LASIK - Knowledge (XXG)

64: 620:(NICE) considered evidence of the effectiveness and the potential risks of the laser surgery, stating "current evidence suggests that photorefractive (laser) surgery for the correction of refractive errors is safe and effective for use in appropriately selected patients. Clinicians undertaking photorefractive (laser) surgery for the correction of refractive errors should ensure that patients understand the benefits and potential risks of the procedure. Risks include failure to achieve the expected improvement in unaided vision, development of new visual disturbances, corneal infection and flap complications. These risks should be weighed against those of wearing spectacles or contact lenses." The FDA reports "The safety and effectiveness of refractive procedures has not been determined in patients with some diseases." 555:"A method and apparatus for modifying the curvature of a live cornea via use of an excimer laser. The live cornea has a thin layer removed therefrom, leaving an exposed internal surface thereon. Then, either the surface or thin layer is exposed to the laser beam along a predetermined pattern to ablate desired portions. The thin layer is then replaced onto the surface. Ablating a central area of the surface or thin layer makes the cornea less curved, while ablating an annular area spaced from the center of the surface or layer makes the cornea more curved. The desired predetermined pattern is formed by use of a variable diaphragm, a rotating orifice of variable size, a movable mirror or a movable fiber optic cable through which the laser beam is directed towards the exposed internal surface or removed thin layer." 758: – an inflammatory process that involves an accumulation of white blood cells at the interface between the LASIK corneal flap and the underlying stroma. It is known colloquially as "sands of Sahara syndrome" because on slit lamp exam, the inflammatory infiltrate appears similar to waves of sand. The USAeyes organisation reports an incidence of 2.3% after LASIK. It is most commonly treated with steroid eye drops. Sometimes it is necessary for the eye surgeon to lift the flap and manually remove the accumulated cells. DLK has not been reported with photorefractive keratectomy due to the absence of flap creation. 524:"The central corneal flattening obtained by radial diamond knife incisions has been duplicated by radial laser incisions in 18 enucleated human eyes. The incisions, made by 193 nm far-ultraviolet light radiation emitted by the excimer laser, produced corneal flattening ranging from 0.12 to 5.35 diopters. Both the depth of the corneal incisions and the degree of central corneal flattening correlated with the laser energy applied. Histopathology revealed the remarkably smooth edges of the laser incisions." 414:. In patients who have an element of internally induced astigmatism, therefore, the wavefront-guided astigmatism correction may leave regular astigmatism behind (a cross-cylinder effect). If the patient has preexisting irregular astigmatism, wavefront-guided approaches may leave both regular and irregular astigmatism behind. This can result in less-than-optimal visual acuity compared with a wavefront-guided approach combined with vector planning, as shown in a 2008 study. 843:(DoD) launched the LASIK Quality of Life Collaboration Project (LQOLCP) to help better understand the potential risk of severe problems that can result from LASIK in response to widespread reports of problems experienced by patients after LASIK laser eye surgery. This project examined patient-reported outcomes with LASIK (PROWL). The project consisted of three phases: pilot phase, phase I, phase II (PROWL-1) and phase III (PROWL-2). 381:

when asleep and to reduce dry eyes. They also are required to moisturize the eyes with preservative-free tears and follow directions for prescription drops. Occasionally after the procedure a bandage contact lens is placed to aid the healing, and typically removed after 3–4 days. Patients should be adequately informed by their surgeons of the importance of proper post-operative care to minimize the risk of complications.

657:. Independent research indicates 95% of patients experience dry eye in the initial post-operative period. This number has been reported to up to 60% after one month. Symptoms begin to improve in the vast majority of patients in the 6 to 12 months following the surgery. However, 30% of post-LASIK referrals to tertiary ophthalmology care centers have been shown to be due to chronic dry eye. 919: 63: 4739: 581: 399:

Another important factor is whether the excimer laser can correctly register eye position in 3 dimensions, and to track the eye in all the possible directions of eye movement. If a wavefront guided treatment is performed with less than perfect registration and tracking, pre-existing aberrations can be worsened. In older patients,

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2007 to 2011. Within this time frame, LASIK searches declined by 40% in the United States. Countries such as the U.K. and India also showed a decline, 22% and 24% respectively. Canada, however, showed an increase in LASIK searches by 8%. This decrease in interest can be attributed to several factors: the emergence of

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induced in the eye by earlier methods. A meta-analysis of eight trials showed a lower incidence of these higher order aberrations in patients who had wavefront-guided LASIK compared to non-wavefront-guided LASIK. Based on their experience, the United States Air Force has described WFG-Lasik as giving

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People with large pupils (e.g. due to taking medications or in the younger age group) may be particularly prone to symptoms such as glare, halos, starbursts, and ghost images (double vision) in dim light after surgery. Because the laser can only work on the inner section of the cornea, the outer rim

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The FDA's director of the Division of Ophthalmic Devices said about the LASIK study: "Given the large number of patients undergoing LASIK annually, dissatisfaction and disabling symptoms may occur in a significant number of patients". Also in 2014, FDA published an article highlighting the risks and

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For climbers – Although the cornea usually is thinner after LASIK, because of the removal of part of the stroma, refractive surgeons strive to maintain the maximum thickness to avoid structurally weakening the cornea. Decreased atmospheric pressure at higher altitudes has not been demonstrated

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Flap complications – The incidence of flap complications is about 0.244%. Flap complications (such as displaced flaps or folds in the flaps that necessitate repositioning, diffuse lamellar keratitis, and epithelial ingrowth) are common in lamellar corneal surgeries but rarely lead to permanent

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introduced LASIK to ten VISX centers. In 1998, the "Kremer Excimer Laser", serial number KEA 940202, received FDA approval for its singular use for performing LASIK. Subsequently, Summit Technology was the first company to receive FDA approval to mass manufacture and distribute excimer lasers. VISX

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The "leftover" astigmatism after a purely surface-guided laser correction can be calculated beforehand, and is called ocular residual astigmatism (ORA). ORA is a calculation of astigmatism due to the noncorneal surface (internal) optics. The purely refraction-based approach represented by wavefront

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No good data can be found that compare the percentage of LASIK procedures that employ wavefront guidance versus the percentage that do not, nor the percentage of refractive surgeons who have a preference one way or the other. Wavefront technology continues to be positioned as an "advance" in LASIK

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Patients are usually given a course of antibiotic and anti-inflammatory eye drops. These are continued in the weeks following surgery. Patients are told to rest and are given dark eyeglasses to protect their eyes from bright lights and occasionally protective goggles to prevent rubbing of the eyes

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Morris Waxler, a former FDA official who was involved in the approval of LASIK, subsequently criticized its widespread use. In 2010, Waxler made media appearances and claimed that the procedure had a failure rate greater than 50%. The FDA responded that Waxler's information was "filled with false

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The procedure seems to be a declining option for many in the United States, dropping more than 50 percent, from about 1.5 million surgeries in 2007 to 604,000 in 2015, according to the eye-care data source Market Scope. A study determined the frequency with which LASIK was searched on Google from

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The pathway to "super vision" thus may require a more customized approach to corneal astigmatism than is usually attempted, and any remaining astigmatism ought to be regular (as opposed to irregular), which are both fundamental principles of vector planning overlooked by a purely wavefront-guided

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laboratory, discovered that an ultraviolet excimer laser could etch living tissue, with precision and with no thermal damage to the surrounding area. The phenomenon was termed "ablative photo-decomposition" (APD). Five years later, in 1985, Steven Trokel at the Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute,

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recommends people wait until age 21 because vision needs to stabilize. More importantly the patient's eye prescription should be stable for at least one year prior to surgery. The patient may be examined with pupillary dilation and education given prior to the procedure. Before the surgery, the

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published a patient satisfaction meta-analysis of over 3,000 peer-reviewed articles from international clinical journals. Data from a systematic literature review conducted from 1988 to 2008, consisting of 309 peer-reviewed articles about "properly conducted, well-designed, randomized clinical

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sensor. The goal is to achieve a more optically perfect eye, though the result still depends on the physician's success at predicting changes that occur during healing and other factors that may have to do with the regularity/irregularity of the cornea and the axis of any residual astigmatism.

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and other irregularities in the shape of the cornea. Using this information, the surgeon calculates the amount and the location of corneal tissue to be removed. The patient is prescribed and self-administers an antibiotic beforehand to minimize the risk of infection after the procedure and is

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LASIK with the IntraLase femtosecond laser: early trials comparing to the LASIK with microkeratomes for the correction of myopia suggest no significant differences in safety or efficacy. However, the femtosecond laser has a potential advantage in predictability, although this finding was not

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techniques which were introduced by the University of Michigan's Center for Ultrafast Optical Science. The goal of replacing standard LASIK in refractive surgery is to avoid permanently weakening the cornea with incisions and to deliver less energy to the surrounding tissues. More recently,

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The patents related to so-called broad-beam LASIK and PRK technologies were granted to US companies including Visx and Summit during 1990–1995 based on the fundamental US patent issued to IBM (1988) which claimed the use of UV laser for the ablation of organic tissues.

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sometimes offered a short acting oral sedative medication as a pre-medication. Prior to the procedure, anaesthetic eye drops are instilled. Factors that may rule out LASIK for some patients include large pupils, thin corneas and extremely dry eyes.

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because of vision problems or pain associated with the surgery. A small percentage of patients may need further surgery because their condition is over- or under-corrected. Some patients need to wear contact lenses or glasses even after treatment.

1146: 572:(FDA) commenced a trial of the excimer laser in 1989. The first enterprise to receive FDA approval to use an excimer laser for photo-refractive keratectomy was Summit Technology. In 1992, under the direction of the FDA, Greek ophthalmologist 636:

A 2017 study claims that overall, preoperative symptoms decreased significantly, and visual acuity excelled. A meta-analysis discovered that 97% of patients achieved uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA) of 20/40, while 62% achieved 20/20.

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A 2017 systematic review found uncertainty in visual acuity, but found that in one study, those receiving PRK were less likely to achieve a refractive error, and were less likely to have an over-correction than compared to LASIK.

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Levinson BA, Rapuano CJ, Cohen EJ, Hammersmith KM, Ayres BD, Laibson PR (January 2008). "Referrals to the Wills Eye Institute Cornea Service after laser in situ keratomileusis: reasons for patient dissatisfaction".

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There was evidence that LASIK gives a faster visual recovery than PRK and is a less painful technique. Results at one year after surgery were comparable: most analyses favoured LASIK but they were not statistically

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Alpins N, Stamatelatos G (April 2007). "Customized photoastigmatic refractive keratectomy using combined topographic and refractive data for myopia and astigmatism in eyes with forme fruste and mild keratoconus".

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Wavefront-guided LASIK is a variation of LASIK surgery in which, rather than applying a simple correction of only long/short-sightedness and astigmatism (only lower order aberrations as in traditional LASIK), an

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Less than 1 percent of study participants experienced "a lot of" difficulty with or inability to do usual activities without corrective lenses because of their visual symptoms (halos, glare, et al.) after LASIK

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As of 2018, roughly 9.5 million Americans have had LASIK and, globally, between 1991 and 2016, more than 40 million procedures were performed. However, the procedure seemed to be a declining option as of 2015.

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Late postoperative complications – A large body of evidence on the chances of long-term complications is not yet established and may be changing due to advances in operator experience, instruments and

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Carrillo C, Chayet AS, Dougherty PJ, Montes M, Magallanes R, Najman J, et al. (2005). "Incidence of complications during flap creation in LASIK using the NIDEK MK-2000 microkeratome in 26,600 cases".

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Flap interface particles – are a finding whose clinical significance is undetermined. Particles of various sizes and reflectivity are clinically visible in about 38.7% of eyes examined via

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is left unaffected. In dim lighting, a patient's pupils dilate and may be predisposed to optic aberrations due to refractive asynchrony of the two regions with regards to the incoming light.

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Participants who developed new visual symptoms after surgery, most often developed halos. Up to 40 percent of participants with no halos before LASIK had halos three months following surgery.

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Still, surgeons claim patients are generally more satisfied with this technique than with previous methods, particularly regarding lowered incidence of "halos," the visual artifact caused by

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Topography-assisted LASIK is intended to be an advancement in precision and reduce night-vision side effects. The first topography-assisted device received FDA approval 13 September 2013.

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Jabbur NS, Sakatani K, O'Brien TP (September 2004). "Survey of complications and recommendations for management in dissatisfied patients seeking a consultation after refractive surgery".

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Participants who were not satisfied with the LASIK surgery reported all types of visual symptoms the questionnaire measured (double vision/ghosting, starbursts, glare, and halos).

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Solomon KD, Fernández de Castro LE, Sandoval HP, Biber JM, Groat B, Neff KD, et al. (April 2009). "LASIK world literature review: quality of life and patient satisfaction".

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Alpins N, Stamatelatos G (August 2008). "Clinical outcomes of laser in situ keratomileusis using combined topography and refractive wavefront treatments for myopic astigmatism".

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A systematic review that compared PRK and LASIK concluded that LASIK has shorter recovery time and less pain. The two techniques after a period of one year have similar results.

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Complications due to LASIK have been classified as those that occur due to preoperative, intraoperative, early postoperative, or late postoperative sources: According to the UK

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Fares U, Suleman H, Al-Aqaba MA, Otri AM, Said DG, Dua HS (August 2011). "Efficacy, predictability, and safety of wavefront-guided refractive laser treatment: metaanalysis".

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suggested a flap of cornea could be raised by microkeratome prior to the performing of PRK with the excimer laser. The addition of a flap to PRK became known as LASIK.

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When treating a patient with preexisting astigmatism, most wavefront-guided LASIK lasers are designed to treat regular astigmatism as determined externally by

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treatment plan. This was confirmed by the 2008 study mentioned above, which found a greater reduction in corneal astigmatism and better visual outcomes under

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Bailey MD, Mitchell GL, Dhaliwal DK, Boxer Wachler BS, Zadnik K (July 2003). "Patient satisfaction and visual symptoms after laser in situ keratomileusis".

1713: 716:, which normally drains fluid from the eye. Some patients complain of ongoing dry-eye symptoms despite such treatments and the symptoms may be permanent. 4392: 3965: 767: – a condition where the cornea starts to bulge forwards at a variable time after LASIK, causing irregular astigmatism. the condition is similar to 4397: 426:

using wavefront technology combined with vector analysis than using wavefront technology alone, and also found equivalent higher-order aberrations (see

365:, the middle section of the cornea. Pulses from a computer-controlled laser (excimer laser) vaporize a portion of the stroma and the flap is replaced. 298:

The procedure involves creating a thin flap on the eye, folding it to enable remodeling of the tissue beneath with a laser and repositioning the flap.

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A number of patents have been issued for several techniques related to LASIK. Rangaswamy Srinivasan and James Wynne filed a patent application on the

2416:, Sachdev N, Weed KH, Brown AD (April 2000). "Functional, psychological, and satisfaction outcomes of laser in situ keratomileusis for high myopia". 1071: 4598: 3992: 3864:

Shortt AJ, Allan BD, Evans JR (January 2013). "Laser-assisted in-situ keratomileusis (LASIK) versus photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) for myopia".

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Shortt AJ, Allan BD, Evans JR (January 2013). "Laser-assisted in-situ keratomileusis (LASIK) versus photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) for myopia".

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Sanders DR, Vukich JA (May 2003). "Comparison of implantable contact lens and laser assisted in situ keratomileusis for moderate to high myopia".

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Up to 46 percent of participants, who had no visual symptoms before surgery, reported at least one visual symptom at three months after surgery.

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and Terry Clapham, Trokel founded VISX USA inc. Marguerite B. MacDonald MD performed the first human VISX refractive laser eye surgery in 1989.

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to alter its shape. Barraquer also investigated how much of the cornea had to be left unaltered in order to provide stable long-term results.

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Alpins NA (2002). "Wavefront technology: a new advance that fails to answer old questions on corneal vs. refractive astigmatism correction".

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Performing the laser ablation in the deeper corneal stroma provides for more rapid visual recovery and less pain than the earlier technique,

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Sun L, Liu G, Ren Y, Li J, Hao J, Liu X, et al. (2005). "Efficacy and safety of LASIK in 10,052 eyes of 5081 myopic Chinese patients".

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Up to 28 percent of participants with no symptoms of dry eyes before LASIK, reported dry eye symptoms at three months after their surgery.

1398: 4351: 4231: 2211: 2104:, Samuel E. Blum, Rangaswamy Srinivasan, James J. Wynne, "Far ultraviolet surgical and dental procedures", issued 1988-11-15 2304: 1313: 1108: 328:

to determine their thickness, and with a topographer, or corneal topography machine, to measure their surface contour. Using low-power

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McDonald MB, Kaufman HE, Frantz JM, Shofner S, Salmeron B, Klyce SD (May 1989). "Excimer laser ablation in a human eye. Case report".

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Walsh MJ. Is the future of refractive surgery based on corneal topography or wavefront? "Ocular Surgery News". 1 August 2000, page 26.

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Since 1991, there have been further developments such as faster lasers; larger spot areas; bladeless flap incisions; intraoperative

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Rodemich K (2010). "Former FDA official warns of LASIK risks: the man who OK'd LASIK now warns of an "epidemic" of eye problems".

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should be treated before consideration for LASIK. Women who are pregnant or nursing are generally not eligible to undergo LASIK.

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Traumatic flap dislocations – Cases of late traumatic flap dislocations have been reported up to thirteen years after LASIK.

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loss of visual acuity. The incidence of these microkeratome-related complications decreases with increased physician experience.

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Technolas FEMTEC laser: for incisionless IntraCOR ablation for presbyopia, with trials ongoing for myopia and other conditions.

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95% of patients report dry-eye symptoms after LASIK. Although it is usually temporary, it can develop into chronic and severe

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Alió JL, Montés-Mico R (February 2006). "Wavefront-guided versus standard LASIK enhancement for residual refractive errors".

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Sugar A, Hood CT, Mian SI (January 2017). "Patient-Reported Outcomes Following LASIK: Quality of Life in the PROWL Studies".

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Suarez E, Torres F, Vieira JC, Ramirez E, Arevalo JF (October 2002). "Anterior uveitis after laser in situ keratomileusis".

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Boes DA, Omura AK, Hennessy MJ (December 2001). "Effect of high-altitude exposure on myopic laser in situ keratomileusis".

3027: 4588: 4583: 4415: 1821: 4729: 3095: 4593: 4472: 4442: 4346: 3985: 3955: 3577: 3538: 3508: 2802: 2182: 2145: 1847: 1459: 1392: 1102: 796: 569: 312: 2355: 4759: 4221: 4044: 369: 361:) is used to cut a flap in the cornea. A hinge is left at one end of this flap. The flap is folded back revealing the 252: 248: 3806:"IntraLase femtosecond laser vs mechanical microkeratomes in LASIK for myopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis" 3504: 3405:

Caster AI, Hoff JL, Ruiz R (2005). "Conventional vs wavefront-guided LASIK using the LADARVision4000 excimer laser".

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with putative advantages; however, it is clear that not all LASIK procedures are performed with wavefront guidance.

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a list of factors and conditions individuals should consider when choosing a doctor for their refractive surgery.

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applies a spatially varying correction, guiding the computer-controlled excimer laser with measurements from a

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or thin corneas may disqualify patients from LASIK, though other procedures may be viable options. Those with

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Corneal scarring – or permanent problems with cornea's shape making it impossible to wear contact lenses.

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EW Dialogue: the future of wavefront refraction as a diagnostic tool. "EyeWorld". May 2000, pages 64 and 65.

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Ruiz-Moreno JM, Alió JL (2003). "Incidence of retinal disease following refractive surgery in 9,239 eyes".

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for refractive correction. and is in European clinical trials for the correction of myopia and keratoconus.

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Surveys of LASIK surgery find rates of patient satisfaction between 92 and 98 percent. In March 2008, the

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LASIK permanently changes the shape of the cornea, the clear covering of the front of the eye, using an

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Pallikaris IG, Panagopoulou SI (July 2015). "PresbyLASIK approach for the correction of presbyopia".

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Cotliar AM, Schubert HD, Mandel ER, Trokel SL (February 1985). "Excimer laser radial keratotomy".

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Dimmig JW, Tabin G (2003). "The ascent of Mount Everest following laser in situ keratomileusis".

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Infection – the incidence of infection responsive to treatment has been estimated at 0.04%.

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Tham VM, Maloney RK (May 2000). "Microkeratome complications of laser in situ keratomileusis".

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Corcoran KJ (July 2015). "Macroeconomic landscape of refractive surgery in the United States".

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Potential best vision loss may occur a year after the surgery regardless of the use of eyewear.

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The LASIK technique was implemented in the US after its successful application elsewhere. The

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of the cornea. The procedure is contraindicated if the topographer finds difficulties such as

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Some people with poor outcomes from LASIK surgical procedures report a significantly reduced

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in New York City, published his work using the excimer laser in radial keratotomy. He wrote,

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or incipient cataract) may play a role that outweighs any benefit from wavefront correction.

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have been developed that avoid touching the epithelial basement membrane or Bowman's layer.

894: 810: 654: 548: 260: 159: 35: 2123:, Gholam A. Peyman, "Method for modifying corneal curvature", issued 1988-06-20 4743: 4610: 4538: 4477: 4467: 4361: 4271: 4204: 4164: 4098: 4078: 4073: 4034: 3970: 2890: 646: 391: 333: 2074: 1941:"Prize for the Industrial Application of Physics Winner – American Institute of Physics" 932:

Please expand the section to include this information. Further details may exist on the

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was granted a US patent for using an excimer laser to modify corneal curvature. It was,

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analysis actually conflicts with corneal surgical experience developed over many years.

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Vesaluoma M, Pérez-Santonja J, Petroll WM, Linna T, Alió J, Tervo T (February 2000).

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Galvis V, Tello A, Ortiz AI, Quintero MP, Parra MM, Blanco NA (April–June 2019).

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Lovisolo CF, Reinstein DZ (November–December 2005). "Phakic intraocular lenses".

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Some post-LASIK patients see halos and starbursts around bright lights at night.

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The results of the LASIK Quality of Life Study were published in October 2014.

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The most common reason for dissatisfaction in LASIK patients is chronic severe

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The excimer laser that was used for the first LASIK surgeries by I. Pallikaris

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trials" found a 95.4 percent patient satisfaction rate among LASIK patients.

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Walsh MJ. Wavefront is showing signs of success, but can it do it alone?

673:. Results are, however, more variable and some people have a decrease in 404: 2846: 2828:

Simpson RG, Moshirfar M, Edmonds JN, Christiansen SM, Behunin N (2012).

2799:"LASIK – What are the risks and how can I find the right doctor for me?" 1948: 4291: 802: 661:

statements, incorrect citations" and "mischaracterization of results".

315:(FDA) has approved LASIK for people 18 years of age and older, but the 288: 190: 2581: 580: 139: 4053: 488: 321: 268: 264: 209: 17: 809:

as extremely dangerous to the eyes of LASIK patients. However, some

357:. A mechanical microkeratome (a blade device) or a laser keratome ( 2039: 1004: 976: 774:

Subconjunctival hemorrhage – A report shows the incidence of

705: 579: 480: 329: 295:, an approach based on the Alpins method of astigmatism analysis. 186: 31: 3606:"LASIK for Myopia and Astigmatism: Safety and Efficacy – EyeWiki" 291:

reshaping techniques such as LASIK have been standardized by the

3804:

Chen S, Feng Y, Stojanovic A, Jankov MR, Wang Q (January 2012).

694:. Quality of life can be severely affected by dry-eye syndrome. 247:

LASIK is very similar to another surgical corrective procedure,

3974: 3327:

Hammer T, Heynemann M, Naumann I, Duncker GI (March 2006). "".

3119:"Traumatic corneal flap avulsion and loss 13 years after LASIK" 4006: 1010:

Keraflex: a thermobiochemical solution which has received the

912: 712:

is accomplished by placing a collagen or silicone plug in the

430:). Vector planning also proved advantageous in patients with 2140:"FDA-Approved Lasers for PRK and Other Refractive Surgeries" 1740:"Cost of LASIK eye surgery and other corrective procedures" 1452:"Am I a Candidate For LASIK Surgery? TLC Laser Eye Centers" 168: 1901:"Refractive keratoplasty: keratophakia and keratomileusis" 174: 1250:. Cataract and Refractive Surgery Today. Archived from 669:

A type of LASIK, known as presbyLasik, may be used in

4727: 1905:

Transactions of the American Ophthalmological Society

813:

have experienced a myopic shift at extreme altitudes.

618:

National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence

177: 171: 3570:

LASIK Quality of Life Collaboration Project (LQOLCP)

2883:

Focal Points: Clinical Modules for Ophthalmologists.

165: 4704: 4684: 4609: 4537: 4500: 4408: 4370: 4330: 4302: 4240: 4133: 4124: 4097: 4052: 4043: 2885:American Academy of Ophthalmology. September 2004. 2248:Stein JD, Childers DM, Nan B, Mian SI (July 2013). 1844:"Nidek EC-5000 Excimer Laser System – P970053/S011" 630:

American Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgery

162: 122: 108: 96: 80: 56: 2212:"Lasik surgery falling out of favor with patients" 889:, corneal epithelial basement membrane dystrophy, 881:Not everyone is eligible to receive LASIK. Severe 240:to reshape the corneal stroma in order to improve 3008:"Corneal stromal changes induced by myopic LASIK" 1576: 1574: 1572: 999:: using all-femtosecond correction, for example, 731:, complications occur in fewer than 5% of cases. 3012:Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 997:Femtosecond laser intrastromal vision correction 848: 271:which cannot be treated with LASIK or PRK, the 3899:Kuryan J, Cheema A, Chuck RS (February 2017). 3676:(Press release). 20 April 2010. Archived from 3166: 3164: 2326:Saragoussi D, Saragoussi JJ (September 2004). 2171: 2169: 1524:(2nd ed.). Philadelphia: Mosby Elsevier. 1055: 1053: 1051: 1049: 1047: 850:Based on our initial analyses of our studies: 784:Epithelial ingrowth – estimated at 0.01%. 748:biomicroscopy and in 100% of eyes examined by 3986: 3505:"LASIK Quality of Life Collaboration Project" 2243: 2241: 2239: 2237: 1614: 1612: 708:, prescription tears, and punctal occlusion. 427: 8: 3001: 2999: 959:"wavefront-optimized" and "wavefront-guided" 263:of vision. For people with moderate to high 3905:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 3866:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 3859: 3857: 2793: 2791: 2789: 2787: 1814:"Air Force aims for 'weapons-grade' vision" 1483:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 1091: 1089: 701:are considered contraindications to Lasik. 697:Underlying conditions with dry eye such as 4393:Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty 4130: 4049: 3993: 3979: 3971: 3966:United States National Library of Medicine 3329:Klinische Monatsblätter für Augenheilkunde 3251:Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery 3208:Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery 2659:Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery 2616:Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery 2418:Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery 1771:Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery 1665:Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery 1621:Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery 1306:"A Look at LASIK Past, Present and Future" 62: 3924: 3144: 3134: 2855: 2845: 2589: 2273: 1916: 1248:"Nd:YAG Treatment of Epithelial Ingrowth" 1026:Comparison to photorefractive keratectomy 74:US National Naval Medical Center Bethesda 4599:Optical coherence tomography angiography 1381: 1379: 1377: 30:For the drug used for hypertension, see 4734: 4398:Pre-Descemet's endothelial keratoplasty 3562: 3560: 3499: 3497: 2527: 2525: 2303:. National Health Service. March 2006. 2177:"List of FDA-Approved Lasers for LASIK" 2096: 2094: 2092: 1043: 307:Pre-operative examination and education 232:to create a corneal flap to expose the 4282:Manual small incision cataract surgery 3616:from the original on 14 September 2024 3482:from the original on 14 September 2024 3470:St Philip E, Favaro A (7 April 2019). 3051: 3049: 3047: 3045: 2949:from the original on 28 September 2011 2772:from the original on 14 September 2024 2760: 2758: 2545:from the original on 14 September 2024 2191:from the original on 14 September 2024 2154:from the original on 14 September 2024 1850:(FDA). 13 October 2013. Archived from 1462:from the original on 15 September 2024 1401:from the original on 19 September 2019 1130: 1128: 1126: 53: 4529:Botulinum toxin therapy of strabismus 4522:Minimally invasive strabismus surgery 3515:from the original on 16 November 2019 3094:. American Academy of Ophthalmology. 3030:from the original on 5 September 2010 2809:from the original on 7 September 2019 2307:from the original on 22 November 2014 1712:. American Academy of Ophthalmology. 340:The preparatory process also detects 293:American National Standards Institute 7: 4217:Phakic intraocular lens implantation 3647:from the original on 18 October 2021 2766:"Laser eye surgery and lens surgery" 2075:10.1001/archopht.1989.01070010659013 1432:from the original on 18 January 2024 1333: 1331: 887:Fuchs' corneal endothelial dystrophy 835:In October 2009, the US FDA, the US 547:, in 1986, issued in 1988. In 1989, 34:. For the Slovakian footballer, see 4352:Minimally invasive glaucoma surgery 3713:from the original on 18 August 2011 3637:"Time to Revisit Surface Ablation?" 3098:from the original on 4 October 2022 2358:from the original on 17 August 2011 564:Implementation in the United States 220:. LASIK surgery is performed by an 135: 27:Corrective ophthalmological surgery 25: 4175:Intrastromal corneal ring segment 2222:from the original on 15 June 2018 1824:from the original on 28 July 2012 1750:from the original on 19 June 2012 1719:from the original on 16 June 2012 1426:American Academy of Ophthalmology 1316:from the original on 31 July 2013 1182:10.1016/j.survophthal.2005.08.011 1149:from the original on 15 June 2018 317:American Academy of Ophthalmology 4737: 3545:from the original on 1 July 2024 2721:Current Opinion in Ophthalmology 2332:Journal Français d'Ophtalmologie 1340:Current Opinion in Ophthalmology 1217:10.1097/00003226-200305000-00009 1111:from the original on 20 May 2024 1074:from the original on 26 May 2023 1001:Femtosecond Lenticule EXtraction 917: 158: 4150:Automated lamellar keratoplasty 2939:"Eye Surgery Education Council" 1899:Troutman RC, Swinger C (1978). 1812:Campbell S (12 November 2004). 4631:Bagolini Striated Glasses Test 4426:Corneal collagen cross-linking 3917:10.1002/14651858.CD011080.pub2 3878:10.1002/14651858.CD005135.pub3 3123:Saudi Journal of Ophthalmology 2570:Expert Review of Ophthalmology 1495:10.1002/14651858.CD005135.pub3 704:Treatments include artificial 577:and other companies followed. 528:Together with his colleagues, 255:. All represent advances over 1: 4589:Indocyanine green angiography 4584:Heidelberg Retinal Tomography 4416:Anterior chamber paracentesis 3813:Journal of Refractive Surgery 3641:www.reviewofophthalmology.com 3419:10.3928/1081-597X-20051101-28 3407:Journal of Refractive Surgery 3306:10.3928/1081-597X-20030101-10 3294:Journal of Refractive Surgery 3263:10.1016/S0886-3350(01)01074-4 3220:10.1016/S0886-3350(02)01364-0 3185:10.3928/1081-597X-20030901-08 3173:Journal of Refractive Surgery 3070:10.3928/1081-597X-20050902-15 3058:Journal of Refractive Surgery 2982:10.1016/S0161-6420(00)00004-X 2917:10.3928/1081-597X-20050902-20 2905:Journal of Refractive Surgery 2768:. NHS Choices. 5 March 2012. 2430:10.1016/S0886-3350(00)00312-6 2391:10.1016/S0161-6420(03)00455-X 2344:10.1016/S0181-5512(04)96210-9 2014:10.1016/s0161-6420(85)34052-6 1595:10.3928/1081-597X-20021101-12 1583:Journal of Refractive Surgery 311:In the United States, the US 287:The planning and analysis of 259:in the surgical treatment of 4594:Optical coherence tomography 4473:Phototherapeutic keratectomy 4347:Excimer laser trabeculostomy 3956:Food and Drug Administration 3825:10.3928/1081597x-20111228-02 3578:Food and Drug Administration 3539:Food and Drug Administration 3509:Food and Drug Administration 3384:10.1016/j.ophtha.2005.10.004 2803:Food and Drug Administration 2733:10.1097/icu.0000000000000162 2473:10.1016/j.ophtha.2008.12.037 2266:10.1097/ICO.0b013e318283c85a 2210:Schoenberg N (23 May 2016). 2183:Food and Drug Administration 2146:Food and Drug Administration 1873:Stulting D (28 April 2014). 1848:Food and Drug Administration 1557:. 1 September 2000, page 41. 1393:Food and Drug Administration 1352:10.1097/ICU.0000000000000159 1103:Food and Drug Administration 805:: estimated at 0.18 percent. 799:: estimated at 0.33 percent. 797:Choroidal neovascularization 793:: estimated at 0.36 percent. 778:has been estimated at 10.5%. 570:Food and Drug Administration 475:technique were developed in 403:from microscopic particles ( 313:Food and Drug Administration 196:"), commonly referred to as 4222:Photorefractive keratectomy 3136:10.1016/j.sjopt.2018.08.001 1520:Azar DT, Gatinel D (2007). 1422:"LASIK — Laser Eye Surgery" 1387:"When is LASIK not for me?" 1135:Finn P (20 December 2012). 602:refractive cataract surgery 446:"superior vision results". 370:photorefractive keratectomy 249:photorefractive keratectomy 4781: 4641:Dilated fundus examination 4621:A-scan ultrasound biometry 4195:Laser thermal keratoplasty 4018:Anesthesia for eye surgery 2671:10.1016/j.jcrs.2004.01.020 2628:10.1016/j.jcrs.2007.08.028 2564:Shtein RM (October 2011). 1783:10.1016/j.jcrs.2011.02.029 1677:10.1016/j.jcrs.2006.12.014 1633:10.1016/j.jcrs.2008.03.028 1273:Stodola E (1 April 2016). 776:subconjunctival hemorrhage 765:Post-LASIK corneal ectasia 756:Diffuse lamellar keratitis 462: 332:, a topographer creates a 40: 29: 4378:Whole eye transplantation 4277:Intraocular lens scaffold 4212:Limbal relaxing incisions 4067:East Asian blepharoplasty 4013: 3733:"IntraCOR for presbyopia" 3535:"The FDA's LASIK Program" 3441:"LASIK laser eye surgery" 2063:Archives of Ophthalmology 1060:Rabin RC (11 June 2018). 826:(corneal neuralgia); rare 136: 61: 1420:Boyd K (9 August 2024). 830: 495:Laser refractive surgery 41:Not to be confused with 4574:Fluorescein angiography 4421:Boston keratoprosthesis 4383:Corneal transplantation 4155:Conductive keratoplasty 2508:10.1001/jama.2016.19323 1818:United States Air Force 1170:Survey of Ophthalmology 970:Experimental techniques 893:, autoimmune diseases, 824:Ocular neuropathic pain 729:National Health Service 614:National Health Service 302:Preoperative procedures 273:phakic intraocular lens 202:laser vision correction 68:LASIK surgery using an 4453:Intravitreal injection 4317:Laser photocoagulation 4262:Glued intraocular lens 3541:(FDA). 26 April 2019. 2880:"LASIK Complications." 2834:Clinical Ophthalmology 2805:(FDA). 8 August 2018. 1246:Lindfield D, Poole T. 964:Epi-Bowman Keratectomy 928:is missing information 870: 837:National Eye Institute 585: 463:Barraquer's early work 208:for the correction of 4671:Slit-lamp examination 4636:Color perception test 4559:Electronystagmography 4107:Dacryocystorhinostomy 3769:"IntraCOR for myopia" 3580:(FDA), archived from 3341:10.1055/s-2005-858864 3092:"Ectasia After LASIK" 2889:11 March 2006 at the 1880:. EyeWorld Daily News 986:Wavefront-guided PRK, 841:Department of Defense 612:In 2006, the British 583: 501:Rangaswamy Srinivasan 4512:Harada–Ito procedure 4185:Laser blended vision 2566:"Post-LASIK dry eye" 1951:on 28 September 2011 443:spherical aberration 324:are examined with a 4696:Plaque radiotherapy 4569:Electroretinography 4287:Phacoemulsification 3785:on 2 September 2011 3749:on 2 September 2011 3064:(5 Suppl): S633-5. 2911:(5 Suppl): S655-7. 2847:10.2147/OPTH.S36690 2702:Review of Optometry 2533:"LASIK Eye Surgery" 1555:Ocular Surgery News 1397:. 7 November 2018. 1142:The Washington Post 750:confocal microscopy 735:Other complications 518:Columbia University 479:, Colombia, by the 450:Topography-assisted 349:Operative procedure 275:is an alternative. 4760:1989 introductions 4579:Fundus photography 4564:Electrooculography 4549:Corneal topography 4517:Strabismus surgery 3683:on 4 November 2013 3587:on 24 October 2016 2943:Lasikinstitute.org 2538:The New York Times 2042:on 19 October 2015 1981:on 5 February 2023 1744:Allaboutvision.com 1522:Refractive surgery 1254:on 5 November 2013 1067:The New York Times 991:intraocular lenses 955:corneal pachymetry 930:about PresbyLASIK. 897:, and significant 839:(NEI), and the US 791:Retinal detachment 699:Sjögren's syndrome 586: 574:Ioannis Pallikaris 467:In the 1950s, the 424:mesopic conditions 412:corneal topography 376:Postoperative care 206:refractive surgery 4725: 4724: 4676:Visual field test 4496: 4495: 4227:Radial keratotomy 4190:Laser eye surgery 4120: 4119: 3962:Laser Eye Surgery 3842:on 7 January 2022 3709:. 16 April 2010. 2582:10.1586/eop.11.56 1531:978-0-323-03599-6 1275:"LASIK worldwide" 951: 950: 877:Contraindications 811:mountain climbers 710:Punctal occlusion 530:Charles Munnerlyn 359:femtosecond laser 261:refractive errors 257:radial keratotomy 226:femtosecond laser 198:laser eye surgery 147: 146: 16:(Redirected from 4772: 4742: 4741: 4740: 4733: 4656:Ocular tonometry 4554:Electrodiagnosis 4342:Cyclodestruction 4267:Hydrodelineation 4131: 4084:Hughes procedure 4050: 3995: 3988: 3981: 3972: 3939: 3938: 3928: 3896: 3890: 3889: 3861: 3852: 3851: 3849: 3847: 3841: 3835:. Archived from 3810: 3801: 3795: 3794: 3792: 3790: 3784: 3778:. Archived from 3773: 3765: 3759: 3758: 3756: 3754: 3748: 3742:. Archived from 3737: 3729: 3723: 3722: 3720: 3718: 3699: 3693: 3692: 3690: 3688: 3682: 3671: 3663: 3657: 3656: 3654: 3652: 3632: 3626: 3625: 3623: 3621: 3602: 3596: 3595: 3594: 3592: 3586: 3575: 3564: 3555: 3554: 3552: 3550: 3531: 3525: 3524: 3522: 3520: 3501: 3492: 3491: 3489: 3487: 3467: 3461: 3460: 3458: 3456: 3447:. 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Archived from 1967: 1961: 1960: 1958: 1956: 1947:. Archived from 1937: 1931: 1930: 1920: 1896: 1890: 1889: 1887: 1885: 1879: 1870: 1864: 1863: 1861: 1859: 1840: 1834: 1833: 1831: 1829: 1809: 1803: 1802: 1766: 1760: 1759: 1757: 1755: 1735: 1729: 1728: 1726: 1724: 1718: 1711: 1703: 1697: 1696: 1659: 1653: 1652: 1616: 1607: 1606: 1578: 1567: 1564: 1558: 1551: 1545: 1542: 1536: 1535: 1517: 1511: 1510: 1478: 1472: 1471: 1469: 1467: 1448: 1442: 1441: 1439: 1437: 1417: 1411: 1410: 1408: 1406: 1383: 1372: 1371: 1335: 1326: 1325: 1323: 1321: 1301: 1295: 1294: 1292: 1290: 1281:. Archived from 1270: 1264: 1263: 1261: 1259: 1243: 1237: 1236: 1200: 1194: 1193: 1165: 1159: 1158: 1156: 1154: 1132: 1121: 1120: 1118: 1116: 1107:. 13 June 2023. 1093: 1084: 1083: 1081: 1079: 1057: 962:techniques like 946: 943: 937: 921: 913: 909:Further research 692:dry eye syndrome 549:Gholam A. Peyman 483:ophthalmologist 385:Wavefront-guided 184: 183: 180: 179: 176: 173: 170: 167: 164: 140:edit on Wikidata 132: 118: 66: 54: 21: 4780: 4779: 4775: 4774: 4773: 4771: 4770: 4769: 4750: 4749: 4748: 4738: 4736: 4728: 4726: 4721: 4700: 4687: 4680: 4612: 4605: 4540: 4533: 4503: 4492: 4468:Photodisruption 4404: 4371:Transplantation 4366: 4362:Trabeculoplasty 4333: 4326: 4304: 4298: 4272:Hydrodissection 4243: 4236: 4205:Contoura Vision 4165:Epikeratophakia 4136: 4116: 4099:Lacrimal system 4093: 4079:Eyelid revision 4074:Epicanthoplasty 4039: 4035:Eye examination 4009: 3999: 3948: 3943: 3942: 3911:(2): CD011080. 3898: 3897: 3893: 3872:(1): CD005135. 3863: 3862: 3855: 3845: 3843: 3839: 3808: 3803: 3802: 3798: 3788: 3786: 3782: 3771: 3767: 3766: 3762: 3752: 3750: 3746: 3735: 3731: 3730: 3726: 3716: 3714: 3701: 3700: 3696: 3686: 3684: 3680: 3669: 3665: 3664: 3660: 3650: 3648: 3634: 3633: 3629: 3619: 3617: 3610:eyewiki.aao.org 3604: 3603: 3599: 3590: 3588: 3584: 3573: 3566: 3565: 3558: 3548: 3546: 3533: 3532: 3528: 3518: 3516: 3503: 3502: 3495: 3485: 3483: 3469: 3468: 3464: 3454: 3452: 3445:Webmd.boots.com 3439: 3438: 3434: 3404: 3403: 3399: 3369: 3368: 3364: 3326: 3325: 3321: 3291: 3290: 3286: 3257:(12): 1937–41. 3248: 3247: 3243: 3205: 3204: 3200: 3170: 3169: 3162: 3116: 3115: 3111: 3101: 3099: 3090: 3089: 3085: 3055: 3054: 3043: 3033: 3031: 3005: 3004: 2997: 2967: 2966: 2962: 2952: 2950: 2937: 2936: 2932: 2901: 2900: 2896: 2891:Wayback Machine 2877: 2873: 2827: 2826: 2822: 2812: 2810: 2797: 2796: 2785: 2775: 2773: 2764: 2763: 2756: 2718: 2717: 2713: 2699: 2698: 2694: 2656: 2655: 2651: 2612: 2611: 2607: 2563: 2562: 2558: 2548: 2546: 2531: 2530: 2523: 2493: 2492: 2488: 2458: 2457: 2453: 2411: 2410: 2406: 2376: 2375: 2371: 2361: 2359: 2325: 2324: 2320: 2310: 2308: 2300: 2296: 2295: 2291: 2247: 2246: 2235: 2225: 2223: 2216:Chicago Tribune 2209: 2208: 2204: 2194: 2192: 2175: 2174: 2167: 2157: 2155: 2138: 2137: 2133: 2126: 2119: 2118: 2114: 2107: 2100: 2099: 2090: 2060: 2059: 2055: 2045: 2043: 2034: 2033: 2029: 1999: 1998: 1994: 1984: 1982: 1969: 1968: 1964: 1954: 1952: 1939: 1938: 1934: 1898: 1897: 1893: 1883: 1881: 1877: 1872: 1871: 1867: 1857: 1855: 1842: 1841: 1837: 1827: 1825: 1811: 1810: 1806: 1768: 1767: 1763: 1753: 1751: 1737: 1736: 1732: 1722: 1720: 1716: 1709: 1705: 1704: 1700: 1661: 1660: 1656: 1618: 1617: 1610: 1580: 1579: 1570: 1565: 1561: 1552: 1548: 1543: 1539: 1532: 1519: 1518: 1514: 1489:(1): CD005135. 1480: 1479: 1475: 1465: 1463: 1450: 1449: 1445: 1435: 1433: 1419: 1418: 1414: 1404: 1402: 1385: 1384: 1375: 1337: 1336: 1329: 1319: 1317: 1310:EyeNet Magazine 1303: 1302: 1298: 1288: 1286: 1285:on 12 June 2018 1272: 1271: 1267: 1257: 1255: 1245: 1244: 1240: 1202: 1201: 1197: 1167: 1166: 1162: 1152: 1150: 1134: 1133: 1124: 1114: 1112: 1095: 1094: 1087: 1077: 1075: 1059: 1058: 1045: 1040: 1028: 1007:, or IntraCOR), 975:"plain" LASIK: 972: 947: 941: 938: 931: 922: 911: 895:severe dry eyes 879: 869: 833: 737: 722: 688: 683: 667: 647:quality of life 643: 641:Dissatisfaction 626: 610: 597: 566: 538: 497: 465: 460: 452: 392:ophthalmologist 387: 378: 351: 334:topographic map 309: 304: 285: 222:ophthalmologist 204:, is a type of 161: 157: 143: 128: 114: 76: 50: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4778: 4776: 4768: 4767: 4762: 4752: 4751: 4747: 4746: 4723: 4722: 4720: 4719: 4717:Cryoextraction 4714: 4708: 4706: 4702: 4701: 4699: 4698: 4692: 4690: 4682: 4681: 4679: 4678: 4673: 4668: 4663: 4661:Ophthalmoscopy 4658: 4653: 4648: 4643: 4638: 4633: 4628: 4623: 4617: 4615: 4607: 4606: 4604: 4603: 4602: 4601: 4591: 4586: 4581: 4576: 4571: 4566: 4561: 4556: 4551: 4545: 4543: 4535: 4534: 4532: 4531: 4526: 4525: 4524: 4514: 4508: 4506: 4498: 4497: 4494: 4493: 4491: 4490: 4485: 4480: 4475: 4470: 4465: 4460: 4455: 4450: 4448:Gundersen flap 4445: 4440: 4439: 4438: 4428: 4423: 4418: 4412: 4410: 4406: 4405: 4403: 4402: 4401: 4400: 4395: 4390: 4388:Corneal button 4380: 4374: 4372: 4368: 4367: 4365: 4364: 4359: 4357:Trabeculectomy 4354: 4349: 4344: 4338: 4336: 4328: 4327: 4325: 4324: 4322:Scleral buckle 4319: 4314: 4308: 4306: 4300: 4299: 4297: 4296: 4295: 4294: 4284: 4279: 4274: 4269: 4264: 4259: 4254: 4248: 4246: 4238: 4237: 4235: 4234: 4229: 4224: 4219: 4214: 4209: 4208: 4207: 4197: 4192: 4187: 4182: 4180:Keratomileusis 4177: 4172: 4167: 4162: 4157: 4152: 4147: 4141: 4139: 4128: 4122: 4121: 4118: 4117: 4115: 4114: 4109: 4103: 4101: 4095: 4094: 4092: 4091: 4086: 4081: 4076: 4071: 4070: 4069: 4062:Blepharoplasty 4058: 4056: 4047: 4041: 4040: 4038: 4037: 4032: 4031: 4030: 4020: 4014: 4011: 4010: 4005:involving the 4000: 3998: 3997: 3990: 3983: 3975: 3969: 3968: 3959: 3952:What is LASIK? 3947: 3946:External links 3944: 3941: 3940: 3891: 3853: 3796: 3760: 3724: 3694: 3658: 3627: 3597: 3556: 3526: 3493: 3462: 3451:on 15 May 2016 3432: 3413:(6): S786-91. 3397: 3362: 3319: 3284: 3241: 3214:(10): 1793–8. 3198: 3160: 3129:(2): 172–176. 3109: 3083: 3041: 2995: 2960: 2930: 2894: 2878:Majmudar, PA. 2871: 2820: 2783: 2754: 2711: 2692: 2665:(9): 1867–74. 2649: 2605: 2576:(5): 575–582. 2556: 2521: 2502:(2): 204–205. 2486: 2467:(4): 691–701. 2451: 2424:(4): 497–509. 2404: 2369: 2318: 2289: 2233: 2202: 2165: 2131: 2112: 2088: 2053: 2027: 1992: 1962: 1932: 1891: 1865: 1854:on 3 June 2016 1835: 1804: 1777:(8): 1465–75. 1761: 1730: 1698: 1671:(4): 591–602. 1654: 1608: 1568: 1559: 1546: 1537: 1530: 1512: 1473: 1443: 1412: 1373: 1327: 1296: 1265: 1238: 1195: 1160: 1122: 1085: 1042: 1041: 1039: 1036: 1027: 1024: 1023: 1022: 1018: 1015: 1008: 994: 987: 984: 971: 968: 949: 948: 925: 923: 916: 910: 907: 878: 875: 868: 867: 864: 860: 857: 854: 849: 832: 831:FDA's position 829: 828: 827: 821: 818: 814: 806: 800: 794: 788: 785: 782: 779: 772: 762: 759: 753: 742: 736: 733: 721: 718: 687: 684: 682: 679: 666: 663: 642: 639: 625: 622: 609: 606: 596: 593: 565: 562: 557: 556: 537: 534: 526: 525: 509:James J. Wynne 505:Samuel E. Blum 496: 493: 485:José Barraquer 473:keratomileusis 464: 461: 459: 456: 451: 448: 386: 383: 377: 374: 363:corneal stroma 350: 347: 308: 305: 303: 300: 284: 281: 234:corneal stroma 194:keratomileusis 145: 144: 137: 134: 133: 126: 120: 119: 112: 106: 105: 100: 94: 93: 84: 78: 77: 67: 59: 58: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4777: 4766: 4763: 4761: 4758: 4757: 4755: 4745: 4735: 4731: 4718: 4715: 4713: 4710: 4709: 4707: 4703: 4697: 4694: 4693: 4691: 4689: 4683: 4677: 4674: 4672: 4669: 4667: 4664: 4662: 4659: 4657: 4654: 4652: 4649: 4647: 4644: 4642: 4639: 4637: 4634: 4632: 4629: 4627: 4624: 4622: 4619: 4618: 4616: 4614: 4608: 4600: 4597: 4596: 4595: 4592: 4590: 4587: 4585: 4582: 4580: 4577: 4575: 4572: 4570: 4567: 4565: 4562: 4560: 4557: 4555: 4552: 4550: 4547: 4546: 4544: 4542: 4536: 4530: 4527: 4523: 4520: 4519: 4518: 4515: 4513: 4510: 4509: 4507: 4505: 4499: 4489: 4486: 4484: 4481: 4479: 4476: 4474: 4471: 4469: 4466: 4464: 4461: 4459: 4456: 4454: 4451: 4449: 4446: 4444: 4441: 4437: 4434: 4433: 4432: 4429: 4427: 4424: 4422: 4419: 4417: 4414: 4413: 4411: 4407: 4399: 4396: 4394: 4391: 4389: 4386: 4385: 4384: 4381: 4379: 4376: 4375: 4373: 4369: 4363: 4360: 4358: 4355: 4353: 4350: 4348: 4345: 4343: 4340: 4339: 4337: 4335: 4329: 4323: 4320: 4318: 4315: 4313: 4310: 4309: 4307: 4301: 4293: 4290: 4289: 4288: 4285: 4283: 4280: 4278: 4275: 4273: 4270: 4268: 4265: 4263: 4260: 4258: 4255: 4253: 4252:Capsulorhexis 4250: 4249: 4247: 4245: 4239: 4233: 4230: 4228: 4225: 4223: 4220: 4218: 4215: 4213: 4210: 4206: 4203: 4202: 4201: 4198: 4196: 4193: 4191: 4188: 4186: 4183: 4181: 4178: 4176: 4173: 4171: 4168: 4166: 4163: 4161: 4160:Corneal inlay 4158: 4156: 4153: 4151: 4148: 4146: 4145:Alpins method 4143: 4142: 4140: 4138: 4132: 4129: 4127: 4123: 4113: 4110: 4108: 4105: 4104: 4102: 4100: 4096: 4090: 4087: 4085: 4082: 4080: 4077: 4075: 4072: 4068: 4065: 4064: 4063: 4060: 4059: 4057: 4055: 4051: 4048: 4046: 4042: 4036: 4033: 4029: 4028:Oculoplastics 4026: 4025: 4024: 4021: 4019: 4016: 4015: 4012: 4008: 4004: 3996: 3991: 3989: 3984: 3982: 3977: 3976: 3973: 3967: 3963: 3960: 3957: 3953: 3950: 3949: 3945: 3936: 3932: 3927: 3922: 3918: 3914: 3910: 3906: 3902: 3895: 3892: 3887: 3883: 3879: 3875: 3871: 3867: 3860: 3858: 3854: 3838: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3818: 3814: 3807: 3800: 3797: 3781: 3777: 3770: 3764: 3761: 3745: 3741: 3734: 3728: 3725: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3698: 3695: 3679: 3675: 3668: 3662: 3659: 3646: 3642: 3638: 3631: 3628: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3601: 3598: 3583: 3579: 3572: 3571: 3567:Eydelman MB, 3563: 3561: 3557: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3530: 3527: 3514: 3510: 3506: 3500: 3498: 3494: 3481: 3477: 3473: 3466: 3463: 3450: 3446: 3442: 3436: 3433: 3428: 3424: 3420: 3416: 3412: 3408: 3401: 3398: 3393: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3377: 3373: 3372:Ophthalmology 3366: 3363: 3358: 3354: 3350: 3346: 3342: 3338: 3335:(3): 217–24. 3334: 3331:(in German). 3330: 3323: 3320: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3288: 3285: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3252: 3245: 3242: 3237: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3209: 3202: 3199: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3179:(5): 534–47. 3178: 3174: 3167: 3165: 3161: 3156: 3152: 3147: 3142: 3137: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3113: 3110: 3097: 3093: 3087: 3084: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3052: 3050: 3048: 3046: 3042: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3018:(2): 369–76. 3017: 3013: 3009: 3002: 3000: 2996: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2971: 2970:Ophthalmology 2964: 2961: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2934: 2931: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2898: 2895: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2881: 2875: 2872: 2867: 2863: 2858: 2853: 2848: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2824: 2821: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2794: 2792: 2790: 2788: 2784: 2771: 2767: 2761: 2759: 2755: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2727:(4): 265–72. 2726: 2722: 2715: 2712: 2707: 2703: 2696: 2693: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2653: 2650: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2609: 2606: 2601: 2597: 2592: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2560: 2557: 2544: 2540: 2539: 2534: 2528: 2526: 2522: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2490: 2487: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2461:Ophthalmology 2455: 2452: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2408: 2405: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2385:(7): 1371–8. 2384: 2380: 2379:Ophthalmology 2373: 2370: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2338:(7): 755–64. 2337: 2334:(in French). 2333: 2329: 2322: 2319: 2306: 2299: 2293: 2290: 2285: 2281: 2276: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2260:(7): 1015–8. 2259: 2255: 2251: 2244: 2242: 2240: 2238: 2234: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2206: 2203: 2190: 2186: 2184: 2178: 2172: 2170: 2166: 2153: 2149: 2147: 2141: 2135: 2132: 2122: 2116: 2113: 2103: 2097: 2095: 2093: 2089: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2057: 2054: 2041: 2037: 2031: 2028: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2003: 2002:Ophthalmology 1996: 1993: 1980: 1976: 1975:laserfest.org 1972: 1971:"James Wynne" 1966: 1963: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1936: 1933: 1928: 1924: 1919: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1895: 1892: 1876: 1869: 1866: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1839: 1836: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1808: 1805: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1765: 1762: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1734: 1731: 1715: 1708: 1702: 1699: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1658: 1655: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1627:(8): 1250–9. 1626: 1622: 1615: 1613: 1609: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1577: 1575: 1573: 1569: 1563: 1560: 1556: 1550: 1547: 1541: 1538: 1533: 1527: 1523: 1516: 1513: 1509: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1477: 1474: 1461: 1457: 1456:Tlcvision.com 1453: 1447: 1444: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1416: 1413: 1400: 1396: 1394: 1388: 1382: 1380: 1378: 1374: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1346:(4): 249–54. 1345: 1341: 1334: 1332: 1328: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1300: 1297: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1269: 1266: 1253: 1249: 1242: 1239: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1211:(4): 324–31. 1210: 1206: 1199: 1196: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1176:(6): 549–87. 1175: 1171: 1164: 1161: 1148: 1144: 1143: 1138: 1131: 1129: 1127: 1123: 1110: 1106: 1104: 1098: 1092: 1090: 1086: 1073: 1069: 1068: 1063: 1056: 1054: 1052: 1050: 1048: 1044: 1037: 1035: 1031: 1025: 1019: 1016: 1013: 1009: 1006: 1002: 998: 995: 992: 988: 985: 982: 978: 974: 973: 969: 967: 965: 960: 956: 945: 935: 929: 926:This section 924: 920: 915: 914: 908: 906: 902: 900: 896: 892: 891:retinal tears 888: 884: 876: 874: 865: 861: 858: 855: 852: 851: 847: 844: 842: 838: 825: 822: 819: 815: 812: 807: 804: 801: 798: 795: 792: 789: 786: 783: 780: 777: 773: 770: 766: 763: 760: 757: 754: 751: 747: 743: 739: 738: 734: 732: 730: 725: 719: 717: 715: 711: 707: 702: 700: 695: 693: 685: 680: 678: 676: 675:visual acuity 672: 664: 662: 658: 656: 651: 648: 640: 638: 634: 631: 623: 621: 619: 615: 608:Effectiveness 607: 605: 603: 594: 592: 590: 582: 578: 575: 571: 563: 561: 554: 553: 552: 550: 546: 545:excimer laser 543: 535: 533: 531: 523: 522: 521: 519: 514: 510: 506: 502: 494: 492: 490: 486: 482: 478: 474: 470: 469:microkeratome 457: 455: 449: 447: 444: 439: 435: 433: 429: 425: 419: 415: 413: 408: 406: 402: 397: 393: 384: 382: 375: 373: 371: 366: 364: 360: 356: 355:excimer laser 348: 346: 343: 339: 335: 331: 327: 323: 318: 314: 306: 301: 299: 296: 294: 290: 282: 280: 276: 274: 270: 266: 262: 258: 254: 250: 245: 243: 242:visual acuity 239: 238:excimer laser 235: 231: 230:microkeratome 227: 223: 219: 215: 211: 207: 203: 199: 195: 192: 188: 182: 155: 151: 141: 131: 127: 125: 121: 117: 113: 111: 107: 104: 101: 99: 95: 92: 88: 87:Ophthalmology 85: 83: 79: 75: 71: 70:excimer laser 65: 60: 55: 52: 48: 44: 37: 36:Richard Lásik 33: 19: 4443:Evisceration 4312:Ignipuncture 4199: 4112:Punctoplasty 4089:Tarsorrhaphy 3908: 3904: 3894: 3869: 3865: 3844:. Retrieved 3837:the original 3819:(1): 15–24. 3816: 3812: 3799: 3787:. Retrieved 3780:the original 3775: 3763: 3751:. Retrieved 3744:the original 3739: 3727: 3715:. Retrieved 3707:Bmctoday.net 3706: 3697: 3685:. Retrieved 3678:the original 3673: 3661: 3649:. Retrieved 3640: 3635:McKinney S. 3630: 3618:. Retrieved 3609: 3600: 3589:, retrieved 3582:the original 3569: 3549:14 September 3547:. Retrieved 3529: 3517:. Retrieved 3484:. Retrieved 3475: 3465: 3453:. Retrieved 3449:the original 3444: 3435: 3410: 3406: 3400: 3378:(2): 191–7. 3375: 3371: 3365: 3332: 3328: 3322: 3300:(1): 48–51. 3297: 3293: 3287: 3254: 3250: 3244: 3211: 3207: 3201: 3176: 3172: 3126: 3122: 3112: 3100:. Retrieved 3086: 3061: 3057: 3032:. Retrieved 3015: 3011: 2976:(5): 920–4. 2973: 2969: 2963: 2951:. Retrieved 2942: 2933: 2908: 2904: 2897: 2882: 2874: 2837: 2833: 2823: 2813:14 September 2811:. Retrieved 2774:. 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