Latin American liberation theology

1580:, liberation theology and its efforts to bring about social justice and an end to the oppression of poor inherently connected with the anti-capitalist and Marxist ideological platform of the FSLN. Like the Marxist foundations of the FSLN, liberation theologians viewed history through an eschatological lens, meaning that historical evolution was oriented towards a final destiny. Although the FSLN did not embrace the Christian eschatological vision of liberation theologians, both liberation theology and Sandinismo emphasized the need for revolutionary action that empowered the poor as historical agents in bringing about a new society. This emphasis, evident in accounts from Nicaraguan citizens who claimed that the Sandinista revolution made them feel like "architects of their liberation", attracted masses of Nicaraguan Catholics to join the FSLN. 1287:(1965). Gutiérrez's book is based on an understanding of history in which the human being is seen as assuming conscious responsibility for human destiny, and yet Christ the Saviour liberates the human race from sin, which is the root of all disruption of friendship and of all injustice and oppression. Gutiérrez also popularized the phrase "preferential option for the poor", which became a slogan of liberation theology and later appeared in addresses of the Pope. Drawing from the biblical motif on the poor, Gutiérrez asserts that God is revealed as having a preference for those people who are "insignificant", "marginalized", "unimportant", "needy", "despised", and "defenseless". Moreover, he makes clear that terminology of "the poor" in the Christian Bible has social and economic connotations that etymologically go back to the Greek word 1713:, the Catholic Church employed liberation theology to defend indigenous tribes, farmers, and extractors from land expropriation by federal or corporate forces. New religious ideas, in the form of liberation theology, have fortified and legitimized an evolving political culture of resistance. Meanwhile, the Church-supported Base Ecclesial Communities (CEBs) have promoted stronger social connections among community members that has led to more effective activism in Gurupá. Anthropologist Richard Pace's study of Gurupá revealed that CEBs assured safety in united activism, and, combined with liberation theology, encouraged members to challenge landowners' commercial monopolies and fight for better standards of living. Pace references a specific incident in the CEB of 1436:, Brazil, in 1990. The poor neighbourhood of Morro da Conceição had a liberationist priest named Reginaldo who was expelled by the traditionalist archbishop because the archbishop found Reginaldo's politics and social theology annoying and adverse to his own agenda. When Reginaldo and his followers refused to accept the expulsion and the new priest, the archbishop called in the Military Police. Conversely, the event did not cause a mass response because the liberationist agenda aroused distrust and even hatred among many of its intended audience. The main reason was that it was too much to ask poor parishioners to embrace a Church focused more on the troubles of this life than solace in the next. But this was not the viewpoint of 1444:

organize the resistance. Many people come to the CEB through conversion experiences, but also because they are keenly concerned with the spiritual and infrastructural needs of their community. Through his fieldwork in working-class neighbourhoods of Rio de Janeiro, Vásquez reveals that CEBs combat disenfranchisement but also serve to overcome the obstacles associated with materialism and globalization. The social and political impact can be viewed in terms of initial consciousness-raising, the motivation for involvement, the sense of community they develop, the experience of grassroots democracy, the direct actions they engage in, and finally, directly political actions.

1624:

secular priests and lay Christians who adopted this theology after reading the works of liberation theologians like Gustavo Gutiérrez and encountering the living conditions of the poor. Throughout the 1970s, the FSLN attracted increasing numbers of radical Christians to its cause through its emphases on revolutionary social action, armed struggle, and the extension of historical agency to the poor. These messages distinctly appealed to the Nicaraguan Christian masses who, after suffering under periods of martial law and economic exploitation under the Somoza regime, sought to bring about their own liberation through political and religious revolution.

1717:, in which a community of 24 families of farmers, timber extractors, and traders resisted an extra-regional timber extraction firm. The community negotiated an agreement with the firm that gained them a higher standard of living that included imported goods, increased food availability, and access to health care. While severe social dislocations such as government-initiated capitalist penetration, land expropriation, and poor wages persist, small-farmer activism is fortified by liberation theology and receives structural support from unions, political parties, and church organizations. 1782:

as a more sincere way of associating people with darker skin color. Addressing the social and radical changes he used a weekly radio broadcast. As he became more involved with social justice, he hosted the second meeting of the Golconda Priest movement. Critics labeled him the "Red Bishop" and called him communist. After his death in a mysterious plane crash on January 21, 1972, he is remembered as the bishop of the blacks for his work with Afro-Colombians. Before his death, he was considered the highest institutional support for liberation theology in the Colombian Catholic Church.

1701:, and journalists to help uncover the identity of neglected indigenous peoples of Brazil. Early recognition by missionaries and followers of liberation theology stimulated indigenous identification of the Tapeba population as a possibility for attaining rights, especially land, health, and education. The Church gathered and contributed historical knowledge of indigenous territory and identity of the Tapeba in Caucaia that ultimately succeeded in the tribes obtaining a legally codified identity as well as a rightful place as Brazilian subjects. 1631:, radio programs, and lessons taught by educated Catholic laypeople. Ecclesial base communities first emerged in Nicaragua in the early 1960s as small, local gatherings of Christians who discussed religious, political, and social matters together. As these communities embraced liberation theology, they rejected the institutional Catholic Church and established connective networks with other base communities. Following two years of FSLN rule, outright opposition to the FSLN from the Catholic hierarchy under Archbishop 2099:'s Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith (CDF). While stating that "in itself, the expression 'theology of liberation' is a thoroughly valid term", the prefect Cardinal Ratzinger rejected certain forms of Latin American liberation theology for focusing on institutionalized or systemic sin and for identifying Catholic Church hierarchy in South America as members of the same privileged class that had long been oppressing indigenous populations from the arrival of 62: 1424:

communities (CEB) in which the Mass, community spirituality programs, and community needs are led or addressed by a single clergy member or a trained lay member in either a small chapel or an individual's home. The CEBs introduced new social ideas and democratic methods which led to many participants' active involvement in popular movements of Brazil that worked for progressive social change. An example of progressive social change initiated by the CEBs is in

1114:, Mexico, in January 1979. The Medellín conference debated how to apply the teachings of Vatican II to Latin America, and its conclusions were strongly influenced by liberation theology, which grew out of these officially recognized ideas. While the Medellín document is not a liberation theology document, it laid the groundwork for much of it, and after it was published, liberation theology developed rapidly in the Latin American Catholic Church. 2012: 1983:, the federation of Catholic relief agencies, Gutiérrez noted that while there had been some difficult moments in the past dialogue with the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, liberation theology had never been condemned. Although he saw an increasingly clear emphasis on Church teachings on the poor, he did not consider that liberation theology was undergoing a rehabilitation, since it had never been "dishabilitated". 1428:. A health program began there to try to organize the population in order to remedy widespread malnutrition, open sewers, and other health hazards. Eventually the neighbourhood initiative reached a national interest level where it then became a mass movement in nearly every neighbourhood. Initiatives like the health program in Nova Iguaçu illustrate how CEBs have helped the transition from military to democratic rule. 1163:

conservative concerns. Within four hours of the Pope's speech, Gutiérrez and the other priests wrote a 20-page refutation, which was circulated at the conference, and has been claimed to have influenced the outcome of the conference. According to a socio-political study of liberation theology in Latin America, a quarter of the final Puebla documents were written by theologians who were not invited to the conference.

1835:(CDF), made ten observations of Gustavo Gutiérrez's theology, accusing Gutiérrez of politically interpreting the Bible in supporting temporal messianism, and stating that the predominance of orthopraxis over orthodoxy in his thought proved a Marxist influence. Ratzinger objected that the spiritual concept of the Church as "People of God" is transformed into a "Marxist myth". In liberation theology, he declared, the 1639: 1615:, Edgar Parrales, and Alvaro Arguello also served in governmental positions with the FSLN. Despite criticism and threats from the conservative Nicaraguan Catholic hierarchy and the Vatican, these liberation theologians held office throughout the rule of the FSLN, maintaining their conception that their governmental service expressed a theological commitment to social justice and the liberation of the poor. 1924:(later Pope Francis) had "a reputation as an opponent of liberation theology during the 1970s"; he "accepted the premise of liberation theology, especially the option for the poor, but in a 'nonideological' fashion". Before becoming Pope, Bergoglio said, "The option for the poor comes from the first centuries of Christianity. It's the Gospel itself. If you were to read one of the sermons of the first 916: 1659:, a four-volume exegetical text that re-interpreted the canonical gospels to address the realities of life among the Nicaraguan poor. This document blended themes of liberation and revolutionary Christianity to propose a mutual relationship between Christianity and the FSLN and to justify the pursuit of Marxist revolution as an expression of faith. 1684:

classes experienced sharply deteriorating economic and political conditions. Among these were an increase in landownership concentration, a decline in wages and standards of living, and a rise in the military state's political repression and violence, including mass detainment, torture, and the assassination of political opponents.

1818:"between 1984 and September of 2011, two bishops, 79 priests, eight men and women religious, and three seminarians have been killed in Colombia alone. And, for the most part, these victims have been advocates for the poor and have been killed by right-wing paramilitaries aligned with the Colombian state and military." 1603:) with thousands of Catholic youth and priests leading efforts to end illiteracy among the Nicaraguan poor. As discussed by scholar Sandra Langley, this campaign embraced overly religious metaphors and imagery, notably its characterization as a "crusade". Beyond this campaign, priests and nuns of religious orders like the 1293:. To be sure, as to not misinterpret Gutiérrez's definition of the term "preferential option", he stresses, "Preference implies the universality of God's love, which excludes no one. It is only within the framework of this universality that we can understand the preference, that is, 'what comes first'." 1523:

The proponents of integral mission argue that the concept of integral mission is nothing new – rather, it is rooted in Scripture and wonderfully exemplified in Jesus' own ministry. "Integral mission" is only a distinct vocabulary for a holistic understanding of mission that has been emphasized in the

1365:

Liberation theology seeks to interpret the actions of the Catholic Church and the teachings of Jesus Christ from the perspective of the poor and disadvantaged. In Latin America, liberation theologians specifically target the severe disparities between rich and poor in the existing social and economic

1329:

Gutiérrez also considered the Church to be the "sacrament of history", an outward and visible sign of an inward and spiritual grace, thus pointing to the doctrine of universal salvation as the true means to eternal life, and assigning the Church itself to a somewhat temporal role, namely, liberation.

1149:

Pope John Paul II gave the opening speech at the Puebla Conference in 1979. The general tone of his remarks was conciliatory. He criticized radical liberation theology, saying, "this idea of Christ as a political figure, a revolutionary, as the subversive of Nazareth, does not tally with the Church's

1961:

published an article by Archbishop Müller praising Gutiérrez. On January 18, 2014, Pope Francis met with Arturo Paoli, an Italian priest whom the Pope knew from Paoli's long service in Argentina. Paoli is recognized as an exponent of liberation theology before the term arose and the meeting was seen

1875:

Ratzinger also argued that liberation theology is not originally a "grass-roots" movement among the poor, but rather, a creation of Western intellectuals: "an attempt to test, in a concrete scenario, ideologies that have been invented in the laboratory by European theologians" and in a certain sense

1858:

In 1984, it was reported that a meeting occurred between the CDF and the CELAM bishops, during which a rift developed between Ratzinger and some of the bishops, with Ratzinger issuing official condemnations of certain elements of liberation theology. These "Instructions" rejected as Marxist the idea

1842:

Ratzinger did praise liberation theology in some respects, including its ideal of justice, its rejection of violence, and its stress on "the responsibility which Christians necessarily bear for the poor and oppressed". He subsequently stated that no one could be neutral in the face of injustice, and

1781:

Bishop Valencia Cano devoted his career to missionary work with the Afro-Colombians and the Indigenous in Vaupés and Buenaventura. Over time, Bishop Cano became increasingly involved with social issues and the justice for Afro-Colombians. He argued for the use of the term "moreno" instead of "negro"

1423:

After decades of repression from the government authorities, the liberationist Catholic Church in Brazil is absent of traditional centralization and encourages an increased lay participation. Faced with a severe priest shortage, much of the Brazilian Catholic Church is organized into basic ecclesial

1662:

The Solentiname community served as a model for countless rural ecclesial base communities across Nicaragua. One such ecclesial base community was located in Gualiqueme, a rural agricultural collective established in 1984 near the Honduras-Nicaragua border. In Gualiqueme, rural villagers engaged in

1121:

was a central figure after the Medellín Conference. As a priest in Bogotá in 1968, he did not attend the conference. But he was elected in 1972 as general secretary of CELAM, and then its president in 1979 (at the Puebla conference). He represented a more conservative position, becoming a favourite

1162:

Some liberation theologians, however, including Gustavo Gutiérrez, had been barred from attending the Puebla Conference. Working from a seminary and with aid from sympathetic, liberal bishops, they partially obstructed other clergy's efforts to ensure that the Puebla Conference documents satisfied

1817:

During the low-intensity civil war between the guerillas and the Colombian government, progressive Catholics were some of the most powerful advocates for human rights. However, church members were targeted by the Colombian military for their human rights works. One Colombian newspaper calculated,

1790:

In 1968, a group of Colombian priests saw the revolution as the only way to overcome "underdevelopment" and become more modernized. The document was prepared by the second meeting of an association which is known as "The Golconda Priest Group". The priests came up with the name "Golconda" during

1623:

Beyond the relationship between the FSLN and notable liberation theologians, liberation theology mobilized Nicaraguan Christians in support of the FSLN before, during, and after the Nicaraguan Revolution. Liberation theology initially spread across Nicaragua in the late 1960s and early 1970s from

1610:

In addition to the hundreds of priests, nuns, and laypeople who participated in FSLN programs, several liberation theologians held executive positions within the FSLN government. In 1979, Ernesto Cardenal and Miguel D'Escoto became the FSLN Minister of Culture and Foreign Minister, respectively.

1415:

described this aspect of liberation theology in her numerous and committed writings intended to explain the movement's ideas in North America. Base communities were small gatherings, usually outside of churches, in which the Bible could be discussed, and Mass could be said. They were especially

1871:

in political terms. Ratzinger further stated that liberation theology had a major flaw in that it attempted to apply Christ's sermon on the mount teachings about the poor to present social situations. He asserted that Christ's teaching on the poor meant that we will be judged when we die, with

1745:

were the only two movements that could bring political change; he concluded that violence was crucial for the change of the Colombian poor. Even though he is often associated with the liberation theology approach, he cannot be properly considered a theologian of liberation since this Christian

1683:

from 1964 to 1985, the Catholic Church and its members assumed responsibility for providing services to the poor and disenfranchised, often under threat of persecution. The Vatican II and Medellín conference innovations in liberation theology entered the Brazilian Church as the Brazilian lower

1663:

the praxis of liberation theology through weekly gatherings that incorporated scriptural reflection, re-examination of cultural values, and communal work to improve the material outcomes of their community. This community, which additionally served as a defense outpost for the FSLN against the

1650:

One ecclesial base community important in the spread of liberation theology and support for the FSLN was the Solentiname community, established in 1966 by Fr. Ernesto Cardenal. At Solentiname, theologians, priests, and other revolutionaries gathered to pray, write, and reflect on contemporary

1443:

While Robin Nagle claims that liberation theology is ineffective for genuine social change, anthropologist Manuel Vásquez argues that liberation theology embraced by CEBs creates a twofold effect, because it not only provides moral justification for resistance but it also serves as a means to

1839:'people' is the antithesis of the hierarchy, the antithesis of all institutions, which are seen as oppressive powers. Ultimately anyone who participates in the class struggle is a member of the 'people'; the 'Church of the people' becomes the antagonist of the hierarchical Church." 1494:

is used in Spanish to describe wholeness (as in wholemeal bread or whole wheat). Theologians use it to describe an understanding of Christian mission that affirms the importance of expressing the love of God and neighbourly love through every means possible. Proponents such as

1809:; confront the power of the traditional parties; end the relationships with the conservative structures of the state; and start a revolution for modernizing Colombia." Reaction to the Golconda statement was strongly negative from both the Church and the Colombian government. 3618:

Jesus and Freedom. In 1980, the CDF asked the General of the Society of Jesus (of which Kappen was a member) to disavow this book. Kappen responded with a pamphlet entitled 'Censorship and the Future of Asian Theology'. No further action was taken by the Vatican on this

1588:

Following the successful ousting of Somoza and the establishment of the FSLN government in 1979, liberation theology and its practitioners shaped initiatives pursued by the FSLN. In following Christian theological principles of forgiveness and peace, as articulated by

1696:

of Brazil from poor, uneducated inhabitants neglected by the state to rights-bearing and involved citizens. Specifically he largely attributes the work of the Brazilian Catholic Church to the progression of the Tapeba. The Catholic Church enlisted state authorities,

1431:

While liberation theology has brought about significant progressive reforms in Brazil, anthropologist Robin Nagle questions the effectiveness of Catholic Church theology in Brazil. Nagle concentrates on the conflict between conservatives and liberationists in

1560:

Liberation theology played an important role in the development of Sandinismo the philosophical foundation of the FSLN. In the 1970s, practitioners of liberation theology increasingly viewed the FSLN as the optimal revolutionary alternative to the regime of

1137:

Despite the conservative bishops' predominance in CELAM, liberation theology remained popular in South America. Thus at the 1979 Puebla Conference the conservative bishops were met by strong opposition from those in the clergy who supported the concept of a

1728:

is generally not known for the presence for liberation theology. However, liberation theology in Colombia focused on the broader radical movements of human rights and issues of racial inequality. While it is less significant today, it has not disappeared.

1947:

In Argentina there was a current of liberation theology called the theology of the people. Its main exponents were the theologians Lucio Gera and Rafael Tello. Bergoglio is very influenced by this trend, especially since he was bishop of Buenos Aires.

1936:. The Church has always had the honor of this preferential option for the poor. ... At the Second Vatican Council the Church was redefined as the People of God and this idea really took off at the Second Conference of the Latin-American bishops in 1519:

have wanted to emphasize the breadth of the Good News and of the Christian mission, and used the word integral to signal their discomfort with conceptions of Christian mission based on a dichotomy between evangelism and social involvement.

1158:

of private property and that the Church "must preach, educate individuals and collectivities, form public opinion, and offer orientations to the leaders of the peoples" towards the goal of a "more just and equitable distribution of goods".

1990:

in Panama, Pope Francis discussed changing attitudes to liberation theology during an extended discussion with a group of thirty Jesuits from Central America. He noted that he had a devotion to the martyred Salvadoran Jesuit priest,

1316:

God is disclosed in the historical "praxis" of liberation. It is the situation, and our passionate and reflective involvement in it, which mediates the Word of God. Today that Word is mediated through the cries of the poor and the

1975:

suspension from his public functions in 1984 by Pope John Paul II, for political activity in the leftist Sandinista government in Nicaragua. Pope Francis lifted the suspension in August 2014, in response to a request by d'Escoto.

1552:, the influence of liberation theologians within the FSLN government, and the interrelated support for liberation theology and the FSLN among the Nicaraguan populace, ranging from urban citizens to ecclesial base communities. 1308:, in a symbiotic relationship. His reading of prophets condemning oppression and injustice against the poor (i.e., Jeremiah 22:13–17) informs his assertion that to know God (orthodoxy) is to do justice (orthopraxis). Cardinal 1346:

movement in practice, with Biblical interpretation and liturgical practice designed by lay practitioners themselves, rather than by the Church hierarchy. In this context, sacred text interpretation is understood as "praxis".

1746:

theological approach fully developed at the end of the 1960s, shortly after his death. He resigned from his university position and joined the guerillas. He was killed fighting for the National Liberation Army (ELN).

1366:

orders within the state's political and corporate structures. It is a strong critique of the economic and social structures, such as an oppressive government supported by a conservative Church hierarchy and by

1883:

Throughout the 1990s, Ratzinger, as prefect of the CDF, continued to condemn these elements in liberation theology, and prohibited dissident priests from teaching such doctrines in the Catholic Church's name.

1593:, the FSLN became the first modern revolutionary movement to ban the death penalty and not perform executions of political enemies after rising to power. Liberation theology also played a key role in the 1980 1267:. In this book, Gutiérrez combined populist ideas with the social teachings of the Catholic Church. He was influenced by an existing socialist current in the Church which included organizations such as the 1778:(1966), and the director of the Colombian Anthropology Center of the Missions and Ethnia magazine. He organized the First Continental Meeting of the Latin American Missions in Melgar (Tolima) in 1966. 1904:. Under Ratzinger's influence, theological formation schools were forbidden from using the Catholic Church's organization and grounds to teach unacceptable Marxist ideas from liberation theology. 1791:

their first meeting in July 1968 held in Voit, Cundinamarca. The second meeting was held in Buenaventura, hosted by Bishop Valencia Cano. The coordination of the priests was designed for study of

1999:

well. Francis commented that "Today we old people laugh about how worried we were about liberation theology. What was missing then was communication to the outside about how things really were."

3475: 229: 3752: 2113:

said he could not comprehend how Catholic theologians could harmonize Catholicism and Marxism and support revolutionaries in Central America. "I'm puzzled. I just don't understand it."

1955:, then Prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith. Some saw this meeting as a sign of warming relations between the hierarchy and liberation theologians. The same month, 944: 1803:

and for discussion on the conditions of the Second Episcopal Conference. Golconda intended to: "employ a scientific method for analysis and action; condemn the dominant nature of

4048: 3891: 1484: 1627:

Support for the FSLN among Nicaraguans largely spread through ecclesial base communities, who were introduced to liberation theology and the FSLN through articles written in

1675:

The Brazilian Catholic Church, in the world's largest Catholic country, is arguably one of the most theologically progressive Catholic congregations, due in large part to a

3968: 1312:(later Pope Benedict XVI), however, criticized liberation theology for elevating orthopraxis to the level of orthodoxy. Richard McBrien summarizes this concept as follows: 4772: 3832: 4008: 2451: 1635:

cemented the divisions between the institutional Catholic church and ecclesial base communities, which embraced the FSLN and liberation theology throughout the 1980s.

1325:

History is the scene of the revelation God makes of the mystery of his person. God's word reaches us in the measure of our involvement in the evolution of history.

3541: 1851:. Nonetheless, Latin American conservative media could claim that condemnation of "liberation theology" meant a rejection of such attitudes and an endorsement of 4150: 1338:

One of the most radical and influential aspects of liberation theology was the social organization, or reorganization, of church practice through the model of

1440:, archbishop of Recife from 1964 to 1985 (d. 1999), who supported liberation theology and worked for the poor, and whose cause is advancing for canonization. 2202: 1103: 2229: 4092: 3582: 2557: 1565:, whose regime was marked by human rights abuses. This alliance brought about the advent of Sandinismo, which combined the radical agrarian nationalism of 937: 4829: 2268: 1832: 2500: 3796: 1321:

Another important hallmark for Gutiérrez's brand of liberation theology is an interpretation of revelation as "history". For example, Gutiérrez wrote:

3724: 2828: 1034:

in 1968 and soon after this the World Synod of Catholic Bishops in 1971 chose as its theme "Justice in the World". It was popularized in 1971 by the

4844: 2341: 1714: 1524:

past forty years in order to distinguish it from widely held but dualistic approaches that emphasize either evangelism or social responsibility.

3760: 1940:." Bosca said Bergoglio was not opposed to liberation theology itself but to "giving a Catholic blessing to armed insurgency", specifically the 930: 303: 202: 4782: 4777: 3679: 3517: 3035: 3003: 2973: 2943: 2909: 2212: 1775: 1472: 83: 3089:

Pierre-Reed, Jean (2020). "Elective affinities between Sandismo (as socialist idea) and liberation theology in the Nicaraguan Revolution".

1692:

Anthropologist and author Max Maranhão Piorsky Aires analyzes the influence of liberation theology on the transformation of the indigenous

1533: 1107: 207: 61: 3658: 2452:"To members of the 3rd General Conference of the Latin American Episcopate, Puebla – Republic of Mexico (January 28, 1979) – John Paul II" 3636: 1774:(1953–1972), participated in the Second Vatican Ecumenical Council (1962–1965), was the first President of the Department of Missions of 984:

analyses, that emphasizes "social concern for the poor and political liberation for oppressed peoples". Beginning in the 1960s after the

1355: 1154:"; however, he did acknowledge that "the growing wealth of a few parallels the growing poverty of the masses", and he affirmed both the 1088: 4034: 4849: 3901: 2734: 1024: 3389:

Maranhao Piorsky Aires, Max (2012). "Legalizing Indigenous Identities: The Tapeba Struggle for Land and Schools in Caucaia, Brazil".

3166:

Langley, Sandra (2004). "Revisiting 'resistance', 'the peasantry', and liberation/development: the case of Sandinismo in the 1980s".

1274: 4143: 1102:

After the Second Vatican Council, CELAM held two conferences which were important in determining the future of liberation theology:

3868: 2755: 3954: 3555: 1359: 1139: 825: 602: 140: 4283: 3994: 3964: 3458: 895: 290: 3240:

Clos, Ryne (2012). "In the Name of the God Who Will Be: The Mobilization of Radical Christians in the Sandinista Revolution".

1206:. The principal methodological innovation is seeing theology from the perspective of the poor and the oppressed. For example, 4839: 4803: 3822: 1913: 3342:

Cooper, David (2020). "Grassroots Verticalism? A Comunidad Eclesial de Base in rural Nicaragua". In Francis, Hilary (ed.).

3311:"Religion and Revolutionary We-Ness: Religious Discourse, Speech Acts, and Collective Identity in Prerevolution Nicaragua" 1771: 1680: 1382: 1343: 51: 3242: 4834: 4824: 4462: 4225: 4136: 1594: 1577: 1572:

The FSLN appealed to liberation theologians for several reasons. As discussed by Nicaraguan liberation theologians like

614: 4864: 4859: 1951:

On September 11, 2013, Pope Francis hosted Gutiérrez in his residence, where he concelebrated Mass with Gutiérrez and

1654: 1416:

active in rural parts of Latin America where parish priests were not always available, as they placed a high value on

401: 125: 1447:

In May 2007, it was estimated that 80,000 base communities existed in Brazil, with others existing around the world.

4662: 3827: 3791: 3091: 2263: 1370:

economic interests, that allow some to be extremely rich while others are unable even to have safe drinking water.

1339: 1280: 1238: 4787: 4204: 3896: 2895: 2243: 1406: 1143: 1118: 784: 607: 453: 4419: 2646:

Ratzinger, Joseph (2007) . "Liberation Theology: Preliminary Notes". In Thornton, J. F.; Varenne, S. B. (eds.).

1362:

only among those engaged in armed struggle against the army of the Colombian state. He also fought for the ELN.

1234: 4496: 4178: 1562: 1268: 1126:

and the "principal scourge of liberation theology". López's faction became predominant in CELAM after the 1972

1040: 774: 577: 197: 130: 2258: 1952: 1566: 1544:, FSLN). This relationship, which reached its apex in the earliest years of FSLN rule (1978–90) following the 1060: 2795: 1242: 4256: 3999: 3786: 3696:"La teología de la pastoral popular de Rafael Tello: Para entender las raíces teológicas del Papa Francisco" 2061: 1957: 1191: 846: 830: 693: 341: 267: 135: 4327: 3362:

Pace, R. (1992). "Social conflict and political activism in the Brazilian Amazon: a case study of Gurupá".

3277:

Montoya, Rosario (January 1995). "Liberation Theology and the Socialist Utopia of a Nicaraguan Shoemaker".

1737:

Camilo Torres Restrepo (1929–1966) was a priest, a guerrilla, and a sociologist. Torres was convinced that

4478: 4391: 1532:

Liberation theology and its practitioners played an essential role in the formation and leadership of the

1351: 1096: 985: 755: 639: 371: 214: 187: 2558:"Address of His Holiness Benedict XVI to the Fathers of the General Congregation of the Society of Jesus" 4484: 4336: 4332: 4317: 4215: 3476:"50 years since the death of the first Apostolic Vicar of Buenaventura, Monsignor Gerardo Valencia Cano" 3198: 1980: 1651:

political and religious matters. This community bridged liberation theology and support for the FSLN in

1632: 1545: 1480: 1475:(or FTL, its Spanish acronym) to describe an understanding of Christian mission which embraces both the 1390: 1257:

against poverty, and the sin engendering it, to effect Jesus Christ's mission of justice in this world.

1076: 902: 779: 745: 725: 661: 224: 192: 147: 3196:

Sawchuk, Dana (Spring 1997). "The Catholic Church in the Nicaraguan Revolution: A Gramscian Analysis".

2143: 649: 406: 2333: 4508: 4502: 4490: 4414: 4381: 4193: 3959: 2932:"The Widening of Christian Mission: C. René Padilla and the Intellectual Origins of Integral Mission" 2485: 1877: 1798: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1260: 1226: 1211: 997: 799: 666: 592: 587: 572: 480: 421: 386: 351: 219: 17: 2989: 2869: 1880:". Ratzinger saw this as a reaction to the demise or near-demise of the "Marxist myth" in the West. 1504: 4751: 4697: 4668: 4361: 4198: 4183: 4173: 4159: 4118: 3510:

Liberation theology and the others: contextualizing Catholic activism in 20th century Latin America

3110:

Spickard, James V. (Fall 1992). "Transcending Marxism: Liberation Theology and Critical Theology".

2080: 1767: 1643: 1628: 1016: 969: 920: 868: 813: 794: 671: 512: 507: 470: 318: 234: 33: 4376: 4210: 3695: 3535: 3437: 3259: 3215: 3071: 2176: 2066: 1187: 977: 837: 708: 644: 619: 547: 458: 346: 335: 120: 78: 4674: 1496: 1064: 256: 3654: 4721: 4680: 4656: 4526: 4457: 4261: 4251: 3990: 3818: 3782: 3720: 3675: 3523: 3513: 3031: 3019: 2999: 2969: 2939: 2931: 2905: 2899: 2803: 2553: 2427: 2306:, 1st (Spanish) ed. Lima, Peru, 1971; 1st English ed. Orbis Books (Maryknoll, New York), 1973. 2208: 2184: 2110: 2107: 2100: 2056: 1863:

is fundamental to history, and rejected the interpretation of religious phenomena such as the

1676: 1612: 1512: 1437: 1309: 1123: 1008: 851: 841: 715: 703: 676: 582: 567: 313: 248: 157: 1487:

1974, integral mission has influenced a significant number of evangelicals around the world.

4854: 4739: 4709: 4627: 4609: 4452: 4278: 4268: 4188: 4004: 3429: 3398: 3371: 3322: 3288: 3251: 3207: 3175: 3063: 2166: 2048: 1928:, from the second or third centuries, about how you should treat the poor, you'd say it was 1897: 1889: 1573: 1537: 1456: 1297: 1195: 1068: 1020: 989: 961: 888: 735: 597: 542: 517: 272: 37: 3054:

Lowy, Michael; Pompan, Claudia (Autumn 1993). "Marxism and Christianity in Latin America".

2730: 2091:

Latin American liberation theology met with approval in the United States, but its use of "

1667:, embodied the interconnected nature of liberation theology with FSLN ideology and policy. 4633: 4030: 3930: 3926: 3667: 3662: 2738: 2204:

Protección social inclusiva en América Latina: una mirada integral, un enfoque de derechos

2162: 2070: 1987: 1831:

In March 1983, Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger (later Pope Benedict XVI), head of the Vatican's

1300:") over doctrine. He clarified his position by advocating a circular relationship between 789: 764: 688: 562: 496: 426: 4514: 4429: 3931:"'Put your lives at stake': Pope Francis in dialogue with the Jesuits of Central America" 2959: 1996: 3854: 4715: 4424: 4288: 4246: 4241: 4113: 4044: 3674:(Kindle ed.), New York: Henry Holt and Co. (published 2014), locations 1897–1903, 3279: 3024: 1992: 1925: 1860: 1698: 1590: 1468: 1425: 1092: 981: 878: 873: 863: 740: 475: 416: 391: 328: 323: 308: 182: 3131:

Soto, Fernanda (2020). "The revolution was so many things". In Francis, Hilary (ed.).

2011: 1638: 4818: 4745: 4727: 4703: 4615: 4603: 4574: 4568: 4532: 4371: 4322: 4220: 4039: 3441: 3417: 3402: 3263: 3112: 3075: 2501:"A justification for unrest? Look no further than the Bible and the Founding Fathers" 2075: 1885: 1693: 1412: 1374: 1230: 1001: 993: 817: 683: 448: 411: 381: 376: 1182:

Liberation theology proposes to fight poverty by addressing its alleged source, the

1044:. Other noted exponents include Leonardo Boff of Brazil, and Jesuits Jon Sobrino of 4733: 4639: 4621: 4591: 4562: 4396: 4386: 4356: 3922: 1921: 1917: 1852: 1792: 1742: 1394: 1250: 1222: 1203: 1176: 1031: 856: 298: 261: 172: 3725:"Francis reveals he concelebrated Mass with Cardinal Muller and Gustavo Gutierrez" 3418:"The Legacy of Liberation Theology in Colombia: The Defense of Life and Territory" 3375: 3151:

Williams, Phillip K. (2009). "The Catholic Church in the Nicaraguan Revolution".

2993: 2963: 2317: 4520: 4434: 4406: 4366: 1937: 1844: 1805: 1516: 1367: 1305: 1207: 1131: 1056: 1045: 1012: 769: 750: 720: 698: 557: 502: 465: 440: 162: 88: 3179: 3067: 2171: 4597: 4071: 3892:"Updated: Gutiérrez: 'The Vatican Never Condemned the Theology of Liberation'" 3527: 3292: 2901:

The Global Diffusion of Evangelicalism: The Age of Billy Graham and John Stott

2489:, Encyclical Letter of His Holiness Pope Paul VI promulgated on March 26, 1967 2401:

Elisabeth Erin Williams. "Liberation Theology and Its Role in Latin America".

2234: 1941: 1933: 1864: 1549: 1476: 1342:, also called basic ecclesial communities. Liberation theology strove to be a 1072: 1052: 487: 286: 167: 108: 103: 3433: 3344:

A Nicaraguan Exceptionalism? Debating the Legacy of the Sandinista Revolution

3133:

A Nicaraguan Exceptionalism? Debating the Legacy of the Sandinista Revolution

2807: 2431: 2188: 2180: 1548:, is observed in the ideological convergence between liberation theology and 4444: 4309: 2709: 1966: 1893: 1868: 1848: 1754:

Bishop Gerardo Valencia Cano was born on August 26, 1917, in Santo Domingo,

1604: 1301: 1151: 915: 730: 522: 177: 113: 3155:. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: University of Pittsburgh Press. pp. 68–69. 1710: 1279:, a Belgian Christian youth worker organization. He was also influenced by 3255: 1962:

as a sign of "reconciliation" between the Vatican and the liberationists.

1038:

priest Gustavo Gutiérrez, who wrote one of the movement's defining books,

3859: 2096: 1725: 1035: 98: 93: 2782:

Claiming the Virgin: The Broken Promise of Liberation Theology in Brazil

1171:

Liberation theology could be interpreted as an attempt to return to the

3327: 3310: 3219: 2092: 1944:, who claimed liberation theology as part of their political ideology. 1738: 1664: 1500: 1199: 1005: 552: 152: 4128: 3026:

The Church and its Mission: A Shattering Critique from the Third World

2365:

Robert Pelton, "Latin America, Catholicism in" in R. P. McBrien, ed.,

4348: 2158: 1929: 1433: 1386: 1172: 1111: 396: 3211: 1461:

Integral mission or holistic mission is a term coined in Spanish as

3637:"Hard questions about Francis in Argentina and a lesson from Chile" 2419: 1637: 1417: 1378: 1218: 1127: 3581:

Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith (September 13, 1984).

2829:"Brazilian icon of liberation theology moves closer to sainthood" 2756:"Cardinal Barreto: The Amazon synod is the child of 'Laudato Si'" 1872:

particular attention to how we personally have treated the poor.

4093:"Instruction on certain aspects of the 'Theology of Liberation'" 4035:"Former Communist Spy: KGB Created Catholic Liberation Theology" 3603:'Instruction on Christian Freedom and Liberation', Origins 15/44 1508: 1179:

where Christianity is politically and culturally decentralized.

4132: 2904:. Grand Rapids, Michigan: InterVarsity Press. pp. 151–80. 1087:

A major player in the formation of liberation theology was the

1019:". It arose principally as a moral reaction to the poverty and 3864: 3584:'Instruction on certain aspects of the "Theology of Liberation 2381:

Wojda, Paul J., "Liberation theology", in R. P. McBrien, ed.,

2052: 2006: 1397:

are three organizations that make use of liberation theology.

1217:

Some liberation theologians base their social action upon the

1183: 27:

Christian doctrine emphasising the liberation of the oppressed

3605:. Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith. April 17, 1986. 2936:

The End of Theology: Shaping Theology for the Sake of Mission

1288: 3672:

The Great Reformer: Francis and the Making of a Radical Pope

3153:

The Catholic Church and Politics in Nicaragua and Costa Rica

2938:. Minneapolis, Minnesota: Fortress Press. pp. 193–210. 2687: 1569:

with revolutionary Christianity and Latin American Marxism.

1186:

of greed. In so doing, it explores the relationship between

3995:"Did the KGB 'Create' Latin America's Liberation Theology?" 2144:"The Solved Conflict: Pope Francis and Liberation Theology" 3508:

Büschges, Christian; Müller, Andrea; Oehri, Noah (2021).

3391:

The Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Anthropology

2995:

A Time of Mission: The Challenge for Global Christianity

2855:

The Brazilian Popular Church and the Crisis of Modernity

3556:"US and Colombia Escalate Attacks on Liberation Church" 2627:

La fuerza historica de los obres: selección de trabajos

2529:. Lima, Peru: Centro de Estudios y Publicaciones (CEP). 2023: 1900:, an Indian theologian, was also censured for his book 3855:"Pope Reinstates Suspended Nicaraguan Priest D'Escoto" 3753:"Under Pope Francis, liberation theology comes of age" 3346:. London: University of London Press. pp. 151–52. 2377: 2375: 1296:

Gutiérrez emphasized practice (or, more technically, "

3823:"Truisms in Catholic Life and a Rundown of Rome News" 2142:

Løland, Ole Jakob (July 2021). Usarski, Frank (ed.).

1030:

This expression was used first by Jesuit Fr. General

2870:"As Pope Heads to Brazil, a Rival Theology Persists" 1979:

At a 2015 press conference in the Vatican hosted by

1679:

as well as a divisive socioeconomic climate. During

1194:) and political activism, especially in relation to 1099:(1962–1965) toward a more socially oriented stance. 4796: 4765: 4690: 4649: 4584: 4555: 4546: 4471: 4443: 4405: 4347: 4308: 4297: 4234: 4166: 3955:"Former Soviet Spy: We Created Liberation Theology" 2055:created liberation theology. Commentators, notably 1677:

history of violent military and political conflicts

3023: 2868: 2047:Communist era general of Romania's secret police, 1646:, site of the Solentiname ecclesial base community 1619:Liberation theology within the Nicaraguan populace 1607:sisters facilitated FSLN public health campaigns. 36:. For Latin American Protestant developments, see 4773:Ecumenical Association of Third World Theologians 3459:"Camilo Torres, Liberation Theology, and Marxism" 3135:. London: University of London Press. p. 56. 2259:"In 1971, the Bishops Sounded a Call for Justice" 2151:International Journal of Latin American Religions 1210:argues that the poor are a privileged channel of 2965:Mission Between the Times: Essays on the Kingdom 2625:. Maryknoll, New York: Orbis, 1983. (Original: 2608:. Maryknoll, New York: Orbis, 1990. (Original: 2578:. Maryknoll, New York: Orbis, 1991. (Original: 2499:Mehta, Samira; Boyd, Samuel L. (June 4, 2020). 2230:"What Is the Preferential Option for the Poor?" 2095:" led in the mid-1980s to an admonition by the 2083:, have suspected these claims are exaggerated. 1323: 1314: 1263:gave the movement its name with his 1971 book, 2857:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998. 2641: 2639: 2637: 2635: 2361: 2359: 4144: 3787:"Pope Meets With Liberation Theology Pioneer" 2606:The Truth Shall Make You Free: Confrontations 2367:The HarperCollins Encyclopedia of Catholicism 1796: 1652: 1598: 1584:Liberation theology and Sandinista government 1462: 1253:). This Biblical interpretation is a call to 938: 8: 3630: 3628: 3315:Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 2934:. In Sexton, Jason S.; Weston, Paul (eds.). 1272: 4116:, "Catholic Aid to Marxists Puzzles Bush", 2397: 2395: 2393: 2391: 2334:"Rubem Alves – Liberation Theology Pioneer" 1970: 1912:According to Roberto Bosca, a historian at 1786:The Golconda Statement by Colombian priests 1134:after the 1979 CELAM conference in Puebla. 988:, liberation theology became the political 4552: 4305: 4151: 4137: 4129: 3540:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3309:Reed, Jean-Pierre; Pitcher, Sarah (2015). 2784:. New York: Routledge, 1997. pp xii, 224. 2610:La verdad los hara libres: confrontaciones 2595:. Maryknoll, New York: Orbis, 1996, p. 145 1833:Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith 1055:advocates of liberation theology, such as 945: 931: 42: 3357: 3355: 3353: 3326: 2446: 2444: 2442: 2403:Monitor: Journal of International Studies 2170: 2132:(1998), 2nd ed., Chris Cook, ed., p. 203. 1965:Miguel d'Escoto, a Maryknoll priest from 1051:The Latin American context also produced 3751:Rocca, Francis X. (September 13, 2013). 3746: 3744: 2413: 2411: 1888:was suspended and others were censured. 1542:Frente Sandinista de Liberación Nacional 667:Postliberal • Narrative 2527:Teología de la liberación: perspectivas 2122: 1146:, approved at the Medellín conference. 50: 3533: 3503: 3501: 3499: 3497: 2925: 2923: 2921: 1023:in the region, which Cepal deemed the 536:From the Reformation to the World Wars 4783:Latin American Theological Fellowship 4778:Episcopal Conference of Latin America 3971:from the original on January 19, 2021 3835:from the original on October 29, 2020 3655:"Bergoglio Declara ante el TOF No. 5" 3653:Transcript of 2010 judicial inquiry, 3635:Allen, John L. Jr. (April 12, 2013). 3453: 3451: 3304: 3302: 3235: 3233: 3231: 3229: 3191: 3189: 3146: 3144: 3142: 3049: 3047: 2593:Gustavo Gutierrez: Essential Writings 2344:from the original on January 13, 2015 1473:Latin American Theological Fellowship 84:Diversity in early Christian theology 18:Latin American liberation theologians 7: 3030:. Wheaton, Illinois: Tyndale House. 2998:. Carlisle: Langham Global Library. 2664:(Harper Collins, 1995), pp. 249–250. 2474:The Emergence of Liberation Theology 2257:Crosby, Michael (October 17, 2016). 2207:(in Spanish). CEPAL. March 1, 2011. 1534:Sandinista National Liberation Front 4011:from the original on April 11, 2020 3243:Journal for the Study of Radicalism 2293:(Harper Collins, 1994), chapter IV. 2271:from the original on August 3, 2020 1813:The Church and Colombia's civil war 1089:Latin American Episcopal Conference 4051:from the original on July 14, 2019 3890:O'Connell, Gerard (May 12, 2015), 3871:from the original on March 8, 2021 3799:from the original on April 2, 2021 2710:"Camilo Torres Restrepo 1929–1966" 2673:Gutierrez, G. "Faith as Freedom", 2405:. The College of William and Mary. 1600:Cruzada nacional de alfabetización 1048:and Juan Luis Segundo of Uruguay. 958:Latin American liberation theology 25: 4830:Catholicism and far-left politics 4070:Travis Kitchens (June 21, 2010). 2688:"Ejército de Liberación Nacional" 2322:. Princeton Theological Seminary. 3403:10.1111/j.1935-4940.2012.01220.x 2968:. Carlisle: Langham Monographs. 2794:Bellos, Alex (August 31, 1999). 2319:Towards a Theology of Liberation 2228:Dault, Lira (January 22, 2015). 2010: 1140:preferential option for the poor 1017:preferential option for the poor 914: 826:Indigenous church mission theory 141:Template:History of Christianity 60: 4845:Christian theological movements 3965:Eternal Word Television Network 3416:Celis, Leila (March 28, 2016). 2648:The Essential Pope Benedict XVI 1467:in the 1970s by members of the 1451:Latin American integral mission 1285:Christ, the church and the poor 32:For worldwide expressions, see 4804:Liberation Methodist Connexion 3099:(2): 165–66 – via JSTOR. 2930:Kirkpatrick, David C. (2016). 2543:(London: SCM Press, 1974), 36f 2130:Dictionary of Historical Terms 1995:, even before he came to know 1969:, had been sanctioned with an 1221:description of the mission of 1067:, who in the 1970s called for 1015:, who popularized the phrase " 1: 3376:10.1525/ae.1992.19.4.02a00050 3092:Critical Research on Religion 2867:Rohter, Larry (May 7, 2007). 1356:Colombian guerrilla group ELN 1110:, in 1968, and the second in 4226:Christian theological praxis 2623:The Power of Poor in History 2418:Curti, Elena (May 8, 2010). 1986:In January 2019, during the 1843:referred to the "crimes" of 1595:Nicaraguan Literacy Campaign 1438:Archbishop Dom Helder Camara 1289: 1275:Jeunesse Ouvrière Chrétienne 1091:(CELAM). Created in 1955 in 3422:Latin American Perspectives 3120:(3): 331 – via JSTOR. 3056:Latin American Perspectives 2525:Gutiérrez, Gustavo (1971). 2340:. New York. July 21, 2014. 1556:The formation of Sandinismo 1144:basic ecclesial communities 1095:, Brazil, CELAM pushed the 840:in the broader movement of 126:Proto-orthodox Christianity 4881: 3828:National Catholic Reporter 3792:National Catholic Reporter 3729:National Catholic Reporter 3641:National Catholic Reporter 3616:Kappen, Sebastian (1977). 3180:10.3167/015597704782352654 3068:10.1177/0094582X9302000403 2582:. Lima: CEP, 1989.) p. 112 2264:National Catholic Reporter 2172:10.1007/s41603-021-00137-3 1454: 1411:The journalist and writer 1404: 1401:Base ecclesial communities 1383:Landless Workers' Movement 1340:Christian base communities 31: 4850:Christianity and politics 4788:World Council of Churches 4463:Miguel d'Escoto Brockmann 4205:Pedagogy of the Oppressed 3293:10.1080/03071029508567923 2591:Nickoloff, James B., ed. 2383:The Catholic Encyclopedia 1847:and the "scandal" of the 1812: 1655:The Gospel of Solentiname 1407:Basic ecclesial community 1025:most unequal in the world 966:Teología de la liberación 785:Conservative Christianity 230:Persecution and tolerance 4179:Catholic social teaching 3434:10.1177/0094582X16639270 2541:A Theology of Liberation 2436:(Available upon request) 2316:Alves, Rubem A. (1988). 2304:A Theology of Liberation 1611:Other priests including 1269:Catholic Worker Movement 1265:A Theology of Liberation 1041:A Theology of Liberation 775:Progressive Christianity 588:Fundamental/foundational 198:Theological hermeneutics 4274:Latin American Catholic 3694:Bianchi, Enrique Ciro. 3464:. Czech Republic: Muni. 2737:March 11, 2012, at the 2338:Critical Therapy Center 1715:Nossa Senhora de Fátima 1130:conference, and in the 921:Christianity portal 365:Post-Nicene development 136:History of Christianity 46:Part of a series on the 4479:Jean-Bertrand Aristide 3785:(September 25, 2013). 3661:June 11, 2013, at the 2743:Canada & the World 2677:2/1, Spring 1975, p.32 2562:Speeches February 2008 2385:(HarperCollins, 1995). 2369:, HarperCollins, 1995. 1971: 1896:, was excommunicated. 1797: 1733:Camilo Torres Restrepo 1681:Brazil's military rule 1653: 1647: 1599: 1463: 1327: 1319: 1273: 1119:Alfonso López Trujillo 1097:Second Vatican Council 986:Second Vatican Council 974:Teologia da libertação 973: 965: 672:Continental philosophy 215:Philosophical theology 4840:Christian terminology 4485:Miguel A. De La Torre 4328:José Severino Croatto 4318:Marcella Althaus-Reid 4216:Postcolonial theology 4072:"Chomsky on Religion" 3925:(February 14, 2019), 3757:Catholic News Service 3723:(February 14, 2019), 3670:(November 25, 2014), 3256:10.1353/jsr.2012.0010 3199:Sociology of Religion 2731:"Liberation Theology" 2556:(February 21, 2008). 2003:Outside Latin America 1981:Caritas International 1926:fathers of the Church 1750:Gerardo Valencia Cano 1641: 1633:Miguel Obando y Bravo 1546:Nicaraguan Revolution 1481:social responsibility 1391:Abahlali baseMjondolo 1077:social responsibility 780:Moderate Christianity 770:extraterrestrial life 225:Christian apologetics 148:Ecclesiastical polity 4491:Ada Maria Isasi-Diaz 4194:Marxism and religion 4081:– via YouTube. 3960:Catholic News Agency 3935:La Civilità Catolica 3821:(January 24, 2014). 3763:on December 21, 2016 3562:. September 14, 2011 3512:. Lanham, Maryland. 3364:American Ethnologist 2621:Gutierrez, Gustavo. 2604:Gutierrez, Gustavo. 2574:Gutierrez, Gustavo. 2486:Populorum progressio 2289:Richard P. McBrien, 2242:: 46. Archived from 1958:L'Osservatore Romano 1878:cultural imperialism 1799:Populorum progressio 1528:Sandinista Nicaragua 996:theologians such as 976:) is a synthesis of 800:Evangelical theology 633:Since the World Wars 573:Restoration Movement 387:Byzantine Iconoclasm 220:Christian philosophy 4835:Christian socialism 4825:Liberation theology 4752:Delores S. Williams 4698:Robert McAfee Brown 4669:Johann Baptist Metz 4420:Ignacio Martín-Baró 4392:Aloísio Lorscheider 4362:Paulo Evaristo Arns 4302:liberation theology 4199:Option for the poor 4184:Christian socialism 4174:Contextual theology 4160:Liberation theology 4119:The Washington Post 2853:Manuel A. Vasquez. 2745:, February 10, 2010 2629:. Lima: CEP, 1971.) 2539:Gustavo Gutierrez, 2302:Gustavo Gutierrez, 1644:Solentiname Islands 1373:Contemporaneously, 1249:as bringing peace ( 795:Confessing Movement 319:Cappadocian Fathers 235:Historical theology 34:Liberation theology 4865:World Christianity 4860:Religious activism 4211:Political theology 3991:Allen, John L. Jr. 3867:. August 5, 2014. 3819:Allen Jr., John L. 3783:McElwee, Joshua J. 3721:McElwee, Joshua J. 3328:10.1111/jssr.12213 3182:– via JSTOR. 3078:– via JSTOR. 3020:Costas, Orlando E. 2875:The New York Times 2762:. October 17, 2019 2612:. Lima: CEP, 1986) 2580:El Dios de la vida 2472:Smith, Christian. 2420:"Study in Scarlet" 2051:, claims that the 2022:. You can help by 1914:Austral University 1876:itself a form of " 1648: 1188:Christian theology 1108:Medellín, Colombia 1061:José Míguez Bonino 978:Christian theology 651:Nouvelle théologie 645:Situational ethics 603:Catholic Modernism 304:ante-Nicene period 121:Early Christianity 79:Christian theology 54:Christian theology 4812: 4811: 4761: 4760: 4722:Virgilio Elizondo 4657:Giovanni Franzoni 4549:other geographies 4542: 4541: 4527:Juan Luis Segundo 4509:Gérard Jean-Juste 4503:Gustavo Gutiérrez 4458:Fernando Cardenal 4415:Ignacio Ellacuría 4382:Pedro Casaldáliga 3681:978-1-62779-158-8 3519:978-1-7936-3364-4 3037:978-0-8423-0275-3 3005:978-1-907713-02-6 2975:978-1-907713-01-9 2945:978-1-5064-0592-6 2911:978-0-8308-2585-1 2835:. January 7, 2019 2554:Ratzinger, Joseph 2246:on July 10, 2020. 2214:978-92-1-054555-6 2111:George H. W. Bush 2108:US vice president 2040: 2039: 1902:Jesus and Freedom 1760:Apostolic Prefect 1671:Indigenous Brazil 1613:Fernando Cardenal 1513:Orlando E. Costas 1358:) celebrated the 1354:(a leader of the 1261:Gustavo Gutiérrez 1124:Pope John Paul II 1009:Juan Luis Segundo 998:Gustavo Gutiérrez 955: 954: 842:Feminist theology 814:Contextualisation 677:Radical orthodoxy 583:Dogmatic theology 568:Holiness movement 314:Apostolic Fathers 249:Ecumenical Creeds 158:Nontrinitarianism 16:(Redirected from 4872: 4740:George V. Pixley 4710:Chung Hyun Kyung 4628:Arvind P. Nirmal 4610:Sebastian Kappen 4553: 4497:Mario I. Aguilar 4453:Ernesto Cardenal 4340: 4306: 4269:Integral mission 4189:Evangelical left 4153: 4146: 4139: 4130: 4123: 4111: 4105: 4104: 4102: 4100: 4089: 4083: 4082: 4080: 4078: 4067: 4061: 4060: 4058: 4056: 4031:Thompson, Damian 4027: 4021: 4020: 4018: 4016: 4005:The Boston Globe 3987: 3981: 3980: 3978: 3976: 3951: 3945: 3944: 3943: 3941: 3927:Spadaro, Antonio 3919: 3913: 3912: 3911: 3909: 3900:, archived from 3887: 3881: 3880: 3878: 3876: 3851: 3845: 3844: 3842: 3840: 3815: 3809: 3808: 3806: 3804: 3779: 3773: 3772: 3770: 3768: 3759:. Archived from 3748: 3739: 3738: 3737: 3735: 3717: 3711: 3710: 3708: 3706: 3691: 3685: 3684: 3668:Ivereigh, Austen 3665:, translated in 3651: 3645: 3644: 3632: 3623: 3622: 3613: 3607: 3606: 3599: 3593: 3592: 3588:', Origins 14/13 3587: 3578: 3572: 3571: 3569: 3567: 3552: 3546: 3545: 3539: 3531: 3505: 3492: 3491: 3489: 3487: 3472: 3466: 3465: 3463: 3455: 3446: 3445: 3413: 3407: 3406: 3386: 3380: 3379: 3359: 3348: 3347: 3339: 3333: 3332: 3330: 3306: 3297: 3296: 3274: 3268: 3267: 3237: 3224: 3223: 3193: 3184: 3183: 3163: 3157: 3156: 3148: 3137: 3136: 3128: 3122: 3121: 3107: 3101: 3100: 3086: 3080: 3079: 3051: 3042: 3041: 3029: 3016: 3010: 3009: 2986: 2980: 2979: 2960:Padilla, C. René 2956: 2950: 2949: 2927: 2916: 2915: 2892: 2886: 2885: 2883: 2881: 2872: 2864: 2858: 2851: 2845: 2844: 2842: 2840: 2825: 2819: 2818: 2816: 2814: 2791: 2785: 2778: 2772: 2771: 2769: 2767: 2760:America Magazine 2752: 2746: 2728: 2722: 2721: 2719: 2717: 2706: 2700: 2699: 2697: 2695: 2684: 2678: 2671: 2665: 2658: 2652: 2651: 2650:. HarperCollins. 2643: 2630: 2619: 2613: 2602: 2596: 2589: 2583: 2572: 2566: 2565: 2550: 2544: 2537: 2531: 2530: 2522: 2516: 2515: 2513: 2511: 2505:The Conversation 2496: 2490: 2482: 2476: 2470: 2464: 2463: 2461: 2459: 2448: 2437: 2435: 2415: 2406: 2399: 2386: 2379: 2370: 2363: 2354: 2353: 2351: 2349: 2330: 2324: 2323: 2313: 2307: 2300: 2294: 2287: 2281: 2280: 2278: 2276: 2254: 2248: 2247: 2225: 2219: 2218: 2199: 2193: 2192: 2174: 2148: 2139: 2133: 2127: 2093:Marxist concepts 2049:Ion Mihai Pacepa 2035: 2032: 2014: 2007: 1974: 1908:Pope Francis era 1898:Sebastian Kappen 1890:Tissa Balasuriya 1838: 1802: 1658: 1602: 1574:Ernesto Cardenal 1563:Anastasio Somoza 1466: 1457:Integral mission 1310:Joseph Ratzinger 1292: 1278: 1227:bringing a sword 1196:economic justice 1069:integral mission 1021:social injustice 947: 940: 933: 919: 918: 615:Critical realism 563:Great Awakenings 407:East–West Schism 203:African American 64: 43: 38:integral mission 21: 4880: 4879: 4875: 4874: 4873: 4871: 4870: 4869: 4815: 4814: 4813: 4808: 4792: 4757: 4686: 4675:Jürgen Moltmann 4645: 4634:Park Soon-kyung 4580: 4548: 4538: 4467: 4439: 4401: 4343: 4330: 4301: 4299: 4293: 4230: 4162: 4157: 4127: 4126: 4122:, March 3, 1983 4112: 4108: 4098: 4096: 4091: 4090: 4086: 4076: 4074: 4069: 4068: 4064: 4054: 4052: 4033:(May 2, 2015). 4029: 4028: 4024: 4014: 4012: 3993:(May 5, 2015). 3989: 3988: 3984: 3974: 3972: 3967:. May 1, 2015. 3953: 3952: 3948: 3939: 3937: 3921: 3920: 3916: 3907: 3905: 3904:on May 26, 2015 3889: 3888: 3884: 3874: 3872: 3853: 3852: 3848: 3838: 3836: 3817: 3816: 3812: 3802: 3800: 3781: 3780: 3776: 3766: 3764: 3750: 3749: 3742: 3733: 3731: 3719: 3718: 3714: 3704: 3702: 3693: 3692: 3688: 3682: 3666: 3663:Wayback Machine 3652: 3648: 3634: 3633: 3626: 3615: 3614: 3610: 3601: 3600: 3596: 3585: 3580: 3579: 3575: 3565: 3563: 3554: 3553: 3549: 3532: 3520: 3507: 3506: 3495: 3485: 3483: 3474: 3473: 3469: 3461: 3457: 3456: 3449: 3415: 3414: 3410: 3388: 3387: 3383: 3361: 3360: 3351: 3341: 3340: 3336: 3308: 3307: 3300: 3276: 3275: 3271: 3239: 3238: 3227: 3212:10.2307/3712105 3195: 3194: 3187: 3168:Social Analysis 3165: 3164: 3160: 3150: 3149: 3140: 3130: 3129: 3125: 3109: 3108: 3104: 3088: 3087: 3083: 3053: 3052: 3045: 3038: 3018: 3017: 3013: 3006: 2990:Escobar, Samuel 2988: 2987: 2983: 2976: 2958: 2957: 2953: 2946: 2929: 2928: 2919: 2912: 2894: 2893: 2889: 2879: 2877: 2866: 2865: 2861: 2852: 2848: 2838: 2836: 2827: 2826: 2822: 2812: 2810: 2796:"Hélder Câmara" 2793: 2792: 2788: 2779: 2775: 2765: 2763: 2754: 2753: 2749: 2739:Wayback Machine 2729: 2725: 2715: 2713: 2712:. Filosofia.org 2708: 2707: 2703: 2693: 2691: 2686: 2685: 2681: 2672: 2668: 2660:McBrien, R. P. 2659: 2655: 2645: 2644: 2633: 2620: 2616: 2603: 2599: 2590: 2586: 2576:The God of Life 2573: 2569: 2564:. The Holy See. 2552: 2551: 2547: 2538: 2534: 2524: 2523: 2519: 2509: 2507: 2498: 2497: 2493: 2483: 2479: 2471: 2467: 2457: 2455: 2450: 2449: 2440: 2417: 2416: 2409: 2400: 2389: 2380: 2373: 2364: 2357: 2347: 2345: 2332: 2331: 2327: 2315: 2314: 2310: 2301: 2297: 2288: 2284: 2274: 2272: 2256: 2255: 2251: 2227: 2226: 2222: 2215: 2201: 2200: 2196: 2163:Springer Nature 2146: 2141: 2140: 2136: 2128: 2124: 2119: 2089: 2071:Damian Thompson 2045: 2036: 2030: 2027: 2020:needs expansion 2005: 1988:World Youth Day 1922:Jorge Bergoglio 1910: 1836: 1829: 1824: 1815: 1788: 1768:Apostolic Vicar 1752: 1735: 1723: 1707: 1699:anthropologists 1690: 1673: 1621: 1586: 1578:Miguel D'Escoto 1567:Augusto Sandino 1558: 1530: 1497:C. René Padilla 1464:misión integral 1459: 1453: 1420:participation. 1409: 1403: 1336: 1169: 1085: 1065:C. René Padilla 951: 913: 908: 907: 821: 820: 805: 804: 790:Emerging church 689:Paleo-orthodoxy 635: 634: 625: 624: 538: 537: 528: 527: 497:Book of Concord 444: 443: 432: 431: 367: 366: 357: 356: 340: 294: 293: 278: 277: 266: 252: 251: 240: 239: 74: 73: 53: 41: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4878: 4876: 4868: 4867: 4862: 4857: 4852: 4847: 4842: 4837: 4832: 4827: 4817: 4816: 4810: 4809: 4807: 4806: 4800: 4798: 4794: 4793: 4791: 4790: 4785: 4780: 4775: 4769: 4767: 4763: 4762: 4759: 4758: 4756: 4755: 4749: 4743: 4737: 4731: 4725: 4719: 4716:Orlando Costas 4713: 4707: 4701: 4694: 4692: 4688: 4687: 4685: 4684: 4681:Dorothee Sölle 4678: 4672: 4666: 4660: 4653: 4651: 4647: 4646: 4644: 4643: 4637: 4631: 4625: 4619: 4613: 4607: 4601: 4595: 4588: 4586: 4582: 4581: 4579: 4578: 4577:(South Africa) 4572: 4566: 4565:(South Africa) 4559: 4557: 4550: 4547:Key figures of 4544: 4543: 4540: 4539: 4537: 4536: 4530: 4524: 4518: 4512: 4506: 4500: 4494: 4488: 4482: 4475: 4473: 4469: 4468: 4466: 4465: 4460: 4455: 4449: 4447: 4441: 4440: 4438: 4437: 4432: 4427: 4425:Segundo Montes 4422: 4417: 4411: 4409: 4403: 4402: 4400: 4399: 4394: 4389: 4384: 4379: 4374: 4369: 4364: 4359: 4353: 4351: 4345: 4344: 4342: 4341: 4325: 4320: 4314: 4312: 4303: 4300:Latin American 4298:Key figures of 4295: 4294: 4292: 4291: 4286: 4281: 4276: 4271: 4266: 4265: 4264: 4259: 4249: 4244: 4238: 4236: 4232: 4231: 4229: 4228: 4223: 4218: 4213: 4208: 4201: 4196: 4191: 4186: 4181: 4176: 4170: 4168: 4164: 4163: 4158: 4156: 4155: 4148: 4141: 4133: 4125: 4124: 4114:John M. Goshko 4106: 4084: 4062: 4045:Press Holdings 4022: 3982: 3946: 3914: 3882: 3846: 3810: 3774: 3740: 3712: 3700:www.amazon.com 3686: 3680: 3646: 3624: 3608: 3594: 3573: 3547: 3518: 3493: 3467: 3447: 3408: 3397:(2): 320–340. 3381: 3370:(4): 710–732. 3349: 3334: 3298: 3280:Social History 3269: 3225: 3185: 3174:(1): 187–190. 3158: 3138: 3123: 3102: 3081: 3043: 3036: 3011: 3004: 2981: 2974: 2951: 2944: 2917: 2910: 2896:Stanley, Brian 2887: 2859: 2846: 2820: 2786: 2773: 2747: 2723: 2701: 2690:. May 26, 2008 2679: 2666: 2653: 2631: 2614: 2597: 2584: 2567: 2545: 2532: 2517: 2491: 2477: 2465: 2438: 2407: 2387: 2371: 2355: 2325: 2308: 2295: 2282: 2249: 2220: 2213: 2194: 2134: 2121: 2120: 2118: 2115: 2088: 2085: 2044: 2041: 2038: 2037: 2017: 2015: 2004: 2001: 1993:Rutilio Grande 1953:Gerhard Müller 1909: 1906: 1861:class struggle 1828: 1825: 1823: 1820: 1814: 1811: 1795:'s encyclical 1787: 1784: 1751: 1748: 1734: 1731: 1722: 1719: 1706: 1703: 1689: 1686: 1672: 1669: 1620: 1617: 1585: 1582: 1557: 1554: 1529: 1526: 1505:Samuel Escobar 1455:Main article: 1452: 1449: 1405:Main article: 1402: 1399: 1335: 1332: 1192:Roman Catholic 1168: 1165: 1093:Rio de Janeiro 1084: 1081: 1071:, emphasizing 994:Latin American 982:socio-economic 953: 952: 950: 949: 942: 935: 927: 924: 923: 910: 909: 906: 905: 900: 899: 898: 893: 886: 884:Latin American 881: 876: 866: 861: 860: 859: 854: 849: 835: 834: 833: 831:Sino-Christian 822: 812: 811: 810: 807: 806: 803: 802: 797: 792: 787: 782: 777: 772: 767: 762: 761: 760: 759: 758: 743: 741:Transmodernism 738: 733: 728: 723: 718: 713: 712: 711: 701: 696: 694:Reconciliation 691: 686: 681: 680: 679: 669: 664: 659: 647: 642: 636: 632: 631: 630: 627: 626: 623: 622: 617: 612: 611: 610: 608:Anglo-Catholic 605: 600: 590: 585: 580: 578:Existentialism 575: 570: 565: 560: 555: 550: 545: 539: 535: 534: 533: 530: 529: 526: 525: 520: 515: 510: 505: 500: 493: 485: 484: 483: 476:Evangelicalism 473: 468: 463: 462: 461: 456: 445: 439: 438: 437: 434: 433: 430: 429: 424: 419: 414: 409: 404: 399: 394: 389: 384: 379: 374: 368: 364: 363: 362: 359: 358: 355: 354: 349: 344: 338: 333: 332: 331: 329:Desert Mothers 326: 324:Desert Fathers 321: 316: 309:Church Fathers 306: 301: 295: 285: 284: 283: 280: 279: 276: 275: 270: 264: 259: 253: 247: 246: 245: 242: 241: 238: 237: 232: 227: 222: 217: 212: 211: 210: 208:Asian American 205: 195: 190: 185: 183:Biblical canon 180: 175: 170: 165: 160: 155: 153:Trinitarianism 150: 145: 144: 143: 133: 128: 123: 118: 117: 116: 111: 106: 101: 96: 91: 81: 75: 71: 70: 69: 66: 65: 57: 56: 48: 47: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4877: 4866: 4863: 4861: 4858: 4856: 4853: 4851: 4848: 4846: 4843: 4841: 4838: 4836: 4833: 4831: 4828: 4826: 4823: 4822: 4820: 4805: 4802: 4801: 4799: 4797:Denominations 4795: 4789: 4786: 4784: 4781: 4779: 4776: 4774: 4771: 4770: 4768: 4766:Organizations 4764: 4753: 4750: 4747: 4746:George Tinker 4744: 4741: 4738: 4735: 4732: 4729: 4728:Marc H. Ellis 4726: 4723: 4720: 4717: 4714: 4711: 4708: 4705: 4702: 4699: 4696: 4695: 4693: 4691:North America 4689: 4682: 4679: 4676: 4673: 4670: 4667: 4664: 4663:Paul Gauthier 4661: 4658: 4655: 4654: 4652: 4648: 4641: 4638: 4635: 4632: 4629: 4626: 4623: 4620: 4617: 4616:Kim Yong-Bock 4614: 4611: 4608: 4605: 4604:Elias Chacour 4602: 4599: 4596: 4593: 4590: 4589: 4587: 4583: 4576: 4575:Rubin Phillip 4573: 4570: 4569:Jean-Marc Ela 4567: 4564: 4561: 4560: 4558: 4554: 4551: 4545: 4534: 4531: 4528: 4525: 4522: 4519: 4516: 4513: 4510: 4507: 4504: 4501: 4498: 4495: 4492: 4489: 4486: 4483: 4480: 4477: 4476: 4474: 4470: 4464: 4461: 4459: 4456: 4454: 4451: 4450: 4448: 4446: 4442: 4436: 4433: 4431: 4428: 4426: 4423: 4421: 4418: 4416: 4413: 4412: 4410: 4408: 4404: 4398: 4395: 4393: 4390: 4388: 4385: 4383: 4380: 4378: 4377:Hélder Câmara 4375: 4373: 4372:Leonardo Boff 4370: 4368: 4365: 4363: 4360: 4358: 4355: 4354: 4352: 4350: 4346: 4338: 4334: 4329: 4326: 4324: 4323:Ivan Petrella 4321: 4319: 4316: 4315: 4313: 4311: 4307: 4304: 4296: 4290: 4287: 4285: 4282: 4280: 4277: 4275: 4272: 4270: 4267: 4263: 4260: 4258: 4255: 4254: 4253: 4250: 4248: 4245: 4243: 4240: 4239: 4237: 4233: 4227: 4224: 4222: 4221:Social Gospel 4219: 4217: 4214: 4212: 4209: 4207: 4206: 4202: 4200: 4197: 4195: 4192: 4190: 4187: 4185: 4182: 4180: 4177: 4175: 4172: 4171: 4169: 4165: 4161: 4154: 4149: 4147: 4142: 4140: 4135: 4134: 4131: 4121: 4120: 4115: 4110: 4107: 4094: 4088: 4085: 4073: 4066: 4063: 4050: 4046: 4042: 4041: 4040:The Spectator 4036: 4032: 4026: 4023: 4010: 4006: 4002: 4001: 3996: 3992: 3986: 3983: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3961: 3956: 3950: 3947: 3936: 3932: 3928: 3924: 3918: 3915: 3903: 3899: 3898: 3893: 3886: 3883: 3870: 3866: 3862: 3861: 3856: 3850: 3847: 3834: 3830: 3829: 3824: 3820: 3814: 3811: 3798: 3794: 3793: 3788: 3784: 3778: 3775: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3747: 3745: 3741: 3730: 3726: 3722: 3716: 3713: 3701: 3697: 3690: 3687: 3683: 3677: 3673: 3669: 3664: 3660: 3656: 3650: 3647: 3642: 3638: 3631: 3629: 3625: 3620: 3612: 3609: 3604: 3598: 3595: 3590: 3589: 3577: 3574: 3561: 3557: 3551: 3548: 3543: 3537: 3529: 3525: 3521: 3515: 3511: 3504: 3502: 3500: 3498: 3494: 3481: 3477: 3471: 3468: 3460: 3454: 3452: 3448: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3412: 3409: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3392: 3385: 3382: 3377: 3373: 3369: 3365: 3358: 3356: 3354: 3350: 3345: 3338: 3335: 3329: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3312: 3305: 3303: 3299: 3294: 3290: 3286: 3282: 3281: 3273: 3270: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3244: 3236: 3234: 3232: 3230: 3226: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3200: 3192: 3190: 3186: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3162: 3159: 3154: 3147: 3145: 3143: 3139: 3134: 3127: 3124: 3119: 3115: 3114: 3113:CrossCurrents 3106: 3103: 3098: 3094: 3093: 3085: 3082: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3050: 3048: 3044: 3039: 3033: 3028: 3027: 3021: 3015: 3012: 3007: 3001: 2997: 2996: 2991: 2985: 2982: 2977: 2971: 2967: 2966: 2961: 2955: 2952: 2947: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2926: 2924: 2922: 2918: 2913: 2907: 2903: 2902: 2897: 2891: 2888: 2876: 2871: 2863: 2860: 2856: 2850: 2847: 2834: 2830: 2824: 2821: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2790: 2787: 2783: 2780:Robin Nagle. 2777: 2774: 2761: 2757: 2751: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2727: 2724: 2711: 2705: 2702: 2689: 2683: 2680: 2676: 2670: 2667: 2663: 2657: 2654: 2649: 2642: 2640: 2638: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2618: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2601: 2598: 2594: 2588: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2571: 2568: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2549: 2546: 2542: 2536: 2533: 2528: 2521: 2518: 2506: 2502: 2495: 2492: 2488: 2487: 2481: 2478: 2475: 2469: 2466: 2453: 2447: 2445: 2443: 2439: 2433: 2429: 2426:. p. 4. 2425: 2421: 2414: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2398: 2396: 2394: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2378: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2362: 2360: 2356: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2329: 2326: 2321: 2320: 2312: 2309: 2305: 2299: 2296: 2292: 2286: 2283: 2270: 2266: 2265: 2260: 2253: 2250: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2236: 2235:U.S. Catholic 2231: 2224: 2221: 2216: 2210: 2206: 2205: 2198: 2195: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2173: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2145: 2138: 2135: 2131: 2126: 2123: 2116: 2114: 2112: 2109: 2104: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2087:United States 2086: 2084: 2082: 2078: 2077: 2076:The Spectator 2072: 2068: 2064: 2063: 2058: 2057:John L. Allen 2054: 2050: 2042: 2034: 2031:December 2020 2025: 2021: 2018:This section 2016: 2013: 2009: 2008: 2002: 2000: 1998: 1994: 1989: 1984: 1982: 1977: 1973: 1968: 1963: 1960: 1959: 1954: 1949: 1945: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1907: 1905: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1886:Leonardo Boff 1881: 1879: 1873: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1856: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1840: 1834: 1827:Ratzinger era 1826: 1821: 1819: 1810: 1808: 1807: 1801: 1800: 1794: 1785: 1783: 1779: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1766:(1949–1953), 1765: 1761: 1757: 1749: 1747: 1744: 1740: 1732: 1730: 1727: 1720: 1718: 1716: 1712: 1704: 1702: 1700: 1695: 1694:Tapeba people 1687: 1685: 1682: 1678: 1670: 1668: 1666: 1660: 1657: 1656: 1645: 1640: 1636: 1634: 1630: 1625: 1618: 1616: 1614: 1608: 1606: 1601: 1596: 1592: 1583: 1581: 1579: 1575: 1570: 1568: 1564: 1555: 1553: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1527: 1525: 1521: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1493: 1488: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1465: 1458: 1450: 1448: 1445: 1441: 1439: 1435: 1429: 1427: 1421: 1419: 1414: 1413:Penny Lernoux 1408: 1400: 1398: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1375:Fanmi Lavalas 1371: 1369: 1363: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1352:Camilo Torres 1348: 1345: 1341: 1333: 1331: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1313: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1294: 1291: 1286: 1282: 1281:Paul Gauthier 1277: 1276: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1243:Luke 22:35–38 1240: 1239:Matthew 10:34 1236: 1232: 1231:social unrest 1228: 1224: 1220: 1215: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1180: 1178: 1174: 1166: 1164: 1160: 1157: 1153: 1147: 1145: 1141: 1135: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1120: 1115: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1100: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1082: 1080: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1049: 1047: 1043: 1042: 1037: 1033: 1028: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1007: 1003: 1002:Leonardo Boff 999: 995: 991: 987: 983: 979: 975: 971: 967: 963: 959: 948: 943: 941: 936: 934: 929: 928: 926: 925: 922: 917: 912: 911: 904: 901: 897: 894: 892: 891: 887: 885: 882: 880: 877: 875: 872: 871: 870: 867: 865: 862: 858: 855: 853: 850: 848: 845: 844: 843: 839: 836: 832: 829: 828: 827: 824: 823: 819: 818:Inculturation 815: 809: 808: 801: 798: 796: 793: 791: 788: 786: 783: 781: 778: 776: 773: 771: 768: 766: 763: 757: 756:Environmental 754: 753: 752: 749: 748: 747: 744: 742: 739: 737: 734: 732: 729: 727: 724: 722: 719: 717: 714: 710: 707: 706: 705: 702: 700: 697: 695: 692: 690: 687: 685: 684:Neo-orthodoxy 682: 678: 675: 674: 673: 670: 668: 665: 663: 660: 658: 656: 655:Ressourcement 652: 648: 646: 643: 641: 638: 637: 629: 628: 621: 618: 616: 613: 609: 606: 604: 601: 599: 596: 595: 594: 591: 589: 586: 584: 581: 579: 576: 574: 571: 569: 566: 564: 561: 559: 556: 554: 551: 549: 546: 544: 541: 540: 532: 531: 524: 521: 519: 516: 514: 511: 509: 506: 504: 501: 499: 498: 494: 492: 491: 486: 482: 479: 478: 477: 474: 472: 469: 467: 464: 460: 457: 455: 452: 451: 450: 449:Martin Luther 447: 446: 442: 436: 435: 428: 425: 423: 420: 418: 415: 413: 412:Scholasticism 410: 408: 405: 403: 400: 398: 395: 393: 390: 388: 385: 383: 382:Monothelitism 380: 378: 377:Monophysitism 375: 373: 370: 369: 361: 360: 353: 350: 348: 345: 343: 339: 337: 334: 330: 327: 325: 322: 320: 317: 315: 312: 311: 310: 307: 305: 302: 300: 297: 296: 292: 288: 282: 281: 274: 271: 269: 265: 263: 260: 258: 255: 254: 250: 244: 243: 236: 233: 231: 228: 226: 223: 221: 218: 216: 213: 209: 206: 204: 201: 200: 199: 196: 194: 191: 189: 186: 184: 181: 179: 176: 174: 171: 169: 166: 164: 161: 159: 156: 154: 151: 149: 146: 142: 139: 138: 137: 134: 132: 129: 127: 124: 122: 119: 115: 112: 110: 107: 105: 102: 100: 97: 95: 92: 90: 87: 86: 85: 82: 80: 77: 76: 68: 67: 63: 59: 58: 55: 49: 45: 44: 39: 35: 30: 19: 4734:Kwok Pui-lan 4640:Vinay Samuel 4622:Kung Lap-yan 4592:Ahn Byung-Mu 4563:Allan Boesak 4515:René Padilla 4430:Óscar Romero 4397:Jung Mo Sung 4387:Ivone Gebara 4357:Paulo Freire 4273: 4203: 4117: 4109: 4097:. Retrieved 4087: 4075:. Retrieved 4065: 4053:. Retrieved 4038: 4025: 4013:. Retrieved 3998: 3985: 3973:. Retrieved 3958: 3949: 3940:February 14, 3938:, retrieved 3934: 3923:Pope Francis 3917: 3906:, retrieved 3902:the original 3895: 3885: 3873:. Retrieved 3858: 3849: 3837:. Retrieved 3826: 3813: 3801:. Retrieved 3790: 3777: 3765:. Retrieved 3761:the original 3756: 3734:February 14, 3732:, retrieved 3728: 3715: 3703:. Retrieved 3699: 3689: 3671: 3649: 3640: 3617: 3611: 3602: 3597: 3583: 3576: 3564:. Retrieved 3560:CounterPunch 3559: 3550: 3509: 3484:. Retrieved 3479: 3470: 3425: 3421: 3411: 3394: 3390: 3384: 3367: 3363: 3343: 3337: 3318: 3314: 3284: 3278: 3272: 3250:(2): 12–13. 3247: 3241: 3203: 3197: 3171: 3167: 3161: 3152: 3132: 3126: 3117: 3111: 3105: 3096: 3090: 3084: 3059: 3055: 3025: 3014: 2994: 2984: 2964: 2954: 2935: 2900: 2890: 2878:. Retrieved 2874: 2862: 2854: 2849: 2839:November 13, 2837:. Retrieved 2832: 2823: 2811:. Retrieved 2800:The Guardian 2799: 2789: 2781: 2776: 2764:. Retrieved 2759: 2750: 2742: 2726: 2716:December 29, 2714:. Retrieved 2704: 2694:December 29, 2692:. Retrieved 2682: 2674: 2669: 2661: 2656: 2647: 2626: 2622: 2617: 2609: 2605: 2600: 2592: 2587: 2579: 2575: 2570: 2561: 2548: 2540: 2535: 2526: 2520: 2508:. Retrieved 2504: 2494: 2484: 2480: 2473: 2468: 2456:. Retrieved 2423: 2402: 2382: 2366: 2346:. Retrieved 2337: 2328: 2318: 2311: 2303: 2298: 2290: 2285: 2273:. Retrieved 2262: 2252: 2244:the original 2239: 2233: 2223: 2203: 2197: 2154: 2150: 2137: 2129: 2125: 2105: 2090: 2074: 2060: 2046: 2028: 2024:adding to it 2019: 1997:Óscar Romero 1985: 1978: 1964: 1956: 1950: 1946: 1918:Buenos Aires 1911: 1901: 1882: 1874: 1857: 1853:conservative 1841: 1830: 1816: 1804: 1793:Pope Paul VI 1789: 1780: 1772:Buenaventura 1758:. He was an 1753: 1743:Christianity 1736: 1724: 1708: 1691: 1674: 1661: 1649: 1626: 1622: 1609: 1587: 1571: 1559: 1541: 1531: 1522: 1491: 1489: 1460: 1446: 1442: 1430: 1422: 1410: 1395:South Africa 1372: 1364: 1349: 1337: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1315: 1295: 1284: 1264: 1259: 1254: 1251:social order 1246: 1223:Jesus Christ 1216: 1204:human rights 1190:(especially 1181: 1177:early church 1170: 1161: 1155: 1148: 1136: 1116: 1106:was held in 1101: 1086: 1050: 1039: 1032:Pedro Arrupe 1029: 980:and Marxian 957: 956: 903:Postcolonial 889: 883: 746:Constructive 726:of religions 662:Death of God 654: 650: 495: 489: 299:Great church 268:Chalcedonian 193:Hermeneutics 188:Deuterocanon 173:Pneumatology 29: 4624:(Hong Kong) 4606:(Palestine) 4600:(Palestine) 4521:Samuel Ruiz 4435:Jon Sobrino 4407:El Salvador 4367:Rubem Alves 4331: [ 4284:Palestinian 4167:Foundations 4077:October 17, 3839:January 25, 3803:January 25, 3767:January 25, 3705:February 6, 2880:December 6, 2662:Catholicism 2458:October 17, 2291:Catholicism 2165:: 287–314. 1845:colonialism 1806:imperialism 1591:Tomas Borge 1517:Puerto Rico 1469:evangelical 1426:Nova Iguaçu 1368:First World 1350:The priest 1306:orthopraxis 1235:Isaiah 61:1 1212:God's grace 1208:Jon Sobrino 1132:Roman Curia 1057:Rubem Alves 1046:El Salvador 1013:Jon Sobrino 896:Palestinian 721:Theopoetics 699:Open theism 558:John Wesley 503:Arminianism 466:John Calvin 441:Reformation 163:Christology 89:Adoptionism 4819:Categories 4704:James Cone 4598:Naim Ateek 4571:(Cameroon) 4533:Elsa Támez 3528:1261767527 3482:. Colombia 3321:(3): 494. 2454:. Holy See 2424:The Tablet 2117:References 1942:Montoneros 1934:Trotskyist 1855:politics. 1688:The Tapeba 1597:(Spanish: 1550:Sandinismo 1477:evangelism 1317:oppressed. 1152:catechesis 1073:evangelism 1053:Protestant 970:Portuguese 869:Liberation 709:in Thomism 640:Vatican II 287:Patristics 273:Athanasian 168:Paterology 109:Marcionism 104:Gnosticism 72:Background 52:History of 4683:(Germany) 4677:(Germany) 4671:(Germany) 4529:(Uruguay) 4517:(Ecuador) 4445:Nicaragua 4310:Argentina 4095:. Vatican 4055:March 14, 4015:March 14, 3975:April 10, 3875:April 27, 3536:cite book 3442:147461772 3287:(1): 29. 3264:162356992 3206:(1): 47. 3076:143516572 3062:(4): 39. 2808:0261-3077 2432:0039-8837 2189:2509-9957 2181:2509-9965 1972:a divinis 1967:Nicaragua 1894:Sri Lanka 1869:Eucharist 1849:arms race 1822:Reactions 1756:Antioquia 1629:La Prensa 1605:Maryknoll 1490:The word 1360:Eucharist 1344:bottom-up 1302:orthodoxy 1233:), e.g., 1156:principle 1117:Cardinal 1104:the first 731:Ecumenism 620:Political 548:Practical 523:Jansenism 459:95 Theses 392:Gregory I 352:Chalcedon 336:Augustine 257:Apostles' 178:Mariology 114:Montanism 4665:(France) 4535:(Mexico) 4523:(Mexico) 4262:Womanist 4252:Feminist 4099:July 10, 4049:Archived 4009:Archived 3969:Archived 3869:Archived 3860:BBC News 3833:Archived 3797:Archived 3659:Archived 3022:(1974). 2992:(2003). 2962:(2010). 2898:(2013). 2833:Crux Now 2813:July 10, 2766:July 10, 2735:Archived 2675:Horizons 2510:July 10, 2342:Archived 2275:July 10, 2269:Archived 2106:In 1983 2103:onward. 1938:Medellín 1867:and the 1726:Colombia 1721:Colombia 1492:integral 1485:Lausanne 1483:. Since 1334:Practice 1271:and the 1219:Biblical 1167:Theology 1036:Peruvian 852:Womanist 838:Feminist 704:Analytic 513:Counter- 481:theology 454:Theology 291:Councils 131:Timeline 99:Docetism 94:Arianism 4855:Marxism 4659:(Italy) 4642:(India) 4636:(Korea) 4630:(India) 4618:(Korea) 4612:(India) 4594:(Korea) 4511:(Haiti) 4499:(Chile) 4481:(Haiti) 4279:Minjung 3929:(ed.), 3908:May 25, 3897:America 3566:June 3, 3486:June 1, 3220:3712105 2348:May 21, 2101:Pizarro 2097:Vatican 2079:on the 2065:on the 2043:Romania 1739:Marxism 1665:Contras 1538:Spanish 1501:Ecuador 1290:ptōchos 1200:poverty 1175:of the 1083:History 1006:Jesuits 962:Spanish 890:Minjung 736:Digital 716:Atheism 598:Secular 593:Liberal 553:Pietism 543:Natural 508:English 471:Radical 427:Palamas 417:Aquinas 402:Photios 347:Ephesus 4650:Europe 4556:Africa 4505:(Peru) 4493:(Cuba) 4487:(Cuba) 4349:Brazil 3678: 3619:matter 3526: 3516: 3440: 3262: 3218: 3074: 3034: 3002: 2972: 2942: 2908: 2806: 2430: 2211: 2187: 2179: 2159:Berlin 1930:Maoist 1865:Exodus 1764:Vaupés 1711:Gurupá 1705:Gurupá 1511:, and 1471:group 1434:Recife 1389:, and 1387:Brazil 1381:, the 1298:praxis 1255:action 1245:– and 1202:, and 1173:gospel 1142:" and 1112:Puebla 1063:, and 1004:, and 990:praxis 765:Public 422:Anselm 397:Alcuin 372:Heresy 342:Nicaea 262:Nicene 4472:Other 4339:] 4289:Queer 4257:Asian 4247:Dalit 4242:Black 4235:Forms 3480:Fides 3462:(PDF) 3438:S2CID 3260:S2CID 3216:JSTOR 3072:S2CID 2177:eISSN 2157:(2). 2147:(PDF) 2081:right 1892:, in 1859:that 1776:CELAM 1379:Haiti 1128:Sucre 879:Dalit 874:Black 864:Queer 847:Asian 518:Trent 490:solae 488:Five 4754:(US) 4748:(US) 4742:(US) 4736:(US) 4730:(US) 4724:(US) 4718:(US) 4712:(US) 4706:(US) 4700:(US) 4585:Asia 4101:2020 4079:2017 4057:2017 4017:2017 4000:Crux 3977:2021 3942:2019 3910:2015 3877:2021 3841:2014 3805:2014 3769:2014 3736:2019 3707:2023 3676:ISBN 3568:2022 3542:link 3524:OCLC 3514:ISBN 3488:2022 3032:ISBN 3000:ISBN 2970:ISBN 2940:ISBN 2906:ISBN 2882:2022 2841:2020 2815:2020 2804:ISSN 2768:2020 2718:2011 2696:2011 2512:2020 2460:2017 2428:ISSN 2350:2020 2277:2020 2209:ISBN 2185:ISSN 2069:and 2067:left 2062:Crux 1741:and 1642:The 1576:and 1509:Peru 1479:and 1304:and 1075:and 1011:and 816:and 751:Eco- 289:and 3865:BBC 3430:doi 3399:doi 3372:doi 3323:doi 3289:doi 3252:doi 3208:doi 3176:doi 3064:doi 2167:doi 2073:of 2059:of 2053:KGB 2026:. 1932:or 1916:in 1770:of 1762:of 1709:In 1515:of 1507:of 1499:of 1418:lay 1393:in 1385:in 1377:in 1283:'s 1247:not 1225:as 1184:sin 1122:of 992:of 857:New 4821:: 4337:de 4335:; 4333:es 4047:. 4043:. 4037:. 4007:. 4003:. 3997:. 3963:. 3957:. 3933:, 3894:, 3863:. 3857:. 3831:. 3825:. 3795:. 3789:. 3755:. 3743:^ 3727:, 3698:. 3657:, 3639:. 3627:^ 3558:. 3538:}} 3534:{{ 3522:. 3496:^ 3478:. 3450:^ 3436:. 3428:. 3426:43 3424:. 3420:. 3395:17 3393:. 3368:19 3366:. 3352:^ 3319:54 3317:. 3313:. 3301:^ 3285:20 3283:. 3258:. 3246:. 3228:^ 3214:. 3204:58 3202:. 3188:^ 3172:48 3170:. 3141:^ 3118:42 3116:. 3095:. 3070:. 3060:20 3058:. 3046:^ 2920:^ 2873:. 2831:. 2802:. 2798:. 2758:. 2741:, 2733:, 2634:^ 2560:. 2503:. 2441:^ 2422:. 2410:^ 2390:^ 2374:^ 2358:^ 2336:. 2267:. 2261:. 2240:80 2238:. 2232:. 2183:. 2175:. 2161:: 2153:. 2149:. 1920:, 1540:: 1503:, 1241:, 1237:, 1214:. 1198:, 1079:. 1059:, 1027:. 1000:, 972:: 968:, 964:: 4152:e 4145:t 4138:v 4103:. 4059:. 4019:. 3979:. 3879:. 3843:. 3807:. 3771:. 3709:. 3643:. 3621:. 3591:. 3586:" 3570:. 3544:) 3530:. 3490:. 3444:. 3432:: 3405:. 3401:: 3378:. 3374:: 3331:. 3325:: 3295:. 3291:: 3266:. 3254:: 3248:6 3222:. 3210:: 3178:: 3097:8 3066:: 3040:. 3008:. 2978:. 2948:. 2914:. 2884:. 2843:. 2817:. 2770:. 2720:. 2698:. 2514:. 2462:. 2434:. 2352:. 2279:. 2217:. 2191:. 2169:: 2155:5 2033:) 2029:( 1837:" 1536:( 1229:( 1138:" 960:( 946:e 939:t 932:v 657:) 653:( 40:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Knowledge (XXG)

Latin American liberation theology

Index