC, Apple, and the truth about innovation"
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4200 series printer, installed atop additional 500-sheet paper tray
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2580:"U.S. Bans Large Printer Ink, Toner Cartridges on Inbound Flights"
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1060:
1036:
Toner consists of fine particles of dry plastic powder mixed with
1022:
990:
975:
967:
896:
788:
780:
735:
510:
481:
461:
36:
1709:
A History of the Personal Computer: The People and the Technology
944:
as a charge leakage barrier layer, as well as a surface layer of
925:
bias on the drum surface to ensure a uniform negative potential.
641:(also based on the Canon CX engine), but used the newly released
1607:"Laser Printer - Definition of laser printer by Merriam-Webster"
1403:
1280:
1264:
1227:
1211:
877:
863:
2653:
1474:
study, 17 of the strongest emitters were made by HP and one by
928:
Numerous patents describe the photosensitive drum coating as a
881:
665:
634:
488:
1244:
Liquid electrophotography (LEP) is a similar process used in
1210:
Color laser printers use colored toner (dry ink), typically
2129:"HP Virtual Museum: Hewlett-Packard LaserJet printer, 1984"
1114:
Different printers implement these steps in distinct ways.
1908:. Dordrecht: Springer Science+Business Media. p. 56.
2649:
2200:"Pros & Cons for Home Use: Inkjet vs. Laser Printers"
1671:
Milestones in Computer Science and Information Technology
1177:
not become apparent until the drum requires replacement.
2011:
Grotta, Daniel; Grotta, Sally Wiener (March 28, 1995).
1070:
is suspended in the center of the hollow tube, and its
2446:"Particle Emission Characteristics of Office Printers"
2405:"Particle emission characteristics of office printers"
2235:
Uwe Steinmueller; Juergen Gulbins (21 December 2010).
956:
which at sufficient concentration resembles machining
901:
Applying a negative charge to the photosensitive drum
2116:
in most laser printers. ... the surface of the drum.
2013:"SuperScript 660: NEC's Dumb Printer Is a Smart Buy"
1621:"Jacob E. Goldman, Founder of Xerox Lab, Dies at 90"
843:
Memory requirements increase with the square of the
617:
that was unsurpassed in commercial sales, until the
562:. The IBM 3800 was used for high-volume printing on
2880:
2827:
2715:
2551:"UK: Plane Bombs Explosions Were Possible Over U.S"
2282:"Electronic Frontier Foundation - Printer Tracking"
1498:In December 2011, the Australian government agency
395:
385:
375:
365:
350:
340:
330:
320:
310:
300:
290:
280:
270:
260:
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240:
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210:
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190:
180:
170:
160:
150:
140:
125:
110:
100:
90:
80:
2303:"Electronic Frontier Foundation Threat to privacy"
1668:
1081:to be heated and the fuser can more quickly reach
1938:Inside the Publishing Revolution: The Adobe Story
2464:"Study reveals the dangers of printer pollution"
2369:"Photocopiers and Laser Printers Health Hazards"
1822:The Computers Nobody Wanted: My Years with Xerox
1744:. Columbia University Press. pp. 364, 383.
1426:. In larger commercial printers and copiers, an
1065:Toner is fused onto paper with heat and pressure
574:(dpi). Over 8,000 of these printers were sold.
1480:
518:(seen here in 2009) invented the laser printer.
1290:Business-model comparison with inkjet printers
2665:
1733:
1731:
1729:
1462:A video on research done on printer emissions
1382:Safety hazards, health risks, and precautions
1102:readying it to be struck again by the laser.
423:
8:
1881:. I. K. International Pvt Ltd. p. 269.
2351:"Hacking the Samsung CLP-315 Laser Printer"
2152:. Papergear.com. 2010-09-01. Archived from
1701:
1699:
1347:Digital-rights advocacy groups such as the
1298:for both low-cost color laser printers and
817:(RIP) converts the page description into a
2672:
2658:
2650:
430:
416:
63:
47:
2629:
2573:
2571:
2058:"how Laser Process Technology animation (
1963:"SCSI may solve printer data bottlenecks"
712:Learn how and when to remove this message
1940:. Berkeley: Peachpit Press. p. 53.
1741:The Columbia Guide to Digital Publishing
1336:and printer manufacturers to help track
753:), which emits red or infrared light.
613:8010, reached market. The system used a
2933:Multiple-prism grating laser oscillator
2064:. Lexmark. 14 July 2012. Archived from
2030:Mendelson, Edward (September 9, 1997).
1598:
55:
3022:Computer-related introductions in 1975
1961:Brownstein, Mark (November 18, 1991).
1529:Transportation Security Administration
836:can pause every few lines. To avoid a
77:
27:Electrostatic digital printing process
862:In a color printer, each of the four
7:
1712:. Allan Publishing. pp. 13–23.
694:adding citations to reliable sources
550:, was released. It was designed for
2403:He C, Morawska L, Taplin L (2012).
2241:. O'Reilly Media, Inc. p. 37.
2080:"CompTIA A+ Rapid Review: Printers"
1738:William E. Kasdorf (January 2003).
1472:Queensland University of Technology
1878:Lasers and Optical Instrumentation
1641:Gladwell, Malcolm (May 16, 2011).
480:The laser printer was invented at
25:
2537:"Safe laser printers and copiers"
1482:The health effects from inhaling
1173:in some commercial applications.
2971:
2970:
1992:Troast, Randy (March 21, 1994).
1825:. Strassmann, Inc. p. 126.
1025:is continuously applied in a 15-
670:
526:held a dominant position in the
1771:. Elsevier Science. p. 5.
1706:Roy A. Allan (1 October 2001).
1355:Smart chips in toner cartridges
681:needs additional citations for
2842:Amplified spontaneous emission
2483:Drew, Robert (December 2011),
1349:Electronic Frontier Foundation
940:as the light-receiving layer,
570:(ppm), at a resolution of 240
1:
2333:"What Is a Laser Toner Chip?"
1792:Michael Shawn Malone (2007).
1252:Color laser transfer printers
566:, and achieved speeds of 215
356:
131:
116:
2622:10.1016/j.impact.2015.12.001
2578:Hoffman, Tony (2010-11-08).
2378:. 2010-04-19. Archived from
2150:"Facts about laser printing"
1905:Laser - Surface Interactions
1768:Digital Printing of Textiles
1294:Manufacturers use a similar
811:Open XML Paper Specification
796:The sound of a laser printer
760:, or more recently, with an
2898:Chirped pulse amplification
2100:Bhardwaj, Pawan K. (2007).
1819:Paul A. Strassmann (2008).
1691:starkweather laser-printer.
1675:. Greenwood Press. p.
1324:Machine Identification Code
3038:
2702:List of laser applications
2553:. Fox News. Archived from
2337:Small Business - Chron.com
1902:Ganeev, Rashid A. (2014).
1847:"TPW - CX Printers- Apple"
1525:2010 cargo plane bomb plot
1505:volatile organic compounds
1441:
1358:
1321:
1206:color laser printer C1110B
785:Diagram of a laser printer
747:aluminium gallium arsenide
745:The laser is typically an
723:
598:(who rejected the offer),
29:
2966:
2687:
2450:The Sydney Morning Herald
2264:"Inkjet vs Laser Printer"
1994:"Low-cost laser printers"
1936:Pfiffner, Pamela (2003).
1765:H Ujiie (28 April 2006).
1572:List of printer companies
1444:Toner § Health risks
1310:Anti-counterfeiting marks
1005:Some non-laser printers (
577:Soon after, in 1977, the
536:Palo Alto Research Center
377:Thermal-transfer printing
2000:. pp. 68–69, 84–85.
1875:S. Nagabhushana (2010).
1798:. Penguin. p. 327.
1667:Edwin D. Reilly (2003).
1438:Respiratory health risks
807:Printer Command Language
756:The drum is coated with
252:Photostat and rectigraph
2084:MicrosoftPressStore.com
1567:Dye-sublimation printer
1089:Cleaning and recharging
948:, notably silicon with
801:Raster image processing
51:Part of a series on the
3002:Laser image generation
2692:List of laser articles
1609:. merriam-webster.com.
1496:
1463:
1319:
1207:
1123:expensive printers) a
1118:use a linear array of
1098:
1066:
981:
973:
902:
815:raster image processor
797:
786:
519:
456:back and forth over a
102:Intaglio (printmaking)
45:
2376:www.docs.csg.ed.ac.uk
2305:. Eff.org. 2008-02-13
1627:. December 21, 2011.
1547:Cardboard engineering
1461:
1395:bag or cause a small
1317:
1202:
1120:light-emitting diodes
1096:
1083:operating temperature
1064:
1021:As the drums rotate,
1011:light-emitting diodes
979:
971:
905:In older printers, a
900:
795:
784:
564:continuous stationery
514:
222:Hot metal typesetting
40:
2867:Population inversion
2156:on November 24, 2010
1361:Planned obsolescence
1342:binary-coded decimal
1195:Color laser printers
1029:-thick layer to the
690:improve this article
554:, where it replaced
242:Daisy wheel printing
3017:American inventions
2918:Laser beam profiler
2837:Active laser medium
2777:Free-electron laser
2697:List of laser types
2494:Safe Work Australia
2412:Environ Sci Technol
2262:Alexander, Jordan.
1557:Document automation
1552:Daisy wheel printer
1500:Safe Work Australia
1484:ultrafine particles
1232:monochrome printers
1106:Continuous printing
751:semiconductor laser
596:Diablo Data Systems
560:mainframe computers
282:Dot matrix printing
57:History of printing
2224:. August 26, 2019.
2104:. O'Reilly Media.
1625:The New York Times
1562:Dot matrix printer
1464:
1373:may contain smart
1320:
1208:
1099:
1067:
1009:) use an array of
982:
974:
903:
873:personal computers
798:
787:
656:desktop publishing
631:Brother Industries
522:In the 1960s, the
520:
458:negatively charged
367:Solid ink printing
82:Woodblock printing
46:
2984:
2983:
2938:Optical amplifier
2787:Solid-state laser
2557:on March 29, 2012
2424:10.1021/es063049z
2248:978-1-4571-0071-0
2204:Apartment Therapy
2111:978-0-596-55151-3
1915:978-94-007-7341-7
1888:978-93-80578-23-1
1832:978-1-4276-3270-8
1805:978-1-59184-152-4
1778:978-1-84569-158-5
1751:978-0-231-12499-7
1719:978-0-9689108-3-2
1519:Air-transport ban
1459:
934:amorphous silicon
793:
722:
721:
714:
532:Gary Starkweather
530:market. In 1969,
524:Xerox Corporation
516:Gary Starkweather
440:
439:
405:
404:
272:Spirit duplicator
182:Chromolithography
16:(Redirected from
3029:
3012:Office equipment
2974:
2973:
2948:Optical isolator
2913:Injection seeder
2893:Beam homogenizer
2872:Ultrashort pulse
2862:Lasing threshold
2674:
2667:
2660:
2651:
2643:
2633:
2591:
2590:
2588:
2587:
2575:
2566:
2565:
2563:
2562:
2547:
2541:
2540:
2532:
2526:
2525:
2517:
2511:
2510:
2509:
2508:
2502:
2496:, archived from
2491:
2480:
2474:
2473:
2471:
2470:
2460:
2454:
2453:
2442:
2436:
2435:
2409:
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2289:
2278:
2272:
2271:
2259:
2253:
2252:
2232:
2226:
2225:
2222:Office Interiors
2214:
2208:
2207:
2196:
2190:
2189:
2187:
2186:
2171:
2165:
2164:
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2097:
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2076:
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2054:
2048:
2047:
2045:
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2027:
2021:
2020:
2008:
2002:
2001:
1989:
1983:
1982:
1980:
1978:
1958:
1952:
1951:
1933:
1927:
1926:
1924:
1922:
1899:
1893:
1892:
1872:
1866:
1865:
1863:
1862:
1853:. Archived from
1851:printerworks.com
1843:
1837:
1836:
1816:
1810:
1809:
1789:
1783:
1782:
1762:
1756:
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1655:
1653:
1638:
1632:
1631:
1617:
1611:
1610:
1603:
1460:
1428:activated carbon
1416:corona discharge
1371:toner cartridges
1125:xenon flash lamp
794:
769:N-vinylcarbazole
717:
710:
706:
703:
697:
674:
666:
662:Printing process
624:
615:desktop metaphor
568:pages per minute
450:digital printing
432:
425:
418:
397:Digital printing
361:
358:
352:Thermal printing
312:Phototypesetting
136:
133:
121:
118:
78:
67:
48:
21:
3037:
3036:
3032:
3031:
3030:
3028:
3027:
3026:
2987:
2986:
2985:
2980:
2962:
2876:
2857:Laser linewidth
2847:Continuous wave
2823:
2716:Types of lasers
2711:
2683:
2678:
2647:
2603:
2600:
2598:Further reading
2595:
2594:
2585:
2583:
2577:
2576:
2569:
2560:
2558:
2549:
2548:
2544:
2534:
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2514:
2506:
2504:
2500:
2489:
2482:
2481:
2477:
2468:
2466:
2462:
2461:
2457:
2444:
2443:
2439:
2418:(17): 6039–45.
2407:
2402:
2401:
2397:
2388:
2386:
2382:
2371:
2367:
2366:
2362:
2357:. 3 March 2012.
2349:
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2098:
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2078:
2077:
2073:
2056:
2055:
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2041:
2039:
2029:
2028:
2024:
2010:
2009:
2005:
1991:
1990:
1986:
1976:
1974:
1960:
1959:
1955:
1948:
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1934:
1930:
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1918:
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1649:
1640:
1639:
1635:
1619:
1618:
1614:
1605:
1604:
1600:
1595:
1582:Thermal printer
1543:
1521:
1448:
1446:
1440:
1424:nitrogen oxides
1412:
1389:
1384:
1367:inkjet printers
1363:
1357:
1326:
1312:
1300:inkjet printers
1292:
1254:
1197:
1181:Duplex printing
1154:
1133:
1108:
1091:
1059:
1050:
1042:toner cartridge
1019:
999:static electric
966:
958:silicon nitride
895:
838:buffer underrun
813:(OpenXPS). The
803:
789:
732:photoconductive
728:
718:
707:
701:
698:
687:
675:
664:
650:, developed by
622:
619:Apple Macintosh
600:Hewlett-Packard
509:
501:Hewlett-Packard
436:
407:
406:
359:
332:Dye-sublimation
322:Inkjet printing
262:Screen printing
212:Offset printing
152:Relief printing
134:
119:
75:
35:
32:Apple Silentype
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3035:
3033:
3025:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3007:Laser printers
3004:
2999:
2989:
2988:
2982:
2981:
2979:
2978:
2967:
2964:
2963:
2961:
2960:
2955:
2953:Output coupler
2950:
2945:
2943:Optical cavity
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2903:Gain-switching
2900:
2895:
2890:
2884:
2882:
2878:
2877:
2875:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2852:Laser ablation
2849:
2844:
2839:
2833:
2831:
2825:
2824:
2822:
2821:
2816:
2815:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2773:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2750:Carbon dioxide
2742:
2741:
2740:
2738:Liquid-crystal
2735:
2725:
2723:Chemical laser
2719:
2717:
2713:
2712:
2710:
2709:
2707:Laser acronyms
2704:
2699:
2694:
2688:
2685:
2684:
2679:
2677:
2676:
2669:
2662:
2654:
2645:
2644:
2599:
2596:
2593:
2592:
2567:
2542:
2527:
2512:
2475:
2455:
2437:
2395:
2360:
2342:
2324:
2315:
2294:
2273:
2254:
2247:
2227:
2209:
2191:
2166:
2141:
2120:
2110:
2092:
2071:
2068:on 2013-12-21.
2049:
2022:
2003:
1984:
1953:
1946:
1928:
1914:
1894:
1887:
1867:
1838:
1831:
1811:
1804:
1784:
1777:
1757:
1750:
1725:
1718:
1695:
1685:
1659:
1647:The New Yorker
1633:
1612:
1597:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1590:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1542:
1539:
1520:
1517:
1488:cardiovascular
1439:
1436:
1411:
1408:
1397:dust explosion
1388:
1387:Toner clean-up
1385:
1383:
1380:
1359:Main article:
1356:
1353:
1338:counterfeiters
1322:Main article:
1311:
1308:
1296:business model
1291:
1288:
1253:
1250:
1196:
1193:
1153:
1150:
1132:
1129:
1107:
1104:
1090:
1087:
1058:
1055:
1049:
1046:
1031:developer roll
1018:
1015:
965:
962:
894:
891:
802:
799:
765:photoconductor
724:Main article:
720:
719:
678:
676:
669:
663:
660:
604:Apple Computer
592:Silicon Valley
540:Butler Lampson
508:
505:
443:Laser printing
438:
437:
435:
434:
427:
420:
412:
409:
408:
403:
402:
399:
393:
392:
389:
383:
382:
379:
373:
372:
369:
363:
362:
354:
348:
347:
344:
342:Laser printing
338:
337:
334:
328:
327:
324:
318:
317:
314:
308:
307:
304:
302:Spark printing
298:
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288:
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158:
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138:
137:
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114:
112:Printing press
108:
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94:
88:
87:
84:
76:
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72:
69:
68:
60:
59:
53:
52:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3034:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2997:Digital press
2995:
2994:
2992:
2977:
2969:
2968:
2965:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2908:Gaussian beam
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2888:Beam expander
2886:
2885:
2883:
2879:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2834:
2832:
2830:
2829:Laser physics
2826:
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2503:on 2017-03-04
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2452:. 2007-08-01.
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2270:. Jordan Ale.
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2268:Alberta Toner
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2019:. p. 50.
2018:
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1947:0-321-11564-3
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1410:Ozone hazards
1409:
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1334:US government
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946:doped silicon
943:
942:boron nitride
939:
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924:
920:
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911:electrostatic
908:
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771:, an organic
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679:This section
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572:dots per inch
569:
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447:electrostatic
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19:
18:Laser printer
2928:Mode locking
2881:Laser optics
2646:
2613:
2609:
2584:. Retrieved
2559:. Retrieved
2555:the original
2545:
2530:
2515:
2505:, retrieved
2498:the original
2485:
2478:
2467:. Retrieved
2458:
2449:
2440:
2415:
2411:
2398:
2387:. Retrieved
2380:the original
2375:
2363:
2355:Hello World!
2354:
2345:
2336:
2327:
2318:
2307:. Retrieved
2297:
2286:. Retrieved
2276:
2267:
2257:
2237:
2230:
2221:
2212:
2203:
2194:
2183:. Retrieved
2181:. 2017-05-11
2178:
2169:
2158:. Retrieved
2154:the original
2144:
2133:. Retrieved
2123:
2115:
2101:
2095:
2087:
2083:
2074:
2066:the original
2059:
2052:
2040:. Retrieved
2038:. p. 68
2035:
2025:
2016:
2006:
1997:
1987:
1975:. Retrieved
1970:
1966:
1956:
1937:
1931:
1919:. Retrieved
1904:
1897:
1877:
1870:
1859:. Retrieved
1855:the original
1850:
1841:
1821:
1814:
1794:
1787:
1767:
1760:
1740:
1708:
1690:
1670:
1662:
1650:. Retrieved
1646:
1636:
1628:
1624:
1615:
1601:
1532:
1522:
1513:
1509:
1497:
1490:problems or
1481:
1465:
1432:
1413:
1401:
1390:
1364:
1346:
1327:
1304:
1293:
1285:
1262:
1255:
1243:
1240:
1236:
1209:
1185:
1179:
1175:
1163:
1159:raster image
1155:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1131:Malfunctions
1116:LED printers
1113:
1109:
1100:
1079:thermal mass
1076:
1068:
1051:
1048:Transferring
1038:carbon black
1035:
1030:
1020:
1007:LED printers
1004:
996:
983:
927:
916:
904:
887:
869:
861:
842:
831:
804:
777:
755:
744:
740:
729:
708:
702:January 2020
699:
688:Please help
683:verification
680:
608:
576:
558:attached to
552:data centers
521:
479:
466:photocopiers
442:
441:
341:
192:Rotary press
92:Movable type
2958:Q-switching
2819:X-ray laser
2812:Ti-sapphire
2782:Laser diode
2760:Helium–neon
2036:PC Magazine
2017:PC Magazine
1973:(46): 25–28
1534:PC Magazine
1365:Similar to
1171:lithography
1152:Performance
936:containing
907:corona wire
639:LaserWriter
627:HP LaserJet
594:companies:
528:photocopier
474:xerographic
387:3D printing
360: 1972
172:Lithography
135: 1515
120: 1440
42:HP LaserJet
2991:Categories
2610:NanoImpact
2586:2017-08-06
2561:2010-11-17
2507:2013-10-23
2469:2017-08-06
2389:2013-10-22
2309:2010-11-17
2288:2017-08-06
2185:2017-07-26
2160:2010-11-17
2135:2010-11-17
1861:2014-07-19
1652:28 October
1593:References
1587:Winprinter
1523:After the
1468:micrometer
1442:See also:
1258:heat press
1204:Fuji Xerox
1191:wasteful.
1166:monochrome
1017:Developing
809:(PCL), or
726:Xerography
643:PostScript
623:US$ 17,000
611:Xerox Star
602:(HP), and
579:Xerox 9700
544:Xerox 9700
454:laser beam
292:Xerography
232:Mimeograph
202:Hectograph
74:Techniques
2923:M squared
2745:Gas laser
2728:Dye laser
2284:. Eff.org
1998:InfoWorld
1967:InfoWorld
1577:Solid ink
1246:HP Indigo
1230:). While
987:polygonal
827:scan line
749:(AlGaAs)
648:PageMaker
495:, Xerox,
472:employ a
142:Mezzotint
2976:Category
2770:Nitrogen
2640:26989787
2582:. PC Mag
2432:17937279
2131:. Hp.com
1541:See also
1188:software
1072:infrared
964:Exposing
954:nitrogen
938:hydrogen
893:Charging
857:megabyte
825:line or
767:made of
758:selenium
548:IBM 3800
470:printers
468:, laser
162:Aquatint
2755:Excimer
2631:4791579
2616:: 1–8.
2042:July 8,
1977:July 8,
1921:15 June
1476:Toshiba
1269:magenta
1216:magenta
930:silicon
773:monomer
762:organic
507:History
127:Etching
2797:Nd:YAG
2792:Er:YAG
2733:Bubble
2681:Lasers
2638:
2628:
2430:
2245:
2108:
1944:
1912:
1885:
1829:
1802:
1775:
1748:
1716:
1683:
1492:cancer
1330:raster
1275:, and
1273:yellow
1222:, and
1220:yellow
1057:Fusing
1027:micron
991:pixels
950:oxygen
849:letter
834:inkjet
823:raster
819:bitmap
445:is an
2802:Raman
2501:(PDF)
2490:(PDF)
2408:(PDF)
2383:(PDF)
2372:(PDF)
1420:ozone
1392:Toner
1375:chips
1277:black
1224:black
1023:toner
851:- or
736:toner
652:Aldus
587:Canon
583:fonts
497:Apple
493:Canon
482:Xerox
462:toner
2807:Ruby
2636:PMID
2428:PMID
2243:ISBN
2106:ISBN
2044:2023
1979:2023
1942:ISBN
1923:2020
1910:ISBN
1883:ISBN
1827:ISBN
1800:ISBN
1773:ISBN
1746:ISBN
1714:ISBN
1681:ISBN
1654:2013
1422:and
1404:HEPA
1281:CMYK
1265:cyan
1228:CMYK
1212:cyan
878:SCSI
864:CMYK
485:PARC
401:1991
391:1986
381:1981
371:1972
346:1969
336:1957
326:1950
316:1949
306:1940
296:1938
286:1925
276:1923
266:1911
256:1907
246:1889
236:1885
226:1884
216:1875
206:1860
196:1843
186:1837
176:1796
166:1772
156:1690
146:1642
106:1430
96:1040
2765:Ion
2626:PMC
2618:doi
2420:doi
2179:ASL
2060:sic
1677:152
952:or
917:An
882:NEC
692:by
635:IBM
606:.
489:IBM
86:200
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2015:.
1996:.
1971:13
1969:.
1965:.
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1728:^
1698:^
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132:c.
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