472:. In the 1980s, the population was estimated at 1,200-1,480 individuals, but more recent surveys have shown that it is more numerous, and more widely distributed. The largest subpopulation is found on La Palma, where it occurs across much of the northern half of the island. The species is common on La Gomera, where it is found primarily in the north, and also occurs patchily on the northern slopes of Tenerife. It has recently also been recorded on El Hierro; however, breeding there has not yet been confirmed3,4. Although the species was recently suspected to be declining on Tenerife. It mainly occurs on the northern slopes of the mountains, but smaller numbers are found in the south where suitable patches of laurel forest remain. Bones similar to those of a laurel pigeon have been found on neighbouring
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neck inflated to show off the iridescent neck patches; meanwhile, the tail is raised, fanned, then closed again. This display is usually accompanied by calling. The nest is a typical pigeon construction, a flimsy structure of twigs and grasses usually placed high in the floor of canyon walls with much vegetation. Nestled among the crevices in rocks, in gullies of the hills. The usual clutch has a white egg one smooth white egg. Breeding success and nest predation have effects on the two
Canarian endemic pigeons, Bolle's laurel pigeon
426:. Nest predation was the more important cause of nesting failure of both species (88%), but principally affecting the white-tailed laurel pigeon. It showed a greater predation on the ground than in trees and a lower predation in the February–March period than in June–July and September October. The abundance of predators, estimated by bait consumption, showed a similar seasonal pattern, while fruit availability decreased over time from the first to third period. Predators identified by automatic cameras showed that black rat
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fruits are scarce. In one study, 27% of the leaves consumed came from native trees, especially Small-leaved Holly, 61% from herbs and shrubs, and nearly 10% from introduced trees, mainly apples and peaches. This pigeon will feed in agricultural areas, where cabbage is the most commonly taken crop plant.
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was the major nest predator of both pigeons. These general patterns of nest predation affect the white-tailed laurel pigeon which breeds on the ground mainly during April–July, much more than Bolle's laurel pigeon, which breeds in trees especially in
February–June. All seems to indicate that rats are
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are the most frequently detected food items. Most seeds pass through the digestive system intact, apart from those of Azores Laurel, which are usually damaged. Fruit is the main component of the diet when it is readily available in autumn and winter, and leaves are consumed in spring and summer when
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are similar to those of the common wood pigeon; the male climbs quickly in flight, gives a loud wing-clap, and then glides down with his wings and tail spread. The display may be repeated two or three times before the bird returns to a perch. On the ground the male performs a bowing display with his
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It prefers areas with steep slopes, escarpments and gullies, where it occurs in dry forest, laurel forest and Canary pine forest, as well as cultivated areas. Nests are on the ground - in fissures, holes or small ledges, at the bases of trees, and under rocks or fallen tree trunks - in steep, rocky,
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The exclusion of livestock from the native forest allows it to regenerate and create more suitable habitat. Some illegal hunting and poisoning continues because of the damage this pigeon can do to crops. Perhaps the main limiting factor on the rate at which the pigeon increases its numbers is eggs
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is used for feeding, and agricultural land is also visited, especially at times of fruit shortage. Most of the pigeons are found below 1000 m (3300 ft), and their prime environment appears to be steep ravine-indented slopes along artificial watercourses, with the occasional large dead
587:, and has the widest distribution. Its members are typically pale grey or brown, often with white head or neck markings or iridescent green or purple patches on the neck and breast. The neck feathers may be stiffened and aligned to form grooves. One of several subgroups within
376:. The underparts are reddish, and the tail is pale grey with a broad, whitish terminal band. Extensive green gloss to rear crown and hindneck becoming pink on the upper mantle. The bill is pink with a white tip, and the eye is orange in color. The similar Canarian species, the
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and the island was substantially complete by 700,000 years ago. At various times in the past, the major islands of these archipelagos were all colonised by ancestral wood pigeons, which evolved on their respective islands in isolation from the mainland populations.
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shady areas with abundant shrubby vegetation. The breeding season varies between islands, but extends from
January to September, with a peak between April–June. At least on Tenerife, breeding success appears to be low, as a consequence of intense nest predation.
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However, when the fruit crop of Til and Azores Laurel is poor, large numbers of pigeons may leave the forest to feed on cabbage, flowering cherries and vine shoots. Competition for food with rats can be significant in parts of the island.
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The flight is quick and performed by regular beats. An occasional sharp flick of the wings is characteristic of pigeons in general. Often, the bird takes off with a loud clattering. The call is a hoarse hiccuped cooing.
897:
Gonzalez, Javier; Castro, Guillermo
Delgado; Garcia-del-Rey, Eduardo; Berger, Carola; Wink, Michael (2009). "Use of mitochondrial and nuclear genes to infer the origin of two endemic pigeons from the Canary Islands".
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It was very abundant when the islands were first colonised by humans, but was extirpated. The losses on the islands were largely due to deforestation for wood and to create agricultural and grazing land.
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The laurel pigeon is exclusively herbivorous. Nearly 60% of its diet is fruit, with most of the rest being leaves, and just 1% is flowers. The fruits of Til, Azores Laurel and
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The laurel pigeon is endemic to the mountainous subtropical
Atlantic west Canary islands, where it occurs on the islands of La Palma, La Gomera, Tenerife and
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754:[Natural Symbols for the Canary Islands] (Ley 7/1991) (in Spanish). Vol. 151. 30 April 1991. pp. 20946–20497 – via
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forests and an effective ban on hunting could enable numbers to increase, although this species is still declining and endangered.
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Pigeons can breed from their first year, and nesting occurs throughout the year, although mainly from
February to June. The
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771:"Diet of the endemic Madeira Laurel Pigeon and fruit resource availability: a study using microhistological analyses"
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laurel tree and much tree heath. This species is highly mobile between different areas at different times of year.
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endemic pigeons, this species, Bolle's and Trocaz, are thought to be derived from isolated island populations of
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have a volcanic origin and they have never been part of a continent. The formation of
Madeira started in the
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consists of the widespread
Eurasian common wood pigeon, Bolle's pigeon, the Trocaz pigeon, and the African
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sequences suggest that the ancestor of Bolle's pigeon may have arrived in the
Canaries about 5
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480:. A program to (re)introduce the white-tailed laurel pigeon to this island commenced in 2012.
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The laurel pigeon is a dark brown and grey bird of 40 cm; it resembles a very dark
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forests, the laurel pigeon builds a stick nest in a tree. There it lays one white egg.
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species, although in the past the
Canarian Bolle's pigeon was sometimes regarded as a
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the key factor causing the scarcity of the white-tailed laurel pigeon on Tenerife.
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which are cloud-covered for much of the year. The forests consist mainly of
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to some Canary islands. Its close relative and probable ancestor is the
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659:. He recognised it as different from the now-extinct local form of the
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824:"Reintroducing the white-tailed laurel pigeon to Gran Canaria island"
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has a pale grey subterminal band and blackish terminal band to tail.
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734:"Species Profile for White-Tailed Laurel Pigeon (Columba junoniae)"
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858:(in German). Berlin: H. Friedlander & Sohn. p. 1480.
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Oliveira, Paulo; Marrero, Patricia; Nogales, Manuel (2002).
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10.1650/0010-5422(2002)104[0811:DOTEML]2.0.CO;2
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and rats were also contributory factors. Protection of the
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Martin, A (1985). "Première observation du pigeon Trocaz (
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from forest clearance, but hunting and nest predation by
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status in 1988. This species is protected under the
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719:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-1.RLTS.T22690122A111025271.en
259:habitat. It is the animal symbol of the island of
752:SĂmbolos de la naturaleza para las Islas Canarias
352:The major cause of its population decline is
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855:Die Vögel der paläarktischen Fauna. Volume 2
305:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
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325:Learn how and when to remove this message
387:A rare resident breeder in the mountain
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937:) Ă l'Ile de Hierro (Iles Canaries)".
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1338:IUCN Red List near threatened species
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7:
1159:cf0ca387-3b5e-4079-a239-0a3b3af04407
542:and young being taken by introduced
303:adding citations to reliable sources
705:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
565:, and the laurel forests under the
655:was formally described in 1829 by
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606:The Atlantic archipelagos of the
694:BirdLife International (2017) .
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422:and white-tailed laurel pigeon
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380:or dark-tailed laurel pigeon
525:. The Trocaz pigeon prefers
483:The natural habitat is tall
1353:Birds of the Canary Islands
959:BirdLife Species Factsheet.
1374:
885:. Smithsonian Institution.
583:is the largest within the
223:white-tailed laurel pigeon
912:10.1007/s10336-008-0360-4
813:Gibbs (2000) pp. 188–189.
712:: e.T22690122A111025271.
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92:Scientific classification
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883:Global Volcanism Program
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453:Distribution and habitat
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1358:Birds described in 1916
546:. It is now classed as
519:lily of the valley tree
1343:ESA threatened species
900:Journal of Ornithology
887:Retrieved 20 July 2010
852:Hartert, E (1912–21).
675:of the Trocaz pigeon.
663:, a subspecies of the
645:C. palumbus maderensis
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1297:Paleobiology Database
935:Columba trocaz bollii
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247:and pigeons). It is
1154:Fauna Europaea (new)
868:Gibbs (2000) p. 175.
661:Madeiran wood pigeon
299:improve this section
239:genus in the family
842:Snow (1998) p. 848.
231:) is a species of
40:Conservation status
665:common wood pigeon
567:Habitats Directive
498:Oreodaphne foetens
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442:small-leaved holly
358:introduced species
347:common wood pigeon
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595:. The three
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1180:iNaturalist
1002:Wikispecies
593:Afep pigeon
489:tree heaths
393:Canary pine
374:wood pigeon
368:Description
1332:Categories
1310:Xeno-canto
778:The Condor
679:References
673:subspecies
577:The genus
556:Threatened
544:black rats
485:laurisilva
389:laurisilva
267:Generality
241:Columbidae
159:Columbidae
77:Threatened
879:"Madeira"
669:monotypic
470:El Hierro
341:which is
286:does not
261:La Gomera
177:Species:
115:Kingdom:
109:Eukaryota
1237:22690122
1198:11122333
1048:22690122
1043:BirdLife
987:Wikidata
920:24740854
798:55469944
608:Canaries
573:Taxonomy
523:picconia
521:and the
413:displays
337:It is a
155:Family:
129:Chordata
125:Phylum:
119:Animalia
105:Domain:
60:IUCN 3.1
1172:2495434
1097:laupig1
1071:laupig1
1030:Avibase
993:Q933542
629:nuclear
620:Miocene
616:Madeira
589:Columba
580:Columba
550:on the
403:Ecology
343:endemic
307:removed
292:sources
251:to the
249:endemic
237:Columba
235:in the
208:Hartert
170:Columba
165:Genus:
145:Order:
135:Class:
80: (
58: (
1302:371870
1289:777973
1263:286718
1224:177091
1128:EURING
1104:ECOS:
1061:113728
939:Alauda
918:
796:
614:, and
612:Azores
529:, but
362:laurel
339:pigeon
210:, 1916
1276:72396
1211:87908
1193:IRMNG
1146:97008
1115:EUNIS
1092:eBird
1068:BOW:
916:S2CID
827:(PDF)
794:S2CID
774:(PDF)
245:doves
1258:NCBI
1232:IUCN
1219:ITIS
1185:3056
1167:GBIF
1133:6730
1107:2052
1084:XBFR
1056:BOLD
710:2017
651:The
627:and
515:faya
391:and
290:any
288:cite
233:bird
217:The
139:Aves
1245:NBN
1206:ISC
1120:982
1079:CoL
1017:ADW
908:doi
904:150
786:doi
782:104
756:BOE
714:doi
636:mya
632:DNA
503:til
301:by
221:or
82:ESA
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