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516:. Uploaded before launch, the short ultra-high definition video features an orange tabby cat named Taters, the pet of a JPL employee, chasing a laser pointer, with overlayed graphics. The graphics illustrate several features from the tech demo, such as Psyche's orbital path, Palomar's telescope dome, and technical information about the laser and its data bit rate. Tater's heart rate, color, and breed are also on display.
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386:(formerly ViaLight Communications) was used to transmit data at a rate of 1 Gbit/s over a distance of 60 km and at a flight speed of 800 km/h in daylight. Additional challenges in this scenario were the fast flight maneuvers, strong vibrations, and the effects of atmospheric turbulence. The demonstration was financed by
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A substantial market for laser communication equipment may establish when these projects will be fully realized. New advancements by equipment suppliers is enabling laser communications while reducing the cost. Beam modulation is being refined, as its software, and gimbals. Cooling problems have been
416:
downlink. The new system can offer speeds up to 7.2 Gbit/s. The Laser terminal on
Alphasat is called TDP-1 and is still regularly used for tests. The first EDRS terminal (EDRS-A) for productive use has been launched as a payload on the Eutelsat EB9B spacecraft and became active in December 2016.
2566:
Toyoshima, Morio; Fuse, Tetsuharu; Carrasco-Casado, Alberto; Kolev, Dimitar R.; Takenaka, Hideki; Munemasa, Yasushi; Suzuki, Kenji; Koyama, Yoshisada; Kubo-Oka, Toshihiro; Kunimori, Hiroo (2017). "Research and development on a hybrid high throughput satellite with an optical feeder link — Study of a
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In outer space, the communication range of free-space optical communication is currently of the order of hundreds of thousands of kilometers. Laser-based optical communication has been demonstrated between the Earth and Moon and it has the potential to bridge interplanetary distances of millions of
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Assuming available laser technology, and considering the divergence of the interferometric signals, the range for satellite-to-satellite communications has been estimated to be approximately 2,000 km (1,200 mi). These estimates are applicable to an array of satellites orbiting the Earth.
597:
Japan's
National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT) will demonstrate in 2022 the fastest bidirectional lasercom link between the geosynchronous orbit and the ground at 10 Gbit/s by using the HICALI (High-speed Communication with Advanced Laser Instrument) lasercom
473:
aircraft in 9 km (5.6 mi) distance to the optical ground station. While the test scenario had worse platform vibrations, atmospheric turbulence and angular velocity profiles than a stratospheric target platform the uplink worked flawlessly and achieved 100% throughput at all times. The
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where the laser signal takes the form of an interferometric pattern, and any attempt to intercept the signal causes the collapse of the interferometric pattern. This technique uses populations of indistinguishable photons and has been demonstrated to work over propagation distances of practical
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Carrasco-Casado, Alberto; Do, Phong Xuan; Kolev, Dimitar; Hosonuma, Takayuki; Shiratama, Koichi; Kunimori, Hiroo; Trinh, Phuc V.; Abe, Yuma; Nakasuka, Shinichi; Toyoshima, Morio (2020). "Intersatellite-Link
Demonstration Mission between CubeSOTA (LEO CubeSat) and ETS9-HICALI (GEO Satellite)".
428:(OPALS) announced a breakthrough in space-to-ground laser communication, downloading at a speed of 400 megabits per second. The system is also able to re-acquire tracking after the signal is lost due to cloud cover. The OPALS experiment was launched on 18 April 2014 to the
1634:
Araki, Kenichi; Arimoto, Yoshinori; Shikatani, Motokazu; Toyoda, Masahiro; Toyoshima, Morio; Takahashi, Tetsuo; Kanda, Seiji; Shiratama, Koichi (1996). "Performance evaluation of laser communication equipment onboard the ETS-VI satellite". In
Mecherle, G. Stephen (ed.).
267:
In 2008, the ESA used laser communication technology designed to transmit 1.8 Gbit/s across 40,000 km (25,000 mi), the distance of a LEO-GEO link. Such a terminal was successfully tested during an in-orbit verification using the German radar satellite
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589:(DSOC), and is expected to increase spacecraft communications performance and efficiency by 10 to 100 times over conventional means.In April 2024, the test was successfully completed with the Psyche spacecraft at a distance of 140 million miles.
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2185:
Carrasco-Casado, Alberto; Takenaka, Hideki; Kolev, Dimitar; Munemasa, Yasushi; Kunimori, Hiroo; Suzuki, Kenji; Fuse, Tetsuharu; Kubo-Oka, Toshihiro; Akioka, Maki; Koyama, Yoshisada; Toyoshima, Morio (October 2017).
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spacecraft and installations. The specification for the system includes optical communications for links between the Earth and the Moon as well as for links between lunar satellites and the lunar surface.
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For space vehicles or space stations, the range of communications is estimated to increase up to 10,000 km (6,200 mi). This approach to secure space-to-space communications was selected by
2005:
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terminal on board the ETS-9 (Engineering Test
Satellite IX) satellite, as well as the first intersatellite link at the same high speed between a CubeSat in LEO and HICALI in GEO one year later.
1736:"Acta Astronautica "Results of Kirari optical communication demonstration experiments with NICT optical ground station (KODEN) aiming for future classical and quantum communications in space""
1658:
3539:
F. J. Duarte, T. S. Taylor, A. M. Black, W. E. Davenport, and P. G. Varmette, N-slit interferometer for secure free-space optical communications: 527 m intra interferometric path length,
257:, designed as a laser altimeter for a Mercury orbit mission, was able to communicate across a distance of 24,000,000 km (15,000,000 mi), as the craft neared Earth on a fly-by.
2188:"Acta Astronautica "LEO-to-ground optical communications using SOTA (Small Optical TrAnsponder) – Payload verification results and experiments on space quantum communications""
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and a 40-day spacecraft checkout, daytime laser communications experiments were performed over three months during late 2013 and early 2014. Initial data returned from the
169:
probe proved successful one-way detection of laser light from Earth as two ground-based lasers were seen from 6,000,000 km (3,700,000 mi) by the out-bound probe.
2242:
Takenaka, Hideki; Carrasco-Casado, Alberto; Fujiwara, Mikio; et al. (2017). "Satellite-to-ground quantum-limited communication using a 50-kg-class microsatellite".
2687:"Fréquences Après consultation publique, l'Arcep attribue une nouvelle autorisation d'utilisation de fréquences à Starlink (see ZIP file linked from article narrative)"
3346:
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1983:
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are currently pursuing various concepts based on laser communication technology. The most promising commercial applications can be found in the interconnection of
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32:
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It routinely downloads high-volume data from the
Sentinel 1A/B and Sentinel 2A/B spacecraft to ground. So far (April 2019) more than 20000 links (11
320:(LRO) roughly 390,000 km (240,000 mi) away at night from the Next Generation Satellite Laser Ranging (NGSLR) Station at NASA's Earth-based
1961:
1484:
550:
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421:) have been performed. As of May 2023, EDRS has over one million minutes of communications with more than 50,000 successful inter-satellite links.
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1478:
340:
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2644:
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1508:
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2356:"Small Optical Link for International Space Station (SOLISS) Succeeds in Bidirectional Laser Communication Between Space and Ground Station"
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across 40,000 km (25,000 mi), the distance of a LEO-GEO link. Since 2005, ARTEMIS has been relaying two-way optical signals from
2844:
2807:
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443:) was carried out by NICT in 2014, and the first quantum-limited experiments from space were done by using the same satellite in 2016.
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2027:
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1518:
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67:
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Extreme Test for the ViaLight Laser
Communication Terminal MLT-20 – Optical Downlink from a Jet Aircraft at 800 km/h, December 2013
787:
Risk reduction efforts to test the viability of new military space capabilities provided by emerging commercial LEO constellations
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1292:
968:
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to provide global high-speed
Internet access. Similar concepts are pursued for networks of aircraft and stratospheric platforms.
91:
3504:(January 2005). "Secure interferometric communications in free space: enhanced sensitivity for propagation in the metre range".
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1713:"Space probe breaks laser record: A spacecraft has sent a laser signal to Earth from 24 million km away in interplanetary space"
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1502:
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downlink throughput occasionally dropped to about 96% due to a non-ideal software parameter which was said to be easily fixed.
2421:
2084:"AUTO-TDS: ENABLING LASER COMMUNICATION NETWORKS TO AUTO DETECT INCOMING LINKS, SECURING CONNECTION AND AUTO-ROUTING THE DATA"
1252:
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273:
140:
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404:(EDRS) was carried out. Further system and operational service demonstrations were carried out in 2014. Data from the EU
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to transmit data over the 385,000 km (239,000 mi) between the Moon and Earth passed data at a "record-breaking
2907:
317:
276:(NFire) satellite. The two Laser Communication Terminals (LCT) used during these tests were built by the German company
102:) or in a ground-to-satellite or satellite-to-ground application. The main advantage of using laser communications over
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1896:
58:
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2670:"Broadband Backhaul Communication for Stratospheric Platforms: The Stratospheric Optical Payload Experiment (STROPEX)"
1371:
1056:
1039:
1011:
743:
429:
321:
219:
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Toyoshima, Morio; Takenaka, Hideki; Shoji, Yozo; Takayama, Yoshihisa; Koyama, Yoshisada; Kunimori, Hiroo (May 2012).
458:. The connection was stable over many hours and during day and nighttime and reached a data rate of 155 Mbit/s.
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2958:
542:. The mission is expected to demonstrate laser communication links between the satellites and a remotely controlled
3785:
3560:
F. J. Duarte and T. S. Taylor, Quantum entanglement physics secures space-to-space interferometric communications,
1472:
848:
736:
565:
401:
148:
3347:"RBC Signals and Ecuadorian Civilian Space Agency (EXA) Announce Collaboration For Optical Communication System -"
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addressed and photon detection technology is improving. Currently active notable companies in the market include:
3759:
3703:
3298:
2932:
Space
Development Agency, Office of the Under Secretary of Defense For Research and Engineering (OUSD(R&E)).
1323:
753:
2330:"Facebook tested plane-mounted lasers that fire super high-speed internet over California — here are the photos"
1771:
1612:
3813:
841:
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networks. Other applications include transmitting large amounts of data directly from a satellite, aircraft or
492:
satellite with high speed laser communication technology, named LUCAS (Laser
Utilizing Communication System).
481:
Computer Science Laboratories, established bidirectional communication between the ISS and a telescope of the
288:
1813:
3718:
3369:"LASER COMMUNICATIONS FOR CUBESATS: A 50 MBPS LASER/RADIO HYBRID TRANSCEIVER IN A PC-104 FORM FACTOR CARD -"
1490:
1308:
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983:
947:
920:
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817:
704:
658:
646:
394:
3577:
J. Wallace, Technology Review: Top 20 technology picks for 2015 showcase wide scope of photonics advances,
3413:
2933:
2779:
331:
In September 2013, a laser communication system was one of four science instruments launched with the NASA
2187:
1735:
152:
3166:"Cloud Constellation Selects Mynaric Laser OISL Terminals for its SpaceBelt Satellites - Via Satellite -"
1548:
465:) was reported to have achieved a bidirectional 10 Gbit/s air-to-ground connection in collaboration with
324:. To compensate for atmospheric interference, an error correction code algorithm similar to that used in
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208:
107:
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1800:
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In April 2020, the Small Optical Link for International Space Station (SOLISS) created by JAXA and
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3247:"Mynaric, SpaceLink Partner to Accelerate Satellite Laser Terminal Technology - Via Satellite -"
2713:"Latest Starlink Satellites Equipped with Laser Communications, Musk Confirms - Via Satellite -"
2487:
1836:"NASA launches robotic explorer to moon from Va.; trouble develops early in much-viewed flight"
3713:
3672:
3598:
2640:
2580:
2269:
1439:
1572:"Optisk kommunikation i deep space – Et feasibilitystudie i forbindelse med Bering-missionen"
657:
Multiple companies and government organizations want to use laser communication in space for
604:
is a NASA and ESA project and proposed data network aiming to provide a “Lunar Internet“ for
3521:
3483:
3232:
2632:
2572:
2261:
2209:
1747:
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432:(ISS) to further test the potential for using a laser to transmit data to Earth from space.
335:(Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer) mission. After a month-long transit to the
260:
In 2006, Japan carried out the first LEO-to-ground laser-communication downlink from JAXA's
241:
230:
222:
181:
569:
375:, and is expected to lead to operational laser systems on NASA satellites in future years.
207:
In November 2001, the world's first laser intersatellite link was achieved in space by the
36:
A diagram showing two solar-powered satellites communicating optically in space via lasers.
3118:"This Boston startup is building a faster way to send data from satellites — using lasers"
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1092:
1016:
757:
662:
605:
462:
436:
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254:
244:
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196:
2882:"Military experiment demonstrates intersatellite laser communications in low Earth orbit"
2355:
2149:
400:
In November 2014, the first ever use of gigabit laser-based communication as part of the
382:
was successfully demonstrated for the first time. A laser terminal of the German company
17:
3517:
3479:
2628:
1712:
986:
data relay for LEO Earth observation satellites, space-to-ground communication uses RF.
45:
2732:"With latest Starlink launch, SpaceX touts 100 Mbps download speeds and 'space lasers'"
1391:
874:
812:
771:
277:
3487:
2521:
1893:"Optical data link successfully demonstrated between fighter plane and ground station"
3828:
3708:
3368:
3066:
2654:
2531:
2506:
2443:
2281:
2221:
2172:
2135:
2112:
2083:
535:
115:
3525:
3092:"With US$ 200 Million, MIT's The Engine Makes Its First Investments In 'Tough Tech'"
2636:
2611:
2019 IEEE International Conference on Space Optical Systems and Applications (ICSOS)
2594:
2569:
2017 IEEE International Conference on Space Optical Systems and Applications (ICSOS)
2213:
1751:
3652:
3501:
3463:
2845:"To boost its military space business, Lockheed Martin turns to commercial players"
2088:
1166:
348:
325:
3538:
847:
Proliferated LEO constellation consisting of multiple layers serving needs of the
355:
rate of 622 megabits per second (Mbps)", and also demonstrated an error-free data
2457:"DoD space agency to launch laser communications experiments on SpaceX rideshare"
3752:
3682:
1659:"A world first: Data transmission between European satellites using laser light"
543:
405:
360:
95:
2576:
1434:
interest and, in principle, it could be applied over large distances in space.
450:
announced to have achieved a stable laser communication connection between two
3687:
3677:
1453:
372:
269:
132:
3273:
3041:"Ball Corp Prime Contractor for Laser Light's Satellite Fleet - Analyst Blog"
2399:
2273:
2265:
1394:
3607:
1481: – NASA laser communication system test in 2013, tested in Oct/Nov 2013
1443:
1296:
978:
634:
582:
313:
249:
172:
The first successful laser-communication link from space was carried out by
136:
2056:"SpaceDataHighway reaches milestone of 50,000 successful laser connections"
488:
On 29 November 2020, Japan launched the inter-satellite optical data relay
3325:"Honeywell, Ball to Develop Optical Communication Links - Via Satellite -"
3001:
2757:
1069:
Secure data storage on satellites and secure intercontinental connections
1495:
1341:
1320:
1155:
726:
699:
630:
622:
532:
455:
447:
409:
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satellite in LEO was transmitted via an optical link to the ESA-Inmarsat
352:
235:
Japanese Optical Intersatellite Communications Engineering Test Satellite
2545:"NASA's Optical Comms Demo Transmits Data Over 140 Million Miles - NASA"
1311:
240:
In May 2005, a two-way distance record for communication was set by the
1587:(Danish) Optical Communications in Deep Space, University of Copenhagen
1350:
1205:
1160:
Telecommunications for rural and remote areas provided by a network of
1114:
1097:
Telecommunications for rural and remote areas provided by a network of
1082:
914:
866:
801:
601:
525:
466:
418:
413:
390:
383:
144:
1909:
1644:
1571:
572:) and tested 100 Gbit/s comms from 300 mile orbit to California.
3657:
3392:"DARPA Awards Optical Satellite Terminal Contract to LGS Innovations"
2754:"Inside The World's First Space-Based Commercial Laser-Relay Service"
2060:
2032:
1256:
1124:
884:
722:
626:
618:
529:
470:
356:
261:
2827:"DARPA's Mandrake 2 satellites: communicating at the speed of light"
2148:
L. Smith, Stephanie; Buck, Joshua; Anderson, Susan (21 April 2014).
3466:(May 2002). "Secure interferometric communications in free space".
3274:"SpaceLink to wind down operations, barring last-minute investment"
3019:
2668:
J. Horwath; M. Knapek; B. Epple; M. Brechtelsbauer (21 July 2006).
2619:
2256:
2204:
1597:
3742:
1527:
781:
499:
368:
332:
301:
295:
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192:
173:
103:
31:
2908:"Amazon to link Kuiper satellites to DoD's mesh network in space"
2530:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
2505:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
2442:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
2171:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
2134:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
2006:"European Space Data Highway forges 20000 successful laser links"
1936:"First image download over new gigabit laser connection in space"
1870:"NASA Laser System Sets Record with Data Transmissions From Moon"
1511: – Optical communications test in 2014 between earth and ISS
1414:
412:
in GEO and then relayed to a ground station using a conventional
3207:
3140:
2471:
Communications system achieves fastest laser link from space yet
2422:"NASA's Tech Demo Streams First Video From Deep Space via Laser"
1695:"Another world first for ARTEMIS: a laser link with an aircraft"
1361:
870:
478:
435:
The first LEO-to-ground lasercom demonstration using a Japanese
387:
359:
rate of 20 Mbit/s from an Earth ground station to LADEE in
336:
309:
216:
177:
3611:
3597:
David G. Aviv (2006): Laser Space Communications, ARTECH HOUSE
2863:"DoD to test laser communications terminals in low Earth orbit"
1475: – Network of communication satellites and ground stations
483:
National Institute of Information and Communications Technology
187:
National Institute of Information and Communications Technology
2984:"OneWeb 'plans optical links' for next generation of satellit"
39:
2959:"SDA slide reveals Tranche 0 optical terminal manufacturers"
2934:"Optical Communications Terminal (OCT) Standard Version 3.0"
3185:"Inside the test flight of Facebook's first internet drone"
3141:"Miniature satellites to transmit optical data from space"
1381:
378:
In November 2013, laser communication from a jet platform
3299:"Big Gains On Horizon For Laser Communications Suppliers"
1789:
575:
Laser communications in deep space will be tested on the
280:, in cooperation with the German Aerospace Center (DLR).
1613:"NASA To Test Laser Communications With Mars Spacecraft"
184:
GEO satellite and the 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in)
1513:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
1429:
Secure communications have been proposed using a laser
1353:
521:
454:
over a distance of 100 km (62 mi) as part of
215:, providing an optical data transmission link with the
63:
2780:"European Data Relay Satellite System (EDRS) Overview"
461:
In June 2018, Facebook's Connectivity Lab (related to
3208:"Thales signs deal on optically connected satellites"
1551:. National Aeronautics and Space Agency. 15 June 2018
2808:"US Military Places a Bet on LEO for Space Security"
1521: – Spacecraft communication system using lasers
110:, enabling the transfer of more data in less time.
3768:
3696:
3645:
3020:"HALO Global Network by Laser Light Communications"
2802:
2800:
2028:"EDRS reached 1,000,000 minutes of communications!"
1984:"Start of service for_Europe's Space Data Highway"
1922:"Laserkommunikation zwischen Jet und Bodenstation"
1010:In-space hybrid RF/optical data relay network for
950:for global telecommunications building an optical
469:. The tests were carried out from a conventional
264:LEO satellite and NICT's optical ground station.
131:On 20 January 1968, the television camera of the
1637:Free-Space Laser Communication Technologies VIII
1189:Data relay services from MEO for LEO satellites
347:record in October 2013 when early tests using a
3437:"Space buffs make light work of data transfer"
2323:
2321:
1863:
1861:
1530:, TeraByte InfraRed Delivery - tested in 2022.
363:. The LLCD is NASA's first attempt at two-way
3623:
2522:Deep Space Communications via Faraway Photons
748:intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance
8:
3506:Journal of Optics A: Pure and Applied Optics
688:Total number of lasers deployed/anticipated
2481:
2479:
844:Proliferated Warfighter Space Architecture
292:Depiction of the optical module of the LLCD
3630:
3616:
3608:
3002:"Telesat Lightspeed LEO Network | Telesat"
1772:Laser Communication Terminals: An Overview
667:
98:. Communication may be fully in space (an
2618:
2255:
2203:
1570:Steen Eiler Jørgensen (27 October 2003).
585:, launched in 2023. The system is called
27:Communication using lasers in outer space
3458:
3456:
3454:
2517:
2515:
2113:"OPALS: Light Beams Let Data Rates Soar"
1485:Laser Communications Relay Demonstration
1278:
551:Laser Communications Relay Demonstration
114:kilometers, using optical telescopes as
1962:"Laser link offers high-speed delivery"
1814:"NASA Beams Mona Lisa Image Into Space"
1697:. ESA. 19 December 2006. Archived from
1540:
1479:Lunar Laser Communication Demonstration
1244:
512:First video transmitted via laser from
341:Lunar Laser Communication Demonstration
253:spacecraft. This diode-pumped infrared
135:lunar lander successfully detected two
3233:"LeoSat, absent investors, shuts down"
2293:
2291:
1842:. Associated Press. 7 September 2013.
1503:Mars Laser Communication Demonstration
742:Data relay to GEO satellites from LEO
393:and performed in cooperation with the
343:(LLCD) equipment on LADEE set a space
3555:
3553:
2150:"JPL Cargo Launched to Space Station"
2111:Landau, Elizabeth (9 December 2014).
1509:Optical PAyload for Lasercomm Science
1487: – NASA payload launched in 2021
641:to build up high-performance optical
426:Optical Payload for Lasercomm Science
7:
3416:. Nikkei Asian Review. 15 April 2018
2825:Hitchens, Theresa (25 August 2022).
2486:Greicius, Tony (14 September 2017).
2426:NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL)
1639:. Vol. 2699. SPIE. p. 52.
312:used lasers to beam an image of the
1598:"Argon Laser as Seen from the Moon"
3323:Russell, Kendall (17 April 2018).
3116:Harris, David L. (12 March 2015).
3090:Khalid, Asma (19 September 2017).
2332:. Business Insider. Archived from
1611:Berger, Brian (15 November 2004).
581:mission to the main-belt asteroid
25:
3435:Karekar, Rupali (22 March 2017).
3272:Werner, Debra (31 October 2022).
2957:Werner, Debra (18 October 2022).
2906:Erwin, Sandra (14 October 2022).
2730:Grush, Loren (3 September 2020).
1891:Belz, Lothar (19 December 2013).
1868:Messier, Doug (23 October 2013).
1812:Peckham, Matt (21 January 2013).
1681:"Optical Communications in Space"
1519:Deep Space Optical Communications
969:Ball Aerospace & Technologies
587:Deep Space Optical Communications
57:to comply with Knowledge (XXG)'s
3808:
3799:
3798:
3371:. Research Gate. 14 October 2019
2525:
2500:
2437:
2166:
2129:
1846:from the original on 15 May 2016
1456:
1038:Direct data downstream from LEO
960:Space-to-space, Space-to-ground
553:(LCRD) launched as part of USAF
92:free-space optical communication
44:
3414:"Sony to launch space business"
2756:. Aviation Week. Archived from
2637:10.1109/ICSOS45490.2019.8978975
2378:"「データ中継衛星」搭載のH2Aロケット43号機打ち上げ成功"
2298:Metz, Cade (24 February 2016).
2214:10.1016/j.actaastro.2017.07.030
1752:10.1016/j.actaastro.2011.12.020
3301:. Aviation Week. 11 March 2015
3235:. SpaceNews. 13 November 2019.
3183:Newton, Casey (21 July 2016).
2812:interactive.satellitetoday.com
1505: – Cancelled Mars mission
1132:for global telecommunications
923:for global telecommunications
893:for global telecommunications
820:for global telecommunications
707:for global telecommunications
274:Near Field Infrared Experiment
141:Kitt Peak National Observatory
1:
3488:10.1016/S0030-4018(02)01384-6
3349:. RBC Signals. 4 October 2018
2880:Erwin, Sandra (17 May 2022).
2300:"Google Laser-Beams the Film
1577:. Dansk Rumforskningsinstitut
522:U.S. Space Development Agency
3835:Laser communication in space
3390:Henry, Caleb (18 May 2016).
1130:Satellite mega-constellation
1040:Earth observation satellites
1012:Earth observation satellites
921:Satellite mega-constellation
891:Satellite mega-constellation
818:Satellite mega-constellation
744:Earth observation satellites
705:Satellite mega-constellation
549:On December 7, 2021, NASA's
318:Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter
191:s optical ground station in
88:Laser communication in space
2328:Price, Rob (29 June 2018).
1496:Starlink#v1.5 (operational)
1399:TR9 operational since 2012
1372:Surrey Satellite Technology
1057:Surrey Satellite Technology
944:Laser Light Communications
430:International Space Station
395:German Aerospace Center DLR
322:Goddard Space Flight Center
220:Earth observation satellite
3851:
3786:Modulating retro-reflector
2577:10.1109/ICSOS.2017.8357424
2304:60 Miles Between Balloons"
1715:. BBC News. 6 January 2006
1473:European Data Relay System
1253:Public–private partnership
1106:Air-to-air, Air-to-ground
849:U.S. Department of Defense
737:European Data Relay System
566:TeraByte InfraRed Delivery
402:European Data Relay System
149:Table Mountain Observatory
100:inter-satellite laser link
3794:
3760:Optical Transport Network
3639:Optical telecommunication
3526:10.1088/1464-4258/7/1/011
3120:. Boston Business Journal
2459:. SpaceNews. 2 June 2021.
2154:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
2117:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
675:
568:(TBIRD) was launched (on
561:and the Earth's surface.
557:, to communicate between
424:In December 2014, NASA's
18:Laser space communication
2266:10.1038/nphoton.2017.107
659:satellite constellations
122:Demonstrations and tests
70:may contain suggestions.
55:may need to be rewritten
3312:(subscription required)
2567:link budget analysis".
2402:. JAXA. 30 October 2020
2380:. NHK. 29 November 2020
1986:. ESA. 23 November 2016
1964:. ESA. 28 November 2014
1491:Satellite constellation
1309:Ecuadorian Space Agency
1231: Under development
1099:high-altitude platforms
948:Satellite constellation
647:unmanned aerial vehicle
639:high-altitude platforms
345:communication bandwidth
2524:NASA, 18 October 2017
1790:Tesat-Spacecom Website
1446:developments of 2015.
1162:stratospheric balloons
873:subsidiary), Skyloom,
517:
452:stratospheric balloons
305:
293:
247:instrument aboard the
153:Wrightwood, California
37:
3468:Optics Communications
2988:www.capacitymedia.com
2358:. JAXA. 23 April 2020
1801:TerraSAR-X NFIRE test
1431:N-slit interferometer
1425:Secure communications
1315:TRL9 - in production
1261:European Space Agency
719:>1,000/>10,000
649:(UAV) to the ground.
540:Sun-synchronous orbit
538:rideshare mission to
511:
299:
291:
209:European Space Agency
35:
3781:Intensity modulation
2571:. pp. 267–271.
1899:on 30 December 2013.
1701:on 3 September 2009.
1066:Cloud Constellation
559:geosynchronous orbit
176:in 1995 between the
3663:Hydraulic telegraph
3518:2005JOptA...7...73D
3480:2002OptCo.205..313D
3439:. The Straits Times
3047:. 11 September 2014
2851:. 23 November 2020.
2629:2020arXiv200202791C
2092:. 18 September 2022
2008:. ESA. 2 April 2019
1683:. ESA. August 1997.
1405:Thales Alenia Space
1280:
1146:Thales Alenia Space
669:
524:launched a two 12U
490:geostationary orbit
365:space communication
3584:(12), 20-30 (2015)
3067:"WarpHub InterSat"
2719:. 25 January 2021.
2400:"光衛星間通信システム（LUCAS"
1777:2016-09-11 at the
1661:. 22 November 2001
1464:Spaceflight portal
1442:as one of the top
1279:
917:LEO constellation
869:, SA Photonics (a
807:Active since 2022
776:Active since 2016
731:Active since 2021
668:
617:Corporations like
520:In June 2021, the
518:
446:In February 2016,
306:
294:
38:
3822:
3821:
3673:Optical telegraph
3579:Laser Focus World
3567:(4), 54-58 (2015)
3562:Laser Focus World
3394:. Satellite Today
3327:. Satellite Today
2646:978-1-7281-0500-0
2586:978-1-5090-6511-0
2488:"Psyche Overview"
2192:Acta Astronautica
1740:Acta Astronautica
1645:10.1117/12.238434
1549:"LLCD: 2013-2014"
1440:Laser Focus World
1422:
1421:
1214:
1213:
1007:Analytical Space
509:
349:pulsed laser beam
328:was implemented.
308:In January 2013,
272:and the American
85:
84:
59:quality standards
16:(Redirected from
3842:
3812:
3802:
3801:
3728:Optical wireless
3632:
3625:
3618:
3609:
3585:
3575:
3569:
3557:
3548:
3536:
3530:
3529:
3498:
3492:
3491:
3460:
3449:
3448:
3446:
3444:
3432:
3426:
3425:
3423:
3421:
3410:
3404:
3403:
3401:
3399:
3387:
3381:
3380:
3378:
3376:
3365:
3359:
3358:
3356:
3354:
3343:
3337:
3336:
3334:
3332:
3320:
3314:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3306:
3295:
3289:
3288:
3286:
3284:
3269:
3263:
3262:
3260:
3258:
3243:
3237:
3236:
3229:
3223:
3222:
3220:
3218:
3203:
3197:
3196:
3194:
3192:
3180:
3174:
3173:
3162:
3156:
3155:
3153:
3151:
3136:
3130:
3129:
3127:
3125:
3113:
3107:
3106:
3104:
3102:
3087:
3081:
3080:
3078:
3076:
3071:
3063:
3057:
3056:
3054:
3052:
3037:
3031:
3030:
3028:
3026:
3016:
3010:
3009:
2998:
2992:
2991:
2980:
2974:
2973:
2971:
2969:
2954:
2948:
2947:
2945:
2943:
2938:
2929:
2923:
2922:
2920:
2918:
2903:
2897:
2896:
2894:
2892:
2877:
2871:
2870:
2859:
2853:
2852:
2841:
2835:
2834:
2831:Breaking Defense
2822:
2816:
2815:
2804:
2795:
2794:
2792:
2790:
2776:
2770:
2769:
2767:
2765:
2760:on 15 March 2015
2750:
2744:
2743:
2741:
2739:
2727:
2721:
2720:
2709:
2703:
2702:
2700:
2698:
2683:
2677:
2676:
2674:
2665:
2659:
2658:
2622:
2613:. pp. 1–5.
2605:
2599:
2598:
2563:
2557:
2556:
2554:
2552:
2541:
2535:
2529:
2528:
2519:
2510:
2504:
2503:
2499:
2497:
2495:
2483:
2474:
2467:
2461:
2460:
2453:
2447:
2441:
2440:
2436:
2434:
2432:
2418:
2412:
2411:
2409:
2407:
2396:
2390:
2389:
2387:
2385:
2374:
2368:
2367:
2365:
2363:
2352:
2346:
2345:
2343:
2341:
2325:
2316:
2315:
2313:
2311:
2295:
2286:
2285:
2259:
2244:Nature Photonics
2239:
2233:
2232:
2230:
2228:
2207:
2182:
2176:
2170:
2169:
2165:
2163:
2161:
2145:
2139:
2133:
2132:
2128:
2126:
2124:
2108:
2102:
2101:
2099:
2097:
2080:
2074:
2073:
2071:
2069:
2052:
2046:
2045:
2043:
2041:
2024:
2018:
2017:
2015:
2013:
2002:
1996:
1995:
1993:
1991:
1980:
1974:
1973:
1971:
1969:
1958:
1952:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1942:on 15 April 2015
1938:. Archived from
1932:
1926:
1925:
1918:
1912:
1907:
1901:
1900:
1895:. Archived from
1888:
1882:
1881:
1879:
1877:
1865:
1856:
1855:
1853:
1851:
1832:
1826:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1809:
1803:
1798:
1792:
1787:
1781:
1769:
1763:
1762:
1760:
1758:
1731:
1725:
1724:
1722:
1720:
1709:
1703:
1702:
1691:
1685:
1684:
1677:
1671:
1670:
1668:
1666:
1655:
1649:
1648:
1631:
1625:
1624:
1622:
1620:
1608:
1602:
1601:
1594:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1582:
1576:
1567:
1561:
1560:
1558:
1556:
1545:
1514:
1466:
1461:
1460:
1459:
1281:
1264:
1249:
1237: Terminated
1236:
1230:
1224:
1048:Space-to-ground
1021:Space-to-ground
979:WarpHub InterSat
952:backbone network
676:Project Concept
670:
629:and a series of
510:
211:(ESA) satellite
80:
77:
71:
48:
40:
21:
3850:
3849:
3845:
3844:
3843:
3841:
3840:
3839:
3825:
3824:
3823:
3818:
3790:
3764:
3692:
3641:
3636:
3594:
3592:Further reading
3589:
3588:
3576:
3572:
3558:
3551:
3546:, 035710 (2011)
3537:
3533:
3500:
3499:
3495:
3462:
3461:
3452:
3442:
3440:
3434:
3433:
3429:
3419:
3417:
3412:
3411:
3407:
3397:
3395:
3389:
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3374:
3372:
3367:
3366:
3362:
3352:
3350:
3345:
3344:
3340:
3330:
3328:
3322:
3321:
3317:
3311:
3304:
3302:
3297:
3296:
3292:
3282:
3280:
3271:
3270:
3266:
3256:
3254:
3245:
3244:
3240:
3231:
3230:
3226:
3216:
3214:
3205:
3204:
3200:
3190:
3188:
3182:
3181:
3177:
3164:
3163:
3159:
3149:
3147:
3138:
3137:
3133:
3123:
3121:
3115:
3114:
3110:
3100:
3098:
3089:
3088:
3084:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3065:
3064:
3060:
3050:
3048:
3039:
3038:
3034:
3024:
3022:
3018:
3017:
3013:
3006:www.telesat.com
3000:
2999:
2995:
2982:
2981:
2977:
2967:
2965:
2956:
2955:
2951:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2931:
2930:
2926:
2916:
2914:
2905:
2904:
2900:
2890:
2888:
2879:
2878:
2874:
2861:
2860:
2856:
2843:
2842:
2838:
2824:
2823:
2819:
2806:
2805:
2798:
2788:
2786:
2778:
2777:
2773:
2763:
2761:
2752:
2751:
2747:
2737:
2735:
2729:
2728:
2724:
2711:
2710:
2706:
2696:
2694:
2685:
2684:
2680:
2672:
2667:
2666:
2662:
2647:
2607:
2606:
2602:
2587:
2565:
2564:
2560:
2550:
2548:
2547:. 25 April 2024
2543:
2542:
2538:
2526:
2520:
2513:
2501:
2493:
2491:
2485:
2484:
2477:
2468:
2464:
2455:
2454:
2450:
2438:
2430:
2428:
2420:
2419:
2415:
2405:
2403:
2398:
2397:
2393:
2383:
2381:
2376:
2375:
2371:
2361:
2359:
2354:
2353:
2349:
2339:
2337:
2336:on 29 June 2018
2327:
2326:
2319:
2309:
2307:
2297:
2296:
2289:
2241:
2240:
2236:
2226:
2224:
2184:
2183:
2179:
2167:
2159:
2157:
2147:
2146:
2142:
2130:
2122:
2120:
2110:
2109:
2105:
2095:
2093:
2082:
2081:
2077:
2067:
2065:
2054:
2053:
2049:
2039:
2037:
2036:. 25 April 2023
2026:
2025:
2021:
2011:
2009:
2004:
2003:
1999:
1989:
1987:
1982:
1981:
1977:
1967:
1965:
1960:
1959:
1955:
1945:
1943:
1934:
1933:
1929:
1920:
1919:
1915:
1908:
1904:
1890:
1889:
1885:
1875:
1873:
1872:. Parabolic Arc
1867:
1866:
1859:
1849:
1847:
1834:
1833:
1829:
1819:
1817:
1811:
1810:
1806:
1799:
1795:
1788:
1784:
1779:Wayback Machine
1770:
1766:
1756:
1754:
1733:
1732:
1728:
1718:
1716:
1711:
1710:
1706:
1693:
1692:
1688:
1679:
1678:
1674:
1664:
1662:
1657:
1656:
1652:
1633:
1632:
1628:
1618:
1616:
1610:
1609:
1605:
1596:
1595:
1591:
1580:
1578:
1574:
1569:
1568:
1564:
1554:
1552:
1547:
1546:
1542:
1537:
1524:
1512:
1462:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1427:
1418:in development
1413:Transcelestial
1386:in development
1376:in development
1366:in development
1345:in development
1332:LGS Innovations
1303:in development
1287:Product status
1273:
1268:
1267:
1250:
1246:
1241:
1238:
1234:
1232:
1228:
1226:
1222:
1198:Space-to-space
1138:Space-to-space
1093:Facebook Aquila
1075:Space-to-space
992:Space-to-space
984:Inter satellite
929:Space-to-space
899:Space-to-space
857:Space-to-space
826:Space-to-space
804:, SA Photonics
793:Space-to-space
762:Space-to-space
713:Space-to-space
663:low Earth orbit
655:
615:
595:
593:Future missions
500:
498:
463:Facebook Aquila
300:The successful
286:
255:neodymium laser
245:laser altimeter
225:. Achieving 50
205:
161:
129:
124:
81:
75:
72:
62:
49:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3848:
3846:
3838:
3837:
3827:
3826:
3820:
3819:
3817:
3816:
3806:
3795:
3792:
3791:
3789:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3772:
3770:
3766:
3765:
3763:
3762:
3757:
3756:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3725:
3724:
3723:
3722:
3721:
3716:
3700:
3698:
3694:
3693:
3691:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3649:
3647:
3643:
3642:
3637:
3635:
3634:
3627:
3620:
3612:
3606:
3605:
3593:
3590:
3587:
3586:
3570:
3549:
3531:
3493:
3474:(4): 313–319.
3450:
3427:
3405:
3382:
3360:
3338:
3315:
3290:
3264:
3238:
3224:
3198:
3175:
3172:. 20 May 2021.
3157:
3131:
3108:
3082:
3058:
3032:
3011:
3008:. 20 May 2020.
2993:
2975:
2949:
2924:
2898:
2872:
2869:. 8 June 2020.
2854:
2836:
2817:
2796:
2771:
2745:
2722:
2704:
2678:
2660:
2645:
2600:
2585:
2558:
2536:
2511:
2475:
2462:
2448:
2413:
2391:
2369:
2347:
2317:
2287:
2250:(8): 502–508.
2234:
2177:
2140:
2103:
2075:
2064:. 24 June 2021
2047:
2019:
1997:
1975:
1953:
1927:
1913:
1902:
1883:
1857:
1827:
1804:
1793:
1782:
1764:
1726:
1704:
1686:
1672:
1650:
1626:
1603:
1589:
1562:
1539:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1532:
1531:
1523:
1522:
1516:
1506:
1500:
1499:
1498:
1488:
1482:
1476:
1469:
1468:
1467:
1451:
1448:
1426:
1423:
1420:
1419:
1416:
1410:
1409:
1407:
1401:
1400:
1397:
1392:Tesat-Spacecom
1388:
1387:
1384:
1378:
1377:
1374:
1368:
1367:
1364:
1358:
1357:
1355:
1347:
1346:
1343:
1337:
1336:
1334:
1328:
1327:
1325:
1317:
1316:
1313:
1305:
1304:
1301:
1293:Ball Aerospace
1289:
1288:
1285:
1272:
1269:
1266:
1265:
1243:
1242:
1240:
1239:
1233:
1227:
1221:
1219:
1215:
1212:
1211:
1208:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1190:
1187:
1183:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1169:
1164:
1158:
1152:
1151:
1148:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1133:
1127:
1121:
1120:
1117:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1104:
1101:
1095:
1089:
1088:
1085:
1080:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1070:
1067:
1063:
1062:
1059:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1046:
1043:
1042:to the ground
1036:
1032:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1014:
1008:
1004:
1003:
1000:
998:
996:
993:
990:
987:
981:
975:
974:
971:
966:
964:
961:
958:
955:
945:
941:
940:
937:
935:
932:
930:
927:
924:
918:
911:
910:
907:
905:
902:
900:
897:
894:
888:
881:
880:
877:
875:Tesat-Spacecom
864:
861:
858:
855:
852:
845:
838:
837:
834:
832:
829:
827:
824:
821:
815:
809:
808:
805:
799:
796:
794:
791:
788:
785:
778:
777:
774:
772:Tesat-Spacecom
769:
766:
763:
760:
751:
740:
733:
732:
729:
720:
717:
714:
711:
708:
702:
696:
695:
692:
689:
686:
683:
680:
677:
674:
654:
651:
614:
613:Commercial use
611:
594:
591:
497:
494:
437:microsatellite
388:EADS Cassidian
285:
282:
278:Tesat-Spacecom
204:
201:
160:
157:
128:
125:
123:
120:
116:beam expanders
90:is the use of
83:
82:
52:
50:
43:
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3738:Visible light
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3709:Optical fiber
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3502:Duarte, F. J.
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3253:. 12 May 2021
3252:
3251:Via Satellite
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3206:SPIE Europe.
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3170:Via Satellite
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2990:. March 2021.
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2717:Via Satellite
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2693:. 2 June 2022
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1103:Stratosphere
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813:Amazon Kuiper
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564:In May 2022,
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536:Transporter-2
534:
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369:optical laser
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163:In 1992, the
158:
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106:is increased
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79:
69:
65:
60:
56:
53:This article
51:
47:
42:
41:
34:
30:
19:
3769:Technologies
3747:
3704:Fiber-optics
3668:Ships' flags
3653:Smoke signal
3581:
3578:
3573:
3564:
3561:
3543:
3540:
3534:
3512:(1): 73–75.
3509:
3505:
3496:
3471:
3467:
3464:F. J. Duarte
3441:. Retrieved
3430:
3418:. Retrieved
3408:
3396:. Retrieved
3385:
3373:. Retrieved
3363:
3351:. Retrieved
3341:
3329:. Retrieved
3318:
3303:. Retrieved
3293:
3281:. Retrieved
3277:
3267:
3255:. Retrieved
3250:
3241:
3227:
3215:. Retrieved
3211:
3201:
3189:. Retrieved
3178:
3169:
3160:
3148:. Retrieved
3144:
3134:
3122:. Retrieved
3111:
3099:. Retrieved
3095:
3085:
3073:. Retrieved
3061:
3049:. Retrieved
3044:
3035:
3023:. Retrieved
3014:
3005:
2996:
2987:
2978:
2966:. Retrieved
2962:
2952:
2940:. Retrieved
2927:
2915:. Retrieved
2911:
2901:
2889:. Retrieved
2885:
2875:
2866:
2857:
2848:
2839:
2830:
2820:
2811:
2787:. Retrieved
2783:
2774:
2762:. Retrieved
2758:the original
2748:
2736:. Retrieved
2725:
2716:
2707:
2695:. Retrieved
2690:
2681:
2663:
2610:
2603:
2568:
2561:
2549:. Retrieved
2539:
2494:18 September
2492:. Retrieved
2470:
2465:
2451:
2429:. Retrieved
2425:
2416:
2404:. Retrieved
2394:
2382:. Retrieved
2372:
2360:. Retrieved
2350:
2338:. Retrieved
2334:the original
2308:. Retrieved
2301:
2247:
2243:
2237:
2225:. Retrieved
2195:
2191:
2180:
2158:. Retrieved
2153:
2143:
2121:. Retrieved
2116:
2106:
2094:. Retrieved
2089:ResearchGate
2087:
2078:
2066:. Retrieved
2059:
2050:
2038:. Retrieved
2031:
2022:
2010:. Retrieved
2000:
1988:. Retrieved
1978:
1966:. Retrieved
1956:
1944:. Retrieved
1940:the original
1930:
1916:
1905:
1897:the original
1886:
1874:. Retrieved
1848:. Retrieved
1840:Toledo Blade
1839:
1830:
1818:. Retrieved
1807:
1796:
1785:
1767:
1755:. Retrieved
1743:
1739:
1729:
1717:. Retrieved
1707:
1699:the original
1689:
1675:
1663:. Retrieved
1653:
1636:
1629:
1617:. Retrieved
1606:
1592:
1579:. Retrieved
1565:
1553:. Retrieved
1543:
1436:
1428:
1340:Mostcom JSC
1274:
1247:
1225: Active
1167:Stratosphere
1087:Development
1061:Development
1030:Development
1002:Development
973:Development
939:Development
909:Development
904:0/>1,000
879:Development
863:0/>1,000
836:Development
679:Environment
656:
616:
600:
596:
577:
574:
563:
548:
519:
513:
496:2021–present
487:
476:
460:
456:Project Loon
445:
434:
423:
399:
377:
330:
307:
266:
259:
248:
239:
206:
195:achieving 1
185:
171:
165:
162:
137:argon lasers
130:
112:
99:
87:
86:
73:
64:You can help
54:
29:
3753:Consumer IR
3683:Signal lamp
3443:24 February
3398:24 February
3375:28 February
3353:28 February
3305:24 February
3283:16 December
3217:24 February
3191:24 February
3187:. The Verge
3150:24 February
3124:24 February
3101:24 February
3051:24 February
3025:13 November
2968:16 December
2942:16 December
2917:16 December
2891:16 December
2789:16 December
2764:24 February
2738:3 September
2734:. The Verge
2431:22 December
2406:29 November
2384:29 November
2310:24 February
2302:Real Genius
2227:18 February
2198:: 377–384.
2123:18 December
1757:18 February
1665:5 September
1619:24 February
1615:. Space.com
1210:Terminated
1181:Terminated
1171:Air-to-air
1156:Google Loon
1150:Terminated
1119:Terminated
1035:BridgeComm
963:100 Gbit/s
860:2.5 Gbit/s
765:1.8 Gbit/s
716:100 Gbit/s
544:MQ-9 Reaper
406:Sentinel-1A
373:radio waves
371:instead of
361:lunar orbit
127:Before 1990
104:radio waves
96:outer space
3733:Free-space
3719:Connectors
3688:Photophone
3678:Heliograph
3212:optics.org
3145:optics.org
3045:nasdaq.com
2620:2002.02791
2257:1707.08154
2205:1708.01592
1968:5 December
1946:3 December
1876:23 October
1820:22 January
1535:References
1251:EDRS is a
1186:SpaceLink
1109:10 Gbit/s
798:2/unknown
784:Blackjack
685:Data rate
635:satellites
485:of Japan.
304:experiment
270:TerraSAR-X
133:Surveyor 7
3278:SpaceNews
2963:SpaceNews
2912:SpaceNews
2886:SpaceNews
2867:SpaceNews
2849:SpaceNews
2655:211059224
2282:118935026
2274:1749-4885
2222:115327702
1746:: 40–49.
1555:27 August
1444:photonics
1297:Honeywell
1271:Suppliers
1051:1 Gbit/s
995:1 Gbit/s
954:in space
750:missions
691:Supplier
682:Scenario
653:Operators
606:cis-lunar
583:16 Psyche
528:aboard a
367:using an
314:Mona Lisa
284:2011–2020
250:MESSENGER
203:2001–2010
159:1991–2000
108:bandwidth
76:June 2022
68:talk page
3829:Category
3804:Category
3776:OC Rates
3748:In space
3697:Advanced
3420:21 April
3331:21 April
3096:wbur.org
2697:18 March
2691:arcep.fr
2595:13714770
2551:27 April
2362:7 August
2160:22 April
1990:11 April
1844:Archived
1775:Archived
1450:See also
1321:Hensoldt
1284:Company
1259:and the
1255:between
887:Gen Two
746:and for
727:Starlink
700:Starlink
673:Project
643:backbone
631:startups
623:Facebook
533:Falcon 9
526:CubeSats
448:Google X
441:SOCRATES
410:Alphasat
353:download
3514:Bibcode
3476:Bibcode
3075:3 March
2675:. SPIE.
2625:Bibcode
2340:21 July
2306:. Wired
2012:5 April
1719:28 June
1581:28 June
1515:(OPALS)
1395:%5B6%5D
1382:Skyloom
1351:Mynaric
1206:Mynaric
1115:Mynaric
1083:Mynaric
915:Telesat
867:Mynaric
851:(DoD).
802:Mynaric
739:(EDRS)
694:Status
602:LunaNet
467:Mynaric
414:Ka-band
391:Germany
384:Mynaric
380:Tornado
316:to the
242:Mercury
213:Artemis
189:(NICT)'
166:Galileo
145:Arizona
3814:Portal
3658:Beacon
3601:
3541:J. Opt
3257:2 June
2653:
2643:
2593:
2583:
2490:. Nasa
2280:
2272:
2220:
2156:. NASA
2119:. NASA
2061:Airbus
2033:Airbus
1850:15 May
1816:. Time
1257:Airbus
1235:
1229:
1223:
1218:Legend
1195:, LEO
1125:LeoSat
934:0/752
885:OneWeb
723:SpaceX
627:Google
619:SpaceX
578:Psyche
530:SpaceX
514:Psyche
471:Cessna
357:upload
262:OICETS
233:, the
231:KIRARI
223:SPOT 4
197:Mbit/s
182:ETS-VI
66:. The
3743:Li-Fi
3714:Cable
3646:Basic
3070:(PDF)
2937:(PDF)
2673:(PDF)
2651:S2CID
2615:arXiv
2591:S2CID
2278:S2CID
2252:arXiv
2218:S2CID
2200:arXiv
2096:4 May
2068:4 May
2040:4 May
1575:(PDF)
1528:TBIRD
782:DARPA
570:PTD-3
555:STP-3
333:LADEE
302:OPALS
193:Tokyo
174:Japan
139:from
3599:ISBN
3445:2018
3422:2018
3400:2018
3377:2021
3355:2021
3333:2018
3307:2018
3285:2022
3259:2021
3219:2018
3193:2018
3152:2018
3126:2018
3103:2018
3077:2021
3053:2018
3027:2018
2970:2022
2944:2022
2919:2022
2893:2022
2791:2022
2766:2018
2740:2020
2699:2023
2641:ISBN
2581:ISBN
2553:2024
2496:2017
2433:2023
2408:2020
2386:2020
2364:2020
2342:2018
2312:2018
2270:ISSN
2229:2020
2162:2014
2125:2014
2098:2023
2070:2023
2042:2023
2014:2019
1992:2019
1970:2014
1948:2014
1878:2013
1852:2016
1822:2013
1759:2020
1721:2011
1667:2015
1621:2018
1583:2011
1557:2022
1362:Sony
1295:and
1135:LEO
1072:LEO
1045:LEO
989:MEO
957:MEO
926:LEO
896:LEO
871:CACI
854:LEO
823:LEO
790:LEO
768:7/9
710:LEO
625:and
479:Sony
419:PBit
337:Moon
310:NASA
227:Mbps
217:CNES
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