282:
2743:
2479:
2829:
attack on a legitimate military objective. However, as Robbie Sabel, Professor of international law at the Hebrew
University, who has written on this topic, notes: “Anyone with experience in armed conflict knows that you want to hit the enemy’s forces harder than they hit you… if you are attacked with a rifle, there is no rule that stipulates that you can only shoot back with a rifle, but using a machine gun would not be fair, or that if you are attacked with only one tank you cannot shoot back with two.”
53:
3184:" has determined that they are not eligible for POW status (e.g., Third Geneva Convention, Article 5.) At that point, an unlawful combatant may be interrogated, tried, imprisoned, and even executed for their violation of the laws of war pursuant to the domestic law of their captor, but they are still entitled to certain additional protections, including that they be "treated with humanity and, in case of trial, shall not be deprived of the
2734:
bello, the law of war, the way of making war, which involves behaving as soldiers invested with a mission for which all violence is not allowed. In any case, the very idea of a right to war is based on an idea of war that can be defined as an armed conflict, limited in space, limited in time, and by its objectives. War begins with a declaration (of war), ends with a treaty (of peace) or surrender agreement, an act of sharing, etc.
3675:
3689:
3025:
4325:
3416:
3530:
2733:
The idea that there is a right to war concerns, on the one hand, the jus ad bellum, the right to make war or to enter war, assuming a motive such as to defend oneself from a threat or danger, presupposes a declaration of war that warns the adversary: war is a loyal act, and on the other hand, jus in
2987:
additional to the 1949 Geneva
Conventions, prohibits attacking people parachuting from an aircraft in distress regardless of what territory they are over. Once they land in territory controlled by the enemy, they must be given an opportunity to surrender before being attacked unless it is apparent
2599:
Historian
Geoffrey Best called the period from 1856 to 1909 the law of war's "epoch of highest repute." The defining aspect of this period was the establishment, by states, of a positive legal or legislative foundation (i.e., written) superseding a regime based primarily on religion, chivalry, and
2964:
Combatants also must be commanded by a responsible officer. That is, a commander can be held liable in a court of law for the improper actions of their subordinates. There is an exception to this if the war came on so suddenly that there was no time to organize a resistance, e.g. as a result of a
2828:
is a principle under international humanitarian law governing the legal use of force in an armed conflict, whereby belligerents must make sure that the harm caused to protected civilians or civilian property is not excessive in relation to the concrete and direct military advantage expected by an
2405:
Stop, O people, that I may give you ten rules for your guidance in the battlefield. Do not commit treachery or deviate from the right path. You must not mutilate dead bodies. Neither kill a child, nor a woman, nor an aged man. Bring no harm to the trees, nor burn them with fire, especially those
4239:
provides a widely accepted definition of military objective: "In so far as objects are concerned, military objectives are limited to those objects which by their nature, location, purpose or use make an effective contribution to military action and whose total or partial destruction, capture or
2846:
is a principle that demands a certain amount of fairness and mutual respect between adversaries. Parties to a conflict must accept that their right to adopt means of injuring each other is not unlimited, they must refrain from taking advantage of the adversary's adherence to the law by falsely
2382:
20:19–20 limits the amount of environmental damage, allowing only the cutting down of non-fruitful trees for use in the siege operation, while fruitful trees should be preserved for use as a food source. Similarly, Deuteronomy 21:10–14 requires that female captives who were forced to marry the
3581:
2839:
restrictions against using arms, projectiles, or materials calculated to cause suffering or injury manifestly disproportionate to the military advantage realized by the use of the weapon for legitimate military purposes. In some countries, weapons are reviewed prior to their use in combat to
2626:
projectiles, there is a developing scientific debate and concern expressed regarding the effect of the use of such projectiles and it is possible that, in future, there may be a consensus view in international legal circles that use of such projectiles violates general principles of the law
2373:
One should not attack chariots with cavalry; chariot warriors should attack chariots. One should not assail someone in distress, neither to scare him nor to defeat him ... War should be waged for the sake of conquest; one should not be enraged toward an enemy who is not trying to kill
3276:
of the same year and to submit to the
Institute its opinion and supplementary proposals on the subject. The work of the Institute led to the adoption of the Manual in 1880 and it went on to form part of the basis for the codification of the laws of war at the 1899 Hague Peace
3563:
3079:
In either case, people protected by the Red Cross/Crescent/Star or white flag are expected to maintain neutrality, and may not engage in warlike acts. In fact, engaging in war activities under a protected symbol is itself a violation of the laws of war known as
3515:
4050:
3442:
1938 Amsterdam Draft
Convention for the Protection of Civilian Populations Against New Engines of War. (Officially the Draft Convention for the Protection of Civilian Populations Against New Engines of War. Amsterdam, 1938). This convention was never
4431:
However, their employment is forbidden during a combat, that is, the opening of fire whilst in the guise of the enemy. But there is no unanimity as to whether the uniform of the enemy may be worn and his flag displayed for the purpose of approach or
3524:
2840:
determine if they comply with the law of war and are not designed to cause unnecessary suffering when used in their intended manner. This principle also prohibits using an otherwise lawful weapon in a manner that causes unnecessary suffering.
3131:
in warfare has been an especially tricky situation for the laws of war. Some scholars claim that private security contractors appear so similar to state forces that it is unclear if acts of war are taking place by private or public agents.
3096:. Parties are bound by the laws of war to the extent that such compliance does not interfere with achieving legitimate military goals. For example, they are obliged to make every effort to avoid damaging people and property not involved in
2871:
However, because the laws of war are based on consensus (as the nature of international law often relies on self-policing by individual states), the content and interpretation of such laws are extensive, contested, and ever-changing.
2532:. "Certain fundamental principles provide basic guidance. For instance, the principles of distinction, proportionality, and necessity, all of which are part of customary international law, always apply to the use of armed force."
2611:, having been widely accepted by "all civilised nations" for about half a century, were by then part of the customary laws of war and binding on all parties whether the party was a signatory to the specific treaty or not.
3409:
4065:
3481:
2636:
2600:
customs. It is during this "modern" era that the international conference became the forum for debate and agreement between states and the "multilateral treaty" served as the positive mechanism for codification.
3605:
3638:
2369:). In the Indian subcontinent, the Mahabharata describes a discussion between ruling brothers concerning what constitutes acceptable behavior on a battlefield, an early example of the rule of proportionality:
2855:
To fulfill the purposes noted above, the laws of war place substantive limits on the lawful exercise of a belligerent's power. Generally speaking, the laws require that belligerents refrain from employing
3065:
2357:
Attempts to define and regulate the conduct of individuals, nations, and other agents in war and to mitigate the worst effects of war have a long history. The earliest known instances are found in the
3247:, officially the Declaration Renouncing the Use, in Time of War, of Explosive Projectiles Under 400 Grammes Weight, renounced the usage of explosive projectiles with a mass of less than 400 grams.
3520:
1971 Zagreb
Resolution of the Institute of International Law on Conditions of Application of Humanitarian Rules of Armed Conflict to Hostilities in which the United Nations Forces May be Engaged
2401:, laid down rules against the mutilation of corpses, killing children, females and the elderly. He also laid down rules against environmental harm to trees and slaying of the enemy's animals:
5178:
2660:
2619:
92:
2627:
applicable to use of weapons in armed conflict. This is because in the future it may be the consensus view that depleted uranium projectiles breach one or more of the following treaties:
3740:
2847:
claiming the law's protections, and they must recognize that they are members of a common profession that fights not out of personal hostility but on behalf of their respective States.
4977:
5213:
4601:
4128:"The Final Report to the Prosecutor by the Committee Established to Review the NATO Bombing Campaign Against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia: Use of Depleted Uranium Projectiles"
3165:. Also, nations that signed the Geneva Conventions are required to search for, try and punish, anyone who had committed or ordered certain "grave breaches" of the laws of war. (
5005:
2804:, and the harm caused to protected civilians or civilian property must be proportional and not excessive in relation to the concrete and direct military advantage anticipated.
2406:
which are fruitful. Slay not any of the enemy's flock, save for your food. You are likely to pass by people who have devoted their lives to monastic services; leave them alone.
2588:, signed and ratified by the United States and Mexico in 1848, articulates rules for any future wars, including protection of civilians and treatment of prisoners of war. The
3360:
4353:(PDF) Page 57/58 "if international law is not enforced, persistent violations can conceivably be adopted as customary practice, permitting conduct that was once prohibited"
2671:
It has often been commented that creating laws for something as inherently lawless as war seems like a lesson in absurdity. But based on the adherence to what amounted to
3069:
5173:
4609:
3631:
3619:
3554:
Convention on
Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May be Deemed to be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects
2770:
87:
4152:
E/CN.4/Sub.2/2002/38 Human rights and weapons of mass destruction, or with indiscriminate effect, or of a nature to cause superfluous injury or unnecessary suffering
2514:. Not all the law of war derives from or has been incorporated in such treaties, which can refer to the continuing importance of customary law as articulated by the
4862:
5203:
4914:
3790:
3780:
3659:
3161:
After a conflict ends, persons who have committed or ordered any breach of the laws of war, especially atrocities, may be held individually accountable for
3254:). Signed in Brussels 27 August. This agreement never entered into force, but formed part of the basis for the codification of the laws of war at the 1899
4155:
5183:
3553:
97:
2953:
Impersonating enemy combatants by wearing the enemy's uniform is possibly allowed, however the issue is unsettled. Fighting in that uniform is unlawful
2682:
Wars should be limited to achieving the political goals that started the war (e.g., territorial control) and should not include unnecessary destruction.
2675:
by warring parties through the ages, it was believed by many, especially after the eighteenth century, that codifying laws of war would be beneficial.
281:
5070:
3211:
3084:. Failure to follow these requirements can result in the loss of protected status and make the individual violating the requirements a lawful target.
2640:
2628:
4998:
4632:
4530:
3719:
3029:
2672:
1205:
5285:
4817:
3847:
explains that "Civilians shall enjoy the protection afforded by this section, unless and for such time as they take a direct part in hostilities".
1632:
2742:
4343:"Collateral Damage on the 21st century battlefield: Enemy exploitation of the law of armed conflict, and the struggle for a moral high ground".
3626:
Ottawa Treaty - Convention on the
Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-Personnel Mines and on their Destruction
3016:. Thus, such personnel descending by parachutes are legitimate targets and, therefore, may be attacked, even if their aircraft is in distress.
2383:
victors of a war, then not desired anymore, be let go wherever they want, and requires them not to be treated as slaves nor be sold for money.
240:
4895:
4730:
4470:
4177:
3586:
4613:
4991:
1988:
4006:
2800:
is governed by several constraints: an attack or action must be intended to help in the defeat of the enemy; it must be an attack on a
5040:
3575:
3546:
Additional to the Geneva
Conventions of 12 August 1949, and Relating to the Protection of Victims of Non-International Armed Conflicts
3471:
3201:
2652:
2354:
also contain rules of respect for the adversary. It is always a matter of establishing rules that protect civilians and the defeated.
2183:
1961:
576:
143:
4102:
2410:
In the history of the early
Christian church, many Christian writers considered that Christians could not be soldiers or fight wars.
3985:
3795:
3261:
3244:
2791:
1637:
2860:
that is not reasonably necessary for military purposes and that belligerents conduct hostilities with regard for the principles of
4757:
4725:
3539:
Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and Relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts
2904:(1945) Article 2, and other articles in the Charter, seek to curtail the right of member states to declare war; as does the older
1715:
2932:, provide that it is unlawful for belligerents to engage in combat without meeting certain requirements. Article 4(a)(2) of the
2546:(international agreements) that directly affect the laws of war by binding consenting nations and achieving widespread consent.
1698:
4652:
4252:
4250:
3652:
2060:
1485:
330:
4554:. Alabama: Bibliographer, Muir S. Fairchild Research Information Center Maxwell (United States) Air Force Base. Archived from
3601:
1994 ICRC/UNGA Guidelines for Military Manuals and Instructions on the Protection of the Environment in Time of Armed Conflict
2688:
People and property that do not contribute to the war effort should be protected against unnecessary destruction and hardship.
2577:
5244:
5188:
3734:
3612:
3569:
3363:
largely reiterated existing law, although it showed greater regard to the rights of neutral entities. Never went into effect.
3269:
3176:. Unlawful combatants who have been captured may lose the status and protections that would otherwise be afforded to them as
2787:
2539:
2523:
1824:
208:
102:
67:
4665:
Protocol for the Prohibition of the Use of Asphyxiating, Poisonous or Other Gases, and of Bacteriological Methods of Warfare
4151:
4127:
3936:
2603:
The Nuremberg War Trial judgment on "The Law Relating to War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity" held, under the guidelines
2322:
of a particular belligerent to a conflict—which may provide additional legal limits to the conduct or justification of war.
4951:
3887:
3384:
for the Prohibition of the Use in War of Asphyxiating, Poisonous or Other Gases, and of Bacteriological Methods of Warfare.
5060:
3498:
Geneva Convention II for the Amelioration of the Condition of Wounded, Sick and Shipwrecked Members of Armed Forces at Sea
3255:
3092:
The law of war is binding not only upon states as such but also upon individuals and, in particular, the members of their
2632:
2241:
1688:
4349:
5208:
5193:
5022:
4871:
3648:
Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and Relating to the Adoption of an Additional Distinctive Emblem
3128:
2875:
The following are particular examples of some of the substance of the laws of war, as those laws are interpreted today.
2473:
2178:
642:
107:
4920:
4311:
3388:
2614:
Interpretations of international humanitarian law change over time and this also affects the laws of war. For example,
2276:). Laws of war define sovereignty and nationhood, states and territories, occupation, and other critical terms of law.
5249:
5030:
4938:(Free Press; 2012) 498 pages; on the evolution and legacy of a code commissioned by President Lincoln in the Civil War
4547:
2656:
2585:
2519:
2188:
1375:
1177:
1048:
586:
46:
4492:
Phelps, Martha Lizabeth (December 2014). "Doppelgangers of the State: Private Security and Transferable Legitimacy".
3298:
Declaration II – On the Use of Projectiles the Object of Which is the Diffusion of Asphyxiating or Deleterious Gases
2988:
that they are engaging in a hostile act or attempting to escape. This prohibition does not apply to the dropping of
5280:
5086:
5014:
3436:
2810:
is a principle under international humanitarian law governing the legal use of force in an armed conflict, whereby
2801:
1652:
233:
213:
4758:"Guidelines for Military Manuals and Instructions on the Protection of the Environment in Times of Armed Conflict"
2568:
The Treaty of Armistice and Regularization of War signed on November 25 and 26, 1820 between the president of the
5239:
3140:
1762:
1270:
619:
493:
347:
4286:
3154:
for violating the laws of war may consist of a specific, deliberate and limited violation of the laws of war in
4195:"'Jus ad bellum', 'jus in bello' . . . 'jus post bellum'? -Rethinking the Conception of the Law of Armed Force"
3507:
3497:
3306:
3280:
3189:
2890:
2608:
2213:
2080:
1627:
1320:
1138:
986:
158:
4677:
3493:
Geneva Convention I for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field
3394:
3119:
are guilty of violations of the laws of war and are responsible for damage to those that should be protected.
2905:
4972:
5097:
4393:
3775:
3714:
3502:
3492:
3367:
3237:
3166:
2978:
2929:
2483:
2478:
2166:
2148:
1904:
1463:
1385:
1330:
928:
591:
153:
57:
3531:
Convention on the Prohibition of Military or Any Other Hostile Use of Environmental Modification Techniques
5254:
5229:
5122:
4635:
cites D. Schindler and J. Toman, The Laws of Armed Conflicts, Martinus Nihjoff Publisher, 1988, pp. 22–34.
3709:
3454:
3251:
3222:
2901:
2453:
2033:
2008:
1730:
1642:
1515:
1390:
991:
968:
414:
313:
4240:
neutralization, in the circumstances ruling at the time, offers a definite military advantage." (Source:
2334:, king of Babylon, which in 1750 B.C., explains its laws imposing a code of conduct in the event of war:
3229:, a compilation of extant international norms on the treatment of civilians assembled by German scholar
3185:
3057:
2445:
2302:
1622:
1555:
1508:
1162:
1125:
1088:
1006:
958:
842:
652:
460:
369:
226:
4825:
4194:
3104:, but they are not guilty of a war crime if a bomb mistakenly or incidentally hits a residential area.
3582:
Amended Protocol II on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Mines, Booby-Traps and Other Devices
2909:
2418:' doctrine, in which he explained the circumstances when war could or could not be morally justified.
5198:
5055:
4345:
3467:
3417:
Geneva Convention on the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armies in the Field
2604:
2550:
2284:
2013:
1915:
1772:
1767:
1585:
1550:
1285:
1105:
963:
899:
753:
723:
320:
5275:
5155:
5102:
5065:
4548:"List of documents and web links relating to the law of armed conflict in air and space operations"
3645:
3450:
declaration for the "Protection of Civilian Populations Against Bombing From the Air in Case of War
3423:
3309:
had thirteen sections, of which twelve were ratified and entered into force, and two declarations:
3173:
3013:
2426:
2379:
1864:
1849:
1725:
1612:
1590:
1565:
1525:
1435:
1245:
1150:
1100:
867:
857:
822:
614:
604:
374:
298:
2573:
2549:
The opposite of positive laws of war is customary laws of war, many of which were explored at the
2456:. The impulse to restrict the extent of warfare, and especially protect the lives and property of
2430:
5139:
5134:
5107:
5045:
4858:
4236:
3964:
3844:
3543:
3487:
3461:
3181:
3053:
2966:
2894:
2884:
2757:
2644:
2593:
2562:
2411:
2292:
2280:
2198:
2053:
1973:
1894:
1839:
1814:
1735:
1681:
1647:
1578:
1495:
1405:
1310:
1255:
1145:
1110:
1063:
938:
909:
862:
800:
775:
609:
423:
342:
148:
3549:
1978 Red Cross Fundamental Rules of International Humanitarian Law Applicable in Armed Conflicts
3040:
Modern laws of war, such as the 1949 Geneva Conventions, also include prohibitions on attacking
4417:"Rule 62. Improper Use of the Flags or Military Emblems, Insignia or Uniforms of the Adversary"
2908:
of 1928 for those nations who ratified it.See certified true copy of the text of the treaty in
5050:
4891:
4466:
4214:
4173:
3981:
3918:
3785:
3769:
3753:
3729:
3564:
Protocol II on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Mines, Booby-Traps and Other Devices
3536:
3447:
3133:
2776:
2764:
2701:
2331:
2296:
2259:
2234:
2143:
2090:
1993:
1983:
1978:
1948:
1931:
1926:
1899:
1844:
1545:
1535:
1530:
1520:
1440:
1430:
1425:
1400:
1370:
1260:
1230:
1225:
1215:
1210:
1200:
1115:
1068:
1038:
877:
670:
647:
581:
52:
5168:
5117:
4602:"Brussels Conference of 1874 – International Declaration Concerning Laws and Customs of War"
4569:
4501:
4458:
4416:
4206:
3800:
3615:
3351:
Declaration I – extending Declaration II from the 1899 Conference to other types of aircraft
3177:
3061:
2748:
2715:
2623:
2208:
2173:
2105:
1998:
1936:
1829:
1757:
1750:
1607:
1540:
1490:
1480:
1355:
1275:
1235:
1220:
1187:
1172:
1043:
1028:
981:
889:
847:
790:
785:
743:
566:
543:
450:
379:
308:
291:
82:
4966:
3980:, p. 22, Strategic Studies Institute, US Army War College, Diane Publishing Co., Darby PA,
3589:(Protocol V to the 1980 Convention), 28 November 2003 (entered into force 12 November 2006)
3240:
for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field.
5234:
5035:
4955:
4363:
4114:
4106:
4099:
3832:
3747:
3694:
3595:
3381:
3342:
XI – Certain Restrictions with Regard to the Exercise of the Right of Capture in Naval War
3009:
2989:
2615:
2422:
2288:
2018:
2003:
1921:
1877:
1819:
1475:
1470:
1360:
1350:
1265:
1240:
1182:
1023:
953:
943:
882:
795:
780:
703:
675:
475:
455:
303:
4678:"Draft Convention for the Protection of Civilian Populations Against New Engines of War"
4131:
3301:
Declaration III – On the Use of Bullets Which Expand or Flatten Easily in the Human Body
4765:
4735:
4110:
4027:
3758:
3516:
Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict
3478:
2993:
2949:(d) That of conducting their operations in accordance with the laws and customs of war.
2515:
2203:
2193:
1941:
1365:
1325:
1303:
1290:
1280:
1250:
1167:
1120:
923:
914:
805:
758:
738:
728:
698:
665:
553:
510:
465:
337:
270:
3688:
5269:
4629:
4462:
4329:
3625:
3250:
1874 Project of an International Declaration concerning the Laws and Customs of War (
3112:
3049:
2704:
2581:
2569:
2457:
2398:
2362:
2268:
2040:
2028:
1884:
1804:
1720:
1703:
1560:
1415:
1395:
1078:
1073:
1053:
1033:
948:
919:
894:
770:
748:
733:
708:
548:
470:
433:
428:
325:
201:
4664:
4644:
4588:"The project of an International Declaration concerning the Laws and Customs of War"
4587:
4450:
2433:', which banned killing women and children in war, and the destruction of churches.
5075:
3703:
3525:
Declaration on the Protection of Women and Children in Emergency and Armed Conflict
3430:
3230:
3215:
3093:
2711:
2536:
2461:
2319:
2227:
2153:
2133:
2128:
2023:
1968:
1602:
1597:
1420:
1335:
1083:
817:
718:
515:
419:
178:
173:
4389:"Geneva Convention relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War, 75 U.N.T.S. 135"
3508:
Geneva Convention IV Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War
3377:
1923 Hague Draft Rules of Aerial Warfare. Never adopted in a legally binding form.
3024:
4555:
3944:
2746:
A 1904 article outlining the basic principles of the law of war, as published in
4948:
4904:
4693:"Protection of Civilian Populations Against Bombing From the Air in Case of War"
4692:
3880:
3836:
3674:
3226:
2811:
2622:
pointed out in 2001 that although there is no specific treaty ban on the use of
2589:
2441:
2387:
2358:
2343:
2138:
1889:
1854:
1693:
1380:
1345:
1058:
1001:
904:
688:
409:
404:
168:
4388:
3831:
Protected civilian in this instance means civilians who are enemy nationals or
3292:
III – Adaptation to Maritime Warfare of Principles of Geneva Convention of 1864
3206:
List of declarations, conventions, treaties, and judgments on the laws of war:
4232:
4090:
2 L. OPPENHEIM, INTERNATIONAL LAW §§ 67–69 (H. Lauterpacht ed., 7th ed. 1952).
3922:
3840:
3724:
3680:
3670:
3324:
V – The Rights and Duties of Neutral Powers and Persons in Case of War on Land
3162:
3151:
3116:
3101:
3073:
2984:
2861:
2648:
2095:
2065:
1156:
163:
4983:
4533:
4218:
3570:
Protocol III on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Incendiary Weapons
5144:
4906:
Texts and commentaries of 1949 Geneva Conventions & Additional Protocols
4695:. Unanimous resolution of the League of Nations Assembly. 30 September 1938.
3810:
3805:
3295:
Declaration I – On the Launching of Projectiles and Explosives from Balloons
3045:
3041:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2815:
2719:
2697:
2346:
and the texts of Manou's law urged mercy on unarmed or wounded enemies. The
2085:
1909:
1859:
1809:
1799:
1794:
1659:
1450:
1445:
1410:
852:
538:
505:
394:
125:
4842:
Just War Tradition and the Restraint of War: A Moral and Historical Inquiry
4100:
Judgement : The Law Relating to War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity
2786:(sometimes called chivalry) are the five most commonly cited principles of
2692:
To this end, laws of war are intended to mitigate the hardships of war by:
2351:
17:
4726:"San Remo Manual on International Law Applicable to Armed Conflict at Sea"
4210:
3395:
General Treaty for Renunciation of War as an Instrument of National Policy
3076:, since that indicates an intent to surrender or a desire to communicate.
60:
governing the sick and wounded members of armed forces was signed in 1864.
5112:
4682:
The meetings of forum were from 29.08.1938 until 02.09.1938 in Amsterdam.
3339:
X – Adaptation to Maritime War of the Principles of the Geneva Convention
3315:
II – The Limitation of Employment of Force for Recovery of Contract Debts
3155:
2940:(a) That of being commanded by a person responsible for his subordinates;
2865:
2857:
2819:
2449:
2437:
2415:
2394:
2100:
2075:
1708:
1340:
1315:
933:
488:
362:
4967:
The European Institute for International Law and International Relations
4787:
3911:
United States; Department of Defense; Office of General Counsel (2016).
2714:
of protected persons who fall into the hands of the enemy, particularly
4505:
3763:
3172:
Combatants who break specific provisions of the laws of war are termed
3081:
2958:
2954:
2943:(b) That of having a fixed distinctive sign recognizable at a distance;
2308:
2110:
2070:
1834:
1668:
1664:
1011:
996:
872:
533:
528:
498:
437:
399:
4570:"Treaties, States parties, and Commentaries - Geneva Convention, 1864"
3912:
3327:
VI – The Status of Enemy Merchant Ships at the Outbreak of Hostilities
2522:
is established by the general practice of nations together with their
2425:
gathered Kings and church leaders from around Ireland and Scotland to
2330:
The first traces of a law of war come from the Babylonians. It is the
5129:
4788:"Convention on the Safety of United Nations and Associated Personnel"
4312:"Basic Principles of the Law Of War and Their Targeting Implications"
3265:
3097:
2543:
2496:
2390:
1617:
1018:
835:
571:
35:
4916:
Just and Unjust Wars: A Moral Argument with Historical Illustrations
3482:
Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide
3283:
consisted of three main sections and three additional declarations:
4172:(Repr ed.). Geneva: International Committee of the Red Cross.
4051:"THE UNITED STATES AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE LAWS OF LAND WARFARE"
3606:
Convention on the Safety of United Nations and Associated Personnel
3503:
Geneva Convention III Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War
4851:
Ethics and the Laws of War: The moral justification of legal norms
3639:
Optional Protocol on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict
3023:
2782:
2741:
2726:
2477:
2366:
2347:
2338:
I prescribe these laws so that the strong do not oppress the weak.
1093:
629:
624:
51:
4328:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
3072:. It is also prohibited to fire at a person or vehicle bearing a
4028:"Avalon Project - Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo; February 2, 1848"
3410:
Geneva Convention, Relative to the treatment of prisoners of war
2596:, was critical in the development of the laws of land warfare.
389:
384:
4987:
2936:
recognizes Lawful Combatants by the following characteristics:
2934:
Geneva Convention relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War
2490:
The modern law of war is made up from three principal sources:
2584:, is the precursor of the International Humanitarian Law. The
2505:
2263:
262:
3020:
Red Cross, Red Crescent, Magen David Adom, and the white flag
4259:, See section "Allegations concerning War Crimes" Pages 4,5.
2318:
is considered distinct from other bodies of law—such as the
4713:. International Committee of the Red Cross. 3 October 2013.
3348:
XIII – The Rights and Duties of Neutral Powers in Naval War
2678:
Some of the central principles underlying laws of war are:
4980:, U.S. Department of Defense (2015, updated December 2016)
4706:
4612:
Project on Chemical and Biological Warfare. Archived from
3996:
Adomnan of Iona. Life of St. Columba, Penguin Books, 1995.
2897:
or by an ultimatum with a conditional declaration of war.
5179:
International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia
3598:
on International Law Applicable to Armed Conflicts at Sea
3424:
Treaty for the Limitation and Reduction of Naval Armament
2661:
Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material
2620:
International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia
93:
International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia
3741:
Journal of International Law of Peace and Armed Conflict
2685:
Wars should be brought to an end as quickly as possible.
5214:
International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals
4961:
3835:
citizens whose presence is outside the territory of a
3813:, an act that amounts to a violation of the law of war
3333:
VIII – The Laying of Automatic Submarine Contact Mines
4919:(2nd ed.), New York: Basic Books, archived from
3330:
VII – The Conversion of Merchant Ships into War-ships
4168:
Dunant, Henry; Dunant, Henry; Dunant, Henry (1986).
3345:
XII – The Creation of an International Prize Court *
3312:
I – The Pacific Settlement of International Disputes
2452:, reflected to some extent in movements such as the
5222:
5153:
5084:
5021:
4936:
Lincoln's Code: The Laws of War in American History
3361:
London Declaration concerning the Laws of Naval War
2279:Among other issues, modern laws of war address the
5169:International Military Tribunal (Nuremberg Trials)
2893:required hostilities to be preceded by a reasoned
2835:is a principle based on the 1907 Hague Convention
4958:—International Committee of the Red Cross website
4764:. 30 April 1996. pp. 230–237. Archived from
3070:International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement
2924:Modern laws of war regarding conduct during war (
5199:Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia
5174:International Military Tribunal for the Far East
4610:Stockholm International Peace Research Institute
4590:. Brussels. 27 August 1874 – via ICRC.org.
3632:Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court
3620:Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons
3286:I – Pacific Settlement of International Disputes
2718:, the wounded and sick, children, and protected
2524:acceptance that such practice is required by law
88:International Military Tribunal for the Far East
3336:IX – Bombardment by Naval Forces in Time of War
2973:People parachuting from an aircraft in distress
2403:
2371:
2336:
4081:GEOFFREY BEST, HUMANITY IN WARFARE 129 (1980).
3875:
3873:
3871:
3869:
3791:Rule of Law in Armed Conflicts Project (RULAC)
3354:Declaration II – on the obligatory arbitration
3136:has yet to come to a consensus on this issue.
2780:(sometimes called unnecessary suffering), and
4999:
4886:Roberts, Adam; Guelff, Richard, eds. (2000),
4518:
4256:
4241:
2486:by some of the major European powers in 1864.
2262:that regulates the conditions for initiating
2235:
234:
8:
4625:
4623:
4287:"International Law and the Conflict in Gaza"
3781:List of weapons of mass destruction treaties
3660:Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons
2576:and the Chief of the Military Forces of the
4890:(Third ed.), Oxford University press,
3976:Aboul-Enein, H. Yousuf and Zuhur, Sherifa,
3559:1980 Protocol I on Non-Detectable Fragments
2506:§ International treaties on the laws of war
5184:International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
5006:
4992:
4984:
4707:"International Committee of the Red Cross"
4451:"International Committee of the Red Cross"
4364:"Charter of the United Nations, Chapter 1"
3262:1880 Manual of the Laws and Customs of War
2242:
2228:
252:
241:
227:
98:International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
63:
5204:Special Panels of the Dili District Court
4878:Moseley, Alex (2009), "Just War Theory",
4724:Doswald-Beck, Louise (31 December 1995).
4268:
3212:Paris Declaration Respecting Maritime Law
3196:International treaties on the laws of war
2641:United Nations Convention Against Torture
2629:The Universal Declaration of Human Rights
4844:, New Jersey: Princeton University Press
3720:Customary international humanitarian law
3457:(entered into force on October 24, 1945)
3321:IV – The Laws and Customs of War on Land
3030:International Committee of the Red Cross
2983:Modern laws of war, specifically within
2837:IV - The Laws and Customs of War on Land
2673:customary international humanitarian law
1206:List of military strategies and concepts
4880:The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
4444:
4442:
4440:
4306:
4304:
3914:Department of Defense law of war manual
3865:
3824:
3268:. At its session in Geneva in 1874 the
3088:Applicability to states and individuals
2464:and his attempts to write laws of war.
260:
187:
134:
116:
73:
66:
41:"Jus in Bello" redirects here. For the
4973:Rule of Law in Armed Conflicts Project
3034:Comité international de la croix-rouge
2592:, promulgated by the Union during the
2311:that may cause unnecessary suffering.
30:"Laws of War" redirects here. For the
4762:International Review of the Red Cross
4731:International Review of the Red Cross
4199:European Journal of International Law
3641:(entered into force 12 February 2002)
3587:Protocol on Explosive Remnants of War
3576:Protocol IV on Blinding Laser Weapons
2946:(c) That of carrying arms openly; and
2448:also began promulgating teachings on
7:
4962:International Law of War Association
4130:. Un.org. 2007-03-05. Archived from
3662:(entered into force 22 January 2021)
3289:II – Laws and Customs of War on Land
3111:use protected people or property as
2920:Lawful conduct of belligerent actors
2386:In the early 7th century, the first
27:International regulations of warfare
4285:Sabel, Robbie (December 18, 2023).
3460:1946 Judgment of the International
3272:appointed a committee to study the
3107:By the same token, combatants that
2561:on their conduct when dealing with
2414:contradicted this and wrote about '
4734:. pp. 583–594. Archived from
3655:(entered into force 1 August 2010)
3472:UN General Assembly Resolution 177
3202:List of international declarations
2653:Convention on Conventional Weapons
2272:) and the conduct of hostilities (
25:
4680:. Amsterdam – via ICRC.org.
4649:this convention was never adopted
4291:Israel Journal of Foreign Affairs
3796:Self-defence in international law
3389:Greco-German arbitration tribunal
3068:, or other emblem related to the
2710:Safeguarding certain fundamental
2307:; and the prohibition of certain
4818:"Illegal Targeting of Civilians"
4534:Treaties & Documents by date
4323:
3687:
3673:
3634:(entered into force 1 July 2002)
3318:III – The Opening of Hostilities
3186:rights of fair and regular trial
3169:, Article 129 and Article 130.)
2725:Facilitating the restoration of
280:
3893:from the original on 2013-12-30
3653:Convention on Cluster Munitions
2851:Example substantive laws of war
2618:, the chief prosecutor for the
5286:International humanitarian law
5245:International humanitarian law
5189:Special Court for Sierra Leone
4645:The Hague Rules of Air Warfare
4546:Phillips, Joan T. (May 2006).
4463:10.1093/obo/9780199796953-0183
4449:Forsythe, David (2019-06-26),
4273:Illegal Targeting of Civilians
3735:Islamic military jurisprudence
3613:International Court of Justice
3462:Military Tribunal at Nuremberg
3270:Institute of International Law
2788:international humanitarian law
2540:international humanitarian law
209:International human rights law
103:International Court of Justice
68:International humanitarian law
1:
4864:OTP letter to senders re Iraq
4840:Johnson, James Turner (198),
2802:legitimate military objective
2738:Principles of the laws of war
2633:Charter of the United Nations
2553:. These laws define both the
5209:Special Tribunal for Lebanon
5194:International Criminal Court
4888:Documents on the Laws of War
4872:International Criminal Court
4398:. United Nations. 1950-09-21
2557:rights of states as well as
2474:Sources of international law
108:International Criminal Court
5250:International speech crimes
5031:Customary international law
4630:Brussels Conference of 1874
4457:, Oxford University Press,
3706:(includes list of treaties)
2900:Some treaties, notably the
2707:from unnecessary suffering.
2657:Chemical Weapons Convention
2586:Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
2520:customary international law
1699:Military–industrial complex
1178:Operational manoeuvre group
47:Jus in Bello (Supernatural)
5302:
5071:Convention Against Torture
5015:International criminal law
3978:Islamic Rulings on Warfare
3967:; Book 21, Number 21.3.10.
3437:Second London Naval Treaty
3245:St. Petersburg Declaration
3199:
3138:
2976:
2882:
2471:
2429:, where he gave them the '
214:International criminal law
40:
29:
5240:Joint criminal enterprise
4519:Roberts & Guelff 2000
4231:Article 52 of Additional
3141:Convention on Mercenaries
2814:must distinguish between
2607:, that treaties like the
2397:, whilst instructing his
2326:Early sources and history
1763:Loss-of-strength gradient
620:Combat information center
36:Arma 3 § Laws of War
5160:(in order of foundation)
4913:Walzer, Michael (1997),
4816:Greenberg, Joel (2011),
4193:Stahn, C. (2006-11-01).
3839:nation. Article 51.3 of
3190:Fourth Geneva Convention
2891:Hague Convention of 1907
2609:Hague Convention of 1907
2081:Military science fiction
1566:Technology and equipment
987:List of military tactics
159:Fourth Geneva Convention
5098:Crimes against humanity
4667:. Geneva, 17 June 1925.
4394:University of Minnesota
4341:Jefferson D. Reynolds.
4244:, page 5, footnote 11).
4049:Doty, Grant R. (1998).
4009:. Publicaciones Defensa
4007:"Publicaciones Defensa"
3776:List of Articles of War
3715:Crimes against humanity
3368:Washington Naval Treaty
3167:Third Geneva Convention
3146:Remedies for violations
2979:Attacks on parachutists
2930:1949 Geneva Conventions
2484:First Geneva Convention
2149:Wartime sexual violence
1905:Full-spectrum dominance
1716:Supply-chain management
154:Third Geneva Convention
58:First Geneva Convention
5255:Universal jurisdiction
5230:Command responsibility
5123:Incitement to genocide
5061:United Nations Charter
4647:, 1922–12 to 1923–02,
4574:ihl-databases.icrc.org
4421:ihl-databases.icrc.org
4319:Curtis E. LeMay Center
3710:Command responsibility
3455:United Nations Charter
3307:1907 Hague Conventions
3281:1899 Hague Conventions
3256:Hague Peace Conference
3223:United States military
3037:
2957:, as is the taking of
2902:United Nations Charter
2794:in an armed conflict.
2753:
2487:
2454:Peace and Truce of God
2408:
2376:
2342:In ancient India, the
2340:
2061:Awards and decorations
2034:Peace through strength
2009:Low-intensity conflict
1643:Conscientious objector
1516:Area of responsibility
61:
4776:– via ICRC.org.
4746:– via ICRC.org.
4494:Politics & Policy
4170:A Memory of Solferino
4064:: 224. Archived from
4030:. Avalon.law.yale.edu
3129:contracted combatants
3027:
2745:
2565:and non-signatories.
2481:
2446:Roman Catholic Church
2287:and the treatment of
653:Torpedo data computer
643:Ship gun fire-control
55:
5156:International courts
5056:Nuremberg principles
4396:Human Rights Library
4346:Air Force Law Review
3552:1980 United Nations
3529:1977 United Nations
3523:1974 United Nations
3468:Nuremberg Principles
3370:, also known as the
3274:Brussels Declaration
3252:Brussels Declaration
3180:, but only after a "
2916:, p. 57 (No. 2137).
2790:governing the legal
2667:Purposes of the laws
2605:Nuremberg Principles
2570:Republic of Colombia
2551:Nuremberg War Trials
2431:Law of the Innocents
2378:An example from the
2179:Military occupations
2014:Military engineering
1916:Unrestricted Warfare
1773:Force multiplication
671:Military manoeuvrers
188:Related areas of law
74:Courts and Tribunals
5103:Crime of aggression
5066:Genocide Convention
4949:War & law index
4934:Witt, John Fabian.
4861:(9 February 2006),
4859:Moreno-Ocampo, Luis
4822:www.crimesofwar.org
4768:on 16 November 2006
4211:10.1093/ejil/chl037
4058:Military Law Review
3941:cref.u-bordeaux4.fr
3646:Geneva Protocol III
3403:Kellogg-Briand Pact
3397:(also known as the
3174:unlawful combatants
3014:intelligence agents
2910:League of Nations,
2906:Kellogg–Briand Pact
2889:Section III of the
2637:Genocide Convention
2482:The signing of the
2380:Book of Deuteronomy
2281:declarations of war
1865:Penal military unit
1850:Rules of engagement
1526:Command and control
1151:Operations research
615:Director (military)
605:Fire-control system
375:Command and control
256:Part of a series on
5108:Crime of apartheid
5046:Geneva Conventions
4954:2014-08-15 at the
4506:10.1111/polp.12100
4257:Moreno-Ocampo 2006
4242:Moreno-Ocampo 2006
4237:Geneva Conventions
4134:on August 16, 2000
4105:2016-09-08 at the
3845:Geneva Conventions
3544:Geneva Protocol II
3488:Geneva Conventions
3474:, 21 November 1947
3182:competent tribunal
3038:
3028:The emblem of the
2967:foreign occupation
2895:declaration of war
2885:Declaration of war
2879:Declaration of war
2798:Military necessity
2758:Military necessity
2754:
2645:Geneva Conventions
2594:American Civil War
2530:General Principles
2488:
2412:Augustine of Hippo
2293:military necessity
2258:is a component of
1974:Counter-insurgency
1895:Command of the sea
1840:Jewish laws on war
1815:Geneva Conventions
1351:Divide and conquer
1146:Military operation
1111:Tactical objective
610:Fire-control radar
587:Electronic-warfare
149:Geneva Conventions
62:
5281:International law
5263:
5262:
5089:international law
5051:Nuremberg Charter
5041:Hague Conventions
4978:Law of War Manual
4897:978-0-19-876390-1
4849:Lamb, A. (2013),
4558:on July 30, 2012.
4472:978-0-19-979695-3
4455:International Law
4179:978-2-88145-006-8
4109:contained in the
4071:on July 18, 2006.
3786:Right of conquest
3770:Lex pacificatoria
3754:Law of occupation
3730:International law
3537:Geneva Protocol I
3470:formulated under
3448:League of Nations
3372:Five-Power Treaty
3238:Geneva Convention
3150:During conflict,
3134:International law
2332:Code of Hammurabi
2260:international law
2252:
2251:
2144:Horses in warfare
2091:Anti-war movement
1994:Gunboat diplomacy
1984:Disaster response
1932:Philosophy of war
1927:Principles of war
1900:Deterrence theory
1845:Right of conquest
1768:Lanchester's laws
1536:Principles of war
1226:Counter-offensive
1211:Military campaign
1116:Target saturation
1039:Counterinsurgency
648:Gun data computer
582:Close air support
544:Aircraft carriers
251:
250:
144:Hague Conventions
16:(Redirected from
5293:
5223:Related concepts
5161:
5118:Genocidal intent
5008:
5001:
4994:
4985:
4924:
4909:
4900:
4882:
4874:
4869:
4854:
4845:
4836:
4835:
4833:
4824:, archived from
4803:
4802:
4800:
4799:
4784:
4778:
4777:
4775:
4773:
4754:
4748:
4747:
4745:
4743:
4721:
4715:
4714:
4703:
4697:
4696:
4689:
4683:
4681:
4674:
4668:
4662:
4656:
4642:
4636:
4627:
4618:
4617:
4598:
4592:
4591:
4584:
4578:
4577:
4566:
4560:
4559:
4543:
4537:
4528:
4522:
4516:
4510:
4509:
4489:
4483:
4481:
4480:
4479:
4446:
4435:
4434:
4428:
4427:
4413:
4407:
4406:
4404:
4403:
4385:
4379:
4378:
4376:
4374:
4360:
4354:
4339:
4333:
4327:
4326:
4322:
4316:
4308:
4299:
4298:
4282:
4276:
4266:
4260:
4254:
4245:
4229:
4223:
4222:
4190:
4184:
4183:
4165:
4159:
4149:
4143:
4142:
4140:
4139:
4124:
4118:
4097:
4091:
4088:
4082:
4079:
4073:
4072:
4070:
4055:
4045:
4039:
4038:
4036:
4035:
4024:
4018:
4017:
4015:
4014:
4003:
3997:
3994:
3988:
3974:
3968:
3962:
3956:
3955:
3953:
3952:
3943:. Archived from
3933:
3927:
3926:
3908:
3902:
3901:
3899:
3898:
3892:
3885:
3877:
3848:
3829:
3801:Targeted killing
3697:
3692:
3691:
3683:
3678:
3677:
3616:advisory opinion
3178:prisoners of war
3062:Magen David Adom
3010:liaison officers
2749:the Tacoma Times
2716:prisoners of war
2696:Protecting both
2624:depleted uranium
2563:irregular forces
2289:prisoners of war
2283:, acceptance of
2244:
2237:
2230:
1999:Humanitarian aid
1937:Security dilemma
1758:Power projection
1541:Economy of force
1521:Chain of command
1236:Defence in depth
1221:Commerce raiding
1044:Defeat in detail
380:Defense ministry
284:
275:
274:
265:
253:
243:
236:
229:
83:Nuremberg trials
64:
21:
5301:
5300:
5296:
5295:
5294:
5292:
5291:
5290:
5266:
5265:
5264:
5259:
5235:Superior orders
5218:
5162:
5159:
5158:
5149:
5091:
5088:
5080:
5036:Peremptory norm
5017:
5012:
4956:Wayback Machine
4945:
4931:
4929:Further reading
4912:
4903:
4898:
4885:
4877:
4867:
4857:
4848:
4839:
4831:
4829:
4815:
4812:
4810:General sources
4807:
4806:
4797:
4795:
4786:
4785:
4781:
4771:
4769:
4756:
4755:
4751:
4741:
4739:
4723:
4722:
4718:
4705:
4704:
4700:
4691:
4690:
4686:
4676:
4675:
4671:
4663:
4659:
4643:
4639:
4628:
4621:
4600:
4599:
4595:
4586:
4585:
4581:
4568:
4567:
4563:
4545:
4544:
4540:
4529:
4525:
4517:
4513:
4491:
4490:
4486:
4477:
4475:
4473:
4448:
4447:
4438:
4425:
4423:
4415:
4414:
4410:
4401:
4399:
4387:
4386:
4382:
4372:
4370:
4362:
4361:
4357:
4350:Volume 56, 2005
4340:
4336:
4324:
4321:. US Air Force.
4314:
4310:
4309:
4302:
4284:
4283:
4279:
4267:
4263:
4255:
4248:
4230:
4226:
4192:
4191:
4187:
4180:
4167:
4166:
4162:
4150:
4146:
4137:
4135:
4126:
4125:
4121:
4115:Yale Law School
4107:Wayback Machine
4098:
4094:
4089:
4085:
4080:
4076:
4068:
4053:
4048:
4046:
4042:
4033:
4031:
4026:
4025:
4021:
4012:
4010:
4005:
4004:
4000:
3995:
3991:
3975:
3971:
3963:
3959:
3950:
3948:
3935:
3934:
3930:
3910:
3909:
3905:
3896:
3894:
3890:
3883:
3879:
3878:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3851:
3830:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3748:Jus post bellum
3695:Politics portal
3693:
3686:
3679:
3672:
3669:
3596:San Remo Manual
3382:Geneva protocol
3204:
3198:
3148:
3143:
3125:
3090:
3022:
2990:airborne troops
2981:
2975:
2928:), such as the
2922:
2887:
2881:
2853:
2826:Proportionality
2771:proportionality
2740:
2669:
2616:Carla Del Ponte
2578:Spanish Kingdom
2476:
2470:
2460:continued with
2442:medieval Europe
2423:Adomnan of Iona
2328:
2304:proportionality
2248:
2219:
2218:
2169:
2159:
2158:
2124:
2116:
2115:
2056:
2046:
2045:
2019:Multilateralism
2004:Law enforcement
1964:
1954:
1953:
1922:Just war theory
1880:
1870:
1869:
1820:Geneva Protocol
1790:
1780:
1779:
1753:
1743:
1742:
1684:
1674:
1673:
1581:
1571:
1570:
1511:
1501:
1500:
1466:
1456:
1455:
1386:Network-centric
1306:
1296:
1295:
1203:
1193:
1192:
1141:
1131:
1130:
1079:Rapid dominance
984:
974:
973:
929:Electromagnetic
838:
828:
827:
814:
767:
715:
691:
681:
680:
676:Combat training
657:
634:
600:Combat systems:
596:
558:
554:Auxiliary ships
520:
480:
476:Military police
442:
365:
355:
354:
294:
268:
267:
266:
261:
247:
218:
183:
130:
112:
50:
39:
34:expansion, see
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5299:
5297:
5289:
5288:
5283:
5278:
5268:
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5261:
5260:
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5257:
5252:
5247:
5242:
5237:
5232:
5226:
5224:
5220:
5219:
5217:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5201:
5196:
5191:
5186:
5181:
5176:
5171:
5165:
5163:
5154:
5151:
5150:
5148:
5147:
5142:
5137:
5132:
5127:
5126:
5125:
5120:
5110:
5105:
5100:
5094:
5092:
5087:Crimes against
5085:
5082:
5081:
5079:
5078:
5073:
5068:
5063:
5058:
5053:
5048:
5043:
5038:
5033:
5027:
5025:
5019:
5018:
5013:
5011:
5010:
5003:
4996:
4988:
4982:
4981:
4975:
4969:
4964:
4959:
4944:
4943:External links
4941:
4940:
4939:
4930:
4927:
4926:
4925:
4910:
4901:
4896:
4883:
4875:
4855:
4846:
4837:
4811:
4808:
4805:
4804:
4779:
4749:
4738:on 4 June 2010
4716:
4698:
4684:
4669:
4657:
4637:
4619:
4616:on 2007-07-11.
4593:
4579:
4561:
4538:
4523:
4511:
4500:(6): 824–849.
4484:
4471:
4436:
4408:
4380:
4368:United Nations
4355:
4334:
4300:
4277:
4269:Greenberg 2011
4261:
4246:
4224:
4205:(5): 921–943.
4185:
4178:
4160:
4144:
4119:
4111:Avalon Project
4092:
4083:
4074:
4040:
4019:
3998:
3989:
3969:
3957:
3928:
3903:
3886:. 2013-12-30.
3881:"What is IHL?"
3864:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3850:
3849:
3823:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
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3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
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3783:
3778:
3773:
3766:
3761:
3759:Law of the Sea
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3744:
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3500:
3495:
3484:
3479:United Nations
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3248:
3241:
3234:
3219:
3197:
3194:
3147:
3144:
3124:
3121:
3089:
3086:
3050:hospital ships
3021:
3018:
2994:special forces
2977:Main article:
2974:
2971:
2951:
2950:
2947:
2944:
2941:
2921:
2918:
2883:Main article:
2880:
2877:
2852:
2849:
2818:and protected
2739:
2736:
2731:
2730:
2723:
2708:
2705:non-combatants
2690:
2689:
2686:
2683:
2668:
2665:
2534:
2533:
2527:
2516:Martens Clause
2509:
2469:
2468:Modern sources
2466:
2458:non-combatants
2327:
2324:
2250:
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2184:Military terms
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2052:
2051:
2048:
2047:
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2043:
2038:
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2036:
2031:
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2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1965:
1960:
1959:
1956:
1955:
1952:
1951:
1946:
1945:
1944:
1942:Tripwire force
1934:
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1502:
1499:
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1478:
1473:
1467:
1464:Administrative
1462:
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1458:
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1453:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1391:New generation
1388:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1366:Fleet in being
1363:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1307:
1304:Grand strategy
1302:
1301:
1298:
1297:
1294:
1293:
1291:Scorched earth
1288:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1258:
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1243:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1204:
1199:
1198:
1195:
1194:
1191:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1168:Deep operation
1165:
1160:
1153:
1148:
1142:
1137:
1136:
1133:
1132:
1129:
1128:
1123:
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1103:
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1021:
1016:
1015:
1014:
1009:
1004:
994:
985:
980:
979:
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975:
972:
971:
969:Unconventional
966:
961:
956:
951:
946:
941:
936:
931:
926:
917:
915:Disinformation
912:
907:
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741:
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731:
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714:
713:
712:
711:
706:
701:
692:
687:
686:
683:
682:
679:
678:
673:
668:
666:Basic training
663:
656:
655:
650:
645:
640:
633:
632:
627:
622:
617:
612:
607:
602:
595:
594:
592:Reconnaissance
589:
584:
579:
574:
569:
564:
557:
556:
551:
546:
541:
536:
531:
526:
519:
518:
513:
511:Special forces
508:
503:
502:
501:
491:
486:
479:
478:
473:
468:
466:Reconnaissance
463:
458:
453:
448:
441:
440:
431:
426:
417:
412:
407:
402:
397:
392:
387:
382:
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372:
366:
361:
360:
357:
356:
353:
352:
351:
350:
345:
335:
334:
333:
328:
318:
317:
316:
309:Post-classical
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119:
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95:
90:
85:
79:
76:
75:
71:
70:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5298:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5274:
5273:
5271:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5243:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5228:
5227:
5225:
5221:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5202:
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5197:
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5192:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5177:
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5172:
5170:
5167:
5166:
5164:
5157:
5152:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5135:Slave trading
5133:
5131:
5128:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5115:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5106:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5083:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5028:
5026:
5024:
5020:
5016:
5009:
5004:
5002:
4997:
4995:
4990:
4989:
4986:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4957:
4953:
4950:
4947:
4946:
4942:
4937:
4933:
4932:
4928:
4923:on 2011-09-10
4922:
4918:
4917:
4911:
4908:
4907:
4902:
4899:
4893:
4889:
4884:
4881:
4876:
4873:
4866:
4865:
4860:
4856:
4852:
4847:
4843:
4838:
4828:on 2013-07-06
4827:
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4819:
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4809:
4793:
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4468:
4464:
4460:
4456:
4452:
4445:
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4422:
4418:
4412:
4409:
4397:
4395:
4390:
4384:
4381:
4369:
4365:
4359:
4356:
4352:
4351:
4347:
4344:
4338:
4335:
4331:
4330:public domain
4320:
4313:
4307:
4305:
4301:
4296:
4292:
4288:
4281:
4278:
4274:
4270:
4265:
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4258:
4253:
4251:
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4234:
4228:
4225:
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4212:
4208:
4204:
4200:
4196:
4189:
4186:
4181:
4175:
4171:
4164:
4161:
4157:
4153:
4148:
4145:
4133:
4129:
4123:
4120:
4116:
4112:
4108:
4104:
4101:
4096:
4093:
4087:
4084:
4078:
4075:
4067:
4063:
4059:
4052:
4044:
4041:
4029:
4023:
4020:
4008:
4002:
3999:
3993:
3990:
3987:
3986:1-4289-1039-5
3983:
3979:
3973:
3970:
3966:
3961:
3958:
3947:on 2006-03-09
3946:
3942:
3938:
3932:
3929:
3924:
3920:
3916:
3915:
3907:
3904:
3889:
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3872:
3870:
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3828:
3825:
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3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
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3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3771:
3767:
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3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
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3690:
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3600:
3597:
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3411:
3407:
3404:
3400:
3399:Pact of Paris
3396:
3392:
3390:
3386:
3383:
3379:
3376:
3373:
3369:
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3358:
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3329:
3326:
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3317:
3314:
3311:
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3308:
3305:
3300:
3297:
3294:
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3284:
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3279:
3275:
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3267:
3263:
3260:
3257:
3253:
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3228:
3224:
3220:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3208:
3207:
3203:
3195:
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3191:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3170:
3168:
3164:
3159:
3157:
3153:
3145:
3142:
3137:
3135:
3130:
3122:
3120:
3118:
3114:
3113:human shields
3110:
3109:intentionally
3105:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3087:
3085:
3083:
3077:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3052:displaying a
3051:
3047:
3043:
3035:
3031:
3026:
3019:
3017:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2986:
2980:
2972:
2970:
2968:
2962:
2960:
2956:
2948:
2945:
2942:
2939:
2938:
2937:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2919:
2917:
2915:
2913:
2912:Treaty Series
2907:
2903:
2898:
2896:
2892:
2886:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2869:
2867:
2863:
2859:
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2834:
2830:
2827:
2823:
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2817:
2813:
2809:
2805:
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2799:
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2789:
2785:
2784:
2779:
2778:
2774:
2772:
2768:
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2761:
2759:
2751:
2750:
2744:
2737:
2735:
2728:
2724:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2706:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2694:
2693:
2687:
2684:
2681:
2680:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2666:
2664:
2662:
2658:
2655:of 1980, the
2654:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2612:
2610:
2606:
2601:
2597:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2582:Pablo Morillo
2579:
2575:
2574:SimĂłn BolĂvar
2571:
2566:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2547:
2545:
2541:
2538:
2531:
2528:
2525:
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2517:
2513:
2510:
2507:
2503:
2499:
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2475:
2467:
2465:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2434:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2419:
2417:
2413:
2407:
2402:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2389:
2384:
2381:
2375:
2370:
2368:
2364:
2363:Old Testament
2360:
2355:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2339:
2335:
2333:
2325:
2323:
2321:
2317:
2312:
2310:
2306:
2305:
2300:
2299:
2295:, along with
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2277:
2275:
2271:
2270:
2269:jus ad bellum
2265:
2261:
2257:
2245:
2240:
2238:
2233:
2231:
2226:
2225:
2223:
2222:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2171:
2168:
2163:
2162:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2126:
2120:
2119:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2071:Warrior caste
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2058:
2055:
2050:
2049:
2042:
2041:Show of force
2039:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2029:Peacebuilding
2027:
2026:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1966:
1963:
1958:
1957:
1950:
1947:
1943:
1940:
1939:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1917:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1885:Air supremacy
1883:
1882:
1879:
1874:
1873:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1825:Islamic rules
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1805:Court-martial
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1792:
1789:
1784:
1783:
1774:
1771:
1770:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1755:
1752:
1747:
1746:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1704:Arms industry
1702:
1701:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1686:
1683:
1678:
1677:
1670:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1654:
1651:
1650:
1649:
1646:
1644:
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1636:
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1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1592:
1589:
1588:
1587:
1584:
1583:
1580:
1575:
1574:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1513:
1510:
1505:
1504:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1468:
1465:
1460:
1459:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1321:Broken-backed
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1308:
1305:
1300:
1299:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1208:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1196:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1163:Expeditionary
1161:
1159:
1158:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1143:
1140:
1135:
1134:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1095:
1092:
1091:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1034:Counterattack
1032:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
999:
998:
995:
993:
990:
989:
988:
983:
978:
977:
970:
967:
965:
962:
960:
959:Psychological
957:
955:
952:
950:
947:
945:
942:
940:
937:
935:
932:
930:
927:
925:
921:
918:
916:
913:
911:
908:
906:
903:
901:
898:
896:
895:Combined arms
893:
891:
888:
884:
881:
879:
876:
875:
874:
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
851:
849:
846:
844:
841:
840:
837:
832:
831:
824:
821:
819:
816:
815:
807:
804:
803:
802:
799:
797:
794:
792:
789:
787:
784:
782:
779:
777:
774:
773:
772:
769:
768:
760:
757:
756:
755:
752:
750:
747:
745:
742:
740:
737:
735:
734:Fortification
732:
730:
727:
725:
722:
721:
720:
717:
716:
710:
707:
705:
702:
700:
697:
696:
694:
693:
690:
685:
684:
677:
674:
672:
669:
667:
664:
662:
659:
658:
654:
651:
649:
646:
644:
641:
639:
636:
635:
631:
628:
626:
623:
621:
618:
616:
613:
611:
608:
606:
603:
601:
598:
597:
593:
590:
588:
585:
583:
580:
578:
575:
573:
570:
568:
565:
563:
560:
559:
555:
552:
550:
549:Landing craft
547:
545:
542:
540:
537:
535:
532:
530:
527:
525:
522:
521:
517:
514:
512:
509:
507:
504:
500:
497:
496:
495:
492:
490:
487:
485:
482:
481:
477:
474:
472:
469:
467:
464:
462:
459:
457:
454:
452:
449:
447:
444:
443:
439:
435:
434:Standing army
432:
430:
427:
425:
421:
418:
416:
413:
411:
408:
406:
403:
401:
398:
396:
393:
391:
388:
386:
383:
381:
378:
376:
373:
371:
368:
367:
364:
359:
358:
349:
346:
344:
341:
340:
339:
336:
332:
329:
327:
326:pike and shot
324:
323:
322:
319:
315:
312:
311:
310:
307:
305:
302:
300:
297:
296:
293:
288:
287:
283:
279:
278:
272:
264:
259:
255:
254:
244:
239:
237:
232:
230:
225:
224:
222:
221:
215:
212:
210:
207:
204:
203:
202:jus ad bellum
198:
195:
194:
192:
191:
186:
180:
177:
175:
172:
170:
167:
165:
162:
160:
157:
155:
152:
150:
147:
145:
142:
141:
139:
138:
133:
127:
124:
123:
121:
120:
115:
109:
106:
104:
101:
99:
96:
94:
91:
89:
86:
84:
81:
80:
78:
77:
72:
69:
65:
59:
54:
48:
45:episode, see
44:
37:
33:
19:
5076:Rome Statute
4935:
4921:the original
4915:
4905:
4887:
4879:
4863:
4850:
4841:
4830:, retrieved
4826:the original
4821:
4796:. Retrieved
4794:. 1995-12-31
4791:
4782:
4770:. Retrieved
4766:the original
4761:
4752:
4740:. Retrieved
4736:the original
4729:
4719:
4710:
4701:
4687:
4672:
4660:
4648:
4640:
4614:the original
4605:
4596:
4582:
4573:
4564:
4556:the original
4551:
4541:
4526:
4514:
4497:
4493:
4487:
4476:, retrieved
4454:
4430:
4424:. Retrieved
4420:
4411:
4400:. Retrieved
4392:
4383:
4371:. Retrieved
4367:
4358:
4348:
4342:
4337:
4318:
4294:
4290:
4280:
4272:
4264:
4227:
4202:
4198:
4188:
4169:
4163:
4147:
4136:. Retrieved
4132:the original
4122:
4095:
4086:
4077:
4066:the original
4061:
4057:
4043:
4032:. Retrieved
4022:
4011:. Retrieved
4001:
3992:
3977:
3972:
3960:
3949:. Retrieved
3945:the original
3940:
3931:
3913:
3906:
3895:. Retrieved
3827:
3768:
3746:
3739:
3704:Arms control
3431:Roerich Pact
3402:
3398:
3374:(6 February)
3371:
3273:
3231:Franz Lieber
3216:privateering
3205:
3192:Article 5.)
3171:
3160:
3149:
3126:
3108:
3106:
3094:armed forces
3091:
3078:
3058:Red Crescent
3039:
3033:
2982:
2963:
2952:
2933:
2926:jus in bello
2925:
2923:
2911:
2899:
2888:
2874:
2870:
2854:
2843:
2842:
2836:
2832:
2831:
2825:
2824:
2812:belligerents
2807:
2806:
2797:
2796:
2792:use of force
2781:
2775:
2769:
2763:
2756:
2755:
2747:
2732:
2712:human rights
2691:
2677:
2670:
2613:
2602:
2598:
2567:
2559:prohibitions
2558:
2554:
2548:
2542:consists of
2535:
2529:
2511:
2501:
2494:
2489:
2462:Hugo Grotius
2435:
2420:
2409:
2404:
2388:Sunni Muslim
2385:
2377:
2372:
2356:
2341:
2337:
2329:
2320:domestic law
2315:
2313:
2303:
2297:
2278:
2274:jus in bello
2273:
2267:
2255:
2253:
2154:Fifth column
2134:War resister
2129:Women in war
2024:Peacekeeping
1969:Arms control
1914:
1787:
1603:Mobilization
1598:Conscription
1556:Intelligence
1509:Organization
1155:
1084:Encirclement
964:Radiological
900:Conventional
754:Subterranean
661:Development:
660:
637:
599:
561:
524:Naval units:
523:
516:Signal corps
483:
461:Intelligence
446:Specialties:
445:
370:Organization
321:Early modern
200:
196:
179:Rome Statute
174:Protocol III
43:Supernatural
42:
31:
4853:, Routledge
4772:12 November
4742:12 November
4653:backup site
4432:withdrawal.
4373:13 February
4113:archive at
4047:See, e.g.,
3837:belligerent
3277:Conference.
3227:Lieber Code
3225:adopts the
3127:The use of
3123:Mercenaries
3066:Red Crystal
2808:Distinction
2765:distinction
2762:along with
2590:Lieber Code
2502:conventions
2436:Apart from
2399:Muslim army
2359:Mahabharata
2344:Mahabharata
2298:distinction
2139:War studies
1962:Non-warfare
1890:Appeasement
1855:Martial law
1694:War economy
1633:Transgender
1586:Recruitment
1346:Containment
1231:Culminating
1139:Operational
1059:Envelopment
1002:Air assault
883:Air cavalry
843:Air defence
823:Information
724:Cold-region
689:Battlespace
638:Historical:
484:Land units:
410:Space force
405:Coast guard
338:Late modern
299:Prehistoric
169:Protocol II
18:Laws of War
5276:Law of war
5270:Categories
5140:Starvation
4798:2013-07-06
4478:2023-06-09
4426:2023-08-30
4402:2021-09-12
4233:Protocol I
4138:2013-07-06
4034:2019-03-07
4013:2019-03-07
3965:Al-Muwatta
3951:2023-10-22
3923:1045636386
3897:2019-11-11
3855:References
3841:Protocol I
3725:Debellatio
3681:Law portal
3439:(25 March)
3426:(22 April)
3387:1927–1930
3214:abolished
3200:See also:
3163:war crimes
3152:punishment
3139:See also:
3117:camouflage
3102:war effort
3074:white flag
3046:ambulances
2985:Protocol I
2816:combatants
2698:combatants
2659:, and the
2649:Protocol I
2647:including
2555:permissive
2495:Lawmaking
2472:See also:
2316:law of war
2256:law of war
2199:War crimes
2189:Operations
2096:Foot drill
2066:Battle cry
1979:deterrence
1638:Harassment
1613:Specialism
1436:Technology
1431:Succession
1376:Liberation
1311:Asymmetric
1246:Empty fort
1157:Blitzkrieg
1126:Withdrawal
1089:Investment
868:Camouflage
863:Biological
801:Underwater
776:Amphibious
695:Aerospace
562:Air units:
539:Submarines
348:fourth-gen
343:industrial
331:napoleonic
197:Law of war
164:Protocol I
126:War crimes
117:Violations
5145:War crime
4606:sipri.org
4552:au.af.mil
4219:0938-5428
3937:"1999-01"
3860:Citations
3811:War crime
3806:Total war
3611:1996 The
3443:ratified.
3366:1922 The
3054:Red Cross
3032:(French:
3006:saboteurs
2998:commandos
2914:, vol. 94
2820:civilians
2720:civilians
2702:protected
2285:surrender
2086:War novel
1989:Grey-zone
1949:War games
1910:Overmatch
1860:War crime
1810:Desertion
1800:Ceasefire
1795:Armistice
1682:Logistics
1660:Mercenary
1648:Volunteer
1579:Personnel
1551:Engineers
1496:Sociology
1451:World war
1446:Total war
1426:Strategic
1416:Religious
1401:Political
1396:Perpetual
1371:Irregular
1286:Offensive
1261:Defensive
1256:Deception
1216:Attrition
1069:Guerrilla
1064:Formation
1007:Airbridge
939:Loitering
853:Artillery
506:Artillery
456:Engineers
424:Irregular
395:Air force
5113:Genocide
4952:Archived
4711:ICRC.org
4103:Archived
3888:Archived
3667:See also
3604:1994 UN
3156:reprisal
2959:hostages
2866:chivalry
2862:humanity
2858:violence
2833:Humanity
2777:humanity
2544:treaties
2537:Positive
2497:treaties
2450:just war
2438:chivalry
2421:In 697,
2416:just war
2395:Abu Bakr
2361:and the
2350:and the
2101:War song
2076:War film
1709:Materiel
1628:Children
1608:Training
1546:Medicine
1531:Doctrine
1486:Training
1421:Resource
1406:Princely
1356:Economic
1341:Conquest
1336:Colonial
1331:Cold war
1316:Blockade
1201:Strategy
1173:Maneuver
934:Infantry
890:Chemical
744:Mountain
704:Airborne
567:Fighters
534:Warships
489:Infantry
415:Reserves
363:Military
135:Treaties
5023:Sources
4297:(3): 4.
4235:to the
3843:to the
3833:neutral
3764:Lawfare
3618:on the
3100:or the
3082:perfidy
3042:doctors
2955:perfidy
2518:. Such
2309:weapons
2214:Writers
2209:Weapons
2174:Battles
2123:Related
2111:Wargame
2106:Uniform
2054:Culture
1835:Perfidy
1830:Justice
1751:Science
1736:Outpost
1689:History
1669:Warrior
1665:Soldier
1653:foreign
1591:counter
1491:Service
1441:Theater
1381:Limited
1361:Endemic
1276:Nuclear
1049:Foxhole
1024:Cavalry
1012:Airdrop
997:Airlift
982:Tactics
954:Nuclear
944:Missile
873:Cavalry
858:Barrage
836:Weapons
796:Surface
577:Command
572:Bombers
529:Frogman
499:Cavalry
471:Medical
438:Militia
420:Regular
400:Marines
314:castles
304:Ancient
292:History
271:outline
5130:Piracy
4894:
4832:4 July
4792:UN.org
4469:
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3556:(CCW)
3266:Oxford
3098:combat
3012:, and
2844:Honour
2651:, the
2643:, the
2639:, the
2635:, the
2631:, the
2512:Custom
2508:below.
2504:)—see
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2391:caliph
2352:Qur'an
2194:Sieges
1878:Theory
1618:Morale
1476:Policy
1471:Branch
1251:Mosaic
1241:Fabian
1188:Covert
1121:Trench
1106:Screen
1029:Charge
1019:Battle
992:Aerial
910:Denial
878:Horses
806:Seabed
759:Tunnel
739:Jungle
729:Desert
699:Aerial
32:Arma 3
4868:(PDF)
4315:(PDF)
4069:(PDF)
4054:(PDF)
3891:(PDF)
3884:(PDF)
3819:Notes
3658:2017
3651:2008
3644:2005
3637:2000
3630:1998
3624:1997
3594:1994
3580:1996
3574:1995
3568:1980
3562:1980
3542:1977
3535:1977
3514:1954
3486:1949
3477:1948
3466:1947
3453:1945
3446:1938
3435:1936
3429:1935
3422:1930
3415:1929
3408:1929
3393:1928
3380:1925
3359:1909
3243:1868
3236:1864
3221:1863
3210:1856
3002:spies
2783:honor
2727:peace
2367:Torah
2348:Bible
2167:Lists
1623:Women
1561:Ranks
1481:Staff
1411:Proxy
1326:Class
1281:Naval
1266:Depth
1101:Swarm
1094:Siege
1074:Naval
1054:Drone
949:Music
924:Robot
920:Drone
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818:Cyber
791:Green
786:Brown
749:Urban
709:Space
630:Radar
625:Sonar
494:Armor
451:Staff
429:Ranks
4971:The
4892:ISBN
4834:2013
4774:2006
4744:2006
4633:ICRC
4531:ICRC
4467:ISBN
4375:2020
4215:ISSN
4174:ISBN
3982:ISBN
3919:OCLC
3188:." (
3056:, a
2864:and
2700:and
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2374:him.
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781:Blue
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390:Navy
385:Army
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4502:doi
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3401:or
3264:at
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