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the bird. During the breeding season, the gulls also aggressively 'dive bomb' and attempt to strike with claws and wings (sometimes spraying faeces or vomit at the same time) at humans that they perceive to be a threat to their eggs and chicks—often innocent passers-by or residents of the buildings on which they have constructed their nests. Large amounts of gull excrement deposited on property and the noise from courting pairs and begging chicks in the summer is also considered to be a nuisance by humans living alongside the
European herring gull.
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898:. The European herring gull also has a yelping alarm call and a low, barking anxiety call. The most distinct and best known call produced by European herring gulls – which is shared with their American relative – is the raucous territorial 'long call', used to signal boundaries to other birds; it is performed by the gull initially with its head bowed, then raised as the call continues.
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868:. First-winter European herring gulls are much browner, but second- and third-winter birds can be confusing since soft part colours are variable and third-year herring gull often show a ring around the bill. Such birds are most easily distinguished by the larger size and larger bill of European herring gull.
1103:, seeds, grains, nuts, and fruit, is also taken to an extent. Captive European herring gulls typically show aversion to spoiled meat or heavily salted food, unless they are very hungry. The gulls may also rinse food items in water in an attempt to clean them or render them more palatable before swallowing.
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The survival rate for urban gulls is much higher than their counterparts in coastal areas, with an annual adult mortality rate less than 5%. Also, each
European herring gull pair commonly rears three chicks per year. This, when combined with their long-lived nature, has resulted in a massive increase
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Juveniles use their beaks to peck at the red spot on the beaks of adults to indicate hunger. Parents then typically disgorge food for their offspring. The young birds are able to fly 35–40 days after hatching and fledge at five or six weeks of age. Chicks are generally fed by their parents until they
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comprised a greater portion of these gulls' stomach contents than fish, although fish is the principal element of regurgitations for nestlings. European herring gulls can frequently be seen to drop shelled prey from a height to break the shell. In addition, the
European herring gull has been observed
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are similarly ineffective. Although they are intimidated by birds of prey, European herring gulls, in addition to being social birds with strength in numbers, are large, powerful, and aggressive as individuals and are more than capable of fighting back against the potential predator, particularly if
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The opportunistic diet of the herring gull has consequences for egg traits. A study found that larger eggs were laid in colonies where females consumed either a higher proportion of marine resources or terrestrial resources; smaller eggs were laid in colonies where females had an intermediate diet.
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is 5.3 to 7.5 cm (2.1 to 3.0 in). Adults in breeding plumage have a light grey back and upper wings and white head and underparts. The wingtips are black with white spots known as "mirrors". The bill is yellow with a red spot and a ring of bare yellow skin is seen around the pale eye. The
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Once familiar with humans, urban
European herring gulls show little hesitation in swooping down to steal food from the hands of humans, although a study conducted in 2019 demonstrated that some gulls are more averse to snatching food in proximity to humans if the experimenter made eye contact with
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in 2009 placing the species on its 'Red List' of threatened bird species, affording it the highest possible conservation status. (Previously, killing the species was allowed under a general licence obtainable by authorised persons (e.g. landowners or occupiers) under certain circumstances (e.g. to
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and first-winter birds are mainly brown with darker streaks and have a dark bill and eyes. Second-winter birds have a whiter head and underparts with less streaking and the back is grey. Third-winter individuals are similar to adults, but retain some of the features of immature birds such as brown
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for other birds (or the gulls themselves), the relative lack of predators, and readily available, convenient, warm and undisturbed rooftop nesting space in towns and cities. Particularly large urban gull colonies (composed primarily of
European herring gulls and lesser black-backed gulls) are now
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When forming a pair bond, the hen approaches the cock on his territory with a hunched, submissive posture, while making begging calls (similar to those emitted by young gulls). If the cock chooses not to attack her and drive her away, he responds by assuming an upright posture and making a mewing
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technology after determining that it poses no threat. Rooftop spikes, tensioned wires, netting, and similar are also generally ineffective against this species, as it has large, wide feet with thick, leathery skin, which affords the seagull excellent weight distribution and protection from sharp
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The male
European herring gull is 60–67 cm (24–26 in) long and weighs 1,050–1,525 g (2.315–3.362 lb), while the female is 55–62 cm (22–24 in) and weighs 710–1,100 g (1.57–2.43 lb). The wingspan can range from 125 to 155 cm (49 to 61 in). Among
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832:) actually can be seen with yellow legs. They are not considered as a subspecies, since they regularly breed with grey/flesh-coloured legged herring gulls. The offspring may get yellow or normal-coloured legs. They must not be confused with the in general yellow-legged gull (
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objects (the bird may simply balance itself on top of these obstacles with little apparent concern). If nests are removed and eggs are taken, broken, or oiled, the gulls simply rebuild and/or relay, or choose another nest site in the same area and start again.
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In the UK, the species, when taken as a whole, is declining significantly across the country, despite an increase in urban areas. The UK European herring gull population has decreased by 50% in 25 years and it is protected by law: since
January 2010,
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are 11–12 weeks old, but the feeding may continue for more than six months of age if the young gulls continue to beg. The male feeds the chick more often than the female before fledging, with the female more often feeding after fledging.
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917:, based on size, aggressiveness, and physical strength. Adult males are usually dominant over females and juveniles in feeding and boundary disputes, while adult females are typically dominant when selecting their nesting sites.
76:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge.
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comprising up to half of the bird's diet. It also steals the eggs and young of other birds (including those of other gulls), as well as seeking suitable small prey in fields, on the coast or in urban areas, or robbing
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Two to four eggs, usually three, are laid on the ground or cliff ledges in colonies, and are defended vigorously by this large gull. The eggs are usually olive-brown in colour with dark speckles or blotches. They are
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in the pursuit of aquatic prey, though they are typically unable to reach depths greater than 1–2 m (3.3–6.6 ft) due to their natural buoyancy. Despite their name, they have no special preference for
1118:, eliciting a surface-escape behaviour from the earthworm, beneficial in encounters with this particular predator, which the European herring gull then exploits to its own benefit in a similar manner to human
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breeds in
Western Europe in Iceland, the Faroes, Britain, Ireland, France, Belgium, the Netherlands and Germany. Many birds are resident while others make short-distance migratory journeys. It is smaller than
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Where not persecuted, herring gulls can become tame in the presence of humans, and may live in proximity to certain humans they learn to trust, and may occasionally enter buildings to receive or steal food.
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623:. Many birds migrate southwards in winter, reaching as far as Central America and the West Indies. Immature birds tend to be darker and more uniformly brown than European herring gulls and have a dark tail.
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located above the eyes to remove excess salt from the body (which is then excreted in solution through the nostrils and drips from the end of the bill), it drinks fresh water in preference, if available.
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they consider their chicks to be at risk; in fact, the gulls may actually pose a greater threat to a raptor than vice versa. European herring gulls are also naturally accustomed to predators (such as
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has allowed lethal control only with a specific individual licence that is available only in limited circumstances. Natural
England made the change following a public consultation in response to the
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In colonies where females consumed more marine items, they also laid eggs with higher maculation (intensity and size of spots) compared with colonies where females mainly consumed terrestrial food.
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The
European herring gull has long been believed to have extremely keen vision in daylight and night vision equal or superior to that of humans; however, this species is also capable of seeing
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by both parents for 28–30 days. The chicks hatch with their eyes open, covered with fluffy down, and they are able to walk around within hours. Breeding colonies are preyed upon by
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Man-made models of birds of prey placed on top of buildings are generally ignored by the gulls once they realise they are not real, and attempts to scare the gulls away using
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prevent serious damage to crops or livestock, to prevent disease, or to preserve public health or safety) without requiring additional permission beyond the general licence.)
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380:, up to 66 cm (26 in) long. It breeds throughout the northern and western coasts of Europe. Some European herring gulls, especially those resident in colder areas,
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Nonlethal attempts to deter the gulls from nesting in urban areas have been largely unsuccessful. The European herring gull is intelligent and will completely ignore most
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706:". Non-breeding adults have brown streaks on their heads and necks. Male and female plumage are identical at all stages of development, but adult males are often larger.
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Herring gulls are noisy, gregarious birds with distinctive vocalisations. Their loud, laughing call is particularly well known, and is often seen as a symbol of the
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European herring gulls may be observed rhythmically drumming their feet upon the ground for prolonged periods of time in a behaviour that superficially resembles
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and great black-backed gulls) living in the vicinity of their nest sites in the wild and are not particularly discouraged from breeding by their presence.
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legs are normally pink at all ages, but can be yellowish, particularly in the Baltic population, which was formerly regarded as a separate subspecies "
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follows. A nesting site is then chosen by both birds which is returned to in successive years. European herring gulls are almost exclusively sexually
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Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
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European herring gull chicks and fledglings emit a distinctive, repetitive, high-pitched 'peep', accompanied by a head-flicking gesture when
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They have been recorded from all the coasts of Europe including the Mediterranean and occasionally inland. Vagrants have been recorded in
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in numbers over a relatively short period of time and has brought urban-dwelling members of the species into conflict with humans.
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Birds in France are mainly resident, but northern populations migrate in winter, generally to the coasts of north-western Europe.
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light. This gull also appears to have excellent hearing and a sense of taste that is particularly responsive to salt and acidity.
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Weseloh, D. V.; Hebert, Craig E.; Mallory, Mark L.; Poole, Alan F.; Ellis, Julie C.; Pyle, Peter; Patten, Michael A. (2020).
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with more black and less white in the wingtips (p10 mirror is distinct from the white wingtip spot) and paler upper parts.
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shores. They have a varied diet, including fish, crustaceans, as well as some plants, and are also scavengers, consuming
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Henry, Pierre-Yves; Aznar, Jean-Christophe (June 2006). "Tool-use in Charadrii: Active Bait-Fishing by a Herring Gull".
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Several other gulls have been included in this species in the past, but are now normally considered separate, e.g. the
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1942:. National Photographic Index of Australian Wildlife (Project). North Ryde, N.S.W., Australia: Angus & Robertson.
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Like most gulls, European herring gulls are long-lived, with a maximum age of 49 years recorded. Raptors (especially
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around the Northern Hemisphere. Most adjacent populations interbreed; however, adjacent terminal populations do not.
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Content in this edit is translated from the existing French Knowledge article at ]; see its history for attribution.
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feathers in the wings and dark markings on the bill. The European herring gull attains adult plumage and reaches
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963:. Since 2009, herring gulls in the United Kingdom have been on the red list of birds of conservation concern.
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from or calling to their parents. Adult gulls in urban areas also exhibit this behaviour when fed by humans.
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to the surface, which are then consumed by the gull. These vibrations are thought to mimic those of digging
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by the latter's dark grey (not actually black) back and upper wing plumage and its yellow legs and feet.
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call. This is followed by a period of synchronised head-tossing movements, after which the cock then
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O'Hanlon, Nina J.; Alonso, Sarah; Miller, Julie A. O.; McGill, Rona A. R.; Nager, Ruedi G. (2020).
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of their catches. European herring gulls may also dive from the surface of the water or engage in
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The gulls are found all year round in the streets and gardens of Britain, due to the presence of
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Sangster, George J.; Collinson, Martin; Knox, Alan G.; Parkin, David T.; Svensson, Lars (2007).
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2319:"Worm Grunting, Fiddling, and Charming—Humans Unknowingly Mimic a Predator to Harvest Bait"
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The European herring gull can be differentiated from the closely related, slightly smaller
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with yellow legs to the right, its offspring has the normal pink colour. This bird is
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is contentious, with different authorities recognising between two and eight species.
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and may pair up for life, provided the couple is successful in hatching their eggs.
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1999:"On the Habits and Behavior of the Herring Gull, Larus Argentatus Pont (Concluded)"
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Goumas, Madeleine; Burns, Isabella; Kelley, Laura A.; Boogert, Neeltje J. (2019).
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gulls, and scavenge from garbage dumps, landfill sites, and sewage outflows, with
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1703:"Distinguishing Characteristics — Herring Gull — Birds of North America Online"
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1427:(which allows the gulls to forage at night), discarded food in streets,
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How Nature Works: Gull Territoriality – from Cornell Lab of Ornithology
2485:. Natural England - Wildlife Management & Licensing. Archived from
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to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is
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further south in winter, but many are permanent residents, such as in
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Whilst the European herring gull is fully capable (unlike humans) of
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McCarthy, Helen O.; Fitzpatrick, Susan; Irwin, S.W.B. (2000–2006).
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2764:. Vol. 1 (Concise ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
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Map of Herring Gull distribution in summer and winter in Europe
2563:. The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds. Archived from
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Catania, Kenneth C.; Brosnan, Sarah Frances (22 October 2008).
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Herring gulls breed in much of north-western Europe, including
2480:"Guidance Note on applications for a licence to control gulls"
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1110:, for the purpose of creating vibrations in the soil, driving
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appears to have referred to a gull or other large seabird and
29:
2235:"Food Habits — Herring Gull — Birds of North America Online"
1668:"Taxonomic recommendations for British birds: Fourth report"
2620:"Seagull basically forces family to accept it as their pet"
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Sound recordings of European herring gulls at BioAcoustica
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10.1675/1524-4695(2006)29[233:TICABB]2.0.CO;2
2198:"Behavior — Herring Gull — Birds of North America Online"
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some food for his prospective mate. If this is accepted,
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Perching on spikes designed to discourage perching birds
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Vega gull (or East Siberian gull / Mongolian gull)
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Harris, Alan; Tucker, Laurel; Vinicombe, Keith (1994).
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A juvenile herring gull calling for one or both parents
2426:"National Audubon Society – Waterbirds – Herring Gull"
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Pierotti, R.J.; Good, T.P. (1994). Poole, A. (ed.).
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Pierotti, R.J.; Good, T.P. (1994). Poole, A. (ed.).
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Peterson, R.; Mountfort, G.; Hollom, P.A.D. (1967).
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Pierotti, R.J.; Good, T.P. (1994). Poole, A. (ed.).
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1024:European herring gulls foraging in a pile of burnt
697:is 4.4 to 6.5 cm (1.7 to 2.6 in) and the
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1533:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T62030608A132672776.en
1052:Adult in winter plumage with begging 1cy juvenile.
828:and surrounding areas, the European herring gull (
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840:, but single birds may reach more northern seas.
2753:The Macmillan Field Guide to Bird Identification
2178:A Field Guide to the Birds of Britain and Europe
1961:
1959:
1000:Feeding behaviours of the European herring gull.
608:now regard them as one or two separate species.
2966:(†indicates a species confirmed to be extinct)
2645:"Herring gulls respond to human gaze direction"
2561:"Red alert for one fifth of UK's bird species!"
1221:) occasionally prey on the non-nesting adults.
1056:These are omnivores and opportunists like most
2865:– USGS Patuxent Bird Identification InfoCenter
2117:"Herring Gull (Larus argentatus), version 1.0"
1082: — in fact, examinations have shown that
94:accompanying your translation by providing an
60:Click for important translation instructions.
47:expand this article with text translated from
2925:
2512:"Advice on how to deal with problem seagulls"
1562:. New York: Doubleday & Company. p.
802:to be confused with the always yellow-legged
780:Almost-adult (non-breeding plumage), Portugal
8:
2180:(11th impression ed.). London: Collins.
2040:. Birder's World. p. 52. Archived from
1738:Olsen, Klaus Malling; Larsson, Hans (2004).
1580:The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names
860:Adult European herring gulls are similar to
693:is 38 to 48 cm (15 to 19 in), the
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598:Association of European Rarities Committees
443:Association of European Rarities Committees
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3144:Great black-headed gull (or Pallas's gull)
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2306:. New York: Basic Books, Inc. p. 297.
913:European herring gull flocks have a loose
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1910:"Lesser Black-backed Gull Identification"
1742:Gulls: of North America, Europe, and Asia
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1417:Royal Society for the Protection of Birds
1356:Learn how and when to remove this message
2869:Audio recordings of Europeanherring gull
2538:"General licence consultation follow up"
2456:The Animal Ageing and Longevity Database
404:and food left by or stolen from humans.
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824:At least in the south-west part of the
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3245:Grey-headed gull (or grey-hooded gull)
2140:. British Trust for Ornithology. 2009.
1638:"AERC TAC's Taxonomic Recommendations"
930:of European herring gulls include the
2110:
2108:
2106:
1616:. New York: Dover Publications, Inc.
1612:Systematics and the Origin of Species
1583:. London: Christopher Helm. pp.
7:
3633:35325558-4fd1-43e5-aa6f-89e14311c5aa
1338:adding citations to reliable sources
808:. Photo from WarnemĂĽnde (harbour of
619:, breeds in Alaska, Canada, and the
3900:IUCN Red List least concern species
2597:"Birds of a feather flock together"
1519:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1099:. Vegetable matter, such as roots,
2760:Snow, D.W.; Perrins, C.M. (1998).
2452:"AnAge entry for Larus argentatus"
1792:Dunning, John B. Jr., ed. (1992).
1431:contained in easy-to-tear plastic
882:is largely confined to Australia.
606:International Ornithological Union
593:Handbook of the Birds of the World
25:
2724:The Illustrated Origin of Species
2695:. Pigeon Control Advisory Service
2239:The Birds of North America Online
2202:The Birds of North America Online
1884:"Ring-billed Gull Identification"
1794:CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses
1769:Seabirds: An Identification Guide
1707:The Birds of North America Online
717:at an average age of four years.
427:The taxonomy of the herring gull/
106:{{Translated|fr|Goéland argenté}}
2038:"Feather Colors: What Birds See"
1857:Spencer, S.; Omland, K. (2008).
1687:10.1111/j.1474-919X.2007.00758.x
1314:
1286:
1274:
1262:
1250:
1238:
1226:
836:), which are more common in the
773:
761:
749:
744:Juvenile in first winter plumage
737:
722:
586:by some authorities such as the
209:
34:
2886:Field Guide: Birds of the World
2803:BirdLife species factsheet for
2762:Birds of the Western Palearctic
2693:"Lethal Bird Control (Culling)"
2618:Gallucci, Nicole (2016-05-06).
2151:Bowey, K.; Newsome, M. (2012).
2135:"Birds of Conservation Concern"
1508:BirdLife International (2018).
1383:Stealing food from a man's hand
1325:needs additional citations for
1281:Adult feeding one of its chicks
3930:Taxa named by Erik Pontoppidan
2599:. Environmental Health Journal
1746:. Princeton University Press.
588:American Ornithologists' Union
412:Their scientific name is from
104:You may also add the template
1:
3669:herring-gull-larus-argentatus
2728:. Abridged and Introduced by
2428:. audubon.org. Archived from
1771:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
602:British Ornithologists' Union
563:Western European herring gull
540:form, sometimes known as the
424:means decorated with silver.
2844:at VIREO (Drexel University)
2559:Fitch, Davey (28 May 2009).
2344:10.1371/journal.pone.0003472
1997:Strong, R. M. (April 1914).
1936:Pringle, John Martin Douglas
1859:"Larus argentatus (On-line)"
1554:Gilliard, E. Thomas (1958).
1129:without becoming ill, using
514:individuals on the shore of
2732:. Faber and Faber. p.
1940:The shorebirds of Australia
1647:. AERC TAC. 1 December 2003
689:standard measurements, the
3946:
2842:Herring gull photo gallery
1826:Cornell Lab of Ornithology
1142:Courtship and reproduction
756:Adolescent (second winter)
68:Machine translation, like
3403:
2848:Interactive range map of
1577:Jobling, James A (2010).
1558:Living Birds of the World
1526:: e.T62030608A132672776.
1300:Chicks in the Netherlands
1257:Chick with an egg in nest
1091:using pieces of bread as
894:in countries such as the
561:, sometimes known as the
542:Scandinavian herring gull
338:
329:
311:
304:
206:Scientific classification
204:
182:
173:
161:
148:
139:
134:
49:the corresponding article
3107:Lesser black-backed gull
3035:Kelp gull (or Cape gull)
2834:Internet Bird Collection
2595:Rock, Peter (May 2003).
2304:The Herring Gull's World
1767:Harrison, Peter (1991).
1306:Interactions with humans
1217:) and seals (especially
1184:great black-backed gulls
873:lesser black-backed gull
847:Adult with yellow legs.
768:Sub-adult (third winter)
445:recognises six species:
429:lesser black-backed gull
3925:Birds described in 1763
3030:Great black-backed gull
1013:Stealing an egg from a
936:Microphallus piriformes
621:Northeast United States
449:European herring gull,
149:Winter-plumaged adult,
115:For more guidance, see
3413:Hybridisation in gulls
3336:Black-legged kittiwake
2661:10.1098/rsbl.2019.0405
2544:. 2010. Archived from
2302:Tinbergen, N. (1960).
2081:10.1006/anbe.2000.1414
1437:intentionally left out
1407:
1392:
1384:
1376:
1158:
1053:
1045:
1037:
1017:
1001:
852:
821:
814:Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
685:
522:
353: Year-round range
135:European herring gull
3820:Paleobiology Database
3077:American herring gull
3072:European herring gull
2896:European herring gull
2036:Marcus, Adam (2006).
1967:"Herring Gull Sounds"
1398:
1390:
1382:
1371:
1149:
1051:
1043:
1023:
1012:
999:
846:
793:
786:Yellow-legged variety
683:
617:American herring gull
613:L. (a.) smithsonianus
596:. Others such as the
559:& Schilling, 1822
509:
456:American herring gull
368:European herring gull
359: Wintering range
117:Knowledge:Translation
88:copyright attribution
3915:Birds of Scandinavia
3628:Fauna Europaea (new)
3341:Red-legged kittiwake
3040:Glaucous-winged gull
2829:"Herring gull media"
2755:. London: Macmillan.
2155:. Durham Bird Club.
1863:Animal Diversity Web
1608:Mayr, Ernst (1964).
1334:improve this article
1095:with which to catch
1044:Fighting for a fish.
347: Breeding range
3395:Swallow-tailed gull
3270:Slender-billed gull
2776:Herring Gull videos
2335:2008PLoSO...3.3472C
2153:The Birds of Durham
1402:designed to resist
176:Conservation status
3154:Mediterranean gull
3082:Yellow-legged gull
3050:Yellow-footed gull
2855:IUCN Red List maps
2812:"Larus argentatus"
2567:on 18 October 2012
2432:on 16 January 2009
2121:Birds of the World
2044:on 23 January 2023
1408:
1393:
1385:
1377:
1159:
1131:specialized glands
1127:consuming seawater
1054:
1046:
1038:
1018:
1002:
853:
838:Mediterranean area
822:
686:
639:yellow-legged gull
578:are classified as
523:
474:Yellow-legged gull
297:L. argentatus
96:interlanguage link
3887:
3886:
3807:Open Tree of Life
3430:Taxon identifiers
3421:
3420:
3408:Gull eggs as food
3265:Black-headed gull
3260:Brown-headed gull
3255:Black-billed gull
3240:Brown-hooded gull
3102:Slaty-backed gull
3015:Short-billed gull
3000:Black-tailed gull
2743:978-0-571-11477-1
2395:10.1111/ibi.12739
2162:978-1-874701-03-3
1949:978-0-207-15348-8
1803:978-0-8493-4258-5
1778:978-0-395-60291-1
1623:978-0-486-21212-8
1594:978-1-4081-2501-4
1366:
1365:
1358:
1295:
1211:peregrine falcons
1150:Eggs, Collection
1108:Irish stepdancing
1010:
997:
862:ring-billed gulls
805:Larus michahellis
681:
560:
535:
436:ring distribution
434:This group has a
364:
363:
199:
167:
128:
127:
61:
57:
16:(Redirected from
3937:
3880:
3879:
3877:Larus-argentatus
3867:
3866:
3854:
3853:
3841:
3840:
3828:
3827:
3815:
3814:
3802:
3801:
3789:
3788:
3776:
3775:
3763:
3762:
3750:
3749:
3747:NBNSYS0000000038
3737:
3736:
3724:
3723:
3711:
3710:
3698:
3697:
3685:
3684:
3672:
3671:
3659:
3658:
3649:
3648:
3636:
3635:
3623:
3622:
3610:
3609:
3597:
3596:
3584:
3583:
3571:
3570:
3558:
3557:
3545:
3544:
3532:
3531:
3519:
3518:
3509:
3508:
3506:F002188E226DF09C
3496:
3495:
3493:Larus_argentatus
3483:
3482:
3472:
3471:
3470:
3468:Larus argentatus
3457:
3456:
3455:
3438:Larus argentatus
3425:
3275:Bonaparte's gull
3020:Ring-billed gull
2934:
2927:
2920:
2911:
2906:
2880:Larus argentatus
2862:Larus argentatus
2850:Larus argentatus
2838:
2824:
2819:
2805:Larus argentatus
2789:
2765:
2756:
2747:
2727:
2705:
2704:
2702:
2700:
2689:
2683:
2682:
2672:
2640:
2634:
2633:
2631:
2630:
2615:
2609:
2608:
2606:
2604:
2592:
2577:
2576:
2574:
2572:
2556:
2550:
2549:
2534:
2528:
2527:
2525:
2523:
2508:
2502:
2501:
2499:
2497:
2491:
2484:
2476:
2467:
2466:
2464:
2462:
2448:
2442:
2441:
2439:
2437:
2422:
2416:
2415:
2397:
2373:
2367:
2366:
2356:
2346:
2314:
2308:
2307:
2299:
2293:
2292:
2264:
2258:
2257:
2255:
2253:
2230:
2221:
2220:
2218:
2216:
2193:
2182:
2181:
2173:
2167:
2166:
2148:
2142:
2141:
2139:
2131:
2125:
2124:
2112:
2101:
2100:
2075:(6): 1161–1166.
2069:Animal Behaviour
2060:
2054:
2053:
2051:
2049:
2033:
2027:
2026:
1994:
1983:
1982:
1980:
1979:
1963:
1954:
1953:
1932:
1926:
1925:
1923:
1922:
1906:
1900:
1899:
1897:
1896:
1880:
1874:
1873:
1871:
1869:
1854:
1837:
1836:
1834:
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1814:
1808:
1807:
1789:
1783:
1782:
1764:
1758:
1757:
1745:
1735:
1726:
1725:
1723:
1721:
1698:
1692:
1691:
1689:
1663:
1657:
1656:
1654:
1652:
1642:
1634:
1628:
1627:
1615:
1605:
1599:
1598:
1574:
1568:
1567:
1561:
1551:
1545:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1535:
1512:Larus argentatus
1505:
1361:
1354:
1350:
1347:
1341:
1318:
1310:
1297:
1296:
1278:
1266:
1254:
1242:
1230:
1152:Museum Wiesbaden
1011:
998:
903:begging for food
777:
765:
753:
741:
726:
682:
584:Larus argentatus
568:L. a. argentatus
555:
530:
527:L. a. argentatus
460:L. smithsonianus
373:Larus argentatus
358:
352:
346:
334:
317:
315:Larus argentatus
214:
213:
193:
188:
187:
169:
168:
144:
132:
107:
101:
74:Google Translate
59:
55:
38:
37:
30:
21:
18:Larus argentatus
3945:
3944:
3940:
3939:
3938:
3936:
3935:
3934:
3910:Birds of Europe
3890:
3889:
3888:
3883:
3875:
3870:
3862:
3857:
3849:
3844:
3836:
3831:
3823:
3818:
3810:
3805:
3797:
3792:
3784:
3781:Observation.org
3779:
3771:
3766:
3758:
3753:
3745:
3740:
3732:
3727:
3719:
3714:
3706:
3701:
3693:
3688:
3680:
3675:
3667:
3662:
3654:
3652:
3644:
3639:
3631:
3626:
3618:
3613:
3605:
3600:
3592:
3587:
3579:
3574:
3566:
3561:
3553:
3548:
3540:
3535:
3527:
3522:
3514:
3512:
3504:
3499:
3491:
3486:
3480:
3475:
3466:
3465:
3460:
3451:
3450:
3445:
3432:
3422:
3417:
3399:
3381:
3363:
3345:
3320:
3302:
3284:
3280:Saunders's gull
3235:Hartlaub's gull
3224:Red-billed gull
3210:Chroicocephalus
3203:
3189:Franklin's gull
3163:
3134:White-eyed gull
3118:
3025:California gull
3005:Heermann's gull
2969:
2948:
2938:
2860:Herring gull –
2827:
2810:
2787:
2772:
2759:
2750:
2744:
2718:Darwin, Charles
2716:
2713:
2711:Further reading
2708:
2698:
2696:
2691:
2690:
2686:
2649:Biology Letters
2642:
2641:
2637:
2628:
2626:
2617:
2616:
2612:
2602:
2600:
2594:
2593:
2580:
2570:
2568:
2558:
2557:
2553:
2542:Natural England
2536:
2535:
2531:
2521:
2519:
2516:Natural England
2510:
2509:
2505:
2495:
2493:
2489:
2482:
2478:
2477:
2470:
2460:
2458:
2450:
2449:
2445:
2435:
2433:
2424:
2423:
2419:
2375:
2374:
2370:
2316:
2315:
2311:
2301:
2300:
2296:
2266:
2265:
2261:
2251:
2249:
2247:10.2173/bna.124
2232:
2231:
2224:
2214:
2212:
2210:10.2173/bna.124
2195:
2194:
2185:
2175:
2174:
2170:
2163:
2150:
2149:
2145:
2137:
2133:
2132:
2128:
2114:
2113:
2104:
2062:
2061:
2057:
2047:
2045:
2035:
2034:
2030:
2015:10.2307/4071717
1996:
1995:
1986:
1977:
1975:
1972:All About Birds
1965:
1964:
1957:
1950:
1934:
1933:
1929:
1920:
1918:
1915:All About Birds
1908:
1907:
1903:
1894:
1892:
1889:All About Birds
1882:
1881:
1877:
1867:
1865:
1856:
1855:
1840:
1830:
1828:
1822:All About Birds
1816:
1815:
1811:
1804:
1791:
1790:
1786:
1779:
1766:
1765:
1761:
1754:
1737:
1736:
1729:
1719:
1717:
1715:10.2173/bna.124
1700:
1699:
1695:
1665:
1664:
1660:
1650:
1648:
1640:
1636:
1635:
1631:
1624:
1607:
1606:
1602:
1595:
1576:
1575:
1571:
1553:
1552:
1548:
1538:
1536:
1507:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1425:street lighting
1413:Natural England
1372:Tearing open a
1362:
1351:
1345:
1342:
1331:
1319:
1308:
1301:
1298:
1287:
1282:
1279:
1270:
1267:
1258:
1255:
1246:
1243:
1234:
1231:
1144:
1004:
989:
987:
945:
911:
888:
858:
856:Similar species
788:
781:
778:
769:
766:
757:
754:
745:
742:
733:
727:
715:sexual maturity
677:
675:
552:L. a. argenteus
516:Coumeenoole Bay
512:L. a. argenteus
504:
410:
360:
356:
354:
350:
348:
344:
325:
319:
313:
300:
263:Charadriiformes
208:
200:
189:
185:
178:
163:
124:
123:
122:
105:
99:
62:
56:(November 2021)
39:
35:
28:
27:Species of bird
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3943:
3941:
3933:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3892:
3891:
3885:
3884:
3882:
3881:
3868:
3855:
3842:
3829:
3816:
3803:
3790:
3777:
3764:
3751:
3738:
3725:
3712:
3699:
3686:
3673:
3660:
3650:
3637:
3624:
3615:Fauna Europaea
3611:
3598:
3585:
3572:
3559:
3546:
3533:
3520:
3510:
3497:
3484:
3473:
3458:
3442:
3440:
3434:
3433:
3428:
3419:
3418:
3416:
3415:
3410:
3404:
3401:
3400:
3398:
3397:
3391:
3389:
3383:
3382:
3380:
3379:
3373:
3371:
3365:
3364:
3362:
3361:
3355:
3353:
3347:
3346:
3344:
3343:
3338:
3332:
3330:
3322:
3321:
3319:
3318:
3312:
3310:
3304:
3303:
3301:
3300:
3294:
3292:
3286:
3285:
3283:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3226:
3221:
3215:
3213:
3205:
3204:
3202:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3175:
3173:
3165:
3164:
3162:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3149:Audouin's gull
3146:
3141:
3136:
3130:
3128:
3120:
3119:
3117:
3116:
3115:
3114:
3112:Heuglin's gull
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3068:
3067:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2990:Belcher's gull
2987:
2981:
2979:
2971:
2970:
2968:
2967:
2958:
2956:
2950:
2949:
2939:
2937:
2936:
2929:
2922:
2914:
2908:
2907:
2893:
2876:
2866:
2857:
2845:
2839:
2825:
2808:
2800:
2795:
2784:
2779:
2771:
2770:External links
2768:
2767:
2766:
2757:
2748:
2742:
2730:Richard Leakey
2712:
2709:
2707:
2706:
2684:
2635:
2610:
2578:
2551:
2548:on 2010-05-18.
2529:
2503:
2468:
2443:
2417:
2388:(3): 687–700.
2368:
2309:
2294:
2275:(2): 233–234.
2259:
2222:
2183:
2168:
2161:
2143:
2126:
2102:
2055:
2028:
2009:(2): 178–199.
1984:
1955:
1948:
1927:
1901:
1875:
1838:
1818:"Herring gull"
1809:
1802:
1784:
1777:
1759:
1753:978-0691119977
1752:
1727:
1693:
1680:(4): 853–857.
1658:
1629:
1622:
1600:
1593:
1569:
1546:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1364:
1363:
1346:September 2014
1322:
1320:
1313:
1307:
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1303:
1302:
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1283:
1280:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1225:
1143:
1140:
986:
983:
953:United Kingdom
944:
941:
910:
907:
896:United Kingdom
887:
884:
857:
854:
834:L. michahellis
787:
784:
783:
782:
779:
772:
770:
767:
760:
758:
755:
748:
746:
743:
736:
734:
728:
721:
674:
671:
663:Heuglin's gull
643:L. michahellis
635:
634:
624:
572:
571:
549:
503:
500:
499:
498:
489:
480:
478:L. michahellis
471:
462:
453:
409:
406:
362:
361:
355:
349:
343:
336:
335:
327:
326:
320:
309:
308:
302:
301:
294:
292:
288:
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280:
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230:
226:
225:
220:
216:
215:
202:
201:
183:
180:
179:
174:
171:
170:
159:
158:
146:
145:
137:
136:
126:
125:
121:
120:
113:
102:
80:
77:
66:
63:
44:
43:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3942:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3897:
3895:
3878:
3873:
3869:
3865:
3860:
3856:
3852:
3847:
3843:
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3808:
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3782:
3778:
3774:
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3709:
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3696:
3691:
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3678:
3674:
3670:
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3647:
3642:
3638:
3634:
3629:
3625:
3621:
3616:
3612:
3608:
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3590:
3586:
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3573:
3569:
3564:
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3498:
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3489:
3485:
3478:
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3469:
3463:
3459:
3454:
3448:
3444:
3443:
3441:
3439:
3435:
3431:
3426:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3405:
3402:
3396:
3393:
3392:
3390:
3388:
3384:
3378:
3377:Sabine's gull
3375:
3374:
3372:
3370:
3366:
3360:
3357:
3356:
3354:
3352:
3348:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3333:
3331:
3329:
3328:
3323:
3317:
3314:
3313:
3311:
3309:
3305:
3299:
3296:
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3291:
3287:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
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3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
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3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3216:
3214:
3212:
3211:
3206:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3184:Laughing gull
3182:
3180:
3177:
3176:
3174:
3172:
3171:
3166:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3131:
3129:
3127:
3126:
3121:
3113:
3110:
3109:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3097:Armenian gull
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3066:
3065:Thayer's gull
3063:
3062:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3055:Glaucous gull
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2982:
2980:
2978:
2977:
2972:
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2959:
2957:
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2935:
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2928:
2923:
2921:
2916:
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2905:
2901:
2897:
2894:
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2874:
2870:
2867:
2864:
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2856:
2852:
2851:
2846:
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2840:
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2826:
2823:
2817:
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2809:
2807:
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2719:
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2662:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2639:
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2625:
2621:
2614:
2611:
2598:
2591:
2589:
2587:
2585:
2583:
2579:
2566:
2562:
2555:
2552:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2533:
2530:
2517:
2513:
2507:
2504:
2492:on 2010-10-08
2488:
2481:
2475:
2473:
2469:
2457:
2453:
2447:
2444:
2431:
2427:
2421:
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2345:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2329:(10): e3472.
2328:
2324:
2320:
2313:
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2298:
2295:
2290:
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2278:
2274:
2270:
2263:
2260:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2229:
2227:
2223:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2192:
2190:
2188:
2184:
2179:
2172:
2169:
2164:
2158:
2154:
2147:
2144:
2136:
2130:
2127:
2122:
2118:
2111:
2109:
2107:
2103:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2059:
2056:
2043:
2039:
2032:
2029:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1985:
1974:
1973:
1968:
1962:
1960:
1956:
1951:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1931:
1928:
1917:
1916:
1911:
1905:
1902:
1891:
1890:
1885:
1879:
1876:
1864:
1860:
1853:
1851:
1849:
1847:
1845:
1843:
1839:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1813:
1810:
1805:
1799:
1796:. CRC Press.
1795:
1788:
1785:
1780:
1774:
1770:
1763:
1760:
1755:
1749:
1744:
1743:
1734:
1732:
1728:
1716:
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1708:
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1633:
1630:
1625:
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1614:
1613:
1604:
1601:
1596:
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1586:
1582:
1581:
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1565:
1560:
1559:
1550:
1547:
1534:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1520:
1515:
1513:
1504:
1501:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1478:
1473:
1469:
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1461:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1421:
1418:
1414:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1389:
1381:
1375:
1370:
1360:
1357:
1349:
1339:
1335:
1329:
1328:
1323:This section
1321:
1317:
1312:
1311:
1305:
1284:
1277:
1272:
1265:
1260:
1253:
1248:
1241:
1236:
1229:
1224:
1222:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1203:
1199:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1175:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1157:
1153:
1148:
1141:
1139:
1135:
1132:
1128:
1123:
1121:
1120:worm charmers
1117:
1113:
1109:
1104:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1076:
1075:plunge diving
1072:
1068:
1063:
1059:
1050:
1042:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1022:
1016:
984:
982:
979:
977:
973:
969:
964:
962:
958:
954:
950:
942:
940:
938:
937:
933:
929:
925:
923:
918:
916:
915:pecking order
908:
906:
904:
899:
897:
893:
885:
883:
881:
876:
874:
869:
867:
863:
855:
850:
845:
841:
839:
835:
831:
830:L. argentatus
827:
819:
815:
811:
807:
806:
801:
797:
796:L. argentatus
792:
785:
776:
771:
764:
759:
752:
747:
740:
735:
732:
725:
720:
718:
716:
711:
707:
705:
704:L. a. omissus
700:
696:
692:
672:
670:
668:
664:
660:
656:
655:Armenian gull
652:
651:L. cachinnans
648:
644:
640:
632:
628:
627:L. (a.) vegae
625:
622:
618:
614:
611:
610:
609:
607:
603:
599:
595:
594:
589:
585:
581:
577:
569:
564:
558:
553:
550:
547:
543:
539:
533:
528:
525:
524:
521:
517:
513:
508:
501:
497:
493:
492:Armenian gull
490:
488:
484:
481:
479:
475:
472:
470:
469:L. cachinnans
466:
463:
461:
457:
454:
452:
451:L. argentatus
448:
447:
446:
444:
439:
437:
432:
430:
425:
423:
419:
415:
407:
405:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
376:) is a large
375:
374:
369:
342:
341:L. argentatus
337:
333:
328:
323:
318:
316:
310:
307:
306:Binomial name
303:
299:
298:
293:
290:
289:
286:
285:
281:
278:
277:
274:
271:
268:
267:
264:
261:
258:
257:
254:
251:
248:
247:
244:
241:
238:
237:
234:
231:
228:
227:
224:
221:
218:
217:
212:
207:
203:
197:
192:
191:Least Concern
181:
177:
172:
160:
156:
152:
147:
143:
138:
133:
130:
118:
114:
111:
103:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
78:
75:
71:
67:
65:
64:
58:
52:
50:
45:You can help
41:
32:
31:
19:
3656:herring-gull
3437:
3386:
3368:
3350:
3325:
3308:Rhodostethia
3307:
3290:Hydrocoloeus
3289:
3229:Huahine gull
3208:
3179:Dolphin gull
3168:
3123:
3087:Caspian gull
3071:
3060:Iceland gull
3045:Western gull
2995:Olrog's gull
2985:Pacific gull
2974:
2961:
2884:
2879:
2861:
2849:
2832:
2815:
2804:
2778:from the BBC
2761:
2752:
2723:
2697:. Retrieved
2687:
2652:
2648:
2638:
2627:. Retrieved
2623:
2613:
2601:. Retrieved
2569:. Retrieved
2565:the original
2554:
2546:the original
2532:
2520:. Retrieved
2506:
2494:. Retrieved
2487:the original
2459:. Retrieved
2455:
2446:
2434:. Retrieved
2430:the original
2420:
2385:
2381:
2371:
2326:
2322:
2312:
2303:
2297:
2272:
2268:
2262:
2250:. Retrieved
2238:
2213:. Retrieved
2201:
2177:
2171:
2152:
2146:
2129:
2120:
2072:
2068:
2058:
2046:. Retrieved
2042:the original
2031:
2006:
2002:
1976:. Retrieved
1970:
1939:
1930:
1919:. Retrieved
1913:
1904:
1893:. Retrieved
1887:
1878:
1866:. Retrieved
1862:
1829:. Retrieved
1821:
1812:
1793:
1787:
1768:
1762:
1741:
1718:. Retrieved
1706:
1696:
1677:
1671:
1661:
1649:. Retrieved
1644:
1632:
1611:
1603:
1579:
1572:
1557:
1549:
1537:. Retrieved
1523:
1517:
1511:
1503:
1482:
1477:bird-scaring
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1422:
1409:
1352:
1343:
1332:Please help
1327:verification
1324:
1204:
1200:
1176:
1164:regurgitates
1160:
1136:
1124:
1105:
1057:
1055:
1015:common murre
980:
965:
946:
943:Distribution
934:
926:
919:
912:
900:
889:
878:The smaller
877:
870:
859:
833:
829:
823:
803:
799:
795:
708:
703:
687:
666:
659:L. armenicus
658:
650:
647:Caspian gull
642:
636:
626:
612:
591:
583:
573:
567:
562:
551:
545:
541:
526:
511:
496:L. armenicus
495:
486:
477:
468:
465:Caspian gull
459:
450:
440:
433:
426:
421:
417:
411:
396:, or on the
372:
371:
367:
365:
340:
314:
312:
296:
295:
283:
129:
92:edit summary
83:
54:
46:
3833:SeaLifeBase
3768:Neotropical
3729:NatureServe
3677:iNaturalist
3462:Wikispecies
3316:Ross's gull
3298:Little gull
3250:Andean gull
3219:Silver gull
3170:Leucophaeus
3159:Relict gull
3125:Ichthyaetus
3010:Common gull
2898:media from
2461:23 November
1645:www.aerc.be
1539:19 November
1452:, Swindon,
1440:present in
1400:Rubbish bag
1088:crustaceans
1084:echinoderms
1030:Lantmännens
922:ultraviolet
880:silver gull
816:, northern
673:Description
667:L. heuglini
532:Pontoppidan
322:Pontoppidan
3920:Scavengers
3894:Categories
3872:Xeno-canto
3359:Ivory gull
3139:Sooty gull
2947:: Laridae)
2873:Xeno-canto
2629:2021-08-02
2269:Waterbirds
2215:5 November
1978:2024-06-21
1921:2024-06-21
1895:2024-06-21
1496:References
1450:Gloucester
1429:food waste
1404:scavenging
1219:grey seals
1215:gyrfalcons
1172:monogamous
1168:copulation
1112:earthworms
826:Baltic Sea
729:Juvenile,
691:wing chord
604:, and the
580:subspecies
502:Subspecies
422:argentatus
3351:Pagophila
3199:Grey gull
3194:Lava gull
2412:164500187
2404:1474-919X
2089:0003-3472
1406:behaviour
1180:incubated
928:Parasites
909:Behaviour
631:Vega gull
546:argenteus
483:Vega gull
398:North Sea
339:Range of
291:Species:
229:Kingdom:
223:Eukaryota
151:Stockholm
110:talk page
51:in French
3734:2.105038
3721:62030608
3695:10823170
3529:62030608
3524:BirdLife
3513:BioLib:
3447:Wikidata
3387:Creagrus
2720:(1979).
2679:31387474
2624:Mashable
2363:18852902
2323:PLOS ONE
2289:85738152
2097:10877895
1938:(1987).
1458:Aberdeen
1433:bin bags
1188:harriers
1097:goldfish
1080:herrings
1071:lapwings
851:variant.
731:Portugal
710:Juvenile
538:nominate
487:L. vegae
408:Taxonomy
269:Family:
243:Chordata
239:Phylum:
233:Animalia
219:Domain:
196:IUCN 3.1
86:provide
3646:2481139
3555:bob5920
3501:Avibase
2963:Species
2816:Avibase
2793:YouTube
2670:6731478
2603:15 June
2571:18 June
2522:21 June
2496:18 June
2354:2566961
2331:Bibcode
2048:18 July
2023:4071717
2003:The Auk
1868:12 June
1587:, 219.
1485:raptors
1446:Bristol
1442:Cardiff
1435:, food
1374:bin bag
1245:On nest
1192:corvids
1156:Germany
1067:plovers
957:Ireland
949:Iceland
892:seaside
849:Omissus
818:Germany
810:Rostock
653:), the
645:), the
520:Ireland
402:carrion
394:Iceland
390:Britain
386:Ireland
382:migrate
279:Genus:
273:Laridae
259:Order:
249:Class:
194: (
108:to the
90:in the
53:.
3864:137138
3812:791957
3799:137138
3773:hergul
3708:176824
3682:204533
3653:GNAB:
3602:EURING
3594:LARUAR
3581:hergul
3542:hergul
3481:hergul
3453:Q28236
2945:family
2900:ARKive
2891:Flickr
2740:
2699:17 May
2677:
2667:
2518:. 2015
2436:6 July
2410:
2402:
2361:
2351:
2287:
2252:7 June
2159:
2095:
2087:
2021:
1946:
1831:6 July
1800:
1775:
1750:
1720:6 July
1620:
1591:
1456:, and
1454:London
1233:Mating
1213:, and
1196:herons
1101:tubers
1062:refuse
976:Turkey
972:Cyprus
968:Israel
961:France
951:, the
794:Adult
699:tarsus
661:) and
629:, the
615:, the
574:These
536:, the
534:, 1763
357:
351:
345:
324:, 1763
155:Sweden
3905:Larus
3859:WoRMS
3838:75062
3825:83389
3760:35669
3690:IRMNG
3620:96938
3576:eBird
3568:3SBPN
3327:Rissa
2976:Larus
2954:Genus
2941:Gulls
2655:(8).
2490:(PDF)
2483:(PDF)
2408:S2CID
2285:S2CID
2138:(PDF)
2019:JSTOR
1651:5 May
1641:(PDF)
1490:skuas
1116:moles
1058:Larus
1036:2021.
1034:Ystad
1026:grain
932:fluke
886:Voice
866:gonys
557:Brehm
418:Larus
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