118:
451:
to be on cost grounds, both reducing the expense of a new build and of ongoing maintenance. This would have given some degradation of performance of this type of square rig. Lateen was already available as an alternative and, having fewer component parts, could compete on cost but maintained the performance of the original
Mediterranean Square Rig. This coincided with innovation in hull construction methods as the edge-to-edge joining of the hull planking with pegged tenons (a "shell first" construction technique) started to be replaced with the early evolutionary phases of "frame first"
599:
386:, carried lateen rigs throughout the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Likewise, lateen sail survived in the Baltic until the late 19th century. Because the yard pivots on its point of attachment to the mast, the entire sail and yard can be swiftly dropped. This was an advantage when navigating the tidal riverways of the region, which often required passage under bridges. The balancelle, a Mediterranean coasting and fishing boat of the 19th century, also used a single lateen sail.
308:
576:
300:
31:
132:. Instead of being a triangular sail, this has a short vertical luff – having the appearance of a triangular lateen with the front corner cut off. Both types of lateen were likely used from an early date on: a 2nd-century AD gravestone depicts a quadrilateral lateen sail (also known as a settee), while a 4th-century mosaic shows a triangular one, which was to become the standard rig throughout the
469:
447:
when sailing downwind. (Furthermore, differences in performance are derived as much from the hull shape as the type of rig.) It is concluded that there was no evolutionary technological development that gave improved sailing performance in the 5th century AD change from the
Mediterranean square rig to lateen, and that factors other than windward performance must have dictated this change.
245:
271:
557:
and other small recreational sailing craft. In its most basic form, it requires only two lines, a halyard and a sheet, making it very simple to operate. Often, additional lines are used to pull down the lower spar and provide tension along the upper and lower spars, providing greater control over the
533:
than a traditional loose-footed
Mediterranean lateen. They are characterized by the addition of a spar along the foot of the sail. The lower spar is horizontal and is attached to the mast where it crosses. The front ends of both spars are joined. Both joints are designed to allow free rotation in all
414:
The lateen sail can also be tacked by loosening the yard upper brace, tightening the lower brace until the yard is in vertical position, and twisting the yard on the other side of the mast by a tack. Another way of tacking with a lateen sail is to loosen the braces, lift the yard vertical, detach the
450:
The
Mediterranean Square Rig underwent a simplification in the 5th century AD, with reduction in the number of components. Most obviously, in the archaeological context, this included the absence of brails (and the distinctive lead rings through which these ropes were led). This change is suggested
446:
It is a widespread misconception that the lateen rig replaced square rig because of better windward performance and greater manoeuvrability. A study of the relative effectiveness of the two shows that their performance was actually very similar. These results apply both when working to windward and
399:
side, where it can significantly interfere with the airflow over the sail. This is the bad tack. On the other tack the sail is pushed away from the mast, greatly reducing the interference. On modern lateens, with their typically shallower angles, this tends to disrupt the airflow over a larger area
286:
Until about 1500, square rig predominated in the Indian Ocean.This then changed rapidly, with nearly all vessels now being lateen rigged. As
Mediterranean hull design and construction methods are known to have been subsequently adopted by Eastern Muslim shipbuilders, it is assumed that this process
211:
populace, which shared the existing
Mediterranean maritime tradition and continued to provide the bulk of galley crews for Muslim-led fleets for centuries to come. This is also indicated by the terminology of the lateen among Mediterranean Arabs which is derived from Greco-Roman nomenclature. More
80:
adopted the lateen rig at a later date – there is some limited archaeological evidence of lateen rig in the Indian Ocean in the 13th century AD and iconographic evidence from the 16th century. It has been suggested that this Arab use of lateen transferred to
Austronesian maritime
73:
The lateen originated in the
Mediterranean as early as the 2nd century AD, during Roman times, and became common there by the 5th century. The wider introduction of lateen rig at this time coincided with a reduction in the use of the Mediterranean square rig of the classical era. Since the
430:. In the 16th century, when Spain ruled the Netherlands, the lateen rigs were introduced to Dutch boat builders, who soon modified the design by omitting the mast and fastening the lower end of the yard directly to the deck, the yard becoming a raked mast with a full-length, triangular (
394:
One of the disadvantages of the lateen in the modern form described below is the fact that one of its tacks is significantly less advantageous than the other, the "bad tack". Because the sail sits to the side of the mast, on one tack, the mast pushes directly against the sail on the
455:. This is also suggested to be driven by costs. Therefore the change from square rig to lateen in the 5th century is considered to be driven by construction and maintenance costs, not by any significant difference in sailing performance.
534:
directions. The sheet is attached to the lower spar and the halyard to the upper spar. The geometry of the sail is such that the upper and lower spars are confined to a plane parallel to the mast. This results in the sail conforming a
157:
By the 6th century, the lateen sail had largely replaced the square sail throughout the
Mediterranean, the latter almost disappearing from Mediterranean iconography until the mid-13th century. It became the standard rig of the
1388:
Proceedings of the 7th
International Congress on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East. Volume 2: Ancient & Modern Issues in Cultural Heritage, Colour & Light in Architecture, Art & Material Culture, Islamic
74:
performance of these two rigs is broadly similar, it is suggested that the change from one to the other was on cost grounds, since lateen rigs used fewer components and had less cordage to be replaced when it wore out.
88:
The lateen sail played a prominent part in the shifts in maritime technology that occurred as Mediterranean and Northern European ship-construction traditions merged in the 16th century, with the lateen
565:
of the sail is simply a function of how tightly the spars stretch the sail. This means that lateen sails are often cut flat, without the complex cutting and stitching required to provide camber in
359:
typically mounted three or more lateens. However, the great size of the lateen yardarm makes it difficult and dangerous to handle on larger ships in stormy weather, and with the development of the
598:
259:
The emergence of new evidence for the development and spread of the lateen sail in the ancient Mediterranean in recent decades has led to a reevaluation of the role of
415:
sheet and tack, and turn the sail on the other side of the mast in front of the mast, and reattach the sheet and tack. This method is described in Björn Landström's
1025:
Anderson, Atholl (2018). "SEAFARING IN REMOTE OCEANIA Traditionalism and Beyond in Maritime Technology and Migration". In Cochrane, Ethan E; Hunt, Terry L. (eds.).
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is changed from one side to the other when tacking. This way the rig doesn't suffer these airflow disruptions that come from the sail pushed against the mast.
575:
438:
early in the 17th century, this developed into the Bermuda rig, which, in the 20th century, was adopted almost universally for small sailing vessels.
1179:
GĂŒnsenin, Nergis; Rieth, Ăric (2012), "Un graffito de bateau Ă voile latine sur une amphore (IXe s. ap. J.-C.) du Portus Theodosiacus (Yenikapı)",
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The lateen was developed in the eastern Mediterranean as early as the 2nd century AD, during Roman times. It became common by the 5th century.
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Castro, F.; Fonseca, N.; Vacas, T.; Ciciliot, F. (2008), "A Quantitative Look at Mediterranean Lateen- and Square-Rigged Ships (Part 1)",
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detailed research into their early use of the lateen is hampered by a distinct lack of unequivocal depictions of sailing rigs in early
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that made ships more maneuverable, thus, in the historian's traditional progression, permitting merchants to sail out of the
180:. The fully triangular lateen and the settee continued to coexist in the middle Byzantine period, as evidenced by Christian
378:
The lateen survived as a rigging choice for mainsails of small craft where local conditions were favorable. For instance,
136:. The earliest archaeologically excavated ship that has been reconstructed with a lateen rig is dated to ca. 400 AD (
1385:
Whitewright, Julian (2012b), "Early Islamic Maritime Technology", in Matthews, R.; Curtis, J.; Gascoigne, A. L. (eds.),
987:
Whitewright, Julian (April 2012). "Technological Continuity and Change: The Lateen Sail of the Medieval Mediterranean".
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Whitewright, Julian (2012a). "Technological Continuity and Change: The Lateen Sail of the Medieval Mediterranean".
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483:
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Basch, Lucien (2001), "La voile latine, son origine, son évolution et ses parentés arabes", in Tzalas, H. (ed.),
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sails. Curved edges, when mated with the straight spars, provide all or nearly all of the sail curvature needed.
311:
A 17th-century woodcut of a triangular-sailed Bermudian vessel. Its raked masts were a development of the lateen.
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dating to the 11th century is at present the earliest securely identifiable example found in the Mediterranean.
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technology in the Far East, giving rise to the various fore-and-aft rigs used in that region, such as the
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Tropis VI, 6th International Symposium on Ship Construction in Antiquity, Lamia 1996 proceedings
1319:
Whitewright, Julian (2011). "The Potential Performance of Ancient Mediterranean Sailing Rigs".
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The Illustrated Dictionary of Boating Terms: 2000 Essential Terms for Sailors and Powerboaters
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1048:, Athens: Hellenic Institute for the Preservation of Nautical Tradition, pp. 55â85
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Friedman, Zaraza; Zoroglu, Levent (2006), "Kelenderis Ship. Square or Lateen Sail?",
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367:. In the early nineteenth century, the lateen was replaced in European ships by the
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The Economic History of Byzantium. From the Seventh through the Fifteenth Century
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can be considered to be an associated type of the same overall category of sail.
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Whitewright, Julian (2009), "The Mediterranean Lateen Sail in Late Antiquity",
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After the Muslim conquests, the Arabs adopted the lateen sail by way of the
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with lateen sail in "bad tack" with the sail pressing against the mast, in
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was a specialized sail that was one of the technological developments in
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The Bracera: a traditional lateen-rigged sailboat of the Mediterranean.
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Until the 14th century, the lateen sail was employed primarily on the
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Since the upper and lower spars provide a frame for the sail, the
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ship graffito from the early 7th century complement the picture.
1505:
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382:-like vessels in the American maritimes north of Boston, called
260:
248:
51:
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462:
1210:
Pomey, Patrice (2006), "The Kelenderis Ship: A Lateen Sail",
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267:, replacing a belief that this sail has an eastern origin.
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689:
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124:
ship rigged with settee sail (miniature from c. 880)
1064:, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 1â23, archived from
97:
of the time – though later supplanted by
200:
made way for an arrangement more akin to a barrel-like
1244:
The Age of the ÎÎĄÎÎΩÎ: The Byzantine Navy ca. 500â1204
228:
From the Mediterranean, the lateen sail spread to the
1457:
instructions for building a Sunfish-like lateen sail
553:
The modern lateen is often used as a simple rig for
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2021:
1958:
1912:
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1831:
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1636:
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643:, a type of sail sometimes mistaken as lateen sail.
142:), with a further four being attested prior to the
1461:I. C. Campbell, "The Lateen Sail in World History"
1405:
1392:, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, pp. 585â598
1266:Medieval Religion and Technology. Collected Essays
403:However, there are forms of the lateen rig, as in
1289:The International Journal of Nautical Archaeology
1212:The International Journal of Nautical Archaeology
1149:The International Journal of Nautical Archaeology
1117:The International Journal of Nautical Archaeology
891:Science and Technology in World History, Volume 1
637:(a triangular sail with the front corner cut off)
1242:Pryor, John H.; Jeffreys, Elizabeth M. (2006),
1196:, vol. 1, Dumbarton Oaks, pp. 89â99,
150:mosaic (late 5th to early 6th century) and the
1214:, vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 326â335,
1151:, vol. 35, no. 1, pp. 108â116,
1119:, vol. 37, no. 2, pp. 347â359,
287:also included the lateen rigging of the novel
1490:
1449:The ship's development during the Middle Ages
1321:International Journal of Nautical Archaeology
1291:, vol. 38, no. 1, pp. 97â104,
819:
8:
1451:, see bottom of page for English translation
1263:(1978), "The Diffusion of the Lateen Sail",
1085:(1954), "The Sails of the Ancient Mariner",
872:
693:
422:The lateen rig was also the ancestor of the
1269:, University of California Press, pp.
1089:, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 214â219
974:
913:
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497:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
93:being, for a time, universally used in the
2027:
1909:
1646:
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1475:
1027:The Oxford handbook of prehistoric Oceania
1099:Ships and Seamanship in the Ancient World
529:The modern "lateen" is more accurately a
517:Learn how and when to remove this message
128:The lateen also exists as a subtype: the
843:
705:
196:underwent a change when the hook-shaped
652:
571:
216:. A glazed pottery dish from Saracenic
925:
807:
732:
1029:. New York: Oxford University Press.
937:
855:
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7:
614:. The vessel is double-ended and is
495:adding citations to reliable sources
192:. In the 12th to 13th centuries the
1188:Makris, George (2002), "Ships", in
363:, the lateen was restricted to the
1101:, Johns Hopkins University Press,
1055:"The Lateen Sail in World History"
232:in Egypt, where the lateen-rigged
168:and was probably also employed by
25:
887:"Introduction: Travel Technology"
1341:10.1111/j.1095-9270.2010.00276.x
1305:10.1111/j.1095-9270.2008.00213.x
1228:10.1111/j.1095-9270.2006.00111.x
1183:, vol. 20, pp. 157â164
1165:10.1111/j.1095-9270.2006.00091.x
1133:10.1111/j.1095-9270.2008.00183.x
597:
574:
467:
442:Lateen replacement of square rig
184:, as well as a recent find of a
1522:including limited use, outdated
1404:Rousmaniere, John (June 1998).
1471:.1 (Spring 1995), p. 1â23
889:. In Burns, William E. (ed.).
459:Modern small-boat lateen sails
434:) mainsail aft. Introduced to
400:of the sail, affecting speed.
339:adoption of the lateen in the
1:
1246:, Brill Academic Publishers,
588:with single sail. The vessel
1370:10.1080/09503110.2012.655580
1001:10.1080/09503110.2012.655580
885:Bisson, Wilfred J. (2020).
538:, identical to half of the
58:mounted at an angle on the
2340:
1414:W. W. Norton & Company
661:"the definition of lateen"
146:to the Mediterranean. The
1788:Spritsail (square-rigged)
1520:
1019:General and cited sources
893:. ABC-CLIO. p. 226.
820:GĂŒnsenin & Rieth 2012
240:Diffusion to Indian Ocean
2324:Sailing rigs and rigging
1467:(University of Hawaii),
1465:Journal of World History
1062:Journal of World History
1053:Campbell, I. C. (1995),
1687:Mainsail (Bermuda rig)
1657:Asymmetrical spinnaker
1455:PolySail International
426:, by way of the Dutch
312:
304:
283:
274:A large dhow with two
256:
125:
46:, meaning "Latin") or
35:
1758:Mainsail (square rig)
810:, p. 245, fn. 82
310:
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273:
247:
120:
33:
491:improve this section
331:) vessels relied on
190:Yenikapı excavations
174:532 AD invasion
110:Mediterranean origin
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1297:2009IJNAr..38...97W
1220:2006IJNAr..35..326P
1157:2006IJNAr..35..108F
1125:2008IJNAr..37..347C
610:: single mast with
453:carvel construction
405:vela latina canaria
62:, and running in a
27:Type of sailing rig
1190:Laiou, Angeliki E.
784:Castro et al. 2008
745:Castro et al. 2008
735:, pp. 243â245
542:commonly found in
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172:' flagship in the
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1108:978-0-8018-5130-8
1036:978-0-19-992507-0
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900:978-1-440-87116-0
873:Whitewright 2012b
694:Whitewright 2012a
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337:Northern European
317:Mediterranean Sea
295:Later development
263:seafaring in the
95:full-rigged ships
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50:is a triangular
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1950:Pelican striker
1935:Dolphin striker
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66:direction. The
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1444:
1443:External links
1441:
1440:
1439:
1437:978-0393339185
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1095:Casson, Lionel
1091:
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1079:
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723:, p. 100.
710:
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665:Dictionary.com
651:
649:
646:
645:
644:
638:
632:
630:Crab claw sail
625:
622:
621:
620:
618:, not tacked.
612:crab claw sail
603:
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531:crab claw sail
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353:Atlantic Ocean
296:
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178:Vandal Kingdom
111:
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101:in this role.
83:crab claw sail
78:Arab seafarers
54:set on a long
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1412:(Paperback).
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1071:on 2016-08-04
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915:
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865:
861:
857:
852:
849:
845:
844:Campbell 1995
840:
837:
834:, p. 101
833:
828:
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822:, p. 157
821:
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747:, p. 352
746:
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706:Anderson 2018
702:
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623:
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586:unstayed mast
583:
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572:
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559:
556:
551:
549:
545:
541:
537:
536:conic section
532:
521:
518:
510:
500:
496:
492:
486:
485:
481:
476:This section
474:
470:
465:
464:
458:
456:
454:
448:
441:
439:
437:
433:
432:leg-of-mutton
429:
425:
420:
418:
412:
410:
406:
401:
398:
389:
387:
385:
381:
376:
374:
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366:
362:
358:
354:
351:and into the
350:
349:Mediterranean
346:
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334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
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96:
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69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
42:(from French
41:
32:
19:
18:Lateen rigged
2252:Parrel beads
2200:Belaying pin
2195:Baggywrinkle
2179:Topping lift
1681:
1641:sailing rigs
1563:Fore-and-aft
1532:jury rigging
1468:
1464:
1407:
1387:
1361:
1357:
1324:
1320:
1288:
1265:
1243:
1211:
1193:
1180:
1148:
1116:
1098:
1086:
1073:, retrieved
1066:the original
1061:
1045:
1026:
992:
988:
982:
970:
958:. Retrieved
954:
945:
933:
921:
909:
890:
880:
851:
839:
827:
815:
803:
798:, p. 63
791:
779:
752:
740:
728:
701:
668:. Retrieved
664:
655:
584:rig: single
560:
558:sail shape.
552:
548:hang gliders
540:Rogallo wing
528:
513:
507:October 2022
504:
489:Please help
477:
449:
445:
431:
427:
421:
416:
413:
407:, where the
402:
393:
390:The Bad Tack
377:
345:shipbuilding
333:square sails
329:Indian Ocean
319:, while the
314:
285:
265:Indian Ocean
258:
227:
206:
156:
144:Arab advance
139:Yassi Ada II
137:
127:
113:
87:
76:
72:
64:fore-and-aft
47:
43:
39:
37:
1650:Three-sided
1416:. pp.
1389:Archaeology
1364:(1): 1â19.
1327:(1): 2â17.
1261:White, Lynn
1087:Archaeology
995:(1): 1â19.
926:Casson 1954
808:Casson 1995
786:, p. 2
733:Casson 1995
567:Bermuda rig
424:Bermuda rig
365:mizzen mast
214:Islamic art
202:crow's nest
182:iconography
134:Middle Ages
2294:Turnbuckle
2222:Clevis pin
2188:Components
2122:Cunningham
2102:Boomkicker
2067:Stay mouse
1989:Crosstrees
1833:Components
1813:Topgallant
1808:Tanja sail
1726:Four-sided
1583:Ljungström
1427:0393339181
1075:2009-10-08
938:White 1978
856:White 1978
796:Basch 2001
757:Pomey 2006
641:Tanja sail
428:bezaan rig
253:Mozambique
230:Nile River
224:Nile River
170:Belisarius
166:war galley
2289:Traveller
2277:gooseneck
2257:Ring bolt
2164:Preventer
2127:Clewlines
2117:Buntlines
2107:Boom vang
2045:Lazy jack
1940:Jackstaff
1891:Tell-tale
1881:Sailcloth
1846:Bolt rope
1823:Watersail
1793:Spritsail
1763:Moonraker
1748:Junk sail
1738:Fisherman
1707:Spinnaker
1702:Screecher
1662:Crab claw
1619:Turbosail
1614:Rotorsail
1378:161464823
1349:111007423
1313:162352759
1236:162300888
1173:108961383
1009:161464823
951:"YouTube"
648:Citations
478:does not
384:gundalows
160:Byzantine
122:Byzantine
48:latin-rig
2318:Category
2242:Footrope
2237:Fairlead
2132:Downhaul
2082:forestay
2077:backstay
2060:ratlines
2032:Standing
1999:Spreader
1923:Bowsprit
1866:Jackline
1803:Studding
1797:Optimist
1768:Ringtail
1753:Lug sail
1743:Foresail
1712:Staysail
1697:Ringtail
1667:Gennaker
1624:Wingsail
1588:Mast-aft
1358:Al-MasÄq
1141:45072686
1097:(1995),
989:Al-MasÄq
624:See also
555:catboats
417:The Ship
357:caravels
321:Atlantic
280:headsail
198:masthead
186:graffito
99:gaff rig
2284:Trapeze
2267:Shackle
2227:Deadeye
2159:Outhaul
2142:Halyard
2094:Running
2040:Bobstay
2023:Rigging
1974:Boomkin
1945:Jibboom
1856:Emblems
1851:Cringle
1818:Topsail
1783:Spanker
1778:Skysail
1717:Trysail
1553:B&R
1548:Bermuda
1541:Textile
1514:rigging
1329:Bibcode
1293:Bibcode
1271:255â260
1216:Bibcode
1192:(ed.),
1153:Bibcode
1121:Bibcode
960:3 April
670:3 April
616:shunted
582:Sunfish
499:removed
484:sources
436:Bermuda
397:leeward
373:spanker
361:carrack
289:caravel
234:felucca
194:rigging
188:in the
176:of the
105:History
2272:Swivel
2247:Gasket
2232:Earing
2152:throat
2112:Braces
2055:Shroud
1841:Batten
1733:Course
1692:Raffee
1682:Lateen
1637:Sails
1598:Square
1593:Pinisi
1573:Gunter
1435:
1424:
1376:
1347:
1311:
1277:
1250:
1234:
1200:
1171:
1139:
1105:
1033:
1007:
897:
635:Settee
563:camber
369:driver
335:. The
325:Baltic
276:settee
209:Coptic
163:dromon
152:Kellia
130:settee
91:mizzen
68:settee
44:latine
40:lateen
2299:Winch
2215:bitts
2210:Cleat
2205:Block
2169:Sheet
2072:Stays
2004:Sprit
1984:Truck
1905:Spars
1876:Roach
1861:Draft
1773:Royal
1672:Genoa
1607:Other
1528:Rigs
1510:spars
1506:Sails
1374:S2CID
1345:S2CID
1309:S2CID
1232:S2CID
1169:S2CID
1137:S2CID
1069:(PDF)
1058:(PDF)
1005:S2CID
590:tacks
544:kites
380:barge
327:(and
218:DĂ©nia
2174:Tack
2147:peak
2009:Yard
1979:Gaff
1969:Boom
1961:mast
1578:Junk
1568:Gaff
1512:and
1433:ISBN
1422:ISBN
1275:ISBN
1248:ISBN
1198:ISBN
1103:ISBN
1031:ISBN
962:2018
895:ISBN
672:2018
608:proa
546:and
482:any
480:cite
409:spar
323:and
261:Arab
249:Dhow
60:mast
56:yard
52:sail
2137:Guy
1959:On
1915:bow
1913:On
1677:Jib
1558:Cat
1418:174
1366:doi
1337:doi
1301:doi
1224:doi
1161:doi
1129:doi
997:doi
493:by
371:or
2320::
1508:,
1463:,
1420:.
1372:.
1362:24
1360:.
1343:.
1335:.
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1273:,
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1167:,
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1127:,
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1003:.
993:24
991:.
953:.
863:^
764:^
713:^
680:^
663:.
550:.
419:.
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1039:.
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964:.
903:.
759:.
708:.
696:.
674:.
592:.
520:)
514:(
509:)
505:(
501:.
487:.
282:.
255:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
