610:
categorized based on five areas of semantic identification(Kuku 2015:4). The first and second classes are used for big things like people, trees, and animals.The third and fourth classes are used for hollow and round things. The fifth and sixth classes are used for small, thin, long, or pointed things.The seventh class is used for liquids and abstract things or ideas. Lastly, the eighth and ninth classes are used for relational nominals such as pronouns and kinship terms.
1528:
forms to indicate geographical locations and positions in relation to the ground level. The table provides a comprehensive overview of the different morphemes and enclitics used in locative constructions in the language.The table can be used as a reference for researchers and linguists studying the language and its grammar.
532:
given, the elision of the vowel sound in "daɽɪ" and "ɡʊlʊ" helps to create a smoother and more natural-sounding combination with the locative enclitic "ala". It is important to note that vowel elision is not always predictable or consistent, and it can vary depending on the specific language, dialect, or context.
1356:
The table shows different affixes that can be added to nouns in the language being studied. The
Direction Marker column shows two affixes: "g-" and "nd-". The Class Marker column shows five affixes: "d-", "g-", "l-", "j-", and "g"-". The Accusative Marker column shows two affixes: "Roo T" and "-u".
512:
A linguistic phenomenon called "vowel elision" in the language being studied. Vowel elision occurs when two vowels are joined through affixation, which means adding a prefix or suffix to a word.The language does not allow vowel sequences, which means that two vowels cannot appear next to each other
605:
The locatives specify geographical locations and positions in relation to the ground level. The locative clitics -ala, -alu, -anu, and nən indicate above the ground level, on the ground level, under or inside the ground level, and around the ground level, respectively. this text is introducing the
448:
The table provides a comprehensive overview of the consonant phonemes in the language, organized by place of articulation and type of consonant. The presence or absence of certain phonemes in each category can give insights into the phonological patterns of the language. The table can be used as a
440:
The table shows the consonant phonemes of a language, categorized by their place of articulation (bilabial, dental, alveolar, palatal, velar, and labialised velar). Each category has rows for different types of consonants, such as voiceless plosives, voiced plosives, nasals, prenasalized plosives,
1727:
For example, the reflexive suffix "-nI" changes the verb "èngá" (to see) to "èygà-ní" (to look at oneself). By using these suffixes, speakers can convey more nuanced meanings and actions in their speech. The table also highlights the complexity of the language's grammar and syntax, as well as the
1527:
The table shows different subject agreement prefixes (ɡ-, ɡʷ-, l-, ɡʷ-, d-) that can be combined with finite markers (-di, -ti, -u) and derivational morphemes (-nI, -ni, -jI, -di, -cI, -ti, -ti, -ji) to form different verb forms.The locative enclitics (-ala, -alu, -anu) can be added to these verb
1247:
The table shows minimal and contrastive pairs of noun roots in Laru language. Laru language has 8 vowels in noun roots.The class marker prefix is separated from the root by a hyphen.The table provides examples of noun roots with different vowel combinations, such as "d-11" for "hom" and "d-t" for
609:
Laru has a noun class system with nine classes that categorize different types of objects, including big things, hollow and round things, small and thin things, liquids and abstract concepts, and relational nominals like pronouns and kinship terms. This system consists of nine classes, which are
531:
Vowel elision is a common feature in many languages, and it often occurs to avoid the repetition of sounds or to simplify pronunciation. In some cases, vowel elision can also be used to indicate a specific grammatical function or to distinguish between different forms of a word. In the examples
527:
It appears to be a list of phonetic transcriptions of words in a language, with the abbreviation "CM" likely referring to a particular morpheme or word root. The "VIR" mentioned may refer to a process of vowel insertion or alternation in the language. Without further context or knowledge of the
452:
The highlighted text contains a table that shows the vowel inventory of a language. The table has two rows for ATR (Advanced Tongue Root) feature, one for and the other for . The table also has three columns for vowel height, namely high, mid, and low, and three rows for vowel backness, namely
444:
The language has six places of articulation for consonants. The language has voiceless and voiced plosives in all six categories. The language has nasals in four categories, with two different phonemes for the alveolar category.The language has prenasalized plosives in five categories, with two
248:
Laru is a Niger-Kordofanian language (Schadeberg 1981) in the Heiban group, with three main dialects: Yilaru, Yïdündïlï, and Yogo'romany. The Laru region's geographical features, such as mountains and hills, influence the language, particularly in terms of locatives that indicate location and
1720:
The table includes columns for the suffix, function, infinitive verb, gloss, derived verb, and gloss. The table shows different types of verb suffixes, including reflexive, passive, manipulative, reciprocal, directive, simultaneous, repetitive, and causative.
445:
different phonemes for the labialised velar category. The language has approximants in four categories, with one phoneme for each category. The language has a flap phoneme in the alveolar category.The language has a trill phoneme in the alveolar category.
1360:
The
Accusative Marker column shows two different markers that can be used to indicate the accusative case of the noun. The Locative column shows three different markers that can be used to indicate the locative case of the noun.
1357:
The
Locative column shows three affixes: "-ala", "-alu", and "-anu". The affixes in the Direction Marker column indicate the direction of the noun, while the affixes in the Class Marker column indicate the class of the noun.
453:
front, central, and back. “The vowel quality is dominant in Laru, spreading to both prefixes and suffixes from both noun and verb roots, as well as spreading from verb suffixes to the root .”(Abdalla 2012).
249:
direction. Locatives in Laru are encliticised or follow various word classes, including nouns, adjectives, demonstratives, possessive pronouns, verbs, and an accompaniment postposition.
1251:
The table also shows examples of noun roots with different consonant combinations, such as "d^{\prime} \cdot t^{\prime}" for "k.e. stick" and "g^{\prime} \cdot d" for "k.o. tree".
504:
Vowel insertion occurs in the language when a consonant-only prefix joins a consonant-initial root, resulting in a short /ɪ/ vowel being inserted between the adjacent consonants.
1922:
513:
in a word. To prevent a sequence of two vowels from occurring, the first of the two vowels is elided, which means it is deleted or omitted from the word.
755:
The table shows different class markers, singular and plural forms, gloss, and semantic areas for different categories of objects in a language.
613:
This noun class system is important in understanding the grammar and syntax of Laru, as it affects how words are formed and used in sentences.
606:
topic of locatives and providing some basic information about the different types of locatives that will be discussed in more detail later on.
1724:
Each suffix is demonstrated with an example of an infinitive verb and a derived verb, showing how the suffix changes the meaning of the verb.
1254:
The table demonstrates the importance of vowel and consonant combinations in distinguishing between different noun roots in Laru language.
1353:
The table highlights the complexity of Laru language and the importance of understanding its unique features for effective communication.
767:
The table provides information on the different categories of objects in the language and how they are classified into different classes.
441:
approximants, flap, and trill. Some cells in the table are empty, indicating that the language does not have a phoneme in that category.
1524:
The table has five columns: Subject
Agreement, Finite Markers, Derivational Morphemes, Locative Enclitics, and Locative Enclitics.
1915:
3023:
3018:
2228:
1908:
1931:
97:
86:
2764:
2557:
2465:
2552:
2944:
2587:
2485:
2475:
2406:
2396:
2084:
2007:
449:
reference for linguists studying the language or for language learners trying to understand its phonology.
2736:
2160:
1866:
20:
2416:
2381:
2295:
2567:
2256:
2241:
1982:
2926:
2666:
2310:
2155:
1947:
92:
2544:
2335:
2246:
1939:
211:
195:
102:
2676:
2893:
2848:
2535:
2236:
2195:
2180:
2165:
2069:
2046:
2027:
1962:
242:
219:
2969:
2959:
2868:
2858:
2788:
2706:
2658:
2620:
2577:
2442:
2213:
2147:
2132:
2037:
1957:
1952:
2939:
2916:
2878:
2843:
2744:
2696:
2686:
2681:
2605:
2460:
2401:
2391:
2355:
2340:
2208:
2203:
2170:
2059:
2002:
215:
78:
2716:
2993:
2977:
2949:
2901:
2883:
2863:
2833:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2778:
2754:
2721:
2711:
2701:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2628:
2600:
2572:
2507:
2491:
2386:
2376:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2285:
2218:
2185:
2117:
2094:
2079:
2064:
2022:
2017:
2012:
1992:
1759:
238:
223:
24:
761:
The plural form of class 1-2 is formed by adding the sound "nw" to the singular form.
214:
language varieties spoken in Kunini, Bandawa, and Jeshi. They also live alongside the
3012:
2954:
2934:
2911:
2906:
2873:
2853:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2793:
2783:
2772:
2749:
2691:
2633:
2610:
2517:
2480:
2470:
2455:
2450:
2432:
2427:
2421:
2411:
2371:
2350:
2345:
2315:
2278:
2272:
2251:
2175:
2074:
2054:
1987:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1767:
764:
The plural form of class 8-9 is formed by adding the sound "y" to the singular form.
1870:. 47th Colloquium on African Languages and Linguistics (CALL) (Leiden, Netherlands).
2838:
2828:
2726:
2595:
2512:
2127:
1752:
231:
203:
199:
69:
65:
437: (Consonant Phonemes in Laru Locatives, adapted from Abdalla 2015:2)
2671:
2562:
2112:
528:
language in question, it is difficult to provide more insights or conclusions.
2122:
2107:
2102:
781:
The table shows minimal and contrastive pairs of noun roots in Laru language.
2137:
148:
129:
1864:
Idiatov, Dmitry, Mark Van de Velde, Tope
Olagunju and Bitrus Andrew. 2017.
210:. Lau speakers claim that their language is mutually intelligible with the
1867:
Results of the first AdaGram survey in
Adamawa and Taraba States, Nigeria
523:
b. ɡʊlʊ - ala → ɡʊlala ‘on the fence’ (Abdalla 2015:3)
1728:
importance of understanding these features for effective communication.
773:
The table provides gloss and semantic area information for each class.
758:
The language has 9 classes of objects, each with its own class marker.
207:
55:
1717:(Derived Verb Forms in Laru Locatives, adapted from Abdalla 2015:13)
1900:
1521:(Affixes of verbs in Laru Locatives, adapted from Abdalla 2015: 14)
1350:(Affixes of Nouns in Laru Locatives, adapted from Abdalla 2015:7)
501:(Vowel Insertion in Laru Locatives, adapted from Abdalla 2015: 3)
1884:(4th ed.). Cambridge: Kay Williamson Educational Foundation.
43:
1904:
770:
The table shows how the plural form of some classes is formed.
752:(Noun Classes in Laru Locatives, adapted from Abdalla 2015: 4)
602:(Locatives in Laru Locatives, adapted from Abdalla 2015: 3)
520:
a. daɽɪ - ala → daɽala ‘on the tree’
1244:(Noun Roots in Laru Vowel Harmony from Abdalla 2012: 28)
1895:
Occasional Papers in the study of
Sudanese Languages
19:
For the
Oceanic language of the Solomon Islands, see
2986:
2968:
2925:
2892:
2763:
2735:
2657:
2619:
2586:
2543:
2534:
2500:
2441:
2364:
2303:
2294:
2265:
2227:
2194:
2146:
2093:
2045:
2036:
1938:
177:
169:
164:
146:
127:
122:
75:
61:
51:
32:
1893:Abdalla Kuku, Nabil (2012), Laru vowel harmony.
1789:Some sample words in Lau from Idiatov (2017):
1736:Names for the Lau language, people, and town:
1916:
8:
237:Lau had been previously misclassified as a
2540:
2300:
2042:
1923:
1909:
1901:
29:
16:Jukunoid language of Taraba State, Nigeria
1860:
1858:
1856:
1854:
1791:
1535:
1373:
1261:
783:
625:
539:
460:
261:
23:. For the Oceanic language of Fiji, see
1850:
161:
492:ɡ-ɛn → ɡɛn
7:
1780:‘the language of the people of Lau’
481:ɡ-bəɽu → ɡɪbəɽu
470:ɡ-ɲɛn → ɡɪɲɛ̀n
707:small, thin, long, pointed things
14:
1773:‘servants, slaves, non-Fulani’)
585:under the ground level, inside
1882:An Atlas of Nigerian Languages
1766:‘the indigenous of Lau’ (from
1:
1711:'to cause something to play'
1410:-di(transitive continuative)
230:), who live in Laka ward of
1426:-ti(transitive perfective)
3040:
44:
18:
1550:
1547:
1312:
726:liquids, abstract things
516:Examples: Vowel Elision:
42:
37:
596:around the ground level
1691:'to cut several times'
880:‘grinding stone’
563:above the ground level
1880:Blench, Roger (2019).
1651:'to cook for someone'
1631:'to fight each other'
358:prenasalized plosives
21:Lau language (Malaita)
1571:'to look at oneself'
1448:-anu 'inside, under'
687:hollow, round things
290:voiceless plositives
3024:Languages of Nigeria
574:on the ground level
241:language along with
1659:simultaneous (SIM)
1599:manipulative (MAN)
1538:
1537:Derived Verb Forms
1376:
1264:
628:
542:
463:
264:
263:Consonant Phonemes
3019:Jukunoid languages
1536:
1532:Derived Verb Forms
1374:
1262:
626:
540:
461:
262:
3006:
3005:
3002:
3001:
2530:
2529:
2526:
2525:
1932:Platoid languages
1842:
1841:
1744:(literally ‘mud’)
1715:
1714:
1679:repetitive (REP)
1619:reciprocal (REC)
1519:
1518:
1375:Affixes of verbs
1348:
1347:
1263:Affixes of Nouns
1242:
1241:
750:
749:
746:relational terms
600:
599:
499:
498:
435:
434:
285:labialised velar
185:
184:
160:
159:
3031:
2541:
2301:
2043:
1925:
1918:
1911:
1902:
1886:
1885:
1877:
1871:
1862:
1792:
1699:causative (CAU)
1639:directive (DIR)
1611:'to make to be'
1559:reflexive (REF)
1548:Infinitive verb
1539:
1432:-alu 'on.level'
1416:-ala 'on.above'
1377:
1370:Affixes of verbs
1265:
1258:Affixes of Nouns
784:
629:
582:'under, inside'
543:
464:
462:Vowel Insertion
313:voiced plosives
265:
162:
141:
132:
81:
47:
30:
3039:
3038:
3034:
3033:
3032:
3030:
3029:
3028:
3009:
3008:
3007:
2998:
2982:
2964:
2921:
2888:
2759:
2731:
2653:
2615:
2582:
2522:
2496:
2437:
2360:
2290:
2261:
2223:
2190:
2142:
2089:
2032:
1934:
1929:
1890:
1889:
1879:
1878:
1874:
1863:
1852:
1847:
1787:
1734:
1579:passive (PASS)
1534:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1381:
1372:
1367:
1327:
1281:
1274:
1269:
1260:
1200:'hole in tree'
858:‘k.o.mushroom'
779:
624:
619:
538:
510:
459:
260:
255:
216:Central Sudanic
139:
128:
118:
82:
79:Language family
77:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3037:
3035:
3027:
3026:
3021:
3011:
3010:
3004:
3003:
3000:
2999:
2997:
2996:
2990:
2988:
2984:
2983:
2981:
2980:
2974:
2972:
2966:
2965:
2963:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2931:
2929:
2923:
2922:
2920:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2898:
2896:
2890:
2889:
2887:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2769:
2767:
2761:
2760:
2758:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2741:
2739:
2733:
2732:
2730:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2663:
2661:
2655:
2654:
2652:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2625:
2623:
2617:
2616:
2614:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2592:
2590:
2584:
2583:
2581:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2549:
2547:
2538:
2532:
2531:
2528:
2527:
2524:
2523:
2521:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2504:
2502:
2498:
2497:
2495:
2494:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2447:
2445:
2439:
2438:
2436:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2368:
2366:
2362:
2361:
2359:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2307:
2305:
2298:
2292:
2291:
2289:
2288:
2282:
2276:
2269:
2267:
2263:
2262:
2260:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2233:
2231:
2225:
2224:
2222:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2200:
2198:
2192:
2191:
2189:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2152:
2150:
2144:
2143:
2141:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2118:Basa-Kontagora
2115:
2110:
2105:
2099:
2097:
2091:
2090:
2088:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2051:
2049:
2040:
2034:
2033:
2031:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2008:Shoo-Minda-Nye
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1944:
1942:
1936:
1935:
1930:
1928:
1927:
1920:
1913:
1905:
1899:
1898:
1888:
1887:
1872:
1849:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1840:
1839:
1836:
1832:
1831:
1828:
1824:
1823:
1820:
1816:
1815:
1812:
1808:
1807:
1804:
1800:
1799:
1796:
1786:
1783:
1782:
1781:
1774:
1756:
1745:
1733:
1730:
1713:
1712:
1709:
1706:
1703:
1700:
1697:
1693:
1692:
1689:
1686:
1683:
1680:
1677:
1673:
1672:
1669:
1666:
1663:
1660:
1657:
1653:
1652:
1649:
1646:
1643:
1640:
1637:
1633:
1632:
1629:
1626:
1623:
1620:
1617:
1613:
1612:
1609:
1606:
1603:
1600:
1597:
1593:
1592:
1591:'to be known'
1589:
1586:
1583:
1580:
1577:
1573:
1572:
1569:
1566:
1563:
1560:
1557:
1553:
1552:
1549:
1546:
1543:
1533:
1530:
1517:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1468:
1464:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1454:
1450:
1449:
1446:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1434:
1433:
1430:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1418:
1417:
1414:
1411:
1408:
1405:
1401:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1383:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1346:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1335:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1324:
1320:
1319:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1304:
1303:
1300:
1297:
1294:
1291:
1287:
1286:
1283:
1278:
1276:
1271:
1259:
1256:
1240:
1239:
1236:
1233:
1230:
1227:
1224:
1223:
1220:
1217:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1207:
1204:
1201:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1191:
1188:
1185:
1182:
1179:
1176:
1175:
1172:
1169:
1166:
1163:
1159:
1158:
1155:
1152:
1149:
1146:
1143:
1142:
1141:‘seal of bee'
1139:
1136:
1133:
1130:
1127:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1114:
1111:
1110:
1109:‘cave lizard’
1107:
1104:
1101:
1098:
1095:
1094:
1091:
1088:
1085:
1082:
1078:
1077:
1074:
1071:
1068:
1065:
1061:
1060:
1057:
1054:
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1044:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1029:
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1025:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1013:
1012:
1009:
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1003:
1000:
997:
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993:
990:
987:
984:
980:
979:
976:
973:
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963:
962:
959:
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953:
950:
947:
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943:
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937:
934:
931:
930:
927:
924:
921:
918:
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914:
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905:
902:
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895:
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886:
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881:
878:
875:
872:
869:
866:
865:
862:
859:
856:
853:
850:
849:
846:
843:
840:
837:
834:
833:
830:
827:
824:
821:
818:
817:
814:
811:
808:
805:
801:
800:
797:
794:
791:
788:
778:
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748:
747:
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741:
738:
735:
732:
728:
727:
724:
721:
719:
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709:
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693:
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688:
685:
682:
679:
676:
673:
669:
668:
665:
662:
659:
656:
653:
649:
648:
647:Semantic area
645:
642:
639:
636:
635:Class markers
633:
623:
620:
618:
615:
598:
597:
594:
591:
587:
586:
583:
580:
576:
575:
572:
569:
565:
564:
561:
558:
554:
553:
550:
547:
537:
534:
525:
524:
521:
509:
506:
497:
496:
495:'CM-mountain'
493:
490:
486:
485:
482:
479:
475:
474:
471:
468:
458:
455:
433:
432:
430:
428:
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419:
415:
414:
412:
410:
408:
405:
403:
401:
397:
396:
394:
392:
389:
386:
384:
381:
380:approxiamants
377:
376:
373:
370:
367:
365:
362:
359:
355:
354:
351:
348:
345:
342:
340:
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333:
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310:
309:
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300:
297:
294:
291:
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286:
283:
280:
277:
274:
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268:
259:
256:
254:
251:
183:
182:
179:
175:
174:
171:
167:
166:
158:
157:
152:
144:
143:
133:
125:
124:
123:Language codes
120:
119:
117:
116:
115:
114:
113:
112:
111:
110:
93:Atlantic–Congo
85:
83:
76:
73:
72:
63:
59:
58:
53:
52:Native to
49:
48:
40:
39:
35:
34:
25:Lauan language
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3036:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3016:
3014:
2995:
2992:
2991:
2989:
2985:
2979:
2976:
2975:
2973:
2971:
2967:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2932:
2930:
2928:
2924:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2899:
2897:
2895:
2891:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2774:
2771:
2770:
2768:
2766:
2762:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2742:
2740:
2738:
2734:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2664:
2662:
2660:
2656:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2626:
2624:
2622:
2618:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2593:
2591:
2589:
2585:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2550:
2548:
2546:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2533:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2505:
2503:
2499:
2493:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
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2459:
2457:
2454:
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2440:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2369:
2367:
2363:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2308:
2306:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2293:
2287:
2283:
2280:
2277:
2274:
2271:
2270:
2268:
2264:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2234:
2232:
2230:
2226:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2201:
2199:
2197:
2193:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2161:Eastern Acipa
2159:
2157:
2154:
2153:
2151:
2149:
2145:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2100:
2098:
2096:
2092:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2052:
2050:
2048:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2035:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1926:
1921:
1919:
1914:
1912:
1907:
1906:
1903:
1896:
1892:
1891:
1883:
1876:
1873:
1869:
1868:
1861:
1859:
1857:
1855:
1851:
1844:
1837:
1834:
1833:
1829:
1826:
1825:
1821:
1818:
1817:
1813:
1810:
1809:
1805:
1802:
1801:
1797:
1794:
1793:
1790:
1784:
1779:
1775:
1772:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1743:
1739:
1738:
1737:
1731:
1729:
1725:
1722:
1718:
1710:
1707:
1704:
1701:
1698:
1695:
1694:
1690:
1687:
1684:
1681:
1678:
1675:
1674:
1670:
1667:
1664:
1661:
1658:
1655:
1654:
1650:
1647:
1644:
1641:
1638:
1635:
1634:
1630:
1627:
1624:
1621:
1618:
1615:
1614:
1610:
1607:
1604:
1601:
1598:
1595:
1594:
1590:
1587:
1584:
1581:
1578:
1575:
1574:
1570:
1567:
1564:
1561:
1558:
1555:
1554:
1551:Derived verb
1544:
1541:
1540:
1531:
1529:
1525:
1522:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1505:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1492:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1479:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1465:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1451:
1447:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1435:
1431:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1419:
1415:
1412:
1409:
1406:
1403:
1402:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1384:
1379:
1378:
1369:
1364:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1351:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1336:
1332:
1330:
1325:
1322:
1321:
1317:
1314:
1309:
1306:
1305:
1301:
1298:
1295:
1292:
1289:
1288:
1284:
1279:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1266:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1249:
1245:
1237:
1234:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1225:
1221:
1218:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1209:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1193:
1189:
1186:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1177:
1173:
1170:
1167:
1164:
1161:
1160:
1156:
1153:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1144:
1140:
1137:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1128:
1124:
1121:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1112:
1108:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1096:
1092:
1089:
1086:
1083:
1080:
1079:
1075:
1072:
1069:
1066:
1063:
1062:
1058:
1055:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1046:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1030:
1026:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1014:
1011:‘magic stick
1010:
1007:
1004:
1001:
999:
998:
994:
991:
988:
985:
982:
981:
977:
974:
971:
968:
965:
964:
960:
957:
954:
951:
949:
948:
944:
941:
938:
935:
933:
932:
928:
925:
922:
919:
917:
916:
912:
909:
906:
903:
901:
900:
896:
893:
890:
887:
884:
883:
879:
876:
873:
870:
868:
867:
863:
860:
857:
854:
852:
851:
847:
844:
841:
838:
836:
835:
831:
828:
825:
822:
820:
819:
815:
812:
809:
806:
803:
802:
798:
795:
792:
789:
786:
785:
782:
776:
774:
771:
768:
765:
762:
759:
756:
753:
745:
742:
739:
736:
733:
730:
729:
725:
722:
720:
717:
714:
711:
710:
706:
703:
700:
697:
694:
691:
690:
686:
683:
680:
677:
674:
671:
670:
666:
663:
660:
657:
654:
651:
650:
646:
643:
640:
637:
634:
631:
630:
627:Noun Classes
621:
616:
614:
611:
607:
603:
595:
592:
589:
588:
584:
581:
578:
577:
573:
570:
567:
566:
562:
559:
556:
555:
551:
548:
545:
544:
535:
533:
529:
522:
519:
518:
517:
514:
508:Vowel Elision
507:
505:
502:
494:
491:
488:
487:
483:
480:
477:
476:
472:
469:
466:
465:
456:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
431:
429:
427:
424:
422:
420:
417:
416:
413:
411:
409:
406:
404:
402:
399:
398:
395:
393:
390:
387:
385:
382:
379:
378:
374:
371:
368:
366:
363:
360:
357:
356:
352:
349:
346:
343:
341:
338:
335:
334:
330:
327:
324:
321:
318:
315:
312:
311:
307:
304:
301:
298:
295:
292:
289:
288:
284:
281:
278:
275:
272:
269:
267:
266:
257:
252:
250:
246:
244:
240:
235:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
180:
176:
172:
168:
163:
156:
153:
151:
150:
145:
137:
134:
131:
126:
121:
109:
106:
105:
104:
101:
100:
99:
96:
95:
94:
91:
90:
88:
84:
80:
74:
71:
67:
64:
60:
57:
54:
50:
46:
41:
36:
31:
26:
22:
2417:Shuwa-Zamani
2382:Gbiri-Niragu
2128:Basa-Makurdi
2013:Tigon Mbembe
1997:
1894:
1881:
1875:
1865:
1788:
1785:Sample words
1777:
1770:
1763:
1748:
1741:
1735:
1726:
1723:
1719:
1716:
1526:
1523:
1520:
1442:-u(default)
1429:- ni (PASS)
1392:Derivational
1359:
1355:
1352:
1349:
1253:
1250:
1246:
1243:
1135:‘k.o.grass’
1125:'vegetables
1043:‘k.o.fruit'
1037:‘k.o.fruit’
891:‘mountains’
780:
772:
769:
766:
763:
760:
757:
754:
751:
743:grandmother
622:Noun Classes
612:
608:
604:
601:
530:
526:
515:
511:
503:
500:
451:
447:
443:
439:
436:
247:
236:
227:
204:Taraba State
198:language of
191:
187:
186:
154:
147:
135:
107:
70:Taraba State
2568:Shall-Zwall
2242:Gwamhi-Wuri
2113:Basa-Gurara
1751:‘people of
1740:Town name:
1708:rɪ̀tɪ̀-jɪ́
1027:‘compound’
989:‘thresher'
961:‘k.o.wood'
874:‘shoulder'
832:‘k.o.tree'
667:big things
571:'on.level'
560:'on.above'
484:'CM-cloud'
98:Benue–Congo
87:Niger–Congo
3013:Categories
2667:Bu-Ninkada
2553:Kusur–Myet
2311:Gamo-Ningi
2156:Cinda-Regi
2123:Basa-Kwali
2108:Basa-Gumna
2103:Basa-Benue
1948:Como Karim
1845:References
1830:jĩ̂nə̀nwò
1778:Wĩ̄ Lâwmã̄
1776:Language:
1705:'to play'
1662: lʊ́
1648:mànɪ̀-cɪ́
1645:'to cook'
1625:'to beat'
1602: rʊ́
1585:'to know'
1513:-jɪ (CAU)
1500:-ʈɪ (REP)
1487:-tɪ (SIM)
1474:-cɪ (DIR)
1460:-dɪ (REC)
1445:-ɟɪ (MAN)
1413:-nɪ (REF)
1399:Enclitics
1394:Morphemes
1382:Agreement
1238:‘he-goat’
1216:‘buffalo’
1059:‘veranda’
955:‘shelter'
826:k.o.stick
777:Noun Roots
681:ŋʷəbləⁿdí
541:Locatives
319:d⁴
258:Consonants
218:-speaking
181:Wĩ̄ Lâwmã̄
45:Wĩ̄ Lâwmã̄
2927:Yukubenic
2336:Kudu-Camo
2247:Hun-Saare
2229:Northwest
2138:Bassa Nge
1897:10:17-34.
1806:nɛ̃́wkũ̂
1764:Lau haaɓe
1685:'to cut'
1671:'to dig'
1665:'to dig'
1568:èŋɡà-nɪ́
1565:'to see'
1545:Function
1323:C length
1285:Locative
1280:Accuative
1268:Direction
1184:‘stream’
1106:d-ə́də́ɲ
1087:‘locust’
1021:‘temple'
995:‘winder'
939:‘basket'
861:d-ɛ̀lɛ́ɲ
678:ləbləⁿdí
638:Singualr
593:'around'
546:Locative
536:Locatives
473:'CM-dog'
276:alveolar
270:bilabial
253:Phonology
149:Glottolog
130:ISO 639-3
2849:Kamanton
2545:Tarokoid
2424:(Surubu)
2304:Northern
2281:(Rerang)
2257:ut-Ma'in
2237:Damakawa
2181:Rubaruba
2166:Hungworo
2070:Shingini
1963:Jan Awei
1940:Jukunoid
1835:medicine
1758:People (
1747:People:
1628:pɪ̀-dɪ́
1608:rʊ̀-ɟɪ́
1605:'to be'
1588:lɛŋɛ-ní
1397:Locative
1389:Markers
1248:"well".
1197:g'-bʊ̀ŋ
1174:‘smoke'
1138:dˈ-rə́ŋ
1122:d-ə̀ɲə̀
1103:‘knife’
1093:‘wound'
1090:d-ə̀mə̀
1024:g-ʊ̀bʊ̀
1018:g-ɔ̀bɔ̀
952:g-ɔ̀ɽɛ̀
936:d-ɔ̀rɛ́
926:g-ɛ̀rɛ́
877:ǀˈ-ǀːɛ́
799:English
793:English
552:Meaning
425: r
407: ɽ
388: l
279:palatal
212:Jukunoid
196:Jukunoid
178:Language
103:Jukunoid
2960:Yukuben
2894:Beromic
2869:Shamang
2859:Kuturmi
2789:Dangana
2765:Central
2707:Ninkyop
2578:Yangkam
2536:Plateau
2214:Gurmana
2196:Shiroro
2133:Koromba
2047:Kambari
1953:Etkywan
1819:chicken
1795:English
1762:name):
1749:Wĩ̄ Lâw
1702:rɪ̀tɪ́
1688:ùɽì-ʈí
1668:lʊ̀-tí
1542:Suffix
1380:Subject
1282:Marker
1275:Marker
1270:Marker
1235:g-úwə́
1232:‘root’
1222:‘moon’
1219:d-úwə́
1213:d-ʊ̀wà
1206:‘pool’
1203:g'-bùŋ
1190:‘rock’
1187:d'-ɟúr
1181:g'ɟʊ̀r
1165:g'-lʊ̀
1157:‘bird’
1154:g'-ɽə́
1151:‘head’
1132:d'-ráɲ
1119:‘grass
1100:d-ádáɲ
1076:‘boar'
1073:d-ìrìɲ
1070:'waist
1067:d-ìrìɲ
1053:‘thing
1040:g-ʊ̀dá
1034:g-ɔ̀ʈà
1008:d-ʊ̀rà
1005:‘anus’
1002:d-ɔ̀rá
992:d-ʊ̀ɽà
986:d-ɔ̀ɽá
978:‘grain
972:‘milk’
945:‘anus’
942:d-ɔ̀rá
923:‘girl’
920:ɡ-ɛ̀rá
913:‘head’
907:‘tree'
904:g'-ɽɛ̀
897:‘milk’
871:d'-l:í
864:‘chief
855:g-ìlíɲ
848:‘girl’
845:g-ɛ̀rá
842:‘lion’
829:g'-ɽɛ́
823:dˈ-ɽɪ́
816:‘well'
810:‘horn’
787:vowels
734:-0/-ŋə
675:l-/ŋʷ-
664:person
655:d-/ŋʷ-
641:Plural
617:Grammar
336:nasals
273:dental
208:Nigeria
194:) is a
173:Wĩ̄ Lâw
56:Nigeria
2987:others
2970:Ndunic
2940:Beezen
2917:Nincut
2879:Yeskwa
2844:Kadara
2775:(Koro)
2745:Barkul
2697:Ningye
2687:Kanufi
2682:Gwantu
2677:Gbətsu
2659:Ninzic
2621:Alumic
2606:Jijili
2461:Panawa
2443:Shammo
2402:Kurama
2392:Kinuku
2356:Ziriya
2341:Lemoro
2275:(Shen)
2209:Fungwa
2204:Baushi
2171:Kagare
2148:Kamuku
2060:Baangi
2038:Kainji
2003:Nyifon
1803:animal
1642:mànɪ́
1582:lɛŋɛ́
1387:Finite
1229:g-úwá
1171:d'-lù
1168:‘clay
1148:g'-ɽà
1116:g-áɲá
1084:d-àmà
1056:g-ʊ̀ɲ
1050:g-ɔ̀ɲ
958:g-ɔra
929:‘sky’
910:gˈ-ɽà
888:j-ɛ̀n
839:d-ìrà
813:d-ɛ̀l
740:məŋə́
723:water
704:child
695:ɡ-/j-
684:rifle
661:ŋʷùɟì
644:Gloss
632:Class
549:Gloss
418:trill
282:velar
228:Lakawa
226:name:
170:People
62:Region
2994:Eloyi
2978:Ahwai
2950:Kapya
2902:Berom
2884:Zhire
2864:Rigwe
2834:Izere
2809:Gyong
2804:Gwara
2799:Fəràn
2779:Ajuwa
2755:Horom
2722:Nungu
2712:Ninzo
2702:Ninka
2649:Nigbo
2644:Hasha
2639:Sambe
2629:Alumu
2601:Eggon
2588:South
2573:Tarok
2558:Kwang
2508:Atsam
2501:Other
2492:Tunzu
2466:Sanga
2387:Kaivi
2377:Dungu
2365:Kauru
2331:Janji
2326:Izora
2321:Iguta
2286:Reshe
2266:Lakes
2219:Pongu
2186:Shama
2080:Wenci
2065:Kimba
2028:Wãpha
2023:Wapan
2018:Wannu
1993:Kuteb
1983:Jukun
1771:haaɓe
1760:Hausa
1732:Names
1562:èŋɡá
1407:ROOT
1365:Verbs
1333:-anʊ
1318:-alʊ
1302:-ala
1296:Root
1273:Class
1162:ʊ -u
1064:ɪ -i
975:j-ɔn
969:j-àn
894:j-àn
807:d-ìl
701:jìɟì
698:ɡìɟì
658:dìɟì
590:nɔnɔ
579:-anʊ
568:-alu
557:-ala
457:Vowel
400:flap
234:LGA.
224:Hausa
202:LGA,
68:LGA,
2955:Lufu
2945:Bete
2935:Akum
2912:Iten
2907:Cara
2874:Tyap
2854:Kulu
2824:Idun
2819:Idon
2814:Hyam
2794:Doka
2784:Cori
2773:Ashe
2750:Fyam
2737:East
2692:Mada
2634:Toro
2611:Jili
2518:Piti
2486:Bunu
2481:Loro
2476:Moro
2471:Gusu
2456:Boze
2451:Zele
2433:Vono
2428:Tumi
2422:Vori
2412:Ruma
2407:Mala
2397:Kono
2372:Bina
2351:Shau
2346:Lere
2316:Gyem
2296:East
2279:Lopa
2273:Laru
2252:Lela
2176:Rogo
2095:Basa
2085:Yumu
2075:Vadi
2055:Cipu
1988:Kpan
1978:Jiru
1973:Jibu
1968:Jiba
1958:Hõne
1838:gâj
1822:zǟw
1814:nâw
1798:Lau
1768:Fula
1696:-jɪ
1682:ùɽí
1676:-ʈi
1656:-ti
1636:-cɪ
1616:-dɪ
1596:-ɟɪ
1576:-ni
1556:-nɪ
1340:ŋʷ-
1307:ⁿd-
1081:a-ə
983:ɔ-ʊ
966:a-ɔ
885:ɛ-a
804:ɪ-ɛ
796:Laru
790:Laru
737:mə́
731:8-9
718:jáʷ
692:5-6
672:3-4
652:1-2
243:Laka
239:Mbum
220:Laka
155:None
136:None
2839:Jju
2829:Iku
2727:Ayu
2717:Nkɔ
2596:Ake
2513:Map
1998:Lau
1827:man
1811:cow
1753:Lau
1742:Làw
1622:pí
1467:d-
1453:ŋ-
1437:l-
1421:ɡ-
1404:ɡ-
1328:j-
1315:-u
1310:ɡ-
1299:-ɲ
1293:d-
1290:ɡ-
715:j-
369:ɲɟ
232:Lau
200:Lau
192:Law
188:Lau
165:Lâw
140:mis
108:Lau
66:Lau
38:Law
33:Lau
3015::
2672:Ce
2563:Pe
2490:?
2284:?
1853:^
1326:l-
712:7
489:c
478:b
467:a
391:j
383:w
375:g
372:ɡ
364:d
361:b
353:ŋ
350:ŋ
347:ɲ
344:n
339:m
331:g
328:ɡ
325:ɟ
322:ɖ
316:b
308:k
305:k
302:c
299:t
296:t
293:p
245:.
206:,
89:?
1924:e
1917:t
1910:v
1755:’
222:(
190:(
142:)
138:(
27:.
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