230:, in 909, sharp complaints were made (ch. iii) about the lives of monks; many convents, it was said, were governed by laymen, whose wives and children, soldiers and dogs, were housed in the precincts of the religious. To better these conditions it was necessary, the synod declared, to restore the regular abbots and abbesses; at the same time ecclesiastical canons and royal capitularies declared laymen quite devoid of authority in church affairs.
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237:(d. 1045) was the lay abbot of the monastery of Dunkeld. While the title of Hereditary Lay Abbot was a feudal position that was often exercised in name only, Crinán seems to have acted as Abbot in charge of the monastery in his time. He was thus a man of high position in both clerical and secular society.
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in his endeavours to reform the monastic life. In order to accomplish this it was necessary to restore the free election of abbots, and the appointment as well of blameless monks as heads of the monastic houses. Although Louis shared these principles, he continued to bestow abbeys on laymen, and his
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had bestowed church lands on laymen, or at least allowed them their possession and use, though not ownership. The
Merovingian kings were also in the habit of appointing abbots to monasteries which they had founded; moreover, many monasteries, though not founded by the king, placed themselves under
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Various synods of the ninth century passed decrees against this custom; the Synod of
Diedenhofen (October, 844) decreed in its third canon, that abbeys should no longer remain in the power of laymen, but that monks should be their abbots In like manner the
171:(845-846) complained that the monasteries held by laymen had fallen into decay, and emphasized the king's duty in this respect. But abbeys continued to be bestowed upon laymen, especially in France and
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picture most dismally the consequent downfall of church discipline, and though
Boniface tried to reform the Frankish Church, the bestowal of abbeys on secular abbots was not abolished.
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as a reward for services rendered; he had charge of the estate belonging to it, and was entitled to part of the income. The custom existed principally in the
187:, however, restored it to ecclesiastical control in 858, but the same king gave Bonmoutier to a layman; and the Abbeys of St. Germain and St. Martin, in the
148:, the poet and the lover of his daughter Bertha, and father of her two sons. After Angilbert's death in 814, the abbey was given to other laymen.
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This custom of the
Merovingian rulers was taken as a precedent by the French kings for rewarding laymen with abbeys, or giving them to bishops
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that the Church was freed from secular domination; the reforms brought about by the papacy put an end to the bestowal of abbeys upon laymen.
211:, were in the eleventh century bestowed on a certain Count Raginarius, as also St. Maximin near Trier on a Count Adalhard, etc. In 888 a
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was the first to bestow outright extensive existing ecclesiastical property upon laymen, political friends and soldiers.
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held in France in the sixth and seventh centuries passed decrees against this abuse of church property. The
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was lay abbot of the monastery of St. Bavo in Ghent and at his own foundation at
Michelstadt.
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royal patronage in order to share his protection, and so became possessions of the Crown.
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had secular abbots from the time of
Charlemagne, who had given it to his friend
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322:, (Patrick Wormald and Janet L. Nelson, eds.), Cambridge University Press, 2007
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from the eighth century until the ecclesiastical reforms of the eleventh.
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was long in the hands of laymen, and under them fell into decay.
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Lay abbots existed in the tenth century, also in the eleventh.
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also frequently gave church property, and sometimes abbeys, in
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decreed (canon xxv) that the secular abbots should place able
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Vol. 9. New York: Robert
Appleton Company, 1910. 26 Jul. 2015
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Kirsch, Johann Peter. "Lay Abbot." The
Catholic Encyclopedia
255:, and as such he published the decrees issued (1078) at the
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was a lay abbot of 5 monasteries before he became a king
75:on whom a king or someone in authority bestowed an
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191:, were also given to secular abbots. In the
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320:Lay Intellectuals in the Carolingian World
159:sons imitated him. Although not a cleric,
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66:"abbot-count, lay abbot, abbot-soldier"
219:and provisors over their monasteries.
53:abbatocomes, abbas laicus, abbas miles
27:Layman given the revenues of an abbey
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420:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
259:. It was only through the so-called
318:Ganz, David. "Einhardus Peccator",
410:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "
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369:Kirchengeschichte Deutschland
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355:Hefele, op. cit., IV, 115
169:Synods of Meaux and Paris
393:Hefele, op. cit., V, 116
434:Investiture Controversy
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417:Catholic Encyclopedia
340:Karl Josef von Hefele
261:investitures conflict
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344:Konziliengeschichte
228:Diocese of Soissons
222:In a synod held at
346:, 2nd ed., IV, 110
278:Proprietary church
273:Commendatory abbot
179:, in the reign of
177:St. Evre near Toul
156:Benedict of Aniane
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257:Synod of Poitiers
245:Duke of Aquitaine
235:Crínán of Dunkeld
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152:Louis the Pious
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120:St. Boniface
111:in commendam
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97:Merovingians
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130:Charlemagne
249:St. Hilary
185:Lothair II
154:aided St.
122:and later
87:Background
35:Hugh Capet
18:Lay abbacy
412:Lay Abbot
371:, II, 598
226:, in the
207:, in the
181:Lothair I
146:Angilbert
91:Numerous
428:Category
382:op. cit.
380:Hefele,
267:See also
253:Poitiers
217:provosts
201:Stavelot
173:Lorraine
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241:Gosfred
205:Malmedy
175:, e.g.
161:Einhard
142:Picardy
104:History
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224:Trosly
195:, the
93:synods
73:layman
289:Notes
77:abbey
49:Latin
44:abbot
325:ISBN
203:and
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42:Lay
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