357:, a type of Xhosa throat singing. The lower pair of folds are known as the vocal cords, which produce sounds needed for speech and other vocalizations. The slit-like space between the left and right vocal cords, called the rima glottidis, is the narrowest part of the larynx. The vocal cords and the rima glottidis are together designated as the glottis. The laryngeal cavity above the vestibular folds is called the vestibule. The very middle portion of the cavity between the vestibular folds and the vocal cords is the ventricle of the larynx, or laryngeal ventricle. The infraglottic cavity is the open space below the glottis.
1413:
creates the acoustic illusion that they are larger. Research at
Haskins Laboratories in the 1960s showed that speech allows humans to achieve a vocal communication rate that exceeds the fusion frequency of the auditory system by fusing sounds together into syllables and words. The additional speech sounds that the human tongue enables us to produce, particularly , allow humans to unconsciously infer the length of the vocal tract of the person who is talking, a critical element in recovering the
1029:. The process of altering a source sound as it passes through the filter of the vocal tract creates the many different vowel and consonant sounds of the world's languages as well as tone, certain realizations of stress and other types of linguistic prosody. The larynx also has a similar function to the lungs in creating pressure differences required for sound production; a constricted larynx can be raised or lowered affecting the volume of the oral cavity as necessary in glottalic consonants.
1456:. While the larynx is the main sound producing organ in túngara frogs, it serves a higher significance due to its contribution to mating call, which consist of two components: 'whine' and 'chuck'. While 'whine' induces female phonotaxis and allows species recognition, 'chuck' increases mating attractiveness. In particular, the túngara frog produces 'chuck' by vibrating the fibrous mass attached to the larynx.
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cords apart, and the high pressure expels the irritating object out of the throat. Throat clearing is less violent than coughing, but is a similar increased respiratory effort countered by the tightening of the laryngeal musculature. Both coughing and throat clearing are predictable and necessary actions because they clear the respiratory passageway, but both place the vocal cords under significant strain.
47:
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1137:, may facilitate the development of novel strategies for the prevention and treatment of muscle wasting in a variety of clinical scenarios. ILM have a calcium regulation system profile suggestive of a better ability to handle calcium changes in comparison to other muscles, and this may provide a mechanistic insight for their unique pathophysiological properties
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and other reflexive actions. A cough is initiated by a deep inhalation through the vocal cords, followed by the elevation of the larynx and the tight adduction (closing) of the vocal cords. The forced expiration that follows, assisted by tissue recoil and the muscles of expiration, blows the vocal
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Notably the only muscle capable of separating the vocal cords for normal breathing is the posterior cricoarytenoid. If this muscle is incapacitated on both sides, the inability to pull the vocal cords apart (abduct) will cause difficulty breathing. Bilateral injury to the recurrent laryngeal nerve
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in which the lungs are filled with air in order to stiffen the thorax so that forces applied for lifting can be translated down to the legs. This is achieved by a deep inhalation followed by the adduction of the vocal cords. Grunting while lifting heavy objects is the result of some air escaping
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In contrast, though other species have low larynges, their tongues remain anchored in their mouths and their vocal tracts cannot produce the range of speech sounds of humans. The ability to lower the larynx transiently in some species extends the length of their vocal tract, which as Fitch showed
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profile that predicts their better ability to handle calcium changes in comparison to other muscles. This profile is in agreement with their function as very fast muscles with a well-developed capacity for prolonged work. Studies suggests that mechanisms involved in the prompt sequestering of Ca
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using computer-modeling techniques have suggested that the species-specific human tongue allows the vocal tract (the airway above the larynx) to assume the shapes necessary to produce speech sounds that enhance the robustness of human speech. Sounds such as the vowels of the words
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would cause this condition. It is also worth noting that all muscles are innervated by the recurrent laryngeal branch of the vagus except the cricothyroid muscle, which is innervated by the external laryngeal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve (a branch of the vagus).
1044:(either directly by contracting the cricothyroids or indirectly by changing the vertical position of the larynx), by manipulating the tension of the muscles within the vocal cords, and by moving the arytenoids forward or backward. This causes the pitch produced during
654:(sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca-reuptake proteins, plasma membrane pumps, and cytosolic Ca-buffering proteins) are particularly elevated in laryngeal muscles, indicating their importance for the myofiber function and protection against disease, such as
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The larynx is about 4 to 5cm in length and width, with a slightly shorter anterior-posterior diameter. It is smaller in women than men, and larger in adults than children owing to its growth in puberty. A larger larynx correlates with a deeper
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muscles. The extrinsic muscles act on the region and pass between the larynx and parts around it but have their origin elsewhere; the intrinsic muscles are confined entirely within the larynx and have their origin and insertion there.
786:. While the sensory input described above is (general) visceral sensation (diffuse, poorly localized), the vocal cords also receives general somatic sensory innervation (proprioceptive and touch) by the superior laryngeal nerve.
1380:(1929). Negus, however, pointed out that the descent of the larynx reflected the reshaping and descent of the human tongue into the pharynx. This process is not complete until age six to eight years. Some researchers, such as
1123:, and provides a path for a food or liquid bolus to "slide" into the esophagus; the hyo-laryngeal complex is also pulled upwards to assist this process. Stimulation of the larynx by aspirated food or liquid produces a strong
831:
1922:
Ferretti R, Marques MJ, Pertille A, Santo Neto H (May 2009). "Sarcoplasmic-endoplasmic-reticulum Ca2+-ATPase and calsequestrin are overexpressed in spared intrinsic laryngeal muscles of dystrophin-deficient mdx mice".
1111:
Abduction of the vocal cords is important during physical exertion. The vocal cords are separated by about 8 mm (0.31 in) during normal respiration, but this width is doubled during forced respiration.
980:
The portion below the vocal folds is called the infraglottic cavity. It is at first of an elliptical form, but lower down it widens out, assumes a circular form, and is continuous with the tube of the trachea.
320:
The triangle-shaped larynx consists largely of cartilages that are attached to one another, and to surrounding structures, by muscles or by fibrous and elastic tissue components. The larynx is lined by a
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is a condition in which age-related atrophy of the soft tissues of the larynx results in weak voice and restricted vocal range and stamina. Bowing of the anterior portion of the vocal colds is found on
516:, the pharynx and larynx rise. Elevation of the pharynx widens it to receive food and drink; elevation of the larynx causes the epiglottis to move down and form a lid over the glottis, closing it off.
801:
In newborn infants, the larynx is initially at the level of the C2–C3 vertebrae, and is further forward and higher relative to its position in the adult body. The larynx descends as the child grows.
341:, where it is continuous with the lumen of the trachea. The mucous membrane lining the larynx forms two pairs of lateral folds that project inward into its cavity. The upper folds are called the
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Injury to the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve causes weakened phonation because the vocal cords cannot be tightened. Injury to one of the recurrent laryngeal nerves produces
1405:, and (in phonetic notation), have been shown to be less subject to confusion in classic studies such as the 1950 Peterson and Barney investigation of the possibilities for computerized
1119:, elevation of the posterior portion of the tongue levers (inverts) the epiglottis over the glottis' opening to prevent swallowed material from entering the larynx which leads to the
2059:
Krishnan G, Du C, Fishman JM, Foreman A, Lott DG, Farwell G, et al. (August 2017). "The current status of human laryngeal transplantation in 2017: A state of the field review".
1743:
Marques MJ, Ferretti R, Vomero VU, Minatel E, Neto HS (March 2007). "Intrinsic laryngeal muscles are spared from myonecrosis in the mdx mouse model of
Duchenne muscular dystrophy".
641:
narrow the laryngeal inlet, shortening the vocal cords, and lowering voice pitch. The internal thyroarytenoid is the portion of the thyroarytenoid that vibrates to produce sound.
1150:
There are several things that can cause a larynx to not function properly. Some symptoms are hoarseness, loss of voice, pain in the throat or ears, and breathing difficulties.
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species possess a larynx, but its structure is typically simpler than that found in mammals. The cartilages surrounding the larynx are apparently a remnant of the original
1009:
Manipulation of the larynx is used to generate a source sound with a particular fundamental frequency, or pitch. This source sound is altered as it travels through the
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in fish, and are a common feature, but not all are always present. For example, the thyroid cartilage is found only in mammals. Similarly, only mammals possess a true
2349:
Laitman JT, Reidenberg JS (1993). "Specializations of the human upper respiratory and upper digestive systems as seen through comparative and developmental anatomy".
1075:. Both make use of the vestibular folds to create an undertone. These false vocal cords do not contain muscle, while the true vocal cords do have skeletal muscle.
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966:; it is wide and triangular in shape, its base or anterior wall presenting, however, about its center the backward projection of the tubercle of the epiglottis.
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is a very common condition of infancy, in which the soft, immature cartilage of the upper larynx collapses inward during inhalation, causing airway obstruction.
2322:
Laitman JT, Noden DM, Van De Water TR (2006). "Formation of the larynx: from homeobox genes to critical periods". In Rubin JS, Sataloff RT, Korovin GS (eds.).
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apart and serve breathing. The phonatory muscles move the vocal cords together and serve the production of voice. The main respiratory muscles are the
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1284:. The increase of calcium-binding proteins in dystrophic ILM may permit better maintenance of calcium homeostasis, with the consequent absence of
1036:). The muscles attached to the arytenoid cartilages control the degree of opening. Vocal cord length and tension can be controlled by rocking the
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to rise or fall. In most males the vocal cords are longer and have a greater mass than most females' vocal cords, producing a lower pitch.
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is a ligament associated with the thyroid cartilage that connects it with the hyoid bone. It supports the front portion of the larynx.
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Laitman JT, Reidenberg JS (November 1997). "The human aerodigestive tract and gastroesophageal reflux: an evolutionary perspective".
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is caused by smoking, dust, frequent yelling, or prolonged exposure to polluted air. It is much more serious than acute laryngitis.
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is the sudden inflammation and swelling of the larynx. It is caused by the common cold or by excessive shouting. It is not serious.
527:: Of the paired cartilages, the arytenoid cartilages are the most important because they influence the position and tension of the
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Laitman JT, Reidenberg JS (2009). "The evolution of the human larynx: Nature's great experiment". In Fried MP, Ferlito A (eds.).
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There are nine cartilages, three unpaired and three paired (3 pairs=6), that support the mammalian larynx and form its skeleton.
345:. They are also sometimes called the false vocal cords for the rather obvious reason that they play no part in vocalization. The
1463:. As a result, many reptiles and amphibians are essentially voiceless; frogs use ridges in the trachea to modulate sound, while
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Pioneering work on the structure and evolution of the larynx was carried out in the 1920s by the
British comparative anatomist
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The most important role of the larynx is its protective function, the prevention of foreign objects from entering the lungs by
1067:. The vestibular folds are not responsible for sound production, but rather for resonance. The exceptions to this are found in
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is not part of the larynx, though the larynx is suspended from the hyoid. The larynx extends vertically from the tip of the
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is found in a similar position in many other groups. In modern amphibians, the laryngeal skeleton is considerably reduced;
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531:. These are triangular pieces of mostly hyaline cartilage located at the posterosuperior border of the cricoid cartilage.
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502:: A ring of hyaline cartilage that forms the inferior wall of the larynx. It is attached to the top of the trachea. The
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1288:. The results further support the concept that abnormal calcium buffering is involved in these neuromuscular diseases.
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1309:, and the second took place in October 2010 at the University of California Davis Medical Center in Sacramento.
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first described the larynx, describing it as the "first and supremely most important instrument of the voice".
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The vocal cords can be held close together (by adducting the arytenoid cartilages) so that they vibrate (see
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is a condition in which acid from the stomach irritates and burns the larynx. Similar damage can occur with
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782:. Motor innervation to all other muscles of the larynx and sensory innervation to the subglottis is by the
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on each side. Sensory innervation to the glottis and laryngeal vestibule is by the internal branch of the
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The extrinsic laryngeal muscles support and position the larynx within the mid-cervical cereal region.
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2186:"The mechanism of sound production in túngara frogs and its role in sexual selection and speciation"
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In addition, intrinsic laryngeal muscles are spared from some muscle wasting disorders, such as
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1258:) in which the larynx no longer opens as wide as required for the passage of air, and impedes
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793:, if both are damaged the voice may or may not be preserved, but breathing becomes difficult.
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The intrinsic muscles are divided into respiratory and the phonatory muscles (the muscles of
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Posterior view of the larynx; disarticulated cartilages (left) and intrinsic muscles (right)
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492:(also called the laryngeal prominence). It is usually larger in males than in females. The
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537:: Horn-shaped pieces of elastic cartilage located at the apex of each arytenoid cartilage.
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abduct and externally rotate the arytenoid cartilages, resulting in abducted vocal cords.
543:: Club-shaped pieces of elastic cartilage located anterior to the corniculate cartilages.
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are a rare procedure. The world's first successful operation took place in 1998 at the
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2471:"Anatomy of reflux: a growing health problem affecting structures of the head and neck"
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Patients who have lost the use of their larynx are typically prescribed the use of an
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Collectively, the transverse and oblique arytenoids are known as the interarytenoids.
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adduct and internally rotate the arytenoid cartilages, increase medial compression.
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The intrinsic laryngeal muscles are responsible for controlling sound production.
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1209:, are strongly associated with repeated exposure to cigarette smoke and alcohol.
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658:. Furthermore, different levels of Orai1 in rat intrinsic laryngeal muscles and
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2104:"Rare transplant gives California woman a voice for the first time in a decade"
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1693:"Expression of calcium-buffering proteins in rat intrinsic laryngeal muscles"
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Suárez-Quintanilla J, Fernández
Cabrera A, Sharma S (2021). "article-24061".
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and may serve as a useful model to study the mechanisms of muscle sparing in
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The portion of the cavity of the larynx above the vocal folds is called the
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is weakness of one or both vocal cords that can greatly impact daily life.
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Speaking with a Dead Man's Voice by Organ
Transplant Surgery | Only Human
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1280:. Dystrophic ILM presented a significant increase in the expression of
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makes use of these folds to sing an octave lower, and they are used in
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Another important role of the larynx is abdominal fixation, a kind of
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778:. The external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve innervates the
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Voice box, an organ in the neck of amphibians, reptiles, and mammals
1262:. In mild cases it can lead to exaggerated or "raspy" breathing or
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818:
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adduct the arytenoid cartilages, resulting in adducted vocal cords.
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1266:, and in serious cases can pose a considerable need for treatment.
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in those muscles' functional properties and signaling mechanisms.
435:
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2003:. South East Coast Laryngectomy Support Groups (UK). 2011-03-09.
1793:. UTMB Dept. of Otolaryngology. February 23, 2005. Archived from
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Additionally, intrinsic laryngeal muscles present a constitutive
1464:
1442:
1272:, intrinsic laryngeal muscles (ILM) are spared from the lack of
1120:
249:
2554:
2244:"Túngara Frog: A Model for Sexual Selection and Communication"
1691:
Ferretti R, Marques MJ, Khurana TS, Santo Neto H (June 2015).
1255:
1018:
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by constricting the distance between the arytenoid cartilages.
823:
Sagittal section of the larynx and upper part of the trachea.
1787:"GERD and aspiration in the child: diagnosis and treatment"
512:: A large, spoon-shaped piece of elastic cartilage. During
226:
89:
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Anatomy & Physiology for Speech, Language, and
Hearing
252:
involved in breathing, producing sound and protecting the
1738:
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217:
86:
80:
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The vocal apparatus consists of two pairs of folds, the
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over the limb muscle suggests a role for store operated
506:
connects the cricoid cartilage to the thyroid cartilage.
337:, and to the circular outlet at the lower border of the
1872:
1870:
1868:
1910:
1840:
Emory
University Anatomy Manual. Retrieved 2015-09-10.
1445:
have only the cricoid and arytenoid cartilages, while
1013:, configured differently based on the position of the
951:
It is divided into two parts by the projection of the
2469:
Lipan MJ, Reidenberg JS, Laitman JT (November 2006).
232:
229:
95:
92:
2184:
Ryan, Michael J; Guerra, Mónica A (1 October 2014).
1658:(3rd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 241.
1452:
An example of a frog that possesses a larynx is the
1248:
of laryngeal cartilages, causing airway obstruction.
994:
Sound is generated in the larynx, and that is where
955:, between which is a narrow triangular opening, the
835:
Coronal section of larynx and upper part of trachea.
576:. The phonatory muscles are divided into adductors (
256:
against food aspiration. The opening of larynx into
220:
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83:
77:
2877:
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2419:(3rd ed.). San Diego: Plural. pp. 19–38.
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874:
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depress the larynx. (Innervated by ansa cervicalis)
284:. It is situated just below where the tract of the
211:
171:
159:
147:
135:
123:
111:
106:
74:
65:
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2516:. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International.
1899:
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1459:Vocal folds are found only in mammals, and a few
1190:are small bumps caused by prolonged exposure to
973:, and between these and the vocal folds are the
2475:The Anatomical Record Part B: The New Anatomist
1575:. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing.
1254:is a condition seen in some mammals (including
425:. Its interior can be divided in supraglottis,
2535:(4th ed.). Delmar, NY: Cengage Learning.
1176:may be caused by the prolonged presence of an
2566:
2131:"Woman Finds Her Voice After Rare Transplant"
1006:from the lungs also contributes to loudness.
8:
2171:
2153:
2151:
373:C3–C6. It connects the inferior part of the
365:In adult humans, the larynx is found in the
1879:, Nonspeech laryngeal function, pp. 223–225
1467:have a separate sound-producing organ, the
1104:through the adducted vocal cords ready for
552:The muscles of the larynx are divided into
2573:
2559:
2551:
2444:Toward an Evolutionary Biology of Language
2303:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
829:
817:
45:
2531:Seikel JA, King DW, Drumright DG (2010).
2486:
2324:Diagnosis & Treatment Voice Disorders
2157:
1716:
1512:Larynx. Deep dissection. Posterior view.
1316:
944:where it is continuous with that of the
2237:
2235:
1561:
1500:Larynx. Deep dissection. Anterior view.
1490:
1437:, although a flap of non-cartilagenous
1063:, while the vocal cords are covered by
2296:
1827:Laitman, Noden & Van De Water 2006
1059:. The vestibular folds are covered by
915:
808:
188:
36:
30:For the remotely piloted vehicle, see
2167:
2165:
1968:"Whispers on the Web - December 2004"
1376:, culminating in his monumental work
940:downwards to the lower border of the
701:depress the larynx. (Ansa cervicalis)
695:depress the larynx. (Ansa cervicalis)
7:
2326:. San Diego: Plural. pp. 3–20.
1911:Lipan, Reidenberg & Laitman 2006
1850:"Chapter 53: The pharynx and larynx"
1357:; 9 cricoid cartilage; 10
568:). The respiratory muscles move the
316:The basic parts of the human larynx.
607:lengthen and tense the vocal cords.
293:
2256:10.1016/b978-0-08-045337-8.00033-4
25:
1877:Seikel, King & Drumright 2010
1323:(frontal section, posterior view)
1321:Cut through the larynx of a horse
1055:(false vocal cords) and the true
1002:are manipulated. The strength of
440:Vocal cords abducted and adducted
329:extends from its triangle-shaped
2388:The American Journal of Medicine
2281:Recurrent laryngeal nerve injury
1994:Communication after laryngectomy
1505:
1493:
611:Posterior cricoarytenoid muscles
574:posterior cricoarytenoid muscles
462:
453:
325:except for the vocal folds. The
288:splits into the trachea and the
207:
70:
2248:Encyclopedia of Animal Behavior
2190:Current Opinion in Neurobiology
2007:from the original on 2021-11-07
1230:gastroesophageal reflux disease
1194:and vocal misuse, respectively.
2242:Ryan, M. J. (1 January 2010).
2129:Johnson A (January 21, 2011).
1572:Anatomy, Head and Neck, Larynx
1065:stratified squamous epithelium
617:Lateral cricoarytenoid muscles
578:lateral cricoarytenoid muscles
421:to the inferior border of the
1:
2512:Romer AS, Parsons TS (1977).
2400:10.1016/s0002-9343(97)00313-6
2102:Jensen B (January 21, 2011).
1900:Laitman & Reidenberg 1997
1889:Laitman & Reidenberg 1993
1816:Laitman & Reidenberg 2009
1449:possess only the arytenoids.
757:elevates the larynx. (CN XII)
751:elevates the larynx. (CN XII)
729:elevates the larynx. (CN VII)
51:Anatomy of the human larynx,
2446:. Harvard University Press.
1541:Histology of the vocal cords
1479:The ancient Greek physician
1040:forward and backward on the
705:Inferior constrictor muscles
504:median cricothyroid ligament
323:ciliated columnar epithelium
264:is about 4–5 centimeters in
2250:. Academic Press: 453–461.
1641:Radiology Reference Article
1614:Online Etymology Dictionary
1378:The Mechanism of the Larynx
1270:Duchenne muscular dystrophy
1135:Duchenne muscular dystrophy
681:Extrinsic laryngeal muscles
656:Duchenne muscular dystrophy
623:Transverse arytenoid muscle
296:: larynges) comes from the
2957:
2202:10.1016/j.conb.2014.06.008
1521:
1244:, the inflammation of the
735:elevates the larynx. (CN V
719:elevates the larynx. (CN V
304:ʻlarynx, gullet, throatʼ.
29:
2028:Only Human (2018-06-20).
1966:Helms D (December 2004).
1791:Grand Rounds Presentation
1071:and Kargyraa, a style of
910:
828:
816:
784:recurrent laryngeal nerve
745:elevates the larynx. (C1)
713:elevates the larynx. (C1)
629:Oblique arytenoid muscles
369:neck at the level of the
280:, which is essential for
183:
44:
2703:Thyroepiglottic ligament
2283:. Stockholm. p. 8.
2172:Romer & Parsons 1977
1282:calcium-binding proteins
1242:Laryngeal perichondritis
1226:Laryngopharyngeal reflux
776:superior laryngeal nerve
268:. The larynx houses the
2174:, pp. 214–215, 336
1862:. Retrieved 2015-09-10.
1203:squamous cell carcinoma
377:(hypopharynx) with the
240:), commonly called the
2708:Cricotracheal ligament
2681:Hyoepiglottic ligament
1637:"Laryngeal cartilages"
1531:Articulatory phonetics
1524:anatomical terminology
1369:
1278:neuromuscular diseases
1130:to protect the lungs.
1088:
1061:respiratory epithelium
912:Anatomical terminology
682:
664:calcium entry channels
639:Thyroarytenoid muscles
590:thyroarytenoid muscles
535:Corniculate cartilages
441:
317:
185:Anatomical terminology
2735:Cricothyroid ligament
2720:Quadrangular membrane
1697:Physiological Reports
1417:that make up a word.
1320:
1197:Two related types of
1141:Clinical significance
1086:
687:Sternothyroid muscles
680:
481:Unpaired cartilages:
439:
315:
292:. The word 'larynx' (
2890:Cricoarytenoid joint
2855:transverse arytenoid
2716:Intrinsic ligaments
2677:Extrinsic ligaments
2442:Lieberman P (2006).
1343:ventricularis muscle
1199:cancer of the larynx
1073:Tuvan throat singing
975:laryngeal ventricles
934:cavity of the larynx
586:cricothyroid muscles
541:Cuneiform cartilages
525:Arytenoid cartilages
401:) and three paired (
351:Tuvan throat singing
327:cavity of the larynx
2916:Human head and neck
2796:Infraglottic cavity
2686:Thyrohyoid membrane
2514:The Vertebrate Body
2135:Wall Street Journal
1860:Basic Human Anatomy
1709:10.14814/phy2.12409
1654:Saladin KS (2011).
1399:⟨see⟩
1359:infraglottic cavity
1347:ventricle of larynx
1252:Laryngeal paralysis
1207:verrucous carcinoma
964:laryngeal vestibule
936:) extends from the
780:cricothyroid muscle
770:by branches of the
699:Sternohyoid muscles
660:extraocular muscles
605:Cricothyroid muscle
520:Paired cartilages:
494:thyrohyoid membrane
2936:Respiratory system
2885:Cricothyroid joint
2488:10.1002/ar.b.20120
2363:10.1007/BF01321770
2073:10.1002/lary.26503
1925:Muscle & Nerve
1855:2018-08-13 at the
1745:Muscle & Nerve
1643:. Radiopaedia.org.
1522:This article uses
1407:speech recognition
1403:⟨do⟩
1370:
1213:Vocal cord paresis
1188:vocal cord nodules
1161:Chronic laryngitis
1089:
1087:Image of endoscopy
711:Thyrohyoid muscles
683:
442:
371:cervical vertebrae
318:
272:, and manipulates
248:in the top of the
2898:
2897:
2841:oblique arytenoid
2542:978-1-4283-1223-4
2290:978-91-7409-123-6
2279:Hydman J (2008).
1937:10.1002/mus.21154
1757:10.1002/mus.20697
1487:Additional images
1355:thyroid cartilage
1178:endotracheal tube
1101:Valsalva maneuver
1042:cricoid cartilage
1038:thyroid cartilage
942:cricoid cartilage
926:
925:
921:
582:arytenoid muscles
500:Cricoid cartilage
488:: This forms the
486:Thyroid cartilage
423:cricoid cartilage
385:consists of nine
339:cricoid cartilage
199:
198:
194:
16:(Redirected from
2948:
2759:Laryngeal cavity
2691:Lateral ligament
2643:Muscular process
2575:
2568:
2561:
2552:
2546:
2527:
2508:
2490:
2465:
2438:
2411:
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2146:
2145:
2143:
2141:
2126:
2120:
2119:
2117:
2115:
2110:on June 28, 2017
2106:. Archived from
2099:
2093:
2092:
2067:(8): 1861–1868.
2061:The Laryngoscope
2056:
2050:
2049:
2047:
2046:
2025:
2016:
2015:
2013:
2012:
1989:
1983:
1982:
1980:
1979:
1970:. Archived from
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1601:
1595:
1594:
1588:
1587:
1566:
1546:Origin of speech
1509:
1497:
1404:
1400:
1382:Philip Lieberman
1361:; 11 first
1307:Cleveland Clinic
1301:device. Larynx
1155:Acute laryngitis
1069:Tibetan chanting
1053:vestibular folds
990:Sound generation
971:vestibular folds
969:It contains the
930:laryngeal cavity
918:edit on Wikidata
857:cavitas laryngis
833:
821:
812:Laryngeal cavity
809:
805:Laryngeal cavity
693:Omohyoid muscles
466:
457:
389:: three single (
381:. The laryngeal
343:vestibular folds
295:
239:
238:
235:
234:
231:
228:
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191:edit on Wikidata
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2894:
2873:
2867:thyroepiglottic
2800:
2767:Laryngeal inlet
2753:
2730:Vestibular fold
2696:Median ligament
2663:
2585:
2581:Anatomy of the
2579:
2549:
2543:
2530:
2524:
2511:
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2441:
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1857:Wayback Machine
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1798:
1797:on June 1, 2010
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1489:
1477:
1423:
1402:
1398:
1394:Kenneth Stevens
1335:vestibular fold
1324:
1322:
1315:
1295:
1220:laryngeal spasm
1148:
1143:
1081:
992:
987:
938:laryngeal inlet
922:
836:
824:
807:
799:
764:
738:
722:
672:
633:laryngeal inlet
598:
584:) and tensors (
550:
476:
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469:
468:
467:
459:
458:
447:
363:
310:
262:laryngeal inlet
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23:
22:
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12:
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2875:
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2870:
2869:
2862:Thyroarytenoid
2859:
2858:
2857:
2852:
2851:
2850:
2833:
2832:
2831:
2826:
2819:Cricoarytenoid
2816:
2810:
2808:
2802:
2801:
2799:
2798:
2793:
2787:Rima glottidis
2784:
2779:
2777:Rima vestibuli
2774:
2769:
2763:
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2577:
2570:
2563:
2555:
2548:
2547:
2541:
2528:
2522:
2509:
2481:(6): 261–270.
2466:
2452:
2439:
2426:978-1597560627
2425:
2412:
2383:
2357:(4): 318–325.
2346:
2332:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2310:
2289:
2271:
2264:
2231:
2176:
2161:
2158:Lieberman 2006
2147:
2121:
2094:
2051:
2017:
1984:
1958:
1931:(5): 609–615.
1914:
1903:
1892:
1881:
1864:
1842:
1830:
1819:
1808:
1778:
1751:(3): 349–353.
1732:
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1646:
1627:
1596:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
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1511:
1504:
1502:
1499:
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1488:
1485:
1476:
1473:
1422:
1419:
1365:cartilage; 12
1351:vocalis muscle
1314:
1311:
1294:
1291:
1290:
1289:
1267:
1249:
1239:
1236:Laryngomalacia
1233:
1223:
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1181:
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1164:
1158:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
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988:
986:
983:
957:rima glottidis
924:
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806:
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795:
766:The larynx is
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42:
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26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2953:
2942:
2941:Speech organs
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2937:
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2927:
2924:
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2917:
2914:
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2868:
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2847:aryepiglottic
2844:
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2756:
2746:
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2736:
2733:
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2728:
2726:
2725:Aryepiglottic
2723:
2721:
2718:
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2715:
2714:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2697:
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2638:Vocal process
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2523:0-03-910284-X
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2502:
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2489:
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2453:0-674-02184-3
2449:
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2436:
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2428:
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2413:
2409:
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2401:
2397:
2394:(5A): 2S–8S.
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1703:(6): e12409.
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1665:9780071222075
1661:
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1656:Human anatomy
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1536:Electrolarynx
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1313:Other animals
1312:
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1308:
1304:
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1299:electrolarynx
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1279:
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1234:
1231:
1227:
1224:
1221:
1217:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1193:
1192:tobacco smoke
1189:
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1179:
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1170:laryngoscopy.
1168:
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66:Pronunciation
64:
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54:
53:anterolateral
48:
43:
38:
33:
19:
18:Laryngologist
2931:Human throat
2845:
2814:Cricothyroid
2616:Adam's apple
2582:
2532:
2513:
2478:
2474:
2443:
2416:
2391:
2387:
2354:
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2323:
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2193:
2189:
2179:
2138:. Retrieved
2134:
2124:
2112:. Retrieved
2108:the original
2097:
2064:
2060:
2054:
2043:. Retrieved
2035:
2030:
2009:. Retrieved
1998:
1993:
1987:
1976:. Retrieved
1972:the original
1961:
1928:
1924:
1917:
1906:
1895:
1884:
1859:
1845:
1833:
1822:
1811:
1799:. Retrieved
1795:the original
1790:
1781:
1748:
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1700:
1696:
1674:
1655:
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1640:
1630:
1618:. Retrieved
1612:
1606:
1599:
1590:
1584:. Retrieved
1571:
1564:
1478:
1458:
1454:túngara frog
1451:
1424:
1411:
1390:Bart de Boer
1386:Dennis Klatt
1377:
1374:Victor Negus
1371:
1296:
1167:Presbylarynx
1149:
1132:
1114:
1110:
1098:
1090:
1050:
1031:
1008:
993:
979:
968:
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933:
929:
927:
881:A06.2.01.001
856:
800:
788:
765:
762:Nerve supply
755:Genioglossus
673:
651:Ca-buffering
648:
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519:
490:Adam's apple
480:
477:
364:
319:
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241:
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154:A06.2.01.001
129:
117:
2921:Human voice
2740:Vocal cords
2652:Corniculate
2140:4 September
2114:January 13,
1447:salamanders
1431:gill arches
1421:Non-mammals
1303:transplants
1286:myonecrosis
1260:respiration
1218:Idiopathic
1057:vocal cords
1011:vocal tract
953:vocal folds
846:Identifiers
797:Development
772:vagus nerve
631:narrow the
570:vocal cords
529:vocal cords
407:corniculate
270:vocal cords
107:Identifiers
2905:Categories
2599:Epiglottis
2417:The Larynx
2045:2019-08-06
2011:2013-03-14
1978:2019-08-06
1620:25 October
1609:Etymology"
1586:2021-04-02
1552:References
1435:epiglottis
1339:vocal fold
1331:epiglottis
1327:hyoid bone
1293:Treatments
1274:dystrophin
1117:swallowing
1004:expiration
791:hoarseness
768:innervated
749:Hyoglossus
743:Geniohyoid
727:Stylohyoid
514:swallowing
510:Epiglottis
445:Cartilages
431:subglottis
419:epiglottis
415:hyoid bone
391:epiglottic
387:cartilages
355:Umngqokolo
335:epiglottis
32:RAE Larynx
2926:Phonetics
2836:Arytenoid
2824:posterior
2782:Ventricle
2772:Vestibule
2745:Histology
2671:and folds
2669:Ligaments
2657:Cuneiform
2633:Arytenoid
2604:Vallecula
2591:Cartilage
2497:110307385
2435:183609898
2351:Dysphagia
2299:cite book
2210:0959-4388
2196:: 54–59.
1838:"Pharynx"
1635:Knipe H.
1353:; 8
1349:; 7
1345:; 6
1341:; 5
1337:; 4
1333:; 3
1329:; 2
1201:, namely
1146:Disorders
1106:phonation
1046:phonation
1034:phonation
733:Mylohyoid
723:, CN VII)
717:Digastric
670:Extrinsic
596:Intrinsic
566:phonation
558:extrinsic
554:intrinsic
411:cuneiform
403:arytenoid
349:style of
333:, to the
308:Structure
290:esophagus
282:phonation
242:voice box
2505:17109421
2462:62766735
2379:23308320
2342:63279542
2226:14153228
2218:25033110
2089:24360597
2081:28224630
2036:Cineflix
2005:Archived
1953:25759998
1945:19301368
1853:Archived
1801:June 16,
1773:41968787
1765:17143878
1727:26109185
1581:30855790
1518:See also
1427:tetrapod
1415:phonemes
1363:tracheal
1093:coughing
985:Function
707:. (CN X)
383:skeleton
367:anterior
361:Location
347:Kargyraa
266:diameter
244:, is an
2829:lateral
2806:Muscles
2791:Glottis
2629:Paired
2623:Cricoid
2611:Thyroid
2408:9422615
2371:8269722
2315:Sources
2040:YouTube
2000:YouTube
1718:4510619
1475:History
1461:lizards
1367:trachea
1325:1
1264:panting
1232:(GERD).
1115:During
1027:pharynx
946:trachea
869:D007830
841:Details
548:Muscles
427:glottis
413:). The
399:cricoid
395:thyroid
379:trachea
375:pharynx
286:pharynx
258:pharynx
254:trachea
142:D007830
61:Details
2911:Larynx
2583:larynx
2539:
2520:
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1943:
1771:
1763:
1725:
1715:
1662:
1607:Larynx
1592:voice.
1579:
1469:syrinx
1439:mucosa
1184:Polyps
1174:Ulcers
1128:reflex
1025:, and
1015:tongue
1000:volume
409:, and
302:lárunx
300:word
278:volume
203:larynx
130:λάρυγξ
118:larynx
40:Larynx
2878:Other
2375:S2CID
2222:S2CID
2085:S2CID
1949:S2CID
1769:S2CID
1557:Notes
1481:Galen
1465:birds
1443:frogs
1425:Most
1125:cough
1121:lungs
1079:Other
1023:mouth
996:pitch
916:[
905:55097
852:Latin
331:inlet
274:pitch
246:organ
189:[
178:55097
125:Greek
113:Latin
2537:ISBN
2518:ISBN
2501:PMID
2493:OCLC
2458:OCLC
2448:ISBN
2431:OCLC
2421:ISBN
2404:PMID
2367:PMID
2338:OCLC
2328:ISBN
2305:link
2285:ISBN
2260:ISBN
2214:PMID
2206:ISSN
2142:2012
2116:2015
2077:PMID
1941:PMID
1803:2010
1761:PMID
1723:PMID
1660:ISBN
1622:2015
1577:PMID
1401:and
1392:and
1256:dogs
1205:and
1186:and
1019:lips
998:and
928:The
893:3184
876:TA98
864:MeSH
556:and
429:and
397:and
276:and
250:neck
201:The
166:3184
149:TA98
137:MeSH
55:view
2483:doi
2479:289
2396:doi
2392:103
2359:doi
2252:doi
2198:doi
2069:doi
2065:127
1933:doi
1753:doi
1713:PMC
1705:doi
900:FMA
888:TA2
592:).
294:pl.
173:FMA
161:TA2
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