Great Recession in Europe - Knowledge (XXG)

920:. Car sales in Italy have fallen by almost 20 percent over each of the past two months. Italy's car workers' union said; "The situation is evidently more serious than had been understood." On 10 July 2008 economic think tank ISAE lowered its growth forecast for Italy to 0.4 percent from 0.5 percent and cut the 2009 outlook to 0.7 percent from 1.2 percent. Analysts have predicted Italy had entered a recession in the second quarter or would enter one by the end of the year with business confidence at its lowest levels since the 2171: 1538: 234: 827:

warned of a "high probability" that Spain's economy would fall into recession in the second half of 2008 due to the housing collapse. Spain had a 7.9 percent decline in retail sales in June compared to the previous year, the largest drop since Spain began registering the results and the seventh consecutive monthly decline. This included a 17.9 percent drop in retail sales of household goods. In Spain food sales in the month of June fell by 6.8 percent.

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2009, with a risk of an even more extreme 1.4 percent contraction in 2009. According to Spanish automobile manufacturers' association ANFAC new car sales fell 27.5 percent in July from the same time in 2007, the third consecutive monthly drop of over 20 percent. Spain's government forecast the unemployment rate would rise to 10.4 percent in 2008 and to 12.5 percent in 2009. Spain's second largest bank

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discipline that Italy had painstakingly kept since the Debt Crisis of 1992, and lead to another Italian sovereign debt crisis in 2011. Italy briefly saw growth from 2009 to 2011, but from 2011 to 2013 suffered a recession that, while shallower than the 2008–2009 downturn, was longer and in many ways far worse, as unemployment skyrocketed 7.9% in April 2011 to 13.0% in November 2014.

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agriculture sector registered a 6.6-percent decline in activity in the second quarter of 2009 compared to the same period last year, while industry shrank by 9.8 percent. The services sector meanwhile grew by 0.3 percent. Bulgaria's imports during the first half of this year compared to January–June 2008 contracted by 24.2 percent and exports declined by 18.2 percent.

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the insurance activities in return of what the Belgian government would take 11.7% of BNP Paribas. This agreement would come with a warranty from the Belgian government that it would cover up to €5 billion if more toxic assets were to be discovered. On 30 September 2008 the Belgian, French and Luxembourg governments said they would invest €6.4bn into keeping

77: 1349:(IMF) 2010 GDP growth forecast of 1.9 per cent is expected to be upgraded. In the second quarter of 2010, growth was at least 3.1 per cent. As of 30 August 2010, the EU's GDP growth forecast for Poland in 2010 stands at 2.7 per cent, outperforming the EU average of 1 per cent. Poland has one of the lowest 1972:

has not been severely affected, and no banks or financial institutions have had real trouble. However, some effects have been visible, mostly based on distrust and similar psychological mechanisms. The stockmarket has declined heavily, because of influence from New York and other markets. Some banks,

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By August 2009, UK unemployment stood at more than 2.4 million, the highest since 1995. The Bank of England announced that due to the deepening recession in the UK, it would be extending its quantitative easing program to a new total of £175 billion. In November 2009, The Bank of England announced it

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In the 3 months to May 2009, the unemployment rate showed a record quarterly rise of 281,000 to stand at 2.38 million – which represented 7.6% of the working population. In the three months to June, the number of job vacancies fell to a record low of 429,000, down by 35,000 from the previous quarter.

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By November 2008, unemployment had risen to over 1.8 million (compared to less than 1.7 million at the start of the year and less than 1.5 million as recently as 2005) and by early 2009 had exceeded 2 million, the highest since 1996. It was feared that unemployment could reach 3 million during 2010 –

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The unemployment rate rose from 5.7% in April 2007 to 8.6% in April 2010. Italy was mostly isolated from the effects of the Great Recession of 2008–2009 as their banking system did not engage in risky investment behavior and was sound. However, the effects of the recession wiped out the strict budget

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Although Spain has avoided recession in the first half of 2008, unemployment in the country has risen by 425,000 over 2007–2008, reaching 9.9 percent. Car sales in Spain fell 31 percent in May. Spain's factory output slumped 5.5 percent in May 2008. The country's business lobby Circulo de Empresarios

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The number of companies that went into administration in May–July 2008 was 938, an increase of 60 percent compared with the same period in 2007. The number of company liquidations in the second quarter of 2008 rose to 3,689, a 16 percent increase and the highest quarterly figure in five years. House

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to be the lowest since 1924. The declines were seen as an indication the United Kingdom had a high chance of entering a recession. Factory production in the UK dropped 0.5 percent in June 2008 when twelve out of 13 categories of factory production fell. The economic output of the UK was reported to

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showed a contraction of 0.6 percent in the first quarter of 2008 following a contraction of 0.2 percent in the fourth quarter of 2007. Revised data for Denmark, however cancelled the early recession, as GDP ended at +1.0% in Q4 2007 followed by −1.4% in Q1 2008 and +1.5% in Q2 2008. So according to

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However the Belgian government was accused of pressuring shareholders and collapsed over the controversy thus delaying the operation. A new proposition was made on 30 January 2009 with slightly different terms. BNP Paribas would take over 75% of Fortis' banking activities in Belgium and only 10% of

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Germany's industrial output was down 2.4 percent in May, the fastest rate for a decade. Orders have now fallen for six months in a row, the worst run since the early 1990s. The German Chamber of Industry and Commerce warned of up to 200,000 job losses in coming months. German retails sales fell 1.4

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reported growth in GNP of about 0.8 percent, Ireland's government considers GNP a better measure of the economy. Analysts have predicted Ireland's economy will contract further in the rest of the year. A report from NCB stockbrokers predicts gross national product will fall by 1 percent in 2008 and

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and the state interest rate has gone up at least 1%. The housing loan interest rates have gone up even further. The global sales especially of cars has gone down, forcing the Swedish car industry to lay off staff and contractors. The increased fear of enduring recession and the increased financing

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cut from 15% to 17.5% in January causing many consumers to push forward their purchases. In addition, £200 billion had been pumped into the economy via QE, and the central bank rate had been held at almost 0% for most of the year. Thus although official figures showed that the UK had indeed exited

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On 10 June 2009 Bulgarian authorities declared the country was officially in recession with its economy shrinking 4.2 percent from January to June. The Bulgarian economy contracted by 4.8 percent year-on-year in the second quarter for the first time in 12 years. Unemployment is rising rapidly. The

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in a report, saying, "A momentous economic slowdown is now under way. We believe the deterioration in Spain is just in the beginning stages. The bulk of the pain will be suffered in 2009." Morgan Stanley also warned there was 40 percent chance of a 0.5 percent contraction of the Spanish economy in

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exchange rate crisis in 1992. European car sales fell 7.8% in May compared with a year earlier. Retail sales fell by 0.6% in June from the May level and by 3.1% from June in the previous year. Germany was the only country out of the four biggest economies in the eurozone to register an increase of

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offered 60 billion kronor ($ 7.71 billion) in loans to financial firms at an auction, after having opened credit facilities to maintain the liquidity in the banking sector. At the beginning of December, the government launched a financial stability package to rev up the economy, while the central

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In December 2009, it was revealed that the UK's unemployment total stood at almost 2.5 million – another monthly rise and the highest level for 15 years – but the number of people claiming unemployment benefit had actually fallen by more than 6,000. By this stage, the UK was one of the last major

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However, many economists were still unsure of the situation – the relatively small drop in unemployment benefit claimants could be attributed to seasonal jobs, and with a general election imminent, the government had every reason to present the best economic picture possible. Other factors which

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announced a €26 billion rescue plan which will amount to an additional €15.5 billion in addition to the normal budget for 2009 and will increase France's public deficit to 4%. It is similar, to an extent, to Barack Obama's proposal to stimulate the U.S. economy by investing in the nation's vital

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showed zero growth in the second quarter of 2008. The Swedish GDP contracted by 0,1% during both the second and third quarters of 2008. Sweden's economy sank into recession in the third quarter of 2008. In October retail sales dropped 0.6 percent in the month, and household consumption fell 0.2

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could lose €350 million. Neither Natixis or BNP Paribas directly invested in Madoff's but through bonds issued by the US treasury they could face such loses. It is to be determined if all of these are effectively lost, which ones can be recovered and what can be saved by legal procedures. Other

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As of December 2009, The Spanish government forecasted the unemployment rate would rise to 20 percent in 2009. It is predicted to be a 25 percent rate, due to the way the tally is carried out by the government. According to Spain's Finance Minister, "Spain faces its deepest recession in half a

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responded to the crisis by approving a bill giving the Government wideranging powers over the banks, including the ability to seize their assets, force them to merge or compel them to sell off their overseas subsidiaries. The parliament went on to seize control and nationalize Iceland's second

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This is due to the "prime à la casse" program where buyers received a rebate of up to €1,000 for scrapping their polluting old vehicles and purchasing new environmentally friendly/ fuel efficient cars. As a consequence, car sales in France in December 2008 were 30% higher than in December 2007

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was the first country to fall into recession from Q2-Q3 2007 – followed by temporary growth in Q4 2007 – and then a two-year-long recession. Republic of Ireland in the first quarter of 2008 reported a contraction in GDP of 1.5 percent, its first economic contraction since it began reporting by

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in order to form a new government. The new government faced numerous economic challenges, namely re-establishing economic growth, reducing the national deficit and reducing unemployment, not to mention a host of social problems, many of which had been intensified as a result of the recession.

1670:', and had allegedly not ensured the country had sufficient monetary reserves to be able to lower taxes and ease the burden on voters, despite overseeing one of the longest sustained periods of economic growth in the country's history. In August 2008 the party also faced calls to impose a 2032:. Fitch said the current account deficit was likely to widen further as prices of gas imports rise and prices of its steel exports fall and said Ukraine was likely to need to borrow more at a time when global debt markets have ground to a virtual standstill. Ukraine's central bank chief, 1800:

By the end of June 2009, the public sector debt stood at £798.8 billion, equivalent to 56.6% of GDP, the highest percentage since records began in 1974. This compared to £641.4 billion or 44.4% of GDP in June 2008. The figure is expected to rise still higher when the costs of bailing out

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countries amounting to €11.2 billion. Fortis' troubles started in the beginning of the year with an announcement that it faced around $ 1.5bn of losses in the American sub-prime catastrophe. In June, the company announced a selloff of assets to raise €5 bn to improve the liquidity of the

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for almost four decades. Apparently, the Prime Minister Sócrates's cabinet was not able to forecast or prevent any of this when symptoms first appeared in 2005, and later was incapable of doing anything to ameliorate the situation when the country was on the verge of bankruptcy in 2011.

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later gave a revised number saying growth in the British economy was at zero, the worst since the second quarter of 1992. The current slowdown has ended 16 years of continuous economic growth, the longest period of economic expansion in Britain since the 19th century. A report from the

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cut its rating outlook for the UK to negative. Official figures also showed that British public borrowing hit a record high for the month of April, the first month of the new tax year – net public borrowing came in at £8.5bn in April 2009, compared to April 2008's figure of £1.8bn

769:. In February 2009, the government announced record levels of unemployment in the country, with its highest monthly increase in 40 years and 1,500 people being laid off daily. Ireland exited the recession in the 3rd quarter of 2009, posting a 0.3 percent growth in its economy. 1792:

In June 2009, the figure for the first quarter GDP drop was revised downwards from 1.9 to 2.4 percent, with economic output falling 4.1% from the previous year. Revised figures also showed that the recession began in Q2 of 2008, rather than Q3 of 2008 as previously reported.

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activity in July though the increase was sharply down. Economic analysts from RBS and Capital Economics say the decline raises the risk of the eurozone entering a recession in 2008. In the second quarter, the eurozone's economy was reported to have declined by 0.2%.

1493:(IMF) about a possible support package. The ECB's unprecedented move in bailing out a non-euro state underlines the crisis unraveling in Hungary and its possible impact on the rest of Central Europe. Several players will be affected, but at particular risk are the 954:, France's statistical agency, showed the French economy grew by 0.14 percent during the third quarter thus barely avoiding a technical recession. In the first quarter of 2009, France fell into recession, the last developed nation in Europe to do so. 1764:

Figures published in March 2009 by the Bank of England revealed that over $ 1 trillion in foreign holdings had been withdrawn from UK banks between spring and the end of 2008, representing a huge loss of confidence in UK financial institutions.

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hit euro lifetime highs as investors and creditors worried that the country would fail to reign in its budget deficit and debt. The yield on the country's 10-year government bonds reached 7 percent – a level the Portuguese Finance Minister

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has been one of the hardest hit in Europe. The country's trade deficit fell by more than 60 percent during the first half of 2009, but not because of exports taking off, but due to business bankruptcies and unemployment decreasing consumption.

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In April 2009, it was reported that first quarter GDP had shrunk by 1.9 percent, with a prediction of a 4.1 percent drop for the year. The largest contributor to this figure was manufacturing output, which fell by 6.9 percent over the quarter.

1754:. However, it is expected that the capital liquidity will become an issue and determine increases, having their capital tied up in investments yielding smaller dividends, corroborated with the £644 million underwriting losses suffered in 2007. 1596:

said there may be "an odd quarter or two of negative growth", following the first quarter of 2009. Gieve said he couldn't rule out the UK economy heading into a recession, adding the economy was "quite a long way" from the end of the slowdown.

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held prime-ministership), some analysts described Russia's short-term economic growth as impressive and maintained that Putin was "at least partially responsible for it": a series of fundamental reforms had been implemented, including a

1603:, the UK's biggest building society, warned the UK could head into a recession after house prices in July 2008 fell 8.1 percent from the previous year. Housing prices declined by 1.7 percent in July, double the decline recorded in June. 1769:

a level not seen since the 1980s. However, the end of the recession in the United Kingdom was declared on 26 January 2010, by which time unemployment stood at nearly 2.5 million. A peak of almost 2.7 million was reached in late 2011.

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had encouraged over expenditure and investment bubbles through unclear public-private partnerships. This had funded numerous ineffective and unnecessary external consultancy and advising committees and firms, allowed considerable

3032: 1704:. While its retail deposit business along with its branch network will be sold to Santander. The mortgage book, personal loan book, headquarters, treasury assets and its wholesale liabilities will be taken into public ownership. 1112:

had increased sharply compared to the gross domestic product. Moody noted that the rising debt would weigh heavily on the government's short-term finances. Earlier in the year, Portugal was one of the countries identified in the

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The Eurozone recession has been dated from the first quarter of 2008 to the second quarter of 2009. In the eurozone as a whole, industrial production fell 1.9% in May 2008, the sharpest one-month decline for the region since the

3978: 2122:. In reality, the plan is a series of national measures to be implemented by each government, without much coherency between the policies. The measures included incentives to investment, tax cuts and social measures. 1611:

and it could rise to 1.7 million or about one in six homeowners in the UK based on an expected 17 percent decline into 2009. The Bank of England reported that mortgage approvals fell by a record of nearly 70 percent.

1195:, inflated top management and head officers' bonuses and wages, causing a persistent and lasting recruitment policy that has boosted the number of redundant public servants. The economy has also been damaged by risky 6195: 1692:

unemployment claims in August 2008 increased by 32,500 to reach 904,900. The wider Labour Force Survey measure found joblessness rose by 81,000 to 1.72 million between May and July, the largest increase since 1999.

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was effectively nationalized after the Icelandic government acquired 75% of the bank's stock. According to the government the bank "would have ceased to exist" within a few weeks if there had not been intervention.

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by 0.4 percent in 2009 due to a decline in multi-nationals hit by the slowdown of the global economy. An economist from NCB said non-residential investment would fall by 5 percent in 2008 and by 12 percent in 2009.

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announced that the UK government would launch legal action against Iceland, whose government announced that they had no intention of compensating any of the estimated 300,000 UK savers after the nationalization of

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since June 2007, slumped dramatically during 2008 and 2009, with low rankings in opinion polls, dismal performances in local and European elections, and losing several seats in parliamentary by-elections. The

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In November Hungary has received a $ 25 billion cash injection from the International Monetary Fund to save it from financial collapse. In December, the IMF transferred $ 5 billion and the ECB $ 2 billion.

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infrastructure. Further proposals include tax rebates for small businesses as well as easing restrictions on building permits and government contracts particularly with construction and civil engineering.

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produced in March 2009 stated that the UK economy shrank by 1.6 percent during the last quarter of 2008, with a 1% drop in household spending. A further decline of up to 4% GDP during 2009 was predicted.

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forecast predicted Germany, Spain and the UK would all enter a recession by the end of the year while France and Italy would have flat growth in the third quarter following second quarter contractions.

535: 7106: 2738: 5855: 1139:, to make radical changes in economic policy, like other European governments had done before. Thus, in September 2010, the Portuguese Government announced a fresh austerity package following other 337: 7111: 3269: 1308:

saw an economic contraction of 0.9 percent in the second quarter of 2008, following a 0.5 percent contraction in the first quarter, but with the revised data showing no recession before Q3 2008.

988:. This is part of the Sarkozy's rescue plan. DCNS also won its biggest export contract ever when the Brazilian government placed a €7 billion large order to the company. The order concerns four 5806: 3040: 486: 4531: 1685:

about creating a UK retail banking giant worth £30bn. The move received the backing of the British government which stated that it will over-rule any claims from the competition authorities.

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although on the total 2008 year the sales was down 0.7%. Because the French new cars market fared better than most as well as increased sales in South America, French brands, particularly

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was affected very hard by the crisis, analysts forecasting a contraction of 8–9% for 2009, as the new government established in the late 2008 was unable to take any anti-crisis measures.

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showed that the UK was officially in recession for the first time since 1991; with a 1.5% fall in gross domestic product during the final quarter of 2008 being the sharpest for 28 years.

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and the German government approved a €50 billion strong rescue plan to protect the German economy of the crisis, making of it Western Europe's biggest rescue plan for now in this crisis.

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announced that the UK government would foot the entire bill, estimated at £4bn, and that he was taking steps to freeze the assets of Landsbanki. The following day, Darling used the

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economies still in recession. However, on 26 February 2010 it was revealed that the UK economy had grown by 0.3% within the last quarter of 2009 and the UK was out of recession.

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Ireland's GDP saw a contraction in the second quarter by 0.5 percent, making Ireland the first member of the eurozone to enter a recession. The government is being advised by

1648: 1658:, which had been in power since 1997, as the reason their political fortunes took a dramatic downturn through May 2008, with a succession of defeats in by-elections and the 5845: 850:

for the manufacturing sector in July fell to a new low suggesting a deep recession. In the second quarter Spain's economy grew by 0.1 percent, the lowest gain in 15 years.

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banks which invested so heavily in the region. A potential serious hiccup of the Austrian banks could mark a significant blow to Europe's already troubled banking system.

815:, blamed the European Central Bank for making matters worse by raising interest rates. More than 98 percent of home loans in Spain are priced off floating rates linked to 1627:

and housing prices fell on average by 4 percent. British manufacturing activity declined by the most in almost a decade in July, the third consecutive month of declines.

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at the time. The group of employees responsible for making the unauthorised trades were dismissed. French banks have also been affected to some point by the fraud set by

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However, the Russian main stock exchange index has doubled by autumn 2009, compared to the end 2008, and, by the end of 2009, has almost reached the pre-crisis levels.

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government pension fund suffered an investment loss of $ 92 billion during 2008. However, the overall value of the fund rose due to oil sales and currency movements.

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On 6 April 2011, the resigning Prime Minister announced on the television that the country, facing a status of bankruptcy, would request financial assistance to the

791:, a construction company, declared bankruptcy after failing to refinance a debt of €5.1 billion. The two banks with most exposure to Martinsa-Fadesa were reportedly 3066: 3343: 1662:, and the worst opinion poll result in their history. Political opponents countered this apparent excuse by pointing to the fact that the incumbent Prime Minister 5936: 5801: 2782: 888:

In 2012 Greece entered its 5th year of recession. In 2011 Greece's GDP shrunk by a further 6.8%, leaving total economic output now 16% below the pre-crisis peak.

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from 17.5% to 15% for 13 months in an attempt to encourage a big spend from UK shoppers before Christmas, and again in the run-up to Christmas 2009.

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In Germany officials had warned the economy could contract by as much as 1.5 percent in the second quarter because of declining export orders. The

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recession fears of a double-dip recession remained. According to the IMF, the UK economy had grown slower than that of Portugal or Italy in 2010.

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announced it was going to cut on state spending and increase austerity measures, including public servant wage cuts and additional tax increases.

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On 5 March 2009, the Bank of England cut interest rates yet again, from 1% to 0.5%. The same week, it announced that it would begin a policy of

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indeed contracted in both the second and third quarters putting Germany now in a technical recession. Although the idea was fought for a moment

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on the utility companies, who were reaping record profits due to the fuel crisis, perceived as in bad taste given rising food and fuel prices.

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could have produced an artificially high growth rate included the end of the "cash-for-clunkers" car replacement scheme, and the ending of a

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Also in 2010, the country reached a record high unemployment rate of nearly 11%, a figure not seen for over two decades, while the number of

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was the first country to fall into recession from Q2-Q3 2007 – followed by temporary growth in Q4 2007 – and then a two-year-long recession.

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was hit heavy by the economic crisis of 2008, analysts say the plights of Ukraine are slumping steel prices, local banking problems and the

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announced worse contraction than previously said, predicting a −2.9% set back in growth, and a jobless rate up to 8.8 as soon as June 2009.

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Iceland's GDP is expected by economists to shrink at least 10 percent as a result of the crisis, putting Iceland by some measure in an

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Hungary, which joined the European Union in 2004, has been hit hard by the current financial crisis due to its heavy dependence on

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The Commission launches a major Recovery Plan for growth and jobs, to boost demand and restore confidence in the European economy

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would be adding a further £25 billion in continuation of quantitative easing in assisting the UK economy through the recession.

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A voter backlash due to the personal financial effects of the global credit crunch was widely attributed by politicians of the

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On 8 January 2009, the Bank of England reduced rates even further, from 2% to 1.5%, the lowest level in its 315-year history.

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said the economy contracted by 0.1 percent in the period from May to July 2008 and 0.2 percent from June to August 2008.

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with a conventional propulsion and a fifth one with a nuclear propulsion, as well as a naval shipyard and a naval base.

883: 543: 6743: 6675: 4333: 2940: 2800: 2786: 1851: 1285:'s gross domestic product fell 0.2 percent in the second quarter following a fall of 0.3 percent in the first quarter. 1025: 6961: 5240: 3572: 3453: 2194: 1655: 1600: 1490: 1437: 1346: 1341:

to have avoided recession, meaning that in 2009 Poland created the most GDP growth in the EU. As of December 2009 the

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that began in mid-2007. The crisis spread rapidly and affected much of the region, with several countries already in

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has put pressure on banks in Iceland, which are largely dependent on foreign debt. On 29 September 2008 Iceland's

142: 7028: 6775: 6061: 5971: 5612: 2089: 2085: 1891: 1581:’ quarterly business opinion survey showed business optimism at its lowest level since the survey began in 1996. 1569:, spoke of his belief that house prices in Britain would fall constantly for two years from the end of 2007. The 1505: 1152: 1118: 603: 4041: 1508:

in the EU. Prior to the international bailout, the government had feared the worst, including a collapse of the

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In order to fill the blank in the construction planning the French government is expected to order soon a third

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as of February 2009, and most others suffering marked economic setbacks. The global recession was first seen in

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Other eurozone members saw a decline in their economies in the second quarter as well; France by 0.3 percent,

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percent in June more than any expectations. The German economy declined by 0.5 percent in the second quarter.

819:, which has risen 145 basis points since August. Housing accounts for over 10 percent of Spain's economy. The 796: 7033: 7023: 7013: 7008: 6998: 6389: 5766: 5634: 4307: 4279: 3640: 2118:, a plan of 200 billion euros (1.2% of GDP) to fight against the consequences of the economic crisis in the 1981: 1839: 1785: 1604: 1593: 1537: 782: 625: 425: 6710: 6542: 4928: 4714: 3658: 3622: 2723: 804: 6780: 5786: 5562: 4902: 2966: 2137:) figures prominently in the Green Car Initiative (GCI), included in the European Economic Recovery Plan. 1855: 1578: 1573:

Item club predicted growth of only 1.5 percent in 2008, slowing to 1 percent in 2009. They also predicted

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and related infrastructure with a total budget of around €50million as part of the Green Car Initiative.

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said it would not bail out the company. In the second quarter, house prices in Spain fell 20 percent. In

6966: 6949: 6944: 6933: 6896: 6891: 6885: 6496: 6465: 6363: 6136: 6083: 6036: 4505: 3891: 3513:"Quarterly National Accounts MetaData: Quarterly Growth Rates of real GDP, change over previous quarter" 1955: 1478: 971: 843: 731: 5308: 5290: 5272: 3917: 3724: 3481: 1697: 189: 3187:"Affaire Madoff : Natixis, BNP Paribas, Société Générale, Casa, AXA... dévoilent leur exposition" 1171:

had previously said would require the country to seek financial help from international institutions.

1056:

organisation. This, however, proved insufficient. On 6 October 2008, it was announced the French bank

823:

is concerned about the health of smaller regional lenders with heavy exposure to the mortgage market.

6532: 6377: 6159: 5515: 5440:"Hrvatska 'Davne' 2008. godine – Recesija u Hrvatskoj od prvog dana – 'Bez dramatike, visimo o niti'" 5069: 4378: 2672: 2409: 2308: 2092:. It was interrupted by a period of stagnation in 2011, that nevertheless led to the election of the 1929: 1806: 1620: 1179: 1004: 1000: 921: 342: 5532: 5412:"Deset godina krize – Sanaderu je trebalo više od godinu dana da prizna kako je Hrvatska 'u banani'" 2676: 2413: 2312: 1215:

motion sponsored by all five opposition parties in parliament over spending cuts and tax increases.

7184: 6631: 6486: 6394: 6346: 6314: 6295: 6119: 6051: 5511: 5490: 4806: 3838: 2111: 1989: 1897: 1758: 1744: 1554: 1513: 1459: 1366: 1258: 1242: 996: 737: 312: 1636:

have increased by just 0.2 percent in the second quarter 2008, the joint-slowest pace since 2001.

1147:. In 2009, the deficit had been 9.4 percent, one of the highest in the Eurozone and way above the 1136: 7116: 7101: 7091: 7071: 7066: 7061: 7056: 7050: 6368: 6336: 6101: 6077: 5735: 5708: 5548: 5010: 4107: 3360: 2071: 1954:

In January 2009, Russia's State Statistics Service released data, according to which the Russian

1941: 1874: 1396: 1188: 863: 812: 3431: 1372: 1029: 6837: 6831: 6825: 6431: 6404: 6341: 6329: 6290: 6259: 6146: 5447: 5180: 4971: 4598: 1830: 1739: 1632: 1574: 1400: 1108:

rating down two notches from an Aa2 to an A1. Due to spending on economic stimuli, Portugal's

893: 762: 17: 5414:[Ten years of crisis – Sanader took more than a year to admit Croatia is 'screwed']. 4953: 3159: 2077:

The country was still in the midst of what was effectively a six-year long recession when it

1412:, on 8 October 2008. The Parliament also extended a £400m loan to the nation's largest bank, 6918: 6913: 6759: 6748: 6409: 6399: 6309: 6269: 6264: 6239: 6234: 6230: 5558: 5143: 5115: 4998: 4823: 4203: 2383: 2162: 2142: 2033: 1917: 1750: 1616: 1570: 1440: 1326:

was one of only a few countries that retained their high GDP predictions for the year 2008.

1132: 1044: 758: 6249: 5334: 5138: 5110: 3534: 2914: 2888: 2814: 2698: 6987: 6977: 6727: 6668: 6663: 6657: 6095: 5598: 5038: 4284: 4010: 3942: 3577: 3486: 3458: 2742: 2435: 2134: 2096:, yet the economy soon returned to recession, in which it remained until the end of 2014. 2025: 1958:

slumped in December 2008 by 10.3 percent after falling 8.7 percent in November that year.

1922: 1715: 1701: 1666:, who had taken office in June 2007 just before the crisis broke, had been the country's ' 1624: 1608: 1585: 1501: 958: 834: 788: 766: 710: 685: 393: 292: 3676: 753:, the American broker that ran out of capital in September 2008. In January 2009 it was 247:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

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showed zero growth in the second quarter. However the final estimates released by the

7133: 6704: 6698: 6689: 6683: 6625: 6616: 6607: 6589: 6578: 6566: 6536: 6358: 5725: 5720: 5703: 5416: 4876: 4584: 3089:"L'Etat va commander un BPC, des engins de débarquement et des navires d'instruction" 2176: 2017: 1951:

lost 72.4 percent, ranking it as an unusual performer of all major emerging markets.

1905: 1843: 1558: 1542: 1417: 1350: 1212: 1064:, in exchange for the Belgian government becoming the new group's major shareholder. 867: 820: 808: 750: 578: 4532:"Retirement plans of millions of Britons at risk after Bank of England prints money" 2514: 2488: 1375:

has declined 40% against the euro during 2008 and has experienced inflation of 14%.

6448: 6441: 6436: 6305: 6300: 6244: 4880: 3372: 3110: 3088: 1834: 1663: 1562: 1424: 1192: 1159: 1048: 800: 5388: 5198: 4762: 4749: 4728: 4667: 4638: 4616: 4476: 4454: 4359: 4081: 3780: 3291: 3213: 3132: 2457: 1988:

Sweden entered recession after a two consecutive quarter of economic contraction.

1379:'s interest rates have been raised to 15.5% to deal with the high inflation. This 5355: 3033:"Renault : ventes mondiales en baisse en 2008 mais part de marché en hausse" 1718:

cut interest rates from 3% to 2%, which amounted to the lowest level since 1951.

811:

said it expects a 35 percent fall in real house prices by 2011. Spain's premier,

6858: 6414: 6373: 6319: 6089: 5730: 3512: 1577:

would slow to only 0.2 percent, and forecast a two-year drop in investment. The

1392: 1380: 1294: 1200: 1057: 1016: 947: 807:

some 69 percent of all houses built over the past three years are still unsold.

792: 563: 131: 4166:"БРУТЕН ВЪТРЕШЕН ПРОДУКТ ЗА ВТОРО ТРИМЕСЕЧИЕ НА 2009 ГОДИНА – ЕКСПРЕСНИ ОЦЕНКИ" 2074:

mechanisms, causing the period of instability to fester until as late as 2015.

1060:

would take over 75 percent of Fortis' activities in Belgium, and 66 percent in

6642: 5224: 4121: 4103: 2152: 1682: 1589: 1448: 1429: 1409: 1178:, a leading Portuguese newspaper, demonstrated that in the period between the 1101: 1061: 558: 5167:"Russia's RTS index doubles as oil lures investors – Emerging Markets Report" 4172: 3262:"BNP Paribas bondit en Bourse après la renégociation de l'accord avec Fortis" 6453: 6384: 6285: 6281: 4976: 3409: 1948: 1909: 1900:

grew at a steady pace, which most experts attributed to Putin's policies, a

1566: 1413: 689: 553: 5181:"Daily History of the RTS Index (RTSI) — RTS Stock Exchange | Indices" 1485:

with a 5 billion euro (US$ 6.7 billion) loan facility, just days after the

924:. Italy's economy contracted by 0.3 percent in the second quarter of 2008. 3696:"Polish GDP Growth Probably Accelerated on German Expansion, Weaker Zloty" 2226: 2224: 2156: 1928:

In October 2008 Russia emerged as one of the countries hardest-hit by the

1639:

The value of sterling relative to other currencies dropped by around 30%.

1619:, house sales saw a fall of some 50 per cent according to a survey by the 6005: 5258: 4006:"Crisis deepens for Iceland as last of 'big three' banks is nationalised" 3938: 3136: 1994: 1974: 1735: 1545:

bank branch in the United Kingdom, to withdraw money from their accounts.

1452: 1323: 1140: 1033: 889: 548: 1677:

On 17 September 2008, news emerged that the banking and insurance group

1003:

trading loss in October 2008, which it blamed partly on the high market

2070:

economy entered a crisis that exposed numerous structural issues and un

2067: 2039: 2021: 1980:

The banks did not trust each other well and the difference between the

1868: 1494: 1482: 1433: 1404: 1376: 1353:

rates in the European Union, at just over 320 billion, 46% of its GDP.

1305: 1270: 1052: 1040: 1015:, an investment bank, potentially lost €450 million in the process and 1012: 967: 943: 816: 697: 1274:

revised data, the Great Recession only started in Denmark in Q3 2008.

741:

quarter and first recorded contraction since 1983. However, Ireland's

2757:"Germany officially in recession as OECD expects US to lead recovery" 2378: 2346: 2055: 1969: 1937: 1509: 1474: 1334: 1282: 1196: 917: 693: 5483:"Home - Transport - Research & Innovation - European Commission" 4559:"Run on UK sees foreign investors pull $ 1 trillion out of the City" 3834:"Financial crisis: Iceland nationalises bank and seeks Russian loan" 2981:"Plan de relance : le détail des mesures annoncées par Sarkozy" 1925:

of 13 percent, a reduced profits tax, and new land and legal codes.

1731:

On 5 February 2009 interest rates were cut further from 1.5% to 1%.

1075:

In May 2008 industrial output fell in the Netherlands by 6 percent.

4064:"Hungary: The Hungarian Financial Crisis' Impact on Austrian Banks" 2256: 5567: 3160:"French lender uncovers €600 million loss on unauthorized trading" 1079: 1069: 951: 913: 909: 3623:"Central Europe Risks Downgrades on Worsening Finances (Update1)" 1742:

for the year 2009, in spite of the 20% raise predictions made by

1707:

From 1 December 2008, the UK Government made the decision to cut

5372:

Hard Times for Ukrainian Banks, Central Bank Chairman Under Fire

3065:(in French). Journaldunetv.com. 18 December 2008. Archived from 1999: 1985:

costs have lowered company investments and private consumption.

1738:

showed that most of them are not considering officially raising

1678: 1211:

On 23 March 2011, José Sócrates resigned following passage of a

1109: 905: 839: 6184: 5990:

List of banks acquired or bankrupted during the Great Recession

5824: 5571: 3111:"DCNS remporte le plus gros contrat à l'export de son histoire" 1395:

in a television address on 6 October 2008 said credit lines to

908:

announced plant closures and temporary layoffs at factories in

3641:"Zloty to Gain, Says LBBW, Most Accurate Forecaster (Update1)" 3344:"La France s'enfonce dans une récession d'une ampleur inédite" 1822: 1219: 1021: 583: 227: 125: 70: 29: 5554:

European Union – Economic and Financial Crisis special report

3659:"Poland's Economic Outlook May Be Raised by IMF, PAP Reports" 2841:"Greek recession is near to entering its fifth straight year" 2578:"Recession warnings ruffle Europe as Germany and Italy stall" 1700:'s £20 billion savings business was acquired by Spanish bank 5468:

Communication from the Commission and the European Council,

2141:

is supporting a large European "electromobility" project on

2036:, said he saw no need to intervene to protect the currency. 2028:

as economic fundamentals deteriorate and the country enters

1143:

partners, through a series of tax hikes and salary cuts for

833:

issued a major alert on the health of Spanish banks and the

4374:"Recession fears are stoked as UK economy grinds to a halt" 4254:"Nationwide warns of recession as house price drop doubles" 4122:"Index – Gazdaság – Még borúsabb prognózisra készül az IMF" 3957:"UK Used Anti-Terrorism Law to Seize Icelandic Bank Assets" 2863:"Another Battering for Europe as Oil Costs hit Record High" 1241:

crisis, in July and August 2011, the new government led by

1230:, like Greece and the Republic of Ireland had done before. 487:

Government intervention during the subprime mortgage crisis

4078:"Hungary has surpassed worst part of financial crisis: PM" 3389:

Grande investigação DN Conheça o verdadeiro peso do Estado

1135:

compelled the Portuguese Government led by Prime Minister

5856:

Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act

3236:"BNP-Paribas rachète Fortis en Belgique et au Luxembourg" 1504:

to finance its economy and has one of the biggest public

1257:

declined by 0.1 percent in the second quarter of 2008. A

338:

Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act

3601:"Estonian food industry to face bankruptcies-chairwoman" 1631:

builders expected the number of houses built in 2008 in

957:

In order to fight the economic crisis, French president

5327:"Fitch cuts Ukraine outlook on risk of currency crisis" 5259:"Riksbank announces loans to Sweden's financial sector" 3677:"Polish GDP growth seen at 3.1 pct in Q2-govt official" 2941:"Italy's Economy Unexpectedly Shrinks; Nears Recession" 2915:"Italy business morale hits 7-year low, recession seen" 2699:"Euro zone factory activity at 5-yr low, prices rising" 761:

and to announce recapitalisation of its top two banks,

27:

Overview of the impact of the Great Recession in Europe

5967:

National fiscal policy response to the Great Recession

3916:. Agence France-Presse. 8 October 2008. Archived from 3507: 3505: 3314:"The global economy is at the point of maximum danger" 3003:"La prime à la casse dope les commandes d'automobiles" 2815:"German June retail sales fall adds to economic gloom" 2305:"Eurozone business activity 'close to seven-year low'" 1850:, but fell short of an overall majority, and agreed a 1481:(ECB) announced on 16 October that it was bailing out 1416:, in hopes that it would strengthen the institution's 1297:'s second-largest bank predicted a recession in 2009. 502:

National fiscal policy response to the Great Recession

4715:"BOE Extends Bond Purchases After Recession Deepened" 4227:"Gieve Sees UK Inflation Accelerating 'Well Over' 4%" 2736:

Solbes Says Spain Faces Deepest Recession in 50 Years

2066:

With economic growth ceasing by the end in 2008, the

1932:, the stock market crash having been precipitated by 3406:"Portuguese parliament votes against austerity plan" 2669:"Spain facing worse economic slowdown than expected" 2571: 2569: 2567: 1681:(Halifax Bank of Scotland) was in merger talks with 1607:

said on 30 July 2008 that 70,000 homeowners were in

1345:

had not entered recession nor contracted, while its

380:

Government policies and the subprime mortgage crisis

6976: 6912: 6857: 6811: 6726: 6641: 6588: 6495: 6464: 6112: 6070: 6027: 5998: 5980: 5919: 5894: 5831: 5749: 5696: 5660: 5605: 3751:"Financial crisis: Iceland's dreams go up in smoke" 3694:Bartyzel, Dorota; Rozlal, Monika (30 August 2010). 3063:"NCL annule la commande d'un paquebot à STX Europe" 2801:"German Economy Enters Worst Recession in 12 Years" 2268: 2266: 1649:

National Institute for Economic and Social Research

984:, as well as smaller ships, for the French navy to 156:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 6086:(Europe, Middle East and North Africa, Asia; 2009) 4970:Adelaja, Tai; Stinson, Jeffrey (10 October 2008). 4809:BBC News. 12 August 2010. Retrieved 10 March 2020. 4402:"U.K. Economy Contracts, Edges Toward a Recession" 4334:"U.K. Services Contract, Factory Production Drops" 3955:Donaldson, Kitty; Vina, Gonzalo (9 October 2008). 3573:"Estonia becomes first victim of Baltic recession" 736:The global recession was first seen in Europe, as 4034:"Actualité financière internationale des marchés" 2783:"Germany agrees on 50-billion-euro stimulus plan" 2724:Mounting joblessness in Spain | And worse to come 2084:The recession had contributed to the fall of the 1916:'s first term as president (during most of which 4197:Smith, David; Oconnell, Dominic (20 July 2008). 3862:"UK govt launching legal action against Iceland" 2542:"Spain drops reassuring gloss as crisis deepens" 2406:"Ireland faces recession after Celtic Tiger era" 2382:. Associated Press. 30 June 2008. Archived from 1724:On 23 January 2009, Government figures from the 896:declining further in 2012, by an estimated 4.4% 482:Federal Reserve responses to the subprime crisis 370:Causes of the 2000s United States housing bubble 5197:. Stockholm News. 6 August 2008. Archived from 4972:"Russia among hardest-hit in economic meltdown" 3482:"Early Easter puts Danish economy in recession" 2967:"France Avoids Recession And Defies Economists" 5937:American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 5802:Office of Federal Housing Enterprise Oversight 5356:Trade in Ukraine hryvnia drying up amid crisis 5139:"Industrial Output Falls By 10.3% in December" 4599:"S&P cuts UK's rating outlook to negative" 3113:(in French). Meretmarine.com. 23 December 2008 3091:(in French). Meretmarine.com. 18 December 2008 2639:"Morgan Stanley issues alert on Spanish banks" 1541:People queuing on 15 September 2007 outside a 457:American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 375:Credit rating agencies and the subprime crisis 6196: 5583: 4786:"The Telegraph: Bad Good News on the Economy" 3981:. For Argyll. 24 October 2008. Archived from 2232:"Quarterly National Accounts -Quarter 4 2012" 2210:List of stock market crashes and bear markets 2044:cutting of Russian gas supply in January 2009 1867:Despite high economic growth in 2008 (8.7%), 1734:A February 2009 research on the main British 1465:On 27 January 2009 the government collapsed. 1117:as concern spread over increasing government 665: 323:2000s United States housing market correction 8: 5861:Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 5093:"Russian Index Dropped 72.4 Percent in 2008" 4280:"House sales in North decline by about half" 4136:"Bulgaria's H1 GDP Shrinks by Real 4.2% Y/Y" 2275:"European recession looms as Spain crumbles" 1761:, printing up to £150 billion of new money. 477:Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 5333:. London. 25 September 2008. Archived from 5034:"Now financial crisis takes toll in Russia" 4820:"Svårt ekonomiskt läge för Rumänien – Ekot" 4693:"UK government debt now at 56.6% of output" 3804:"Terror as Iceland faces economic collapse" 3039:(in French). 9 January 2009. Archived from 3009:(in French). 6 January 2009. Archived from 2983:(in French). NouvelObs.com. 5 December 2008 2889:"German finance ministry writes off Q2 GDP" 2785:. France 24. 6 January 2009. Archived from 2436:"Latest economic report predicts recession" 2257:"Euro Area Business Cycle Dating Committee" 1912:and cheap credit from western banks. After 1489:said it was seeking consultations with the 1445:Anti-Terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001 507:Regulatory responses to the subprime crisis 64:Learn how and when to remove these messages 6203: 6189: 6181: 5995: 5952:Fraud Enforcement and Recovery Act of 2009 5891: 5876:Term Asset-Backed Securities Loan Facility 5821: 5590: 5576: 5568: 5559:'The recovery plan revisited' (March 2009) 5378:17 December 2008. Retrieved 10 March 2020. 2637:Evans-Pritchard, Ambrose (4 August 2008). 1977:had invested heavily in US housing bonds. 1174:A report published in January 2011 by the 672: 658: 517:Term Asset-Backed Securities Loan Facility 283: 6132:Effects of the Great Recession on museums 5962:Housing and Economic Recovery Act of 2008 5846:China–Japan–South Korea trilateral summit 5291:"OECD urges Sweden to make deep rate cut" 3603:. Baltic Business News. 19 September 2008 2608:"Spanish retail sales suffer record fall" 2576:Evans-Pritchard, Ambrose (11 July 2008). 2540:Evans-Pritchard, Ambrose (18 July 2008). 2273:Evans-Pritchard, Ambrose (18 July 2008). 1072:, Belgium's second largest bank, afloat. 512:Subprime mortgage crisis solutions debate 497:Housing and Economic Recovery Act of 2008 420:China–Japan–South Korea trilateral summit 270:Learn how and when to remove this message 216:Learn how and when to remove this message 114:Learn how and when to remove this message 5826:Government policy and spending responses 5792:Government National Mortgage Association 5360:Ukrainian Independent Information Agency 3827: 3825: 3454:"Recession to hit Germany, UK and Spain" 2515:"Jobless rate could hit 400,000 – Cowen" 2478:Irish Independent, 28 January 2009, p.21 2336: 2334: 2332: 2330: 1536: 846:could reach 14 percent in 2009. Spain's 440:Government response and policy proposals 5886:2008 United Kingdom bank rescue package 3890:. The Press Association. Archived from 3725:"Iceland Risks Bankruptcy, Leader Says" 2374:"Ireland's economy shrinks 1.5 percent" 2220: 2030:another period of political uncertainty 1447:as the basis for seizing the assets of 291: 5221:La Suède entre à son tour en récession 4429:"Sharp rise in unemployment claimants" 4427:Hopkins, Kathryn (17 September 2008). 4308:"UK economic data points to recession" 4110:from the original on 15 December 2021. 3718: 3716: 3560:Credit Suisse agrees a recession looms 3320:. London. 21 July 2008. Archived from 3158:Saltmarsh, Matthew (17 October 2008). 2489:"McAleese signs Anglo Irish Bank Bill" 1846:, won the most votes and seats in the 1121:and debt levels in certain countries. 684:The European recession is part of the 5871:Temporary Liquidity Guarantee Program 5841:Banking (Special Provisions) Act 2008 5762:Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation 5531:. European Commission. Archived from 4852:"Wirtschaftsmanager setzen auf Putin" 4199:"UK economy heads for 'horror movie'" 4104:"Hungary economy – November 15, 2008" 3193:(in French). France. 15 December 2008 2755:Hopkins, Kathryn (14 November 2008). 2745:, Barcelona Reporter, 16 January 2009 2079:became a member of the European Union 1313:Association of Estonian Food Industry 1228:European Financial Stability Facility 1096:2010–2014 Portuguese financial crisis 1036:could also face loses to some point. 799:, at €400m. Spain's finance minister 462:Banking (Special Provisions) Act 2008 7: 5757:Consumer Financial Protection Bureau 5273:"Stockholm backs banks with $ 205bn" 5003:"Crisis Puts Putinomics to the Test" 3888:"Darling's pledge to Icesave savers" 3214:"Fortis is 'keystone' European bank" 2012:2008–2009 Ukrainian financial crisis 2002:, cut down its interest rates to 2% 1423:On 8 October 2008 UK Prime Minister 1363:2008–2011 Icelandic financial crisis 1237:/IMF-led rescue plan for Portugal's 333:2008–2010 automotive industry crisis 154:adding citations to reliable sources 6047:Collateralized mortgage obligations 5032:Walker, Shaun (17 September 2008). 4869:Polukin, Alexey (10 January 2008). 4763:"UK economic growth revised upward" 4477:"UK in recession as economy slides" 4455:"Bank cuts UK rates to 57-year low" 3802:Hipwell, Deirdre (7 October 2008). 3781:"Iceland nationalises Glitnir bank" 3723:Forelle, Charles (7 October 2008). 3535:"Latvia joins Estonia in recession" 3292:"Second Belgian bank gets bail-out" 2458:"Irish economy goes into recession" 1896:From 1999 until the autumn of 2008 6507:British credit crisis of 1772–1773 5389:"Norway pension fund loses $ 92bn" 5091:Burdick, Dave (31 December 2008). 5068:. 3 September 2009. Archived from 4784:Conway, Edmund (26 January 2010). 4729:"Extra £25bn to stimulate economy" 4617:"Sharp contraction for UK economy" 4004:Prosser, David (10 October 2008). 3434:. Finfacts Ireland. 14 August 2008 3373:"Moody's downgrades Portugal debt" 1993:percent in the third quarter. The 1833:government, led by prime minister 938:2008–2009 Belgian financial crisis 779:2008–2014 Spanish financial crisis 365:Causes of the European debt crisis 318:2000s United States housing bubble 86:tone or style may not reflect the 25: 6220:Commonwealth of Nations countries 6142:2007–2008 world food price crisis 5942:Chinese economic stimulus program 5927:2008 European Union stimulus plan 5851:Commercial Paper Funding Facility 5470:A European Economic Recovery Plan 5410:Koščec, Andrea (10 August 2017). 5062:"The Market Will Punish Putinism" 4807:Coalition government sets to work 4639:"Record rise in UK jobless total" 4360:"Data confirms economy shrinking" 4252:Hipwell, Deirdre (31 July 2008). 3943:Rescue plan for UK banks unveiled 3749:Pierce, Andrew (6 October 2008). 3268:. 30 January 2009. Archived from 3133:"French bank admits trading loss" 2969:. PDFinvest.com. 2 December 2008. 2106:2008 European Union stimulus plan 1203:creation and mismanaged European 1182:in 1974 and 2010, the democratic 1104:Investors Service cut Portugal's 724:Post-2008 Irish economic downturn 467:Chinese economic stimulus program 447:2008 European Union stimulus plan 45:This article has multiple issues. 6170:List of countries by public debt 5797:National Asset Management Agency 3914:"Britain vows to protect savers" 3832:Mason, Rowena (8 October 2008). 2726:, The Economist, 22 January 2009 2350:. 14 August 2008. Archived from 2342:"Europe: Oil Falls, Stocks Rise" 2169: 2155: 1908:-era structural reforms, rising 1696:In September 2008, British bank 932:France and the Benelux countries 232: 130: 96:guide to writing better articles 75: 34: 6216:recessions in the United States 6125:2008 Central Asia energy crisis 6042:Collateralized debt obligations 5529:"Electric vehicles – Transport" 5111:"Rescuing Russia From Collapse" 4530:Conway, Edmund (6 March 2009). 3212:Ben Shore (28 September 2008). 2675:. 9 August 2008. Archived from 2311:. 6 August 2008. Archived from 2116:European Economic Recovery Plan 2100:European Economic Recovery Plan 1399:had been cut off and that "the 1184:Portuguese Republic governments 892:'s current forecasts also show 141:needs additional citations for 53:or discuss these issues on the 5932:2008–2009 Keynesian resurgence 5777:Federal Housing Finance Agency 5772:Federal Housing Administration 5561:, written by the chief of the 5241:"Sweden slides into recession" 5195:"Sweden heading for recession" 4856:Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung 4557:O'Grady, Sean (7 March 2009). 2803:. Bloomberg. 13 November 2008. 2614:. 30 July 2008. Archived from 2412:. 30 June 2008. Archived from 2185:European sovereign debt crisis 1726:Office for National Statistics 1690:Office for National Statistics 1644:Office for National Statistics 1115:European sovereign-debt crisis 1051:with a cash infusion from the 728:Post-2008 Irish banking crisis 452:2008–2009 Keynesian resurgence 18:Late-2000s recession in Europe 1: 7155:Economy of the European Union 5947:Economic Stimulus Act of 2008 5881:Troubled Asset Relief Program 5807:Office of Financial Stability 5782:Federal Housing Finance Board 5716:Société Générale trading loss 5261:. The Local. 7 November 2008. 4750:BBC News: UK out of Recession 4362:. BBC News. 26 November 2008. 4106:. YouTube. 19 November 2008. 3783:. BBC News. 29 September 2008 3294:. BBC News. 30 September 2008 2460:. BBC News. 25 September 2008 2200:Stock market crashes in India 2088:and its replacement with the 1888:2008 Russian financial crisis 1551:economy of the United Kingdom 1255:economy of the European Union 1205:structural and cohesion funds 522:Troubled Asset Relief Program 472:Economic Stimulus Act of 2008 5866:Irish emergency budget, 2009 5309:"Sweden slashes rates to 2%" 4929:"The flight from the rouble" 4765:. BBC News. 26 February 2010 4312:International Herald Tribune 3165:International Herald Tribune 2438:. RTÉ Business. 29 July 2008 2205:2012 European general strike 2131:Electrification of transport 1947:In 2008, Russia's benchmark 1829:The popularity of Britain's 1169:Fernando Teixeira dos Santos 1092:Economic history of Portugal 1039:On 28 September 2008, Dutch- 995:The French cooperative bank 884:Greek government-debt crisis 579:Royal Bank of Scotland Group 544:American International Group 6962:1997 Asian financial crisis 6595:Civil War-era United States 4752:Access Date 26 January 2010 4731:. BBC News. 5 November 2009 4717:. Bloomberg. 6 August 2009. 3562:, swissinfo, 9 January 2009 2195:1991 Indian economic crisis 1656:United Kingdom Labour Party 1491:International Monetary Fund 1438:Chancellor of the Exchequer 1347:International Monetary Fund 1233:In order to accomplish the 165:"Great Recession in Europe" 7201: 7165:2009 in the European Union 7160:2008 in the European Union 7145:Economic history of Europe 6738:Post–World War I recession 6558:Post-Napoleonic Depression 6165:2007–2008 financial crisis 6057:Mortgage-backed securities 5668:Automotive industry crisis 5549:ILO Job Crisis Observatory 4838:"Russian Economic Reports" 4499:"UK Insurance – Key Facts" 3945:. Retrieved 8 October 2008 3864:. Citywire. Archived from 3541:. London. 8 September 2008 2190:Economic history of Europe 2103: 2094:Cabinet of Zoran Milanović 2009: 1940:in July that year and the 1885: 1487:Hungarian Finance Ministry 1360: 1337:is the only member of the 1089: 935: 881: 848:Purchasing Managers' Index 776: 721: 328:2007–2008 financial crisis 7140:Great Recession in Europe 6648:2nd Industrial Revolution 6581:(1836–1838 and 1839–1843) 6497:1st Industrial Revolution 6265:Price-and-wage stickiness 6226: 6155: 6062:Secondary mortgage market 5983:rescues, and acquisitions 5981:Government interventions, 5972:Zero interest-rate policy 5820: 5683:Housing market correction 5391:. BBC News. 11 March 2009 4903:"Trouble in the pipeline" 4872:К нефти легко примазаться 4124:. Index.hu. 30 June 1999. 3375:. BBC News. 13 July 2010. 2090:Cabinet of Jadranka Kosor 2086:Cabinet of Ivo Sanader II 1892:Great Recession in Russia 1391:Iceland's Prime Minister 1153:Stability and Growth Pact 990:Scorpène-class submarines 946:by 0.2 percent while the 743:Central Statistics Office 241:This article needs to be 6929:1990s United States boom 6717:Financial crisis of 1914 6080:(United States; c. 2009) 5812:UK Financial Investments 5697:Banking losses and fraud 5688:Subprime mortgage crisis 5673:California budget crisis 5376:The Jamestown Foundation 5007:The St. Petersburg Times 4871: 4792:. London. Archived from 4661:"Public sector finances" 4641:. BBC News. 15 July 2009 4619:. BBC News. 30 June 2009 3757:. London. Archived from 2645:. London. Archived from 2584:. London. Archived from 2548:. London. Archived from 2281:. London. Archived from 1902:sharp rouble devaluation 1714:On 4 December 2008, the 1473:On 10 October 2008, the 1222:(at the time managed by 999:suffered a €600 million 757:its third largest bank, 308:Subprime mortgage crisis 6744:Depression of 1920–1921 6676:Depression of 1882–1885 6590:Early Victorian Britain 6325:Real and nominal values 6098:(worldwide; 2011–2012) 6037:Auction rate securities 5767:Federal Home Loan Banks 5066:The Wall Street Journal 4822:. Sr.se. Archived from 3729:The Wall Street Journal 2821:. London. 1 August 2008 2705:. London. 1 August 2008 2519:Raidió Teilifís Éireann 2493:Raidió Teilifís Éireann 1982:interbank interest rate 1660:London Mayoral election 1584:Deputy Governor of the 1100:In the summer of 2010, 974:was already cancelled. 783:Spanish property bubble 287:Part of a series on the 90:used on Knowledge (XXG) 6849:Recession of 1969–1970 6844:Recession of 1960–1961 6803:Recession of 1937–1938 5787:Federal Reserve System 5661:United States-specific 5563:European Policy Centre 4479:. BBC. 23 January 2009 4457:. BBC. 4 December 2008 2921:. London. 24 July 2008 2895:. London. 21 July 2008 2110:In November 2008, the 2024:could be headed for a 1930:global economic crisis 1698:Bradford & Bingley 1579:Institute of Directors 1546: 1432:and its online brand, 1381:loss of currency value 1224:Dominique Strauss-Kahn 1078:On 19 March 2009, the 408:G-20 Washington summit 94:See Knowledge (XXG)'s 6967:Early 2000s recession 6934:Early 1990s recession 6886:Early 1980s recession 6466:Commercial revolution 6364:Nominal interest rate 6137:Decline of newspapers 6084:2009 May Day protests 6030:and financial markets 5920:Stimulus and recovery 2010:Further information: 1956:industrial production 1886:Further information: 1848:2010 general election 1786:Standard & Poor's 1605:Standard & Poor's 1553:has also been hit by 1540: 1479:European Central Bank 1449:Landsbanki Islands hf 1361:Further information: 1155:three percent limit. 936:Further information: 797:Banco Popular Español 777:Further information: 755:forced to nationalise 732:Irish property bubble 722:Further information: 6533:Copper Panic of 1789 6160:European debt crisis 6052:Credit default swaps 6028:Securities involved 5834:stability and reform 5337:on 29 September 2008 5001:(29 December 2008). 4587:. Statistics.gov.uk. 3629:. 21 September 2009. 3242:(in French). Reuters 2673:Agence France-Presse 2410:Agence France-Presse 2309:Agence France-Presse 2237:. CSO. 21 March 2013 1936:'s verbal attack on 1621:University of Ulster 1477:dropped by 10%. The 1180:Carnation Revolution 1128:remained very high. 922:11 September attacks 343:European debt crisis 150:improve this article 6869:1973–1975 recession 6813:Post–WWII expansion 6487:Great Frost of 1709 6315:Neutrality of money 6296:Classical dichotomy 6212:Economic expansions 6120:2000s energy crisis 5832:Banking and finance 5750:Government entities 5512:European Commission 5247:. 29 November 2008. 5227:(28 November 2008) 5201:on 16 December 2008 5072:on 8 September 2008 4796:on 29 January 2010. 4790:The Daily Telegraph 4408:. 10 September 2008 4178:on 1 September 2009 3839:The Daily Telegraph 3755:The Daily Telegraph 3665:. 15 December 2009. 3462:. 10 September 2008 3361:Bond credit ratings 3318:The Daily Telegraph 3013:on 13 February 2013 2741:7 July 2011 at the 2643:The Daily Telegraph 2582:The Daily Telegraph 2546:The Daily Telegraph 2416:on 17 December 2008 2315:on 16 December 2008 2279:The Daily Telegraph 2112:European Commission 1998:bank, urged by the 1842:opposition, led by 1759:quantitative easing 1745:The Daily Telegraph 1460:economic depression 1367:Icelandic outvasion 1259:European Commission 1243:Pedro Passos Coelho 1011:. Most importantly 313:2000s energy crisis 7051:COVID-19 recession 6711:Panic of 1910–1911 6543:Panic of 1796–1797 6369:Real interest rate 6337:Economic expansion 6102:Occupy Wall Street 6078:Tea Party protests 5736:Scott W. Rothstein 5518:, 26 November 2008 5472:, 26 November 2008 5450:. 28 February 2015 5362:(19 December 2008) 5315:. 4 December 2008. 5297:. 3 December 2008. 5279:. 20 October 2008. 5119:. 10 February 2009 4935:. 20 November 2008 4084:on 12 January 2009 4044:on 12 January 2009 4038:www.boursorama.com 3920:on 10 October 2008 3894:on 12 October 2008 3393:Diário de Notícias 3272:on 2 February 2009 3043:on 22 January 2009 2869:. 24 February 2012 2843:. 14 February 2012 2354:on 18 October 2008 2072:sustainable growth 1942:Russo-Georgian War 1740:insurance premiums 1547: 1311:Chairwoman of the 1176:Diário de Notícias 1158:In November 2010, 864:economy of Germany 813:Jose Luis Zapatero 805:Castilla–La Mancha 426:G-20 London Summit 7127: 7126: 6838:Recession of 1958 6832:Recession of 1953 6826:Recession of 1949 6523:Thirteen Colonies 6330:Velocity of money 6260:Paradox of thrift 6178: 6177: 6147:Retail apocalypse 6092:(MENA; 2010–2012) 6023: 6022: 6019: 6018: 5915: 5914: 5895:Bank stress tests 5535:on 19 March 2011. 5448:Nova TV (Croatia) 5147:. 26 January 2009 5013:on 1 January 2009 4954:The Putin Paradox 4883:on 2 January 2009 4826:on 12 March 2010. 4695:. breakingnews.ie 3761:on 7 October 2008 3683:. 18 August 2010. 3647:. 9 October 2009. 3139:. 17 October 2008 2521:. 4 February 2009 2495:. 21 January 2009 2143:electric vehicles 1875:Romania's economy 1856:Liberal Democrats 1688:According to the 1633:England and Wales 1575:consumer spending 1571:Ernst & Young 1555:rising oil prices 1512:, Prime Minister 1510:national currency 1401:Icelandic economy 1191:in state-managed 1133:financial markets 844:unemployment rate 682: 681: 536:Business failures 280: 279: 272: 262: 261: 226: 225: 218: 200: 124: 123: 116: 88:encyclopedic tone 68: 16:(Redirected from 7192: 6919:Great Regression 6914:Great Moderation 6760:Great Depression 6749:Roaring Twenties 6270:Underconsumption 6240:Effective demand 6231:Aggregate demand 6205: 6198: 6191: 6182: 6071:Social responses 5996: 5892: 5822: 5592: 5585: 5578: 5569: 5537: 5536: 5525: 5519: 5509: 5503: 5502: 5500: 5498: 5489:. 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Archived from 4030: 4024: 4023: 4021: 4019: 4001: 3995: 3994: 3992: 3990: 3975: 3969: 3968: 3966: 3964: 3952: 3946: 3936: 3930: 3929: 3927: 3925: 3910: 3904: 3903: 3901: 3899: 3884: 3878: 3877: 3875: 3873: 3868:on 3 August 2012 3858: 3852: 3851: 3849: 3847: 3829: 3820: 3819: 3817: 3815: 3799: 3793: 3792: 3790: 3788: 3777: 3771: 3770: 3768: 3766: 3746: 3740: 3739: 3737: 3735: 3720: 3711: 3710: 3708: 3706: 3691: 3685: 3684: 3673: 3667: 3666: 3655: 3649: 3648: 3637: 3631: 3630: 3619: 3613: 3612: 3610: 3608: 3597: 3591: 3590: 3588: 3586: 3581:. 14 August 2008 3569: 3563: 3557: 3551: 3550: 3548: 3546: 3531: 3525: 3524: 3522: 3520: 3509: 3500: 3499: 3497: 3495: 3478: 3472: 3471: 3469: 3467: 3450: 3444: 3443: 3441: 3439: 3428: 3422: 3421: 3419: 3417: 3402: 3396: 3395:(7 January 2011) 3387: 3383: 3377: 3376: 3369: 3363: 3358: 3352: 3351: 3350:. 19 March 2009. 3340: 3334: 3333: 3331: 3329: 3310: 3304: 3303: 3301: 3299: 3288: 3282: 3281: 3279: 3277: 3258: 3252: 3251: 3249: 3247: 3232: 3226: 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3463: 3459:Financial Times 3452: 3451: 3447: 3437: 3435: 3430: 3429: 3425: 3415: 3413: 3412:. 23 March 2011 3404: 3403: 3399: 3386:(in Portuguese) 3385: 3384: 3380: 3371: 3370: 3366: 3359: 3355: 3342: 3341: 3337: 3327: 3325: 3324:on 21 July 2008 3312: 3311: 3307: 3297: 3295: 3290: 3289: 3285: 3275: 3273: 3260: 3259: 3255: 3245: 3243: 3234: 3233: 3229: 3219: 3217: 3211: 3210: 3206: 3196: 3194: 3185: 3184: 3180: 3170: 3168: 3157: 3156: 3152: 3142: 3140: 3131: 3130: 3126: 3116: 3114: 3109: 3108: 3104: 3094: 3092: 3087: 3086: 3082: 3072: 3070: 3069:on 16 July 2011 3061: 3060: 3056: 3046: 3044: 3031: 3030: 3026: 3016: 3014: 3001: 3000: 2996: 2986: 2984: 2979: 2978: 2974: 2965: 2964: 2960: 2950: 2948: 2947:. 8 August 2008 2939: 2938: 2934: 2924: 2922: 2913: 2912: 2908: 2898: 2896: 2887: 2886: 2882: 2872: 2870: 2861: 2860: 2856: 2846: 2844: 2839: 2838: 2834: 2824: 2822: 2813: 2812: 2808: 2799: 2798: 2794: 2789:on 13 May 2011. 2781: 2780: 2776: 2766: 2764: 2754: 2753: 2749: 2743:Wayback 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of England 1535: 1526: 1502:foreign capital 1471: 1397:Icelandic banks 1373:Icelandic króna 1369: 1359: 1332: 1321: 1303: 1291: 1280: 1268: 1251: 1145:public servants 1126:public servants 1098: 1090:Main articles: 1088: 1030:Crédit Agricole 959:Nicolas Sarkozy 940: 934: 902: 886: 880: 860: 835:Spanish economy 789:Martinsa-Fadesa 785: 775: 767:Bank of Ireland 734: 720: 711:Black Wednesday 706: 686:Great Recession 678: 642: 641: 640: 598: 590: 589: 588: 574:Lehman Brothers 538: 528: 527: 526: 441: 433: 432: 431: 422:(December 2008) 416:(November 2008) 410:(November 2008) 396: 394:Summit meetings 386: 385: 384: 359: 349: 348: 347: 302: 293:Great Recession 276: 265: 264: 263: 258: 252: 249: 246: 237: 233: 222: 211: 205: 202: 159: 157: 147: 135: 120: 109: 103: 100: 93: 84:This article's 80: 76: 39: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7198: 7196: 7188: 7187: 7182: 7177: 7172: 7167: 7162: 7157: 7152: 7147: 7142: 7132: 7131: 7125: 7124: 7122: 7121: 7120: 7119: 7114: 7109: 7107:United Kingdom 7104: 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6462: 6461: 6459: 6458: 6457: 6456: 6446: 6445: 6444: 6439: 6429: 6428: 6427: 6422: 6417: 6412: 6407: 6402: 6397: 6392: 6382: 6381: 6380: 6371: 6366: 6356: 6355: 6354: 6349: 6344: 6334: 6333: 6332: 6327: 6322: 6317: 6312: 6303: 6298: 6293: 6279: 6277:Business cycle 6274: 6273: 6272: 6267: 6262: 6257: 6255:Overproduction 6252: 6247: 6242: 6227: 6224: 6223: 6210: 6208: 6207: 6200: 6193: 6185: 6176: 6175: 6173: 6172: 6167: 6162: 6156: 6153: 6152: 6150: 6149: 6144: 6139: 6134: 6129: 6128: 6127: 6116: 6114: 6113:Related topics 6110: 6109: 6107: 6106: 6105: 6104: 6093: 6087: 6081: 6074: 6072: 6068: 6067: 6065: 6064: 6059: 6054: 6049: 6044: 6039: 6033: 6031: 6025: 6024: 6021: 6020: 6017: 6016: 6014: 6013: 6011:General Motors 6008: 6002: 6000: 5993: 5992: 5986: 5984: 5978: 5977: 5975: 5974: 5969: 5964: 5959: 5957:Green New Deal 5954: 5949: 5944: 5939: 5934: 5929: 5923: 5921: 5917: 5916: 5913: 5912: 5910: 5909: 5904: 5898: 5896: 5889: 5888: 5883: 5878: 5873: 5868: 5863: 5858: 5853: 5848: 5843: 5837: 5835: 5829: 5828: 5825: 5818: 5817: 5815: 5814: 5809: 5804: 5799: 5794: 5789: 5784: 5779: 5774: 5769: 5764: 5759: 5753: 5751: 5747: 5746: 5744: 5743: 5741:Allen Stanford 5738: 5733: 5728: 5723: 5718: 5713: 5712: 5711: 5700: 5698: 5694: 5693: 5691: 5690: 5685: 5680: 5678:Housing bubble 5675: 5670: 5664: 5662: 5658: 5657: 5655: 5654: 5649: 5648: 5647: 5637: 5632: 5631: 5630: 5625: 5615: 5609: 5607: 5603: 5602: 5597: 5595: 5594: 5587: 5580: 5572: 5566: 5565: 5556: 5551: 5544: 5543:External links 5541: 5539: 5538: 5520: 5504: 5493:on 8 July 2012 5474: 5461: 5431: 5402: 5380: 5364: 5348: 5318: 5300: 5282: 5264: 5250: 5232: 5212: 5186: 5172: 5169:. MarketWatch. 5158: 5130: 5102: 5083: 5053: 5024: 4990: 4962: 4958:Michael McFaul 4946: 4920: 4894: 4875:(in Russian). 4861: 4843: 4829: 4811: 4799: 4776: 4754: 4742: 4720: 4706: 4684: 4673:on 5 June 2011 4652: 4630: 4608: 4605:. 21 May 2009. 4590: 4576: 4549: 4522: 4490: 4468: 4446: 4419: 4393: 4365: 4351: 4325: 4299: 4271: 4244: 4233:. 18 July 2008 4218: 4189: 4157: 4127: 4113: 4095: 4069: 4055: 4025: 3996: 3970: 3947: 3931: 3905: 3879: 3853: 3821: 3794: 3772: 3741: 3712: 3686: 3668: 3650: 3632: 3614: 3592: 3564: 3552: 3526: 3501: 3490:. 17 July 2008 3473: 3445: 3423: 3397: 3378: 3364: 3353: 3335: 3305: 3283: 3253: 3227: 3204: 3178: 3150: 3124: 3102: 3080: 3054: 3024: 2994: 2972: 2958: 2932: 2906: 2880: 2854: 2832: 2806: 2792: 2774: 2747: 2728: 2716: 2690: 2660: 2629: 2599: 2563: 2532: 2506: 2480: 2471: 2449: 2427: 2397: 2365: 2326: 2296: 2262: 2248: 2219: 2217: 2214: 2213: 2212: 2207: 2202: 2197: 2192: 2187: 2181: 2180: 2166: 2150: 2147: 2127: 2124: 2120:European Union 2114:presented the 2104:Main article: 2101: 2098: 2081:in July 2013. 2063: 2060: 2051: 2048: 2007: 2004: 1966: 1963: 1934:Vladimir Putin 1914:Vladimir Putin 1883: 1880: 1864: 1861: 1565:, chairman of 1534: 1533:United Kingdom 1531: 1525: 1522: 1470: 1467: 1408:largest bank, 1358: 1355: 1343:Polish economy 1339:European Union 1331: 1328: 1320: 1317: 1302: 1299: 1293:Economists at 1290: 1287: 1279: 1276: 1267: 1264: 1250: 1249:Rest of Europe 1247: 1239:sovereign debt 1235:European Union 1162:on Portuguese 1149:European Union 1131:International 1106:sovereign bond 1087: 1084: 1047:was partially 1009:Bernard Madoff 933: 930: 901: 898: 879: 876: 859: 856: 842:predicted the 831:Morgan Stanley 774: 771: 719: 716: 705: 702: 680: 679: 677: 676: 669: 662: 654: 651: 650: 644: 643: 639: 638: 633: 628: 623: 622: 621: 616: 606: 600: 599: 596: 595: 592: 591: 587: 586: 581: 576: 571: 569:General Motors 566: 561: 556: 551: 546: 540: 539: 534: 533: 530: 529: 525: 524: 519: 514: 509: 504: 499: 494: 492:Green New Deal 489: 484: 479: 474: 469: 464: 459: 454: 449: 443: 442: 439: 438: 435: 434: 430: 429: 423: 417: 411: 405: 402:34th G8 summit 398: 397: 392: 391: 388: 387: 383: 382: 377: 372: 367: 361: 360: 355: 354: 351: 350: 346: 345: 340: 335: 330: 325: 320: 315: 310: 304: 303: 300: 299: 296: 295: 289: 288: 278: 277: 260: 259: 240: 238: 231: 224: 223: 138: 136: 129: 122: 121: 83: 81: 74: 69: 43: 42: 40: 33: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7197: 7186: 7183: 7181: 7178: 7176: 7173: 7171: 7168: 7166: 7163: 7161: 7158: 7156: 7153: 7151: 7148: 7146: 7143: 7141: 7138: 7137: 7135: 7118: 7115: 7113: 7112:United States 7110: 7108: 7105: 7103: 7100: 7098: 7095: 7093: 7090: 7088: 7085: 7083: 7080: 7078: 7075: 7073: 7070: 7068: 7065: 7063: 7060: 7058: 7054: 7053: 7052: 7049: 7045: 7044:United States 7042: 7040: 7037: 7035: 7032: 7030: 7027: 7025: 7022: 7020: 7017: 7015: 7012: 7010: 7007: 7005: 7002: 7000: 6997: 6995: 6991: 6990: 6989: 6986: 6985: 6983: 6979: 6975: 6968: 6965: 6963: 6960: 6956: 6955:United States 6953: 6951: 6948: 6946: 6943: 6941: 6937: 6936: 6935: 6932: 6930: 6927: 6926: 6924: 6920: 6915: 6911: 6903: 6902:United States 6900: 6898: 6895: 6893: 6889: 6888: 6887: 6884: 6880: 6879:United States 6877: 6875: 6872: 6871: 6870: 6867: 6866: 6864: 6860: 6856: 6850: 6847: 6845: 6842: 6839: 6836: 6833: 6830: 6827: 6824: 6821: 6820: 6818: 6814: 6810: 6804: 6801: 6797: 6796:United States 6794: 6792: 6789: 6787: 6784: 6782: 6779: 6777: 6774: 6772: 6769: 6767: 6763: 6762: 6761: 6758: 6755: 6752: 6750: 6747: 6745: 6742: 6739: 6736: 6735: 6733: 6729: 6725: 6718: 6715: 6712: 6709: 6706: 6705:Panic of 1907 6703: 6700: 6699:Panic of 1901 6697: 6694: 6691: 6690:Panic of 1893 6688: 6685: 6684:Baring crisis 6682: 6679: 6677: 6674: 6670: 6669:United States 6667: 6665: 6661: 6660: 6659: 6656: 6655: 6653: 6649: 6644: 6640: 6633: 6630: 6627: 6626:Panic of 1866 6624: 6621: 6618: 6617:Panic of 1857 6615: 6612: 6609: 6608:Panic of 1847 6606: 6603: 6602: 6600: 6596: 6591: 6587: 6580: 6579:Panic of 1837 6577: 6574: 6571: 6568: 6567:Panic of 1825 6565: 6562: 6559: 6556: 6553: 6550: 6547: 6544: 6541: 6538: 6537:Panic of 1792 6534: 6531: 6528: 6524: 6521: 6519: 6516: 6514: 6510: 6509: 6508: 6505: 6504: 6502: 6498: 6494: 6488: 6485: 6483: 6482:Slump of 1706 6480: 6477: 6474: 6473: 6471: 6467: 6463: 6455: 6452: 6451: 6450: 6447: 6443: 6440: 6438: 6435: 6434: 6433: 6430: 6426: 6423: 6421: 6418: 6416: 6413: 6411: 6408: 6406: 6403: 6401: 6398: 6396: 6393: 6391: 6390:Balance sheet 6388: 6387: 6386: 6383: 6379: 6375: 6372: 6370: 6367: 6365: 6362: 6361: 6360: 6359:Interest rate 6357: 6353: 6350: 6348: 6345: 6343: 6340: 6339: 6338: 6335: 6331: 6328: 6326: 6323: 6321: 6318: 6316: 6313: 6311: 6307: 6304: 6302: 6299: 6297: 6294: 6292: 6289: 6288: 6287: 6283: 6280: 6278: 6275: 6271: 6268: 6266: 6263: 6261: 6258: 6256: 6253: 6251: 6248: 6246: 6243: 6241: 6238: 6237: 6236: 6232: 6229: 6228: 6225: 6221: 6217: 6213: 6206: 6201: 6199: 6194: 6192: 6187: 6186: 6183: 6171: 6168: 6166: 6163: 6161: 6158: 6157: 6154: 6148: 6145: 6143: 6140: 6138: 6135: 6133: 6130: 6126: 6123: 6122: 6121: 6118: 6117: 6115: 6111: 6103: 6100: 6099: 6097: 6094: 6091: 6088: 6085: 6082: 6079: 6076: 6075: 6073: 6069: 6063: 6060: 6058: 6055: 6053: 6050: 6048: 6045: 6043: 6040: 6038: 6035: 6034: 6032: 6026: 6012: 6009: 6007: 6004: 6003: 6001: 5997: 5991: 5988: 5987: 5985: 5979: 5973: 5970: 5968: 5965: 5963: 5960: 5958: 5955: 5953: 5950: 5948: 5945: 5943: 5940: 5938: 5935: 5933: 5930: 5928: 5925: 5924: 5922: 5918: 5908: 5905: 5903: 5900: 5899: 5897: 5893: 5887: 5884: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5874: 5872: 5869: 5867: 5864: 5862: 5859: 5857: 5854: 5852: 5849: 5847: 5844: 5842: 5839: 5838: 5836: 5830: 5823: 5819: 5813: 5810: 5808: 5805: 5803: 5800: 5798: 5795: 5793: 5790: 5788: 5785: 5783: 5780: 5778: 5775: 5773: 5770: 5768: 5765: 5763: 5760: 5758: 5755: 5754: 5752: 5748: 5742: 5739: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5726:Bernie Madoff 5724: 5722: 5721:Forex scandal 5719: 5717: 5714: 5710: 5707: 5706: 5705: 5704:Libor scandal 5702: 5701: 5699: 5695: 5689: 5686: 5684: 5681: 5679: 5676: 5674: 5671: 5669: 5666: 5665: 5663: 5659: 5653: 5650: 5646: 5643: 5642: 5641: 5638: 5636: 5633: 5629: 5628:South America 5626: 5624: 5623:United States 5621: 5620: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5611: 5610: 5608: 5604: 5600: 5593: 5588: 5586: 5581: 5579: 5574: 5573: 5570: 5564: 5560: 5557: 5555: 5552: 5550: 5547: 5546: 5542: 5534: 5530: 5524: 5521: 5517: 5513: 5508: 5505: 5492: 5488: 5484: 5478: 5475: 5471: 5465: 5462: 5449: 5445: 5441: 5435: 5432: 5420:(in Croatian) 5419: 5418: 5417:Jutarnji list 5413: 5406: 5403: 5390: 5384: 5381: 5377: 5373: 5368: 5365: 5361: 5357: 5352: 5349: 5336: 5332: 5328: 5322: 5319: 5314: 5310: 5304: 5301: 5296: 5292: 5286: 5283: 5278: 5274: 5268: 5265: 5260: 5254: 5251: 5246: 5242: 5236: 5233: 5226: 5222: 5216: 5213: 5200: 5196: 5190: 5187: 5182: 5176: 5173: 5168: 5162: 5159: 5146: 5145: 5140: 5134: 5131: 5118: 5117: 5112: 5106: 5103: 5098: 5094: 5087: 5084: 5071: 5067: 5063: 5057: 5054: 5041: 5040: 5035: 5028: 5025: 5012: 5008: 5004: 5000: 4999:Anders Åslund 4994: 4991: 4979: 4978: 4973: 4966: 4963: 4959: 4955: 4950: 4947: 4934: 4933:The Economist 4930: 4924: 4921: 4908: 4907:The Economist 4904: 4898: 4895: 4882: 4878: 4877:Novaya Gazeta 4874: 4865: 4862: 4857: 4853: 4847: 4844: 4840:. World Bank. 4839: 4833: 4830: 4825: 4821: 4815: 4812: 4808: 4803: 4800: 4795: 4791: 4787: 4780: 4777: 4764: 4758: 4755: 4751: 4746: 4743: 4730: 4724: 4721: 4716: 4710: 4707: 4694: 4688: 4685: 4669: 4662: 4656: 4653: 4640: 4634: 4631: 4618: 4612: 4609: 4604: 4600: 4594: 4591: 4586: 4580: 4577: 4564: 4560: 4553: 4550: 4537: 4536:The Telegraph 4533: 4526: 4523: 4507: 4500: 4494: 4491: 4478: 4472: 4469: 4456: 4450: 4447: 4434: 4430: 4423: 4420: 4407: 4403: 4397: 4394: 4381: 4380: 4375: 4369: 4366: 4361: 4355: 4352: 4339: 4335: 4329: 4326: 4313: 4309: 4303: 4300: 4287: 4286: 4281: 4275: 4272: 4259: 4255: 4248: 4245: 4232: 4228: 4222: 4219: 4206: 4205: 4200: 4193: 4190: 4174: 4167: 4161: 4158: 4145: 4141: 4137: 4131: 4128: 4123: 4117: 4114: 4109: 4105: 4099: 4096: 4083: 4079: 4073: 4070: 4065: 4059: 4056: 4043: 4039: 4035: 4029: 4026: 4013: 4012: 4007: 4000: 3997: 3984: 3980: 3974: 3971: 3958: 3951: 3948: 3944: 3940: 3935: 3932: 3919: 3915: 3909: 3906: 3893: 3889: 3883: 3880: 3867: 3863: 3857: 3854: 3841: 3840: 3835: 3828: 3826: 3822: 3809: 3805: 3798: 3795: 3782: 3776: 3773: 3760: 3756: 3752: 3745: 3742: 3730: 3726: 3719: 3717: 3713: 3701: 3697: 3690: 3687: 3682: 3678: 3672: 3669: 3664: 3660: 3654: 3651: 3646: 3642: 3636: 3633: 3628: 3624: 3618: 3615: 3602: 3596: 3593: 3580: 3579: 3574: 3568: 3565: 3561: 3556: 3553: 3540: 3536: 3530: 3527: 3514: 3508: 3506: 3502: 3489: 3488: 3483: 3477: 3474: 3461: 3460: 3455: 3449: 3446: 3433: 3427: 3424: 3411: 3407: 3401: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3382: 3379: 3374: 3368: 3365: 3362: 3357: 3354: 3349: 3345: 3339: 3336: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3309: 3306: 3293: 3287: 3284: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3257: 3254: 3241: 3237: 3231: 3228: 3215: 3208: 3205: 3192: 3188: 3182: 3179: 3167: 3166: 3161: 3154: 3151: 3138: 3134: 3128: 3125: 3112: 3106: 3103: 3090: 3084: 3081: 3068: 3064: 3058: 3055: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3028: 3025: 3012: 3008: 3004: 2998: 2995: 2982: 2976: 2973: 2968: 2962: 2959: 2946: 2942: 2936: 2933: 2920: 2916: 2910: 2907: 2894: 2890: 2884: 2881: 2868: 2864: 2858: 2855: 2842: 2836: 2833: 2820: 2816: 2810: 2807: 2802: 2796: 2793: 2788: 2784: 2778: 2775: 2762: 2758: 2751: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2737: 2732: 2729: 2725: 2720: 2717: 2704: 2700: 2694: 2691: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2664: 2661: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2633: 2630: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2603: 2600: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2572: 2570: 2568: 2564: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2536: 2533: 2520: 2516: 2510: 2507: 2494: 2490: 2484: 2481: 2475: 2472: 2459: 2453: 2450: 2437: 2431: 2428: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2401: 2398: 2385: 2381: 2380: 2375: 2369: 2366: 2353: 2349: 2348: 2343: 2337: 2335: 2333: 2331: 2327: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2300: 2297: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2269: 2267: 2263: 2258: 2252: 2249: 2233: 2227: 2225: 2221: 2215: 2211: 2208: 2206: 2203: 2201: 2198: 2196: 2193: 2191: 2188: 2186: 2183: 2182: 2178: 2177:Europe portal 2167: 2164: 2158: 2153: 2148: 2146: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2125: 2123: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2107: 2099: 2097: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2082: 2080: 2075: 2073: 2069: 2061: 2059: 2057: 2049: 2047: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2013: 2005: 2003: 2001: 1996: 1991: 1986: 1983: 1978: 1976: 1971: 1964: 1962: 1959: 1957: 1952: 1950: 1945: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1926: 1924: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1906:Boris Yeltsin 1903: 1899: 1893: 1889: 1881: 1879: 1876: 1872: 1870: 1862: 1860: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1844:David Cameron 1841: 1836: 1832: 1827: 1824: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1808: 1804: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1787: 1784:In May 2009, 1782: 1778: 1775: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1760: 1755: 1753: 1752: 1747: 1746: 1741: 1737: 1732: 1729: 1727: 1722: 1719: 1717: 1712: 1710: 1705: 1703: 1699: 1694: 1691: 1686: 1684: 1680: 1675: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1652: 1650: 1645: 1640: 1637: 1634: 1628: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1613: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1582: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1559:credit crisis 1556: 1552: 1544: 1543:Northern Rock 1539: 1532: 1530: 1523: 1521: 1517: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1498: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1468: 1466: 1463: 1461: 1456: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1426: 1421: 1419: 1418:balance sheet 1415: 1411: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1389: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1368: 1364: 1356: 1354: 1352: 1351:external debt 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1329: 1327: 1325: 1318: 1316: 1314: 1309: 1307: 1300: 1298: 1296: 1288: 1286: 1284: 1277: 1275: 1272: 1265: 1263: 1260: 1256: 1248: 1246: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1231: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1216: 1214: 1213:no confidence 1209: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1172: 1170: 1165: 1161: 1160:risk premiums 1156: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1137:José Sócrates 1134: 1129: 1127: 1122: 1120: 1116: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1097: 1093: 1085: 1083: 1081: 1076: 1073: 1071: 1065: 1063: 1059: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1037: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 993: 991: 987: 983: 981: 975: 973: 969: 963: 960: 955: 953: 949: 945: 939: 931: 929: 925: 923: 919: 915: 911: 907: 899: 897: 895: 891: 885: 877: 875: 871: 869: 868:Angela Merkel 865: 857: 855: 851: 849: 845: 841: 836: 832: 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