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Precursors to modern rocketry, such as fireworks and rocket launchers, did not generally require dedicated launch pads. This was due in part to their relatively portable size, as well as the sufficiency of their casings in sustaining stresses. One of the first pads for a liquid-fueled rocket, what
1201:, hydrogen burn-off systems (HBOI), also known as radially outward firing igniters (ROFI), can be utilized to prevent the build up of free gaseous hydrogen (GH2) in the aft engine area of the vehicle prior to engine start. Too much excess hydrogen in the aft during engine start can result in an
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The Spacex launch sequence includes a hold-down feature of the launch pad that allows full engine ignition and systems check before liftoff. After the first-stage engine starts, the launcher is held down and not released for flight until all propulsion and vehicle systems are confirmed to be
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series of ballistic missiles were afterwards developed. This site was also the location of the first casualties in rocket development, when Dr. Wahmke and 2 assistants were killed, and another assistant was injured. A propellant fuel tank exploded, while experimenting with mixing 90%
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which allows maintenance and crew access. Immediately before ignition of the rocket's motors, all connections between the tower and the craft are severed, and the bridges over which these connections pass often quickly swing away to prevent damage to the structure or vehicle.
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The construction of a launch pad begins with site selection, considering various geographical and logistical factors. It is often advantageous to position the launch pad on the coast, particularly with the ocean to the east, to leverage the Earth's rotation and increase the
1045:, rockets are assembled on the launch mount. A windowless rail-mounted building encloses the launch pad and gantry to protect the vehicle from the elements, and for purposes of military secrecy. Prior to launch, the building is rolled away. This method is also used at
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coast which offered much greater space and secrecy. Dr. Thiel and his staff followed in the summer of 1940. Test Stand VI at PennemĂĽnde was an exact replica to
Kummersdorf's large test stand. It was this site which saw the development of the
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SpaceX conducts the static fire test — that typically ends with a 3.5-second engine firing — before every launch to wring out issues with the rocket and ground systems. The exercise also helps engineers rehearse for the real launch
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Most launch pads include fixed service structures to provide one or more access platforms to assemble, inspect, and maintain the vehicle and to allow access to the spacecraft, including the loading of crew. The pad may contain a
697:'s series of launch tests starting in 1926, consisted of a mount situated on an open field in rural Massachusetts. The mount was compromised of a frame with a series of gasoline and liquid oxygen lines feeding into the rocket.
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Vertically assembled vehicles can also be transported on a mobile launcher platform resting on two parallel standard gauge railroad tracks that run from the integration building to launch area. This system is in use for the
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Water-based acoustic suppression systems are common on launch pads. They aid in reducing acoustic energy by injecting large quantities of water below the launch pad into the exhaust plume and in the area above the pad.
1135:, as well as the launch vehicle. The primary goal of the diverter is to prevent the flame from causing damage to equipment, infrastructure, or the surrounding environment. Flame diverters can be found at
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level (OASPL) for payload integrity is approximately 145 db. Sound is dissipated by huge volumes of water distributed across the launch pad and launch platform during liftoff.
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Dougherty, N. S., & Guest, S. H. (2012, August 17). A correlation of scale model and flight aeroacoustic data for the Space
Shuttle Vehicle.
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or other propulsion systems. The amount of thrust generated by a rocket launch, along with the sound it produces during liftoff, can damage the
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and pad surfaces, and could potentially cause damage to the launch vehicle, payload, and crew. For instance, the maximum admissible overall
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It wasn't until the 1930s that rockets were increasing enough in size and strength that specialized launch facilities became necessary. The
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A flame deflector, flame diverter or flame trench is a structure or device designed to redirect or disperse the flame, heat, and
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to launch for them. This orientation also allows for safe trajectory paths, minimizing risks to populated areas during ascent.
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or flame trenches are designed to channel rocket exhaust away from the launch pad but also redirect acoustic energy away.
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A service structure is a steel framework or tower that is built on a launch pad to facilitate assembly and servicing.
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and are then raised to the vertical position over the flame duct. Examples include all large Soviet rockets, including
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sometimes completes a test cycle, culminating in a three-and-a-half second first stage engine static firing as well.
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might be implemented to mitigate damage to the surrounding pad and direct exhaust. This is especially important with
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Most rockets need to be supported and held down for a few seconds after ignition while the engines build up to full
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998:(MLP). The MLP contains the umbilical structure and is carried to the launch site on a large vehicle called
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Sites for launching large rockets are often equipped with a sound suppression system to absorb or deflect
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to prevent the intense heat of the rocket exhaust from damaging the vehicle or pad structures, and a
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Horizontally integrated rockets travel horizontally with the tail forward to the launch site on a
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Launch pads would increase in complexity over the following decades throughout and following the
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fuel) need to be continuously topped off (i.e., boil-off replaced) during the launch sequence (
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Each launch site is unique, but a few broad types can be described by the means by which the
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where large volumes of exhaust gases are expelled during engine testing or vehicle launch.
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This article is about the structure from which rockets are launched. For other uses, see
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operating normally. Similar hold-down systems have been used on launch vehicles such as
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are created, with noise levels approaching 200 db. This energy can be reflected by the
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without this luxury may utilize facilities outside of their main territory such as the
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in
Germany was permitted after a request for funding in 1930 to move from farms to the
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spraying large quantities of water may be employed. The pad may also be protected by
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Walsh, E. J.; Hart, P.M. (Nov 1982). "Liftoff
Ignition Overpressure-A Correlation".
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is an example of a facility using this method. A similar system is used to launch
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typically includes multiple launch complexes and other supporting infrastructure.
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blast wave that could damage the launch vehicle and surrounding pad structures.
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and was capable of static firing rocket motors with up to 200 tons of thrust.
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to increase efficiency of launches while minimizing time spent refurbishing.
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including propellant tanks and plumbing to fill the rocket before launch.
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1791:"Starlink satellite deployments continue with successful Falcon 9 launch"
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generated during a rocket launch. As engine exhaust gasses exceed the
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1661:"Acoustic Loads Generated by the Propulsion System (NASA SP-8072)"
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launch infrastructure. The four towers surrounding the rocket are
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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
1679:"Heritage hardware: Testing the hydrogen burn off system for SLS"
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The launch complex for liquid fueled rockets often has extensive
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service used the converted self-propelled oil drilling platform
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Vertically integrated rockets can be assembled in a separate
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In May 1937, Dornberger, and most of his staff, moved to the
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with umbilicals, and the infrastructure required to provide
37:"Space Launch Complex" redirects here. For other uses, see
2397:
Cape
Canaveral and Merritt Island launch and landing sites
571:
can be used to describe just the central launch platform (
719:
A test stand was built for liquid-propellant rockets in
1529:"The Purpose Of A Flame Trench At A Rocket Launch Site"
852:
1427:
1283:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
1260: – Rocket used to carry a spacecraft into space
1254: – Ground-based elements of a spacecraft system
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The
Wehrmacht Weapons Testing Ground at Kummersdorf
74:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1406:. Atglen: Schiffer Publishing Ltd. pp. 9–46.
1388:. New York: The Viking Press, Inc. pp. 27–42.
1281: – test of a spacecraft's launch abort system
1209:Validating engine performance and system readiness
1582:The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
983:Silo launched rockets are assembled inside of a
1760:"Falcon 9 completes full-duration static fire"
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1306: – American space transportation venture
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1562:https://arc.aiaa.org/doi/10.2514/6.1984-2351
1312: – Self-propelled heavy missile systems
1100:An umbilical tower also usually includes an
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599:fluids, electrical power, communications,
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1578:"Sixty years of launch vehicle acoustics"
1356:"Highlights in German Rocket Development"
879:Learn how and when to remove this message
555:is an above-ground facility from which a
134:Learn how and when to remove this message
1571:
1569:
1379:
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1165:, they collide with the ambient air and
27:Facility from which rockets are launched
4007:Effect of spaceflight on the human body
1707:"Hold-Down Arms and Tail Service Masts"
1334:(first ed.). Osprey. p. 175.
1322:
172:
152:Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39B
4029:Psychological and sociological effects
3363:Point Arguello Warning Area Drop Zone
1713:from the original on November 2, 2016
587:to physically support the vehicle, a
579:). The entire complex will include a
7:
1797:from the original on 17 October 2020
1560:. Retrieved November 16, 2022, from
1397:
1395:
794:of launches. Space programs such as
72:adding citations to reliable sources
1758:Clark, Stephen (20 December 2014).
3738:Weather and environment monitoring
2711:Air Force Space and Missile Museum
2408:Cape Canaveral Space Force Station
1429:"Building KSC's Launch Complex 39"
972:. This method is also used by the
716:), a repurposed ammunition dump.
25:
1619:Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets
1576:Lubert, Caroline Parsons (2017).
1476:. Viswanath. 2023. Archived from
1456:"LAUNCH COMPLEX 39, PADS A AND B"
567:is vertically launched. The term
4321:
4311:
4310:
2350:Soyuz at the Guiana Space Centre
1766:from the original on 5 June 2015
1695:
1677:Gebhardt, Chris (June 1, 2015).
1458:. NASA KSC. 1992. Archived from
1236:
833:
732:and alcohol, before combustion.
630:A launch pad is distinct from a
508:
48:
3782:Space launch market competition
3427:Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport
1539:from the original on 2023-09-01
1509:from the original on 2023-09-01
819:Transport of rockets to the pad
737:PeenemĂĽnde Army Research Center
59:needs additional citations for
39:Launch Complex (disambiguation)
4019:Health threat from cosmic rays
1527:Wessels, Wessel (2022-10-26).
1:
1080:geostationary transfer orbits
691:Goddard Rocket Launching Site
1402:Fleischer, Wolfgang (1997).
1310:Transporter erector launcher
1070:rockets horizontally to the
954:transporter erector launcher
706:Berlin rocket launching site
4135:Self-replicating spacecraft
3971:International Space Station
3412:Wallops Island launch sites
3103:Vandenberg Space Force Base
2721:Grand Turk Island drop zone
1384:Dornberger, Walter (1954).
1264:List of rocket launch sites
859:the claims made and adding
481:List of space organizations
4364:
3649:Space Liability Convention
3001:Satish Dhawan Space Centre
1733:"Falcon 9 Overview (2010)"
1150:
1112:
1090:
822:
782:
613:flame deflection structure
575:), or the entire complex (
36:
32:Launchpad (disambiguation)
29:
4305:
4012:Space adaptation syndrome
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3435:
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1558:Aeroacoustics Conferences
1189:Hydrogen burn-off systems
1147:Sound suppression systems
785:Spaceport § Location
702:Verein fĂĽr Raumschiffahrt
689:would later be named the
3745:Communications satellite
3483:Wallops Island drop zone
3478:Wallops Research Airport
2726:Patrick Space Force Base
1735:. SpaceX. Archived from
1332:A Dictionary of Aviation
1330:Wragg, David W. (1973).
1153:Sound suppression system
1076:floating launch platform
996:mobile launcher platform
937:, and acts like a giant
825:Mobile launcher platform
773:reusable launch vehicles
647:ground support equipment
617:sound suppression system
573:mobile launcher platform
4249:reusable launch systems
3866:Extravehicular activity
3777:Commercial use of space
3681:Militarisation of space
3654:Registration Convention
3570:Accidents and incidents
3422:Wallops Flight Facility
1269:Missile launch facility
1109:Flame deflector systems
714:Raketenflugplatz Berlin
632:missile launch facility
211:Timeline of spaceflight
156:Merritt Island, Florida
4297:Mission control center
4259:Non-rocket spacelaunch
3693:Billionaire space race
1274:Non-rocket spacelaunch
941:
919:
900:
713:
515:Spaceflight portal
431:Non-rocket spacelaunch
201:History of spaceflight
185:
158:
4147:Spacecraft propulsion
3597:European Space Agency
3063:List of SDSC launches
925:
906:
894:
651:Cryogenic propellants
184:
149:
3772:Satellite navigation
3119:Space Launch Complex
2413:Kennedy Space Center
2268:(under construction)
2248:ELA-1 / ELV / CECLES
1304:Stratolaunch Systems
1008:Kennedy Space Center
800:French space program
796:Soviet space program
68:improve this article
4157:Electric propulsion
3844:Life-support system
3728:Imagery and mapping
3688:Private spaceflight
2768:Plesetsk Cosmodrome
2224:Guiana Space Centre
1857:Baikonur Cosmodrome
1818:List of launch pads
1793:. Spaceflight Now.
1762:. Spaceflight Now.
1739:on 22 December 2010
1683:NASASpaceFlight.com
1631:1982JSpRo..19..550W
1594:2017ASAJ..142.2489L
1197:as their source of
1137:rocket launch sites
1020:Guiana Space Centre
1000:Crawler-transporter
935:lightning arresters
917:Crawler-transporter
808:Guiana Space Centre
804:Baikonur Cosmodrome
758:PeenemĂĽnde Airfield
621:lightning arresters
353:Apollo Lunar Module
4110:Robotic spacecraft
4036:Space and survival
3891:Space colonization
3787:Space architecture
3639:Outer Space Treaty
3370:Western Test Range
2648:Under construction
1499:"Moonport, CH11-7"
1244:Spaceflight portal
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920:
901:
844:possibly contains
310:Robotic spacecraft
186:
159:
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4282:Flight controller
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3817:Human spaceflight
3792:Space exploration
3718:Earth observation
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3036:Second Launch Pad
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2418:Spaceport Florida
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2362:
2190:
2189:
1603:10.1121/1.5014084
1362:on 21 August 2007
1293:Service structure
1193:In rockets using
1133:service structure
1093:Service structure
1087:Service structure
1004:Launch Complex 39
948:gets to the pad.
889:
888:
881:
846:original research
739:on the island of
730:hydrogen peroxide
695:Robert H. Goddard
589:service structure
549:
548:
443:Spaceflight types
387:
386:
344:Crewed spacecraft
336:
335:
251:Earth observation
144:
143:
136:
118:
16:(Redirected from
4355:
4348:Rocket launchers
4325:
4314:
4313:
4024:Space psychology
3849:Animals in space
3822:
3802:Space technology
3644:Rescue Agreement
3524:
3517:
3510:
3501:
3406:
3399:
3392:
3383:
3116:
3096:
3089:
3082:
3073:
3052:Third Launch Pad
3031:First Launch Pad
2994:
2987:
2980:
2971:
2913:
2906:
2899:
2890:
2761:
2754:
2747:
2738:
2431:
2390:
2383:
2376:
2367:
2320:
2269:
2217:
2210:
2203:
2194:
1850:
1843:
1836:
1827:
1814:
1807:
1806:
1804:
1802:
1789:Clark, Stephen.
1786:
1780:
1779:
1773:
1771:
1755:
1749:
1748:
1746:
1744:
1729:
1723:
1722:
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1668:
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1651:
1650:
1614:
1608:
1607:
1605:
1573:
1564:
1554:
1548:
1547:
1545:
1544:
1533:Headed For Space
1524:
1518:
1517:
1515:
1514:
1495:
1489:
1488:
1486:
1485:
1474:"Cpsb Launchpad"
1470:
1464:
1463:
1452:
1446:
1445:
1443:
1442:
1433:
1424:
1418:
1417:
1399:
1390:
1389:
1381:
1372:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1358:. Archived from
1352:
1346:
1345:
1327:
1284:
1246:
1241:
1240:
1239:
1183:Flame deflectors
980:launch vehicles.
884:
877:
873:
870:
864:
861:inline citations
837:
836:
829:
792:specific impulse
541:
534:
527:
513:
512:
511:
338:
327:Cargo spacecraft
304:
161:
139:
132:
128:
125:
119:
117:
76:
52:
44:
21:
4363:
4362:
4358:
4357:
4356:
4354:
4353:
4352:
4338:
4337:
4336:
4331:
4301:
4268:
4240:Escape velocity
4221:
4173:
4140:Space telescope
4093:Reentry capsule
4055:
3995:
3900:
3871:Overview effect
3854:Bioastronautics
3811:
3699:
3533:
3528:
3498:
3493:
3492:
3487:
3469:
3431:
3413:
3410:
3380:
3375:
3342:
3226:Launch Facility
3221:
3165:
3105:
3100:
3070:
3065:
3056:
3040:
3019:
3003:
2998:
2968:
2963:
2925:
2917:
2887:
2882:
2854:
2771:
2765:
2735:
2730:
2699:
2664:
2643:
2482:
2422:
2399:
2394:
2364:
2359:
2338:
2318:
2277:
2267:
2226:
2221:
2191:
2186:
1862:
1854:
1819:
1811:
1810:
1800:
1798:
1788:
1787:
1783:
1769:
1767:
1757:
1756:
1752:
1742:
1740:
1731:
1730:
1726:
1716:
1714:
1705:
1696:
1694:
1690:
1676:
1675:
1671:
1663:
1659:
1658:
1654:
1639:10.2514/3.62300
1616:
1615:
1611:
1575:
1574:
1567:
1555:
1551:
1542:
1540:
1526:
1525:
1521:
1512:
1510:
1503:www.hq.nasa.gov
1497:
1496:
1492:
1483:
1481:
1472:
1471:
1467:
1454:
1453:
1449:
1440:
1438:
1431:
1426:
1425:
1421:
1414:
1401:
1400:
1393:
1383:
1382:
1375:
1365:
1363:
1354:
1353:
1349:
1342:
1329:
1328:
1324:
1319:
1282:
1242:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1211:
1195:liquid hydrogen
1191:
1171:launch platform
1159:acoustic energy
1155:
1149:
1117:
1115:Flame deflector
1111:
1095:
1089:
899:to pad by train
885:
874:
868:
865:
850:
838:
834:
827:
821:
816:
787:
781:
769:flame deflector
686:
678:explosive bolts
659:liquid hydrogen
640:missile complex
585:launch platform
545:
509:
507:
502:
501:
482:
474:
473:
444:
436:
435:
426:Escape velocity
421:launch vehicles
399:
389:
388:
383:
382:
346:
332:
331:
312:
301:
291:
290:
241:
231:
230:
196:
140:
129:
123:
120:
77:
75:
65:
53:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4361:
4359:
4351:
4350:
4340:
4339:
4333:
4332:
4330:
4329:
4318:
4306:
4303:
4302:
4300:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4287:Ground station
4284:
4278:
4276:
4274:Ground segment
4270:
4269:
4267:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4242:
4237:
4231:
4229:
4223:
4222:
4220:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4207:Interplanetary
4204:
4203:
4202:
4200:Geosynchronous
4197:
4187:
4181:
4179:
4175:
4174:
4172:
4171:
4170:
4169:
4167:Gravity assist
4164:
4159:
4154:
4144:
4143:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4107:
4102:
4101:
4100:
4098:Service module
4095:
4090:
4088:Orbital module
4080:
4075:
4073:Launch vehicle
4069:
4067:
4061:
4060:
4057:
4056:
4054:
4053:
4051:Space sexology
4048:
4043:
4041:Space medicine
4038:
4033:
4032:
4031:
4021:
4016:
4015:
4014:
4003:
4001:
3997:
3996:
3994:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3967:
3966:
3956:
3951:
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3949:
3944:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3908:
3906:
3902:
3901:
3899:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3876:Weightlessness
3873:
3868:
3863:
3862:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3841:
3840:
3839:
3828:
3826:
3819:
3813:
3812:
3810:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3797:Space research
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3768:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3742:
3741:
3740:
3735:
3733:Reconnaissance
3730:
3725:
3715:
3709:
3707:
3701:
3700:
3698:
3697:
3696:
3695:
3685:
3684:
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3663:
3662:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3631:
3630:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3602:European Union
3599:
3594:
3589:
3579:
3574:
3573:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3547:
3541:
3539:
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3534:
3529:
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3519:
3512:
3504:
3495:
3494:
3489:
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3486:
3485:
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3462:
3457:
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3424:
3418:
3415:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3408:
3401:
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3377:
3376:
3374:
3373:
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3359:
3351:
3348:
3347:
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3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3229:
3227:
3223:
3222:
3220:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3173:
3171:
3170:Launch Complex
3167:
3166:
3164:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3122:
3120:
3113:
3107:
3106:
3101:
3099:
3098:
3091:
3084:
3076:
3067:
3066:
3061:
3058:
3057:
3055:
3054:
3048:
3046:
3042:
3041:
3039:
3038:
3033:
3027:
3025:
3021:
3020:
3018:
3017:
3015:SLV Launch Pad
3011:
3009:
3008:Decommissioned
3005:
3004:
2999:
2997:
2996:
2989:
2982:
2974:
2965:
2964:
2962:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2930:
2927:
2926:
2920:Point Arguello
2918:
2916:
2915:
2908:
2901:
2893:
2884:
2883:
2881:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2859:
2856:
2855:
2853:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2820:
2813:
2808:
2801:
2796:
2789:
2784:
2776:
2773:
2772:
2766:
2764:
2763:
2756:
2749:
2741:
2732:
2731:
2729:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2707:
2705:
2701:
2700:
2698:
2697:
2692:
2690:SFS Skid Strip
2687:
2682:
2676:
2674:
2670:
2669:
2666:
2665:
2663:
2662:
2657:
2651:
2649:
2645:
2644:
2642:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2490:
2488:
2484:
2483:
2481:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2464:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2443:
2437:
2435:
2428:
2424:
2423:
2421:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2404:
2401:
2400:
2395:
2393:
2392:
2385:
2378:
2370:
2361:
2360:
2358:
2357:
2355:Kourou Station
2352:
2346:
2344:
2340:
2339:
2337:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2285:
2283:
2279:
2278:
2276:
2275:
2270:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2234:
2232:
2228:
2227:
2222:
2220:
2219:
2212:
2205:
2197:
2188:
2187:
2185:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1936:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1887:
1882:
1875:
1867:
1864:
1863:
1855:
1853:
1852:
1845:
1838:
1830:
1824:
1821:
1820:
1817:
1809:
1808:
1781:
1750:
1724:
1688:
1669:
1652:
1625:(6): 550–556.
1609:
1565:
1549:
1519:
1490:
1465:
1462:on 2008-09-21.
1447:
1419:
1412:
1391:
1373:
1347:
1340:
1321:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1314:
1313:
1307:
1301:
1296:
1290:
1285:
1279:Pad abort test
1276:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1258:Launch vehicle
1255:
1252:Ground segment
1248:
1247:
1231:
1228:
1210:
1207:
1190:
1187:
1163:speed of sound
1151:Main article:
1148:
1145:
1125:rocket engines
1113:Main article:
1110:
1107:
1091:Main article:
1088:
1085:
1084:
1083:
1054:
1035:
1023:
988:
981:
887:
886:
841:
839:
832:
823:Main article:
820:
817:
815:
812:
783:Main article:
780:
777:
754:Test Stand VII
685:
682:
663:liquid methane
657:oxidizer, and
577:launch complex
547:
546:
544:
543:
536:
529:
521:
518:
517:
504:
503:
500:
499:
494:
489:
487:Space agencies
483:
480:
479:
476:
475:
472:
471:
466:
461:
459:Interplanetary
456:
451:
445:
442:
441:
438:
437:
434:
433:
428:
423:
411:
406:
400:
395:
394:
391:
390:
385:
384:
381:
380:
375:
370:
368:Space stations
365:
360:
358:Space capsules
355:
350:
347:
342:
341:
334:
333:
330:
329:
324:
319:
313:
308:
307:
302:
297:
296:
293:
292:
289:
288:
283:
278:
273:
268:
263:
258:
253:
248:
246:Communications
242:
237:
236:
233:
232:
229:
228:
223:
221:Lunar missions
218:
213:
208:
203:
197:
192:
191:
188:
187:
177:
176:
170:
169:
150:Launch pad at
142:
141:
56:
54:
47:
26:
24:
18:Launch complex
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4360:
4349:
4346:
4345:
4343:
4328:
4324:
4319:
4317:
4308:
4307:
4304:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4279:
4277:
4275:
4271:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4235:Direct ascent
4233:
4232:
4230:
4228:
4224:
4218:
4217:Intergalactic
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4192:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4182:
4180:
4176:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4152:Rocket engine
4150:
4149:
4148:
4145:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4112:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4085:
4084:
4083:Space capsule
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4070:
4068:
4066:
4062:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4046:Space nursing
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4030:
4027:
4026:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4013:
4010:
4009:
4008:
4005:
4004:
4002:
4000:Health issues
3998:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3965:
3962:
3961:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3954:Space Shuttle
3952:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3939:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3909:
3907:
3903:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3886:Space tourism
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3846:
3845:
3842:
3838:
3835:
3834:
3833:
3830:
3829:
3827:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3814:
3808:
3807:Space weather
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3747:
3746:
3743:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3720:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3710:
3708:
3706:
3702:
3694:
3691:
3690:
3689:
3686:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3671:Space command
3669:
3668:
3667:
3666:Space warfare
3664:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3636:
3635:
3632:
3628:
3627:United States
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3584:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3552:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3545:Astrodynamics
3543:
3542:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3525:
3520:
3518:
3513:
3511:
3506:
3505:
3502:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3475:
3472:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
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1702:public domain
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1588:(4): 040004.
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1480:on 2023-06-16
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1288:Rocket launch
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1220:Space Shuttle
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1121:exhaust gases
1116:
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1103:
1098:
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1077:
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1066:to transport
1065:
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1063:Ocean Odyssey
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909:Space Shuttle
907:Transport of
905:
898:
895:Transport of
893:
883:
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872:
869:November 2018
862:
858:
854:
848:
847:
842:This section
840:
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797:
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664:
660:
656:
655:liquid oxygen
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565:space vehicle
562:
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478:
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470:
469:Intergalactic
467:
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440:
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379:
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366:
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363:Space Shuttle
361:
359:
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345:
340:
339:
328:
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318:
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235:
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227:
226:Mars missions
224:
222:
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204:
202:
199:
198:
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102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85: –
84:
80:
79:Find sources:
73:
69:
63:
62:
57:This article
55:
51:
46:
45:
40:
33:
19:
4253:
4227:Space launch
4212:Interstellar
4178:Destinations
3947:Apollo–Soyuz
3896:Space diving
3881:Space toilet
3705:Applications
3622:Soviet Union
3582:Space policy
3577:Space launch
3368:
3361:
3356:Runway 12/30
3354:
3192:LC-576/ABRES
2923:launch sites
2822:
2815:
2803:
2791:
2779:
2770:launch sites
2427:Launch sites
2313:
2262:
2231:Launch sites
2144:
2087:
1985:
1938:
1931:
1889:
1877:
1870:
1860:launch sites
1799:. Retrieved
1784:
1775:
1768:. Retrieved
1753:
1741:. Retrieved
1737:the original
1727:
1715:. Retrieved
1691:
1682:
1672:
1666:. June 1971.
1655:
1622:
1618:
1612:
1585:
1581:
1557:
1552:
1541:. Retrieved
1532:
1522:
1511:. Retrieved
1502:
1493:
1482:. Retrieved
1478:the original
1468:
1460:the original
1450:
1439:. Retrieved
1435:
1422:
1403:
1385:
1364:. Retrieved
1360:the original
1350:
1331:
1325:
1212:
1203:overpressure
1192:
1179:
1156:
1128:
1123:produced by
1118:
1099:
1096:
1061:
985:missile silo
943:
939:Faraday cage
929:with SpaceX
897:Soyuz rocket
875:
866:
843:
788:
779:Construction
762:
734:
718:
699:
687:
671:
644:
639:
636:missile silo
635:
629:
609:
584:
581:launch mount
580:
576:
568:
552:
550:
492:Space forces
464:Interstellar
408:
397:Space launch
239:Applications
216:Space probes
130:
121:
111:
104:
97:
90:
83:"Launch pad"
78:
66:Please help
61:verification
58:
4185:Sub-orbital
4120:Space probe
3986:New Shepard
3964:Shuttle–Mir
3723:Archaeology
3676:Space force
3659:Moon Treaty
3531:Spaceflight
1175:sound power
1141:test stands
1056:The former
1030:and future
1014:rockets at
721:Kummersdorf
593:propellants
449:Sub-orbital
373:Spaceplanes
322:Space probe
256:Exploration
174:Spaceflight
124:August 2008
4254:Launch pad
4245:Expendable
4195:Geocentric
4162:Solar sail
4105:Spaceplane
4065:Spacecraft
3859:Space suit
3837:commercial
3765:Television
3560:Space Race
3111:Facilities
1543:2023-09-01
1513:2023-09-01
1484:2023-06-16
1441:2024-07-12
1317:References
1199:propellant
1167:shockwaves
1058:Sea Launch
915:to pad on
853:improve it
814:Facilities
765:Space Race
750:V-2 rocket
569:launch pad
553:launch pad
414:Expendable
409:Launch pad
299:Spacecraft
281:Telescopes
276:Settlement
271:Navigation
206:Space Race
94:newspapers
4264:Spaceport
4115:Satellite
3832:Astronaut
3760:Telephone
3713:Astronomy
3634:Space law
3587:Australia
1647:0022-4650
1299:Spaceport
1129:launchpad
1068:Zenit 3SL
1047:Kagoshima
857:verifying
667:countdown
625:spaceport
601:telemetry
597:cryogenic
559:-powered
497:Companies
404:Spaceport
317:Satellite
261:Espionage
4342:Category
4316:Category
3981:Tiangong
3976:Shenzhou
3905:Programs
3750:Internet
3555:Timeline
2487:Inactive
2334:Soyuz-ST
2319:(future)
2315:Ariane 6
2309:Ariane 5
2304:Ariane 4
2299:Ariane 3
2294:Ariane 2
2289:Ariane 1
1795:Archived
1764:Archived
1717:June 24,
1711:Archived
1709:. NASA.
1537:Archived
1507:Archived
1230:See also
1216:Saturn V
1102:elevator
1049:for the
1012:Ariane 5
978:Electron
931:Falcon 9
725:Aggregat
605:drainage
418:reusable
266:Military
166:a series
164:Part of
4190:Orbital
3991:Artemis
3922:Voskhod
3917:Mercury
3825:General
3565:Records
3550:History
3538:General
3187:LC-4300
3045:Planned
2704:Related
2343:Related
2282:Rockets
1801:27 July
1627:Bibcode
1590:Bibcode
1366:14 June
1072:Equator
1028:Atlas V
1006:at the
970:Energia
851:Please
798:or the
743:on the
684:History
561:missile
454:Orbital
286:Tourism
194:History
108:scholar
4327:Portal
4320:
4309:
4125:Lander
4078:Rocket
3942:Skylab
3937:Apollo
3927:Gemini
3912:Vostok
3617:Russia
3207:Bomarc
3182:LC-395
3177:LC-394
3161:SLC-10
3024:Active
2878:Site T
2850:LC-167
2845:LC-163
2840:LC-161
2835:LC-158
2830:LC-157
2824:LC-133
2817:LC-132
2811:LC-131
2660:SLC-20
2619:SLC-37
2559:SLC-17
2478:SLC-46
2473:SLC-41
2468:SLC-40
2434:Active
2324:Europa
2182:LC-250
2177:LC-246
2172:LC-245
2167:LC-244
2162:LC-243
2157:LC-242
2152:LC-241
2146:LC-200
2140:LC-196
2135:LC-195
2130:LC-194
2125:LC-193
2120:LC-192
2115:LC-191
2110:LC-181
2105:LC-179
2100:LC-177
2095:LC-176
2089:LC-175
2083:LC-174
2078:LC-173
2073:LC-172
2068:LC-171
2063:LC-170
2058:LC-165
2053:LC-164
2048:LC-163
2043:LC-162
2038:LC-161
2033:LC-160
2028:LC-142
2023:LC-141
2018:LC-140
2013:LC-133
2008:LC-132
2003:LC-131
1998:LC-130
1993:LC-110
1987:LC-109
1981:LC-108
1976:LC-107
1971:LC-106
1966:LC-105
1961:LC-104
1956:LC-103
1951:LC-102
1946:LC-101
1770:10 May
1704::
1645:
1410:
1338:
1224:SpaceX
1043:SLC-37
1032:Vulcan
992:hangar
974:SpaceX
968:, and
962:Proton
927:SLC-40
745:Baltic
741:Usedom
710:German
693:after
674:thrust
557:rocket
378:Vostok
110:
103:
96:
89:
81:
4130:Rover
3932:Soyuz
3755:Radio
3612:Japan
3607:India
3592:China
3338:TP-01
3328:PLC-C
3318:LF-26
3313:LF-25
3308:LF-24
3303:LF-23
3298:LF-22
3293:LF-21
3288:LF-10
3283:LF-09
3278:LF-08
3273:LF-07
3268:LF-06
3263:LF-05
3258:LF-04
3253:LF-03
3248:LF-02
3217:HP-06
3197:LC-75
3156:SLC-8
3151:SLC-6
3146:SLC-5
3141:SLC-4
3136:SLC-3
3131:SLC-2
3126:SLC-1
2868:PU-11
2863:PL-31
2805:LC-43
2799:LC-41
2793:LC-35
2787:LC-32
2781:LC-16
2655:LC-16
2639:LC-48
2634:LC-47
2629:LC-45
2624:LC-43
2614:LC-34
2609:LC-32
2604:LC-31
2599:LC-30
2594:LC-29
2589:LC-26
2584:LC-25
2579:LC-22
2574:LC-21
2569:LC-19
2564:LC-18
2554:LC-15
2549:LC-14
2544:LC-13
2539:LC-12
2534:LC-11
2529:LC-10
2446:LC-39
2441:LC-36
2264:ELA-4
2258:ELA-3
2253:ELA-2
1940:LC-90
1933:LC-81
1927:LC-80
1922:LC-75
1917:LC-70
1912:LC-69
1907:LC-67
1902:LC-60
1897:LC-51
1891:LC-45
1885:LC-41
1879:LC-31
1743:8 May
1664:(PDF)
1432:(PDF)
1078:into
1039:SLC-6
1016:ELA-3
994:on a
958:Soyuz
115:JSTOR
101:books
4292:Pass
4247:and
3465:LA-5
3460:LA-4
3455:LA-3
3450:LA-2
3445:LA-1
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