1139:
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1122:
1100:
116:
1138:
1494:
Bond, David; Hilton, Jason; Wignall, Paul; Ali, Jason; Stevens, Liadan; Sun, Yadong; Lai, Xulong (2010). "The Middle
Permian (Capitanian) mass extinction on land and in the oceans".
1845:
1656:
Hu, Shixue; Feldmann, Rodney M.; Schweitzer, Carrie E.; Benton, Michael J.; Huang, Jinyuan; Wen, Wen; Min, Xiao; Zhang, Qiyue; Zhou, Changyong; Ma, Zhixin (15 September 2022).
942:
would reach their all-time low during this period, despite this, they are recovered from most marine
Permian localities. Common conodonts from the Lopingian include the genera
1077:
838:
1838:
1713:
575:
514:
834:
1617:"The last eurypterid – a southern high-latitude record of sweep-feeding sea scorpion from Australia constrains the timing of their extinction"
906:
463:
1546:
1329:
1831:
1658:"A new horseshoe crab from the Permian-Triassic transition of South China: Xiphosurids as key components of post-extinction trophic webs"
1121:
1213:
Jin, Yugan; Shen, Shuzhong; Henderson, Charles; Wang, Xiangdong; Wang, Wei; Wang, Yue; Cao, Changqun; Shang, Qinghua (December 2006).
1409:
1362:
925:
481:
1425:
Wu, Huaichun; Zhang, Shihong; Hinnov, Linda A.; Jiang, Ganqing; Feng, Qinglai; Li, Haiyan; Yang, Tianshui (13 September 2013).
2504:
1215:"The Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the boundary between the Capitanian and Wuchiapingian Stage (Permian)"
841:(GSSP) has been approved, the lower boundary of the earliest stage determines numerical age of an epoch. The GSSP for the
1854:
564:
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1706:
723:
658:
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987:
are known from the
Lopingian, with only five by the end of the epoch. One of the last members of this clade was
2127:
2122:
1699:
900:
308:
807:
627:
868:, would, at times, be connected to the Paleotethys; Other features of the earth during the time were the
1431:
769:
647:
609:
1529:
Wardlaw, R. B. (1995). "Permian
Conodonts". In Scholle, P.A.; Peryt, T.M.; Ulmer-Scholle, D.S. (eds.).
1027:
499:
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1503:
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120:
Map of Earth as it appeared 255 million years ago during the
Lopingian epoch, Wuchiapingian stage
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suggests that the length of an Earth day during this epoch was approximately 22 hours.
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2012:
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1256:"The Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) of the Permian-Triassic Boundary"
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Hongfu, Yin; Kexin, Zhang; Jinnan, Tong; Zunyi, Yang; Shunbao, Wu (June 2001).
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Leonova, T.B. (2016). "Major trends in the evolution of
Permian ammonoids".
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were nearly extinct by this point, consisting of the possibly
Lopingian
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1324:. Beijing/Dordrecht: Higher Education Press/Springer. p. 681.
860:
During the
Lopingian, most of the earth was in the supercontinent
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43:
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1038:
would become the apex predators after the extinction of the
1400:
Gradstein, Felix M.; Ogg, James G.; Smith, Alan G. (2004).
837:(v2018/07) provides a numerical age of 259.1 ±0.5 Ma. If a
1427:"Time-calibrated Milankovitch cycles for the late Permian"
795:
The
Lopingian is often synonymous with the informal terms
957:
The
Lopingian would see the decline of the Paleozoic
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2110:
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1974:
1961:
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1171: – System that relates geologic strata to time
1046:. Herbivorous animals of the Lopingian include the
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570:
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34:
1533:. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. pp. 186–195.
1662:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
1615:Poschmann, Marjus J.; Rozefelds, Andrew (2022).
1322:Geological Formation Names of China (1866–2000)
1839:
1707:
8:
1132:, a common herbivore during the late Permian
839:Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point
513:Subdivision of the Permian according to the
1202:. International Commission on Stratigraphy.
520:Vertical axis scale: millions of years ago.
2284:
2076:
1971:
1871:
1846:
1832:
1824:
1731:
1714:
1700:
1692:
1378:International Commission on Stratigraphy.
1347:A Dictionary of Geology and Earth Sciences
1298:International Commission on Stratigraphy.
1462:
1452:
1349:(4th ed.). Oxford University Press.
1293:
1291:
1187:
1073:
845:has a numerical age of 259.8 ± 0.4 Ma.
835:International Chronostratigraphic Chart
814:, Jiangxi in China. It consists of two
464:Permian-Triassic mass extinction event
31:
29:Third and final series of the Permian
7:
1355:10.1093/acref/9780199653065.001.0001
1031:appears at the end of the period.
976:, especially within the superfamily
784:. The Lopingian was preceded by the
489:
471:
453:
2445:= kiloannum (thousands years ago);
1177: – First series of the Permian
2449:= megaannum (millions years ago);
25:
2453:= gigaannum (billions years ago).
907:Permian–Triassic extinction event
2474:
2463:
1137:
1120:
1098:
1076:
114:
42:259.51 ± 0.21 – 251.902 ± 0.024
1516:10.1016/j.earscirev.2010.07.004
1275:10.18814/epiiugs/2001/v24i2/004
1234:10.18814/epiiugs/2006/v29i4/003
936:and other groups went extinct.
928:, during which many species of
482:end-Capitanian extinction event
1531:The Permian of Northern Pangea
1404:. Cambridge University Press.
1042:, Other predators include the
780:. It is the last epoch of the
1:
1892:Pleistocene (11.7 ka–2.58 Ma)
1643:10.1080/08912963.2021.1998033
905:The Lopingian ended with the
1674:10.1016/j.palaeo.2022.111178
1539:10.1007/978-3-642-78593-1_12
1011:Woodwardopterus? freemanorum
972:) and the rise of the order
1855:Geological history of Earth
1089:, one of the most fearsome
806:The name was introduced by
2526:
2128:Mississippian (323–359 Ma)
2123:Pennsylvanian (299–323 Ma)
1887:Holocene (present–11.7 ka)
1402:A Geologic Time Scale 2004
926:Capitanian mass extinction
898:
2440:
2412:Paleoarchean (3.2–3.6 Ga)
2262:Terreneuvian (521–539 Ma)
1729:
1584:10.1134/S0031030116020039
1153:from the latest Permian (
887:and the slowly expanding
810:in 1931 and derives from
698:Upper boundary definition
624:Lower boundary definition
510:
130:
113:
39:
2407:Mesoarchean (2.8–3.2 Ga)
2252:Miaolingian (497–509 Ma)
2097:Guadalupian (260–272 Ma)
1949:Paleocene (56.0–66.0 Ma)
1939:Oligocene (23.0–33.9 Ma)
1345:Allaby, Michael (2015).
1002:Campylocephalus permicus
2402:Neoarchean (2.5–2.8 Ga)
2367:Orosirian (1.8–2.05 Ga)
2362:Statherian (1.6–1.8 Ga)
2305:Cryogenian (635–720 Ma)
2195:Llandovery (433–444 Ma)
2102:Cisuralian (272–299 Ma)
1913:Pliocene (2.59–5.33 Ma)
1564:Paleontological Journal
1320:Zhang, Shouxin (2009).
1017:A member of the extant
924:, which ended with the
920:The series follows the
901:Category:Lopingian life
638:postbitteri postbitteri
238:−250 —
228:−255 —
218:−260 —
208:−265 —
198:−270 —
188:−275 —
178:−280 —
168:−285 —
158:−290 —
148:−295 —
138:−300 —
2372:Rhyacian (2.05–2.3 Ga)
2341:Calymmian (1.4–1.6 Ga)
2300:Ediacaran (539–635 Ma)
2247:Furongian (485–497 Ma)
2092:Lopingian (252–260 Ma)
1918:Miocene (5.33–23.0 Ma)
877:Cimmerian superterrane
808:Amadeus William Grabau
2505:Permian geochronology
2377:Siderian (2.3–2.5 Ga)
2336:Ectasian (1.2–1.4 Ga)
2257:Series 2 (509–521 Ma)
1944:Eocene (33.9–56.0 Ma)
1598:"The last Trilobites"
1496:Earth-Science Reviews
1432:Nature Communications
826:and the later is the
822:. The earlier is the
2417:Eoarchean (3.6–4 Ga)
2310:Tonian (720 Ma–1 Ga)
2190:Wenlock (427–433 Ma)
2180:Pridoli (419–423 Ma)
1200:www.stratigraphy.org
909:, where over 95% of
879:, which divided the
788:and followed by the
739:31.0798°N 119.7058°E
701:FAD of the Conodont
674:23.6953°N 109.3211°E
2472: •
2461: •
2459:Geologic time scale
2221:Middle (458–470 Ma)
2185:Ludlow (423–427 Ma)
2154:Middle (383–393 Ma)
2049:Middle (237–247 Ma)
2018:Middle (164–174 Ma)
1635:2022HBio...34.2020P
1602:www.Trilobites.info
1576:2016PalJ...50..131L
1508:2010ESRv..102..100B
1445:2013NatCo...4.2452W
1169:Geologic time scale
1005:of Russia; and the
990:Kathwaia capitorosa
850:Milankovitch cycles
755:Upper GSSP ratified
735: /
713:Upper boundary GSSP
690:Lower GSSP ratified
670: /
644:Lower boundary GSSP
616:Time span formality
2470:Geology portal
2331:Stenian (1–1.2 Ga)
2226:Early (470–485 Ma)
2159:Early (393–419 Ma)
2054:Early (247–252 Ma)
2023:Early (174–201 Ma)
1992:Early (100–145 Ma)
1987:Late (66.0–100 Ma)
1622:Historical Biology
1454:10.1038/ncomms3452
1196:"Chart/Time Scale"
885:Paleo-Tethys Ocean
648:Penglaitan Section
606:Stratigraphic unit
596:Chronological unit
583:Time scale(s) used
549:Late/Upper Permian
500:Olson's Extinction
2510:Geological epochs
2487:
2486:
2385:
2384:
2351:Paleoproterozoic
2270:
2269:
2216:Late (444–458 Ma)
2149:Late (359–383 Ma)
2062:
2061:
2044:Late (201–237 Ma)
2013:Late (145–164 Ma)
1957:
1956:
1878:(present–2.58 Ma)
1866:(present–66.0 Ma)
1821:
1820:
1816:
1815:
1629:(10): 2020–2030.
1548:978-3-642-78595-5
1331:978-7-040-25475-4
1028:Guangyuanolimulus
768:is the uppermost
762:
761:
744:31.0798; 119.7058
719:, Zhejiang, China
679:23.6953; 109.3211
556:Usage information
526:
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16:(Redirected from
2517:
2481:World portal
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2320:Mesoproterozoic
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1811:
1810:
1805:
1799:
1797:
1795:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1752:
1749:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1730:
1727:
1726:
1723:Permian Period
1721:
1719:
1718:
1711:
1704:
1696:
1688:
1687:
1648:
1607:
1589:
1570:(2): 131–140.
1554:
1547:
1521:
1486:
1417:
1410:
1392:
1370:
1363:
1337:
1330:
1312:
1287:
1269:(2): 102–114.
1246:
1228:(4): 253–262.
1205:
1186:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1179:
1178:
1172:
1164:
1161:
1160:
1159:
1143:
1136:
1134:
1126:
1119:
1117:
1104:
1097:
1095:
1082:
1075:
1071:
1070:Fossil gallery
1068:
1040:Dinocephalians
1019:Horseshoe crab
1014:of Australia.
896:
893:
870:Microcontinent
857:
854:
848:Evidence from
790:Early Triassic
760:
759:
756:
752:
751:
714:
710:
709:
699:
695:
694:
691:
687:
686:
645:
641:
640:
625:
621:
620:
617:
613:
612:
607:
603:
602:
597:
593:
592:
588:
587:
586:ICS Time Scale
584:
580:
579:
572:
571:Regional usage
568:
567:
562:
561:Celestial body
558:
557:
553:
552:
546:
542:
541:
538:
537:Name formality
534:
533:
529:
528:
524:
523:
511:
508:
507:
504:
503:
498:
496:
486:
485:
480:
478:
468:
467:
462:
460:
451:
447:
446:
442:
441:
437:
436:
428:
427:
419:
418:
410:
409:
401:
400:
392:
391:
383:
382:
374:
373:
365:
364:
356:
355:
350:Early Triassic
347:
346:
336:
335:
325:
324:
314:
313:
307:
306:
292:
291:
279:
278:
270:
269:
257:
256:
244:
243:
241:
236:
231:
226:
221:
216:
211:
206:
201:
196:
191:
186:
181:
176:
171:
166:
161:
156:
151:
146:
141:
136:
131:
128:
127:
123:
122:
119:
111:
110:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
47:
37:
36:
28:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2522:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2497:
2495:
2482:
2477:
2471:
2466:
2460:
2457:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2439:
2433:
2431:
2424:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2399:
2397:
2395:
2388:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2359:
2357:
2355:
2348:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2328:
2326:
2324:
2317:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2297:
2295:
2293:
2291:(539 Ma–1 Ga)
2286:
2283:
2281:
2273:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2244:
2242:
2240:
2233:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2213:
2211:
2209:
2202:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2177:
2175:
2173:
2166:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2146:
2144:
2142:
2135:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2120:
2118:
2116:
2109:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2089:
2087:
2085:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2068:Paleozoic Era
2065:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2041:
2039:
2037:
2030:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2010:
2008:
2006:
1999:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1978:(66.0–145 Ma)
1973:
1970:
1968:
1966:(66.0–252 Ma)
1960:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1936:
1934:
1932:
1925:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1910:
1908:
1906:
1899:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1884:
1882:
1880:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1860:
1856:
1849:
1844:
1842:
1837:
1835:
1830:
1829:
1826:
1809:
1808:Changhsingian
1806:
1804:
1803:Wuchiapingian
1801:
1800:
1798:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1779:
1777:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1753:
1751:
1750:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1733:
1728:
1724:
1717:
1712:
1710:
1705:
1703:
1698:
1697:
1694:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1652:
1649:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1623:
1618:
1611:
1608:
1603:
1599:
1593:
1590:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1558:
1555:
1550:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1525:
1522:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1490:
1487:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1433:
1428:
1421:
1418:
1413:
1411:9780521786737
1407:
1403:
1396:
1393:
1381:
1374:
1371:
1366:
1364:9780199653065
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1341:
1338:
1333:
1327:
1323:
1316:
1313:
1301:
1294:
1292:
1288:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1257:
1250:
1247:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1216:
1209:
1206:
1201:
1197:
1191:
1188:
1181:
1176:
1173:
1170:
1167:
1166:
1162:
1156:
1155:Changhsingian
1152:
1148:
1147:
1146:Paratirolites
1140:
1135:
1131:
1130:
1123:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1109:
1101:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1086:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1067:
1065:
1064:
1059:
1055:
1054:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1036:gorgonopsians
1032:
1030:
1029:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1013:
1012:
1008:
1007:Changhsingian
1004:
1003:
998:
994:
992:
991:
986:
981:
979:
978:Xenodiscoidea
975:
971:
970:Prolecanitida
967:
963:
960:
955:
953:
952:
947:
946:
941:
937:
935:
931:
927:
923:
918:
916:
912:
908:
902:
894:
892:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
871:
867:
866:Zechstein sea
863:
855:
853:
851:
846:
844:
843:Wuchiapingian
840:
836:
831:
829:
828:Changhsingian
825:
824:Wuchiapingian
821:
817:
813:
809:
804:
802:
801:upper Permian
798:
793:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
757:
753:
748:
718:
715:
711:
707:
705:
700:
696:
692:
688:
683:
653:
649:
646:
642:
639:
637:
633:
629:
626:
622:
618:
614:
611:
608:
604:
601:
598:
594:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
566:
563:
559:
554:
550:
547:
543:
539:
535:
530:
518:
517:, as of 2022.
516:
509:
501:
497:
492:
491:
483:
479:
474:
473:
465:
461:
456:
455:
452:
432:
431:Changhsingian
423:
422:Wuchiapingian
414:
405:
396:
387:
378:
369:
360:
352:
341:
330:
319:
310:
309:Pennsylvanian
302:
301:
287:
285:
275:
274:
265:
263:
252:
250:
242:
135:
134:
129:
124:
117:
112:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
45:
38:
33:
27:
19:
2455:
2391:Archean Eon
2353:(1.6–2.5 Ga)
2238:(485–539 Ma)
2207:(444–485 Ma)
2171:(419–444 Ma)
2140:(359–419 Ma)
2114:(299–359 Ma)
2091:
2083:(252–299 Ma)
2071:(252–539 Ma)
2035:(201–252 Ma)
2004:(145–201 Ma)
1963:Mesozoic Era
1863:Cenozoic Era
1745:
1665:
1661:
1651:
1626:
1620:
1610:
1601:
1592:
1567:
1563:
1557:
1530:
1524:
1499:
1495:
1489:
1436:
1430:
1420:
1401:
1395:
1383:. Retrieved
1373:
1346:
1340:
1321:
1315:
1303:. Retrieved
1278:. Retrieved
1266:
1262:
1249:
1237:. Retrieved
1225:
1221:
1208:
1199:
1190:
1144:
1127:
1106:
1083:
1061:
1051:
1033:
1022:
1016:
1009:
1000:
995:
988:
982:
956:
949:
943:
938:
919:
904:
881:Tethys Ocean
859:
847:
832:
805:
800:
797:late Permian
796:
794:
765:
763:
702:
634:
548:
512:
339:
294:
281:
271:
259:
246:
26:
18:Late Permian
2427:Hadean Eon
2205:Ordovician
1976:Cretaceous
1876:Quaternary
1741:Guadalupian
1239:13 December
1129:Scutosaurus
1085:Smilesaurus
1058:dicynodonts
1053:Scutosaurus
1048:pareiasaurs
997:Eurypterids
983:Only seven
966:Goniatitida
930:brachiopods
922:Guadalupian
899:Main page:
786:Guadalupian
742: /
730:119°42′21″E
677: /
665:109°19′16″E
2494:Categories
2429:(4–4.6 Ga)
2393:(2.5–4 Ga)
2322:(1–1.6 Ga)
1928:Paleogene
1792:Capitanian
1766:Artinskian
1736:Cisuralian
1668:: 111178.
1280:8 December
1182:References
1175:Cisuralian
1113:dicynodont
1060:, such as
985:trilobites
974:Ceratitida
875:; And the
727:31°04′47″N
662:23°41′43″N
591:Definition
545:Synonym(s)
413:Capitanian
377:Artinskian
318:Cisuralian
126:Chronology
2500:Lopingian
2456:See also:
2236:Cambrian
2169:Silurian
2138:Devonian
2033:Triassic
2002:Jurassic
1771:Kungurian
1761:Sakmarian
1746:Lopingian
1682:0031-0182
1108:Dicynodon
1105:Skull of
1091:predators
1063:Dicynodon
1034:On land,
1024:Limulidae
951:Hindeodus
940:Conodonts
934:ammonoids
873:Cathaysia
856:Geography
782:Paleozoic
766:Lopingian
704:Hindeodus
532:Etymology
386:Kungurian
368:Sakmarian
249:Paleozoic
35:Lopingian
2081:Permian
1902:Neogene
1756:Asselian
1473:24030138
1439:: 2452.
1263:Episodes
1222:Episodes
1163:See also
1151:ammonoid
1050:such as
1021:family,
959:ammonoid
945:Clarkina
636:Clarkina
632:Conodont
574:Global (
359:Asselian
329:Guadalup
1787:Wordian
1782:Roadian
1631:Bibcode
1572:Bibcode
1504:Bibcode
1481:6477972
1464:3778519
1441:Bibcode
1385:10 July
1380:"GSSPs"
1305:10 July
1300:"Chart"
915:extinct
911:species
862:Pangaea
778:Permian
776:of the
717:Meishan
630:of the
494:←
476:←
458:←
404:Wordian
395:Roadian
284:Permian
233:–
223:–
213:–
203:–
193:–
183:–
173:–
163:–
153:–
143:–
2435:
1680:
1545:
1479:
1471:
1461:
1408:
1361:
1328:
962:orders
864:. The
816:stages
812:Leping
772:/last
770:series
706:parvus
652:Laibin
619:Formal
610:Series
540:Formal
448:
443:
438:
1477:S2CID
1259:(PDF)
1218:(PDF)
1149:, an
1087:ferox
913:went
774:epoch
600:Epoch
565:Earth
340:Lopin
1678:ISSN
1543:ISBN
1469:PMID
1406:ISBN
1387:2018
1359:ISBN
1326:ISBN
1307:2018
1282:2020
1241:2020
1111:, a
968:and
948:and
895:Life
833:The
820:ages
764:The
758:2001
693:2004
50:PreꞒ
1670:doi
1666:602
1639:doi
1580:doi
1535:doi
1512:doi
1500:102
1459:PMC
1449:doi
1351:doi
1271:doi
1230:doi
1056:or
799:or
628:FAD
576:ICS
515:ICS
2496::
2451:Ga
2447:Ma
2443:ka
1676:.
1664:.
1660:.
1637:.
1627:34
1625:.
1619:.
1600:.
1578:.
1568:50
1566:.
1541:.
1510:.
1498:.
1475:.
1467:.
1457:.
1447:.
1435:.
1429:.
1357:.
1290:^
1267:24
1265:.
1261:.
1226:29
1224:.
1220:.
1198:.
1066:.
1026:;
993:.
980:.
954:.
932:,
917:.
891:.
830:.
803:.
792:.
650:,
298:Tr
262:Mz
100:Pg
44:Ma
1847:e
1840:t
1833:v
1715:e
1708:t
1701:v
1684:.
1672::
1645:.
1641::
1633::
1604:.
1586:.
1582::
1574::
1551:.
1537::
1518:.
1514::
1506::
1483:.
1451::
1443::
1437:4
1414:.
1389:.
1367:.
1353::
1334:.
1309:.
1284:.
1273::
1243:.
1232::
1157:)
1115:.
964:(
818:/
708:.
578:)
273:C
105:N
95:K
90:J
85:T
80:P
75:C
70:D
65:S
60:O
55:Ꞓ
20:)
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