311:'. They have yellow rumps and paired yellowish wing-bars, as well as yellow edges on the flight feathers and yellow on the breast. The tail is black, crossed by a white band. Plumage is duller in winter, brightening after a spring molt. Males are paler, with black caps and faces and larger areas of brighter yellow. Females are browner, have less and duller yellow, and lack the black. Juveniles resemble females but are even duller and have faint streaks on the upperparts and especially the underparts.
80:
212:
55:
31:
503:, pairs form in large pre-breeding flocks. Pairs leave the flocks and search for nest sites, the female taking the lead, often carrying nesting material and making building motions. The male follows, singing and calling. Nest sites may be in any of a number of trees, but early in the season they are often in mistletoe or
334:"reminiscent of glass wind-chimes". The song is high-pitched, continuous, and limited in frequency range, including wind-chime notes and especially imitations of other species' calls and other simple and distinctive sounds. Males sing in winter but mostly in the breeding season. Females sing occasionally and briefly.
522:
The female incubates for 12 to 13 days and broods the chicks for four or five days, staying almost constantly on the nest; the male brings food. After the fourth day, the female joins the male in food-gathering trips but still broods at times through the seventh day. The chicks fledge at about 13 or
518:
Nests are usually single but sometimes in loose colonies that may contain over 10 pairs. The female builds the nest while the male follows her on long material-gathering forays or sings from a perch. It is a loosely woven cup in a fork of several small branches, placed about 10 ft (3.0 m)
402:
region. In some winters mysteriously few birds are observed; possibly the birds are in Sonora and
Chihuahua, which are poorly covered by naturalists. The greatest eastward irruptions often occur in wet periods and are synchronized with irruptions of other seedeating birds such as the
381:
Most, but not always all, birds leave northern, central, and inland southern
California in winter. They move into the coastal lowlands and into the lower parts of the southeastern California deserts, ranging irregularly (sometimes in large numbers) southeastward to northern
1048:
370:. Choice of areas in its breeding range may depend on climate through the availability of water and preferred foods. Movements to the coast and upslope in the Sierras occur in drought years and movements to the edges of the range and into the
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425:, usually within 0.5 mi (0.80 km) of a small body of water. It may nest in other habitats, including rural residential areas, but not in deserts or dense forests. Outside the
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and the foothills of the Sierra Nevada and in the Baja highlands, but also sometimes as far down as the coast; its highest breeding altitude is about 8,800 ft (2,700 m) on
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585:. Among the North American goldfinches, Lawrence's diverged first, meaning the other two species are more closely related to each other than either is to Lawrence's.
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while females are on the nest. At other times, birds are found in flocks that typically comprise under 50 individuals but are occasionally over 500. Flocks may
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This species is remarkably homogeneous with no subspecies and, according to one study, no genetic variation at the 23 loci tested.
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859:"Phylogeny and biogeography of the New World siskins and goldfinches: Rapid, recent diversification in the Central Andes"
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At about 4.75 in (12.1 cm) long and weighing about 0.4 oz (11 g), it is slightly bigger than the
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seeking
Lawrence's goldfinch are advised to know this plant. At other seasons in California, it predominantly eats
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up near the edge of the tree. There are three to six eggs, unmarked white with a blue or green tinge.
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The nesting season is early spring to early summer, or sometimes as late as late July. As in other
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399:
44:
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822:
Marten, J.A.; Johnson, N.K. (1986). "Genetic relationships of North
American cardueline finches".
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938:
839:
804:
772:
Davis, J.N. (1999). "Lawrence's
Goldfinch (Carduelis lawrencei)". In Poole, A.; Gill, F. (eds.).
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Coutlee, E.L. (1968a). "Comparative breeding behavior of Lesser and
Lawrence's goldfinches".
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after wet years, possibly because of an increased food supply. It has bred a few times in
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14 days, and after another 5 to 7 days leave the family to join a pre-migratory flock.
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362:. There are only a few places where it has been observed to nest annually, notably the
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Coutlee, E.L. (1968b). "Maintenance behavior of Lesser and
Lawrence's goldfinches".
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Lawrence's goldfinch is known for its wandering habits. It breeds from about
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it occurs in many open habitats including deserts, suburbs, and city parks.
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is dry and open woods that are near both brushy areas and fields of tall
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326:". The flight call, which is diagnostic, is given as "a high, clear
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Davis, Jeff N. (June 2001). "A Closer Look: Lawrence's
Goldfinch".
1243:
1011:"Molt, plumage abrasion, and color change in Lawrence's Goldfinch"
443:
141:
1261:
701:"Lawrence's Goldfinch - Carduelis lawrencei - Chardonneret gris"
447:
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121:
1108:
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10.1676/0043-5643(2002)114[0380:mpaacc]2.0.co;2
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and eastward to the southern half of
Arizona, southwestern
857:
Beckman, Elizabeth J.; Witt, Christopher C. (2015-06-01).
555:
This bird's name commemorates the
American ornithologist
956:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
442:
Lawrence's goldfinch feeds almost entirely on seeds of
531:
During the breeding season, males join to form small
776:. Philadelphia, PA: The Birds of North America, Inc.
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Native birds of the West Coast of the United States
1412:
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1009:Willoughby, E.J.; Murphy, M.; Gorton, H.L. (2002).
661:
627:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22720413A94669753.en
952:"Selection on females can create 'larger males'"
1566:Fauna of the California chaparral and woodlands
1546:Native birds of the Southwestern United States
996:(1993). "Notes on goldfinch identification".
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1541:Endemic birds of Southwestern North America
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1561:Birds of the Sierra Nevada (United States)
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475:. In Arizona, it often eats the seeds of
1581:Fauna of the Lower Colorado River Valley
1086:Audio recordings of Lawrence's goldfinch
1482:lawrences-goldfinch-carduelis-lawrencei
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275:of erratic distribution that breeds in
1049:Lawrence's goldfinch photo gallery
539:with other small seed-eating species.
863:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
7:
1096:Lawrence's goldfinch Species Account
950:Karubian, J.; Swaddle, J.P. (2001).
1531:IUCN Red List least concern species
613:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
14:
1059:Smithsonian Migratory Bird Center
283:and winters in the southwestern
78:
1064:BirdLife species factsheet for
602:BirdLife International (2016).
465:and also berries of mistletoe (
303:and slightly smaller than the
1:
707:. Ecopains d'abord. 1996–2007
511:and especially the deciduous
1586:Fauna of the Colorado Desert
1098:– Cornell Lab of Ornithology
1073:"Lawrence's goldfinch media"
1051:at VIREO (Drexel University)
1576:Fauna of the Sonoran Desert
1055:Lawrence's goldfinch photos
883:10.1016/j.ympev.2015.03.005
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1571:Fauna of the Mojave Desert
774:The Birds of North America
507:, while later they are in
1601:Taxa named by John Cassin
664:The Sibley Guide to Birds
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75:Scientific classification
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1591:Fauna of the Yuma Desert
1078:Internet Bird Collection
668:. Alfred Knopf. p.
620:: e.T22720413A94669753.
1596:Birds described in 1852
573:, this species forms a
563:Phylogeny and evolution
557:George Newbold Lawrence
394:, and even the area of
314:Calls include "a nasal
968:10.1098/rspb.2000.1407
233: Year-round range
483:. It is attracted to
405:red-breasted nuthatch
318:, also a sharp, high
239: Wintering range
24:Lawrence's goldfinch
473:California Buckthorn
414:The typical nesting
263:Lawrence's goldfinch
227: Breeding range
1414:Carduelis lawrencei
1285:lawrences-goldfinch
1174:Carduelis_lawrencei
875:2015MolPE..87...28B
658:Sibley, David Allen
400:Madrean Sky Islands
366:and the South Fork
254:Carduelis lawrencei
45:Conservation status
579:American goldfinch
501:cardueline finches
305:American goldfinch
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1384:Open Tree of Life
1111:Taxon identifiers
962:(1468): 725–728.
679:978-0-679-45122-8
452:common fiddleneck
386:and northwestern
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338:Range and habitat
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220:
193:
191:
175:
174:
162:
142:Fringillidae
18:
1371:Neotropical
1345:NatureServe
1293:iNaturalist
1143:Wikispecies
994:Kaufman, K.
705:Oiseaux.net
633:12 November
360:Mount Pinos
309:goldfinches
295:Description
152:Carduelinae
148:Subfamily:
38:Adult male
1525:Categories
1397:Xeno-canto
1090:Xeno-canto
589:References
485:niger seed
392:New Mexico
368:Kern River
348:California
277:California
1134:Q27075859
891:1055-7903
869:: 28–45.
551:Etymology
509:live oaks
477:amaranths
388:Chihuahua
219:Range of
170:Species:
98:Kingdom:
92:Eukaryota
1495:10590495
1423:Wikidata
1350:2.101578
1337:22720413
1311:10483296
1262:45510353
1200:22720413
1195:BirdLife
1128:Wikidata
1035:85651239
986:11321061
915:Articles
899:25796324
711:25 March
660:(2000).
543:Taxonomy
527:Flocking
513:blue oak
495:Breeding
433:Behavior
273:songbird
246:Synonyms
138:Family:
112:Chordata
108:Phylum:
102:Animalia
88:Domain:
65:IUCN 3.1
1469:2494706
1429:Q955215
1275:5231643
1182:Avibase
977:1088662
943:1365933
871:Bibcode
844:1368266
809:1366695
755:Birding
567:Within
489:feeders
481:inkweed
463:achenes
460:chamise
456:Birders
416:habitat
376:Arizona
332:tink-ul
324:Itititi
316:too-err
204:, 1850)
158:Genus:
128:Order:
118:Class:
63: (
1508:179232
1451:EURING
1389:913590
1376:lawgol
1363:285242
1324:179257
1298:145309
1282:GNAB:
1249:lawgol
1223:lawgol
1213:745824
1162:lawgol
1033:
984:
974:
941:
923:Condor
897:
889:
842:
824:Condor
807:
789:Condor
676:
570:Spinus
533:flocks
471:) and
444:shrubs
420:annual
407:, the
384:Sonora
328:ti-too
289:Mexico
237:
231:
225:
202:Cassin
163:Spinus
1490:IRMNG
1456:16590
1306:IRMNG
1244:eBird
1236:4Z65Q
1220:BOW:
1031:S2CID
939:JSTOR
840:JSTOR
805:JSTOR
448:forbs
423:weeds
330:" or
1503:ITIS
1464:GBIF
1443:R6JK
1358:NCBI
1332:IUCN
1319:ITIS
1270:GBIF
1208:BOLD
982:PMID
895:PMID
887:ISSN
713:2007
674:ISBN
635:2021
618:2016
581:and
515:.
479:and
446:and
438:Diet
322:and
320:PIti
279:and
122:Aves
1477:IBC
1438:CoL
1257:EoL
1231:CoL
1169:ADW
1158:ABA
1088:on
1023:doi
1019:114
972:PMC
964:doi
960:268
931:doi
879:doi
832:doi
797:doi
670:534
622:doi
537:mix
487:at
1527::
1505::
1492::
1479::
1466::
1453::
1440::
1425::
1399::
1386::
1373::
1360::
1347::
1334::
1321::
1308::
1295::
1272::
1259::
1246::
1233::
1210::
1197::
1184::
1171::
1160::
1145::
1130::
1075:.
1057:–
1029:.
1017:.
1013:.
1002:47
1000:.
980:.
970:.
958:.
954:.
937:.
927:70
925:.
893:.
885:.
877:.
867:87
865:.
861:.
838:.
828:88
826:.
803:.
793:70
791:.
759:33
757:.
721:^
703:.
688:^
672:.
643:^
616:.
610:.
559:.
491:.
454:.
378:.
346:,
291:.
1092:.
1081:.
1037:.
1025::
988:.
966::
945:.
933::
901:.
881::
873::
846:.
834::
811:.
799::
715:.
682:.
637:.
624::
608:"
604:"
265:(
200:(
67:)
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