505:
531:. Almost as soon as they landed, it was decided that they could not be employed in an offensive role and would instead be used to cover the withdrawal route towards Sphakia to the south. As such, upon landing they were ordered to leave all their heavy equipment, including radios and transport, behind. This was a role that they were poorly equipped for, though, as they were lacking in the indirect-fire-support weapons such as mortars or artillery and were armed only very lightly, mainly with rifles and a few
674:
managed to sneak up behind the hills, moving thorough the
Italian forward positions unchallenged. In the end they advanced to within 30 yards before they were challenged, and when they finally were, the force rushed the Italian defenders and quickly overwhelmed them. They then withdrew from the position just before the defenders called in an artillery barrage on the position and returned to the garrison holding Tobruk. They suffered five casualties in the raid, one of whom later died of his wounds.
311:) on the staff, because his command was not formally and organisationally a full brigade, with all its supporting elements; although, with a strength of over 2,000 men, it was equivalent. For reasons of security, the commandos were organised into four battalions and were renamed: No. 7 Commando became 'A' Battalion, No. 8 (Guards) became 'B' Battalion, No. 11 (Scottish) became 'C' Battalion, and No. 50 and No. 52 were amalgamated to form 'D' Battalion. Together they were to operate as a
5060:
634:, they succeeded in securing one of the barracks buildings near the redoubt that formed the key to defence of the position. At the same time the left detachment under More captured a number of howitzers and field guns, as well as a number of prisoners, but as the initial surprise of the attack wore off, the defenders were able to organise themselves. The fighting became more intense, and as the French brought up mortars and artillery, a stalemate developed.
41:
733:'s headquarters in Libya and kill the German commander. The raid was part of a larger operation involving Stirling's L Detachment and the SBS to penetrate behind the German lines and cause disruption in the rear areas in order to assist in the general offensive. In the end, however, the raid failed and only two menâone of whom was Laycock himselfâmanaged to return to British lines. The commander, Lt. Col. Geoffrey Keyes, was posthumously awarded the
381:
683:
and the failure of the high command to fully embrace the commando concept had largely served to make the force ineffective. As a result, the decision was made to disband
Layforce. Many of the men went back to their previous regiments following the decision, while others chose to remain in the Middle East and subsequently joined other special forces units that were raised later.
575:, managed to get out on the last ship to depart. The vast majority of the commandos were left behind on the island. Although some of them were later able to make their own way back to Egypt, by the end of the operation about 600 of the 800 commandos sent to Crete were listed as killed, missing, or wounded. Only 23 officers and 156 others managed to get off the island.
670:, consisted of two small hills that sat close together and from where the Italians were able to observe the Allied lines. For a number of days prior to carrying out the raid, the commandos carried out patrols with the Indians to become familiar with the ground and to practise moving over the terrain at night. Finally on the night of 17/18 July they attacked.
236:, after whom the force was named, it consisted of approximately 2,000 men and served in the Middle Eastern theatre of operations. Initially tasked with conducting raiding operations to disrupt Axis lines of communication in the Mediterranean it was planned that they would take part in operations to capture the Greek island of
637:
While this was going on, the right detachment under Keyes, having found itself on the wrong side of the river, made contact with an
Australian battalion to the south which brought up a boat with which they could make a crossing. Due to the size of the boat, it had to make a number of trips before the
538:
Nevertheless, by sunrise on 27 May they had taken up a defensive position along the main road that led inland from
Sphakia. From then until 31 May, they were engaged in carrying out a number of rearguard actions to enable the main body of troops to be taken off the beaches by the navy. Throughout the
491:
of a number of naval guns. Due to the delays during the landings and the need to depart while it was still dark, time ran out and the commandos were forced to withdraw. On the way back, an officer was shot when he failed to respond correctly when challenged by a sentry; while 67 men, not knowing that
482:
The raid was carried out on the night of 19/20 April 1941, but things went awry from the beginning. The submarine missed its rendezvous with the landing ship, having been strafed by an Allied aircraft shortly before. Problems with the release gear for the assault craft meant that some of the commando
682:
By late July 1941 the operations that
Layforce had undertaken had severely reduced its strength and under the circumstances reinforcements were unlikely. The operational difficulties that had been exposed during the Bardia raid, the changing strategic imperatives of the situation in the Middle East,
611:
under the command of
Lieutenant Colonel Richard R.N. Pedder (Highland Light Infantry), the plan called for the Commandos to land on the north bank of the river, near Kafr Bada, and attempt to seize the bridge that spanned the river there before the defenders could detonate the explosive charges that
512:
On 6 April 1941 the
Germans invaded Greece; less than a month later, on 28 April, the last Allied troops evacuated, having been unable to stop the German advance. On 20 May a German airborne assault on Crete began. The island fell to the Germans on 1 June; however, about a week before that there was
398:
was released to
Laycock's force, the other two ships were not, which severely constrained the forces that he could deploy. The British loss of air superiority severely hampered their ability to carry out landing operations, while the deployment of forces to Greece meant that the commandos became the
351:
Although upon
Layforce's formation the commando concept was embryonic, when it embarked from the United Kingdom it had been intended that the force would be employed to carry out a campaign of harassment and dislocation against enemy forces in the Mediterranean. At the time that Layforce was raised,
620:
commanding the right detachment and
Captain George More commanding the left detachment. Although the landing was unopposed, the southern detachment under Keyes soon discovered that they had been put ashore by mistake on the wrong side of the river. As Pedder's detachment advanced on the target, the
495:
Despite the lack of tangible success the raid was not a complete failure: the appearance of the commandos forced the Germans to divert the main part of an armoured brigade from Sollum in order to defend against further raids. Although there were still some elements of operational art that had to be
769:
On disembarkation the reported All Rank strength of the Battalions was as follows: 'A' Battalion (Colvin): 36 officers and 541 other ranks; 'B' Battalion (Daly): 38 officers and 502 other ranks, 'C' Battalion (Pedder): 35 officers and 498 other ranks; and 'D' Battalion (Young): 36 officers and 532
673:
It was a raid that was typical of what the men had been trained for, but which they had rarely been able to conduct since arriving in the Middle East. It proved to be highly successful, being well-planned and executed, with a carefully laid deception plan. Under the cover of darkness the commandos
562:
For the commandos, the fighting was heaviest on that first day. During the height of the German attack on the pass, G Troop from 'A' Battalion (No. 7 Commando), under Lieutenant F. Nicholls, carried out a bayonet assault after a force of Germans took up a position on a hill on the Commando's left
486:
The landings went ahead unopposed and the commandos moved to the various objectives that had been identified by intelligence. Little damage was done as a number of the targets proved not to exist or were not where they were thought to be. One party was able to damage a bridge, while another set a
391:
Following the invasions of the Balkans, a large part of the British forces in North Africa were deployed to Greece in an attempt to turn back the German advance. Layforce was not sent, although the three infantry assault ships brought with them from the United Kingdom and which were invaluable in
372:
greatly changed the strategic outlook and by the time that Layforce arrived in Egypt in March, the situation had deteriorated. There was still a role for commando-style operations; and, arguably, a series of successful small-scale raids at vital points in the German rear areas might have forced
641:
Of the 406 men that landed, 130 were killed or wounded, including the commanding officer, in nearly 29 hours of fighting. Despite being outnumbered, and short on ammunition and food, they held their position long enough for the Australians to cross the river and continue with their advance to
698:, made up from the commandos that had remained in the theatre. When Laycock returned from England he found that, although the Middle East Commando had indeed been set up, there were very few men for him to command. What men there were, were formed into six troops. The embryonic
563:
flank, from where they began to enfilade the entire position. Twice the Germans came at them and each time the attack was turned back by stubborn defence. Elsewhere that same day, however, Laycock's headquarters was ambushed; and in a rather confused action he and his
513:
still some hope that the tide could be turned. A decision was made to deploy the commandos from Layforce to the island to carry out raids on the German lines of communications with a view to either turning back the invasion or enabling an evacuation to take place.
243:
As the strategic situation in the theatre turned against the Allies, however, the commandos were largely diverted from their original role and were used primarily to reinforce regular troops throughout the Mediterranean theatre. Elements of the force saw action in
638:
detachment was on the northern side. Once that was complete Keyes was able to take command of the unit. After carrying out a reorganisation, he was able to launch an assault on the redoubt and by 13:00 they had captured it and secured the crossing.
615:
Upon arriving offshore, the raiding party waited until dawn to take to the water in order to conceal their approach as best as possible. The force was broken up into three detachments with Pedder commanding the centre, the second in command, Major
542:
On 28 May the defenders began disengaging from the enemy and withdrawing along the pass through the central mountains that separated them from the port of Sphakia in the south. The defence of the pass fell to the Commandos along with two
399:
only troops in general reserve; and as the strategic situation worsened it became increasingly difficult to employ them in the manner for which it had been intended, as they were called upon to reinforce the rest of the army elsewhere.
5106:
629:
that were defending the area opened fire and in the ensuing engagement Pedder was killed and a number of other officers in the centre detachment were wounded. Nevertheless, the detachment pressed on and, under the command of the
1455:
570:
By 31 May the evacuation was drawing to a close and the commandos, running low on ammunition, rations and water, fell back towards Sphakia too. Laycock and some of his headquarters, including his intelligence officer
559:. In the first two nights of the evacuation approximately 8,000 men were taken off, while on the third night, 30 May, covered by the Australians and Laycock's commandos, the New Zealanders were able to get off too.
1683:
520:
in case of a German invasion there), departed Alexandria and attempted to land on Crete. They were turned back by bad weather, however, and forced to return to Alexandria where they re-embarked upon the
464:. Due to concerns about the force being attacked from the air, it was decided that the raid would take place under the cover of darkness; and, as a result, additional assets in the form of the submarine
5121:
740:
Although the Middle East Commando remained in existence after thisâlargely in an effort to placate Churchillâits personnel were mainly absorbed into larger formations. Many of these men joined the
5111:
1448:
392:
carrying out amphibious operations were taken from them due to a lack of resources in the theatre. This robbed the commandos of one of their most important capabilities; and, although later the
496:
refined, the raid demonstrated the strategic value that the commandos might have had within the theatre, if strategic imperatives and resource constraints had not served to derail the concept.
412:
In early April Laycock received orders to begin carrying out raids on the Afrika Korps' lines of communication along the North African coast. On 12 April they carried out a preliminary move to
3631:
5116:
2984:
662:
in an attempt to relieve the garrison from the east, it was decided that the commandos would carry out a raid on an Italian position that was dominating the forward positions of the Indian
4982:
3000:
516:
On 25 May Layforce, consisting mainly of 'A' and 'D' Battalions with a detachment from 'B' Battalion ('C' Battalion (No. 11 (Scottish) Commando) had been sent to reinforce the garrison on
5101:
260:
before they were disbanded in August 1941. Afterwards its personnel either returned to their former units or went on to serve with other special forces units raised in the Middle East.
2923:
2895:
2039:
1441:
3327:
4961:
3640:
2461:
654:
Following their involvement in the rearguard actions on Crete, a detachment of five officers and 70 other ranks from No. 8 Commando were sent to Tobruk, which was at the time under
352:
the British were largely in the ascendency in the theatre, having defeated the Italians; and it was felt that the commandos could be employed in the capture of the Greek island of
5131:
3943:
3306:
2615:
2240:
2956:
2902:
2088:
3413:
2909:
2525:
5126:
1935:
3299:
2746:
2622:
2599:
1979:
1594:
3036:
2348:
2855:
2157:
4854:
3647:
3610:
3587:
3108:
2030:
2000:
3740:
2800:
3596:
3580:
3552:
3320:
2007:
431:
A few days later it was decided to implement the attack on Bardia. This time, the raiders were drawn from 'A' Battalion (No. 7 Commando), and embarked upon
4497:
3564:
3476:
3420:
3383:
3376:
2665:
3469:
2201:
3516:
4975:
3603:
1993:
1951:
4824:
2643:
2417:
2180:
2046:
1857:
428:
and headed for Bomba. The attacks had to be abandoned, however, due to high seas which would have made disembarking and re-embarking too dangerous.
3719:
2553:
2053:
1965:
1901:
3922:
3434:
2284:
1822:
316:
148:
4518:
3950:
3696:
3571:
2657:
2488:
2194:
2111:
1423:
1383:
1364:
1345:
4751:
4158:
4044:
3209:
2676:
2672:
2650:
2254:
4666:
4130:
3462:
3448:
2661:
1707:
4744:
4200:
2431:
4875:
4622:
3915:
3866:
3624:
3179:
2270:
2118:
1972:
703:
556:
2930:
690:
his concerns about the way in which his force had been treated. Upon hearing about its disbandment later, British prime minister Sir
4991:
3873:
3845:
3662:
3244:
2963:
1324:
1305:
4186:
706:, were designated Nos. 1 and 2 Troops, while 60 men from the disbanded No. 11 (Scottish) Commando made up No. 3 Troop. The men of
5028:
4423:
4123:
3362:
3258:
3094:
2771:
2217:
4382:
3154:
4552:
4393:
4218:
3977:
3936:
3829:
3767:
2424:
2293:
2261:
4788:
4581:
3818:
2941:
4938:
4910:
3269:
2991:
2631:
2362:
2081:
1986:
1871:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1599:
1523:
4882:
4813:
4638:
3852:
4998:
4931:
4144:
4095:
3859:
3455:
3216:
3007:
2060:
617:
5072:
4968:
4343:
4304:
3223:
3058:
3043:
2970:
2949:
2767:
2445:
2231:
2224:
2208:
1919:
1878:
1850:
725:, an offensive aimed at relieving the besieged garrison at Tobruk, No. 3 Troop of Middle East Commando was involved in
5035:
4359:
4311:
3929:
3901:
3754:
3369:
3348:
2869:
2532:
1928:
1712:
1702:
1697:
552:
548:
4833:
4037:
2438:
4329:
4248:
4193:
4081:
3687:
3313:
3237:
3139:
3016:
2888:
2881:
2841:
2814:
2546:
2479:
2146:
2074:
1885:
1815:
1717:
1528:
604:
600:
293:
225:
4735:
4652:
4437:
4297:
4269:
4102:
4007:
3797:
3230:
2304:
1958:
1656:
718:. These designations, however, were largely ignored as the men referred to themselves by their old designations.
631:
280:. This force became known as 'Layforce' after their commander and initially they were drawn from 'A' Troop from
4474:
4451:
3703:
3504:
3497:
3161:
2821:
2793:
2786:
2509:
2173:
1640:
1538:
98:
1784:
424:. 'A' and 'C' Battalions were dispatched to attack Bardia, while four Troops from 'B' Battalion embarked on a
4896:
4840:
4710:
4570:
4255:
3908:
3804:
3710:
3278:
3146:
3116:
3080:
3065:
2937:
2829:
2807:
2753:
2739:
2721:
2385:
2166:
1894:
1843:
1789:
1692:
1513:
336:
328:
289:
748:
and put in charge of the Special Service Brigade, Middle East Command, replacing Brigadier Charles Haydon.
4588:
4481:
4283:
4234:
4137:
4030:
4000:
3783:
3671:
3397:
3188:
2779:
2760:
2730:
2277:
2247:
622:
532:
492:
there were no assault craft at their beach due to the earlier error, were left behind and later captured.
173:
126:
106:
3251:
5079:
4802:
4645:
4541:
4511:
4467:
4207:
4172:
4165:
4088:
3986:
3427:
3404:
2862:
2399:
2139:
2125:
1808:
1635:
504:
488:
436:
374:
88:
2454:
4903:
4758:
4409:
4366:
4336:
4262:
4072:
4051:
2977:
2132:
1774:
1563:
711:
695:
472:
479:
were tasked with providing navigational assistance by marking both the anchorage and landing beach.
5021:
4795:
4673:
4629:
4151:
3285:
3051:
2578:
2408:
2392:
2341:
1779:
1769:
741:
699:
659:
452:
421:
320:
1254:
5014:
4847:
4772:
4726:
4696:
4604:
4444:
4109:
3993:
3887:
3838:
3776:
3532:
3483:
3292:
3195:
2916:
2571:
2502:
2369:
1433:
1259:
722:
584:
458:
446:
324:
84:
80:
5059:
5005:
4889:
4779:
4719:
4680:
4613:
4595:
4561:
4504:
4458:
4402:
4227:
3965:
3957:
3894:
3747:
3341:
2873:
2518:
2495:
2334:
2313:
2023:
1464:
1419:
1398:
1379:
1360:
1341:
1320:
1301:
726:
691:
667:
465:
440:
269:
183:
102:
4924:
4917:
4861:
4525:
4290:
4276:
4179:
4116:
4067:
3880:
3733:
3680:
3490:
3441:
3355:
2585:
2562:
2095:
1733:
522:
229:
158:
110:
4947:
4659:
4574:
4532:
4430:
4373:
4241:
4023:
4014:
3543:
3125:
3101:
2697:
2355:
1672:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1533:
770:
other ranks. The Folbot Section (Courtney) had 12 folbots, one officer and 18 other ranks.
707:
655:
301:
297:
178:
168:
118:
377:. Circumstances undermined the Layforce concept almost as soon as it became established.
4954:
4490:
4416:
2468:
2327:
1518:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1412:
734:
715:
476:
285:
281:
273:
233:
202:
122:
94:
52:
40:
5095:
4765:
2690:
2539:
2378:
872:
564:
332:
277:
130:
744:, which was expanded by Stirling with Churchill's approval. Laycock was promoted to
5064:
4868:
3168:
3073:
2704:
2067:
1831:
730:
663:
588:
572:
393:
357:
221:
62:
4703:
4689:
4351:
3027:
2848:
2833:
2187:
1753:
1743:
1604:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1098:
417:
163:
567:, Freddie Graham, commandeered a tank in which they returned to the main body.
4058:
3811:
3790:
2683:
2016:
1944:
1748:
687:
626:
413:
365:
114:
1402:
508:
Wounded British troops disembarking in Egypt after being evacuated from Crete
4321:
3726:
3523:
3334:
3132:
3087:
2104:
745:
544:
425:
361:
308:
2608:
646:. A short time later, No. 11 Commando returned to garrison duty on Cyprus.
380:
2592:
2320:
528:
483:
parties were late getting ashore, and another landed at the wrong beach.
596:
312:
3202:
643:
517:
369:
353:
257:
245:
237:
217:
1337:
Litani River: The Daring Commando Raid Behind Enemy Lines Syria 1941
435:. A number of naval support elements were attached, including three
5107:
Military units and formations of the United Kingdom in World War II
3390:
1376:
Commandos: The Inside Story of Britain's Most Elite Fighting Force
592:
527:
to make another attempt. On the night of 26/27 May they landed in
503:
379:
340:
253:
249:
694:âa great advocate for the commandosâordered the formation of the
373:
Rommel to divert some of his offensive capability to defend his
1804:
1800:
1437:
276:
were sent to the Middle East to carry out raids in the eastern
1335:
539:
entire time they were almost constantly under aerial attack.
416:, and three days later they received orders to carry out the
471:
and a detachment from the Folboat Troop (later known as the
607:
on 9 June ahead of the Allied advance. Embarking upon the
140:
2,000 men organised into four "Special Service" Battalions
331:; a specialist equipment section equipped with a form of
232:. Formed in February 1941 under the command of Colonel
2462:
Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany
5122:
Military units and formations disestablished in 1941
612:
were believed to have been placed on the structure.
5112:
Commando units and formations of the United Kingdom
4823:
4551:
4392:
4217:
3976:
3828:
3766:
3670:
3661:
3542:
3268:
3178:
3026:
2729:
2720:
2478:
2303:
2156:
1918:
1911:
1762:
1726:
1681:
1665:
1649:
1628:
1572:
1471:
323:. Each battalion was placed under the command of a
196:
191:
154:
144:
136:
76:
68:
58:
48:
34:
26:
21:
1411:
5117:Military units and formations established in 1941
356:as part of Operation Cordite. The arrival of the
1418:. Men at Arms # 116. Oxford: Osprey Publishing.
1300:. Elite Series # 64. London: Osprey Publishing.
737:for his leadership and bravery during the raid.
686:Laycock travelled to London to discuss with the
307:Laycock held the rank of a colonel (rather than
5102:Ad hoc units and formations of the British Army
1465:British Commando units of the Second World War
892:
890:
1816:
1449:
1231:
1229:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1155:
1153:
1143:
1141:
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1120:
1118:
1116:
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951:
949:
930:
928:
926:
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912:
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908:
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904:
902:
873:"Combined Operations at Bardia, North Africa"
603:were tasked with seizing a crossing over the
599:. As a part of this operation, 'C' Battalion
296:, with additional personnel being drawn from
8:
5132:1941 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
810:
808:
806:
804:
802:
792:
790:
788:
786:
327:and consisted of: a headquarters; a signals
1559:No. 62 Commando (Small Scale Raiding Force)
1210:
1208:
1206:
1204:
1072:
1070:
822:
820:
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2726:
1915:
1823:
1809:
1801:
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1442:
1434:
5127:1941 establishments in the United Kingdom
1263:(Supplement). 16 June 1942. p. 2699.
867:
865:
863:
861:
859:
1099:"11 (Scottish) Commando â Black Hackle"
782:
762:
666:. The position, which was known as the
658:. In June, as the Eighth Army launched
3648:Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union
1410:Shortt, James; McBride, Angus (1981).
1223:Shortt and McBride 1981, p. 6 & 9.
335:known as a 'folbot'; and two commando
304:upon their arrival in Egypt in March.
18:
4519:Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign
3951:Japanese invasion of French Indochina
3597:Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union
3553:Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union
2658:Rape during the occupation of Germany
1395:The Green Beret: The Commandos at War
1393:Saunders, Hilary St. George (1959) .
7:
3641:Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union
2673:Rape during the liberation of France
710:formed Nos. 4 and 5 Troops, and the
583:On 8 June 1941 the Allies launched
343:, each troop consisting of 50 men.
3867:German invasion of the Netherlands
2147:Weather events during World War II
1340:. United Kingdom: SHN Publishing.
487:tyre dump on fire and blew up the
14:
4498:Northern Burma and Western Yunnan
5058:
457:) and the anti-aircraft cruiser
39:
4745:Vietnamese famine of 1944â1945
2455:Territorial changes of Germany
2363:Indonesian National Revolution
1620:No. 48 (Royal Marine) Commando
1615:No. 47 (Royal Marine) Commando
1610:No. 46 (Royal Marine) Commando
1605:No. 45 (Royal Marine) Commando
1600:No. 44 (Royal Marine) Commando
1595:No. 43 (Royal Marine) Commando
1590:No. 42 (Royal Marine) Commando
1585:No. 41 (Royal Marine) Commando
1580:No. 40 (Royal Marine) Commando
1524:No. 10 (Inter-Allied) Commando
1:
4145:Japanese invasion of Thailand
4096:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran
3860:German invasion of Luxembourg
2241:Mediterranean and Middle East
1397:. London: Four Square Books.
1359:. Oxford: Osprey Publishing.
268:In February 1941, a force of
4052:Invasion of the Soviet Union
3741:Occupation of Czechoslovakia
3059:Independent State of Croatia
5036:End of World War II in Asia
4876:Western invasion of Germany
4383:Chinese famine of 1942â1943
4360:Second Battle of El Alamein
3930:Hundred Regiments Offensive
3902:Battle of the Mediterranean
3755:Italian invasion of Albania
1929:Air warfare of World War II
1713:4th Special Service Brigade
1708:3rd Special Service Brigade
1703:2nd Special Service Brigade
1698:1st Special Service Brigade
714:made up No. 6 Troop, under
5148:
4962:Naval bombardment of Japan
4330:First Battle of El Alamein
4249:Battle of Christmas Island
4194:Japanese invasion of Burma
3958:Italian invasion of Greece
3874:German invasion of Belgium
3846:German invasion of Denmark
3819:1939â1940 Winter Offensive
3688:Second Italo-Ethiopian War
1952:Comparative military ranks
1718:Special Air Service Troops
1529:No. 11 (Scottish) Commando
601:No. 11 (Scottish) Commando
294:No. 11 (Scottish) Commando
224:consisting of a number of
220:military formation of the
5051:
4883:BratislavaâBrno offensive
4814:Dutch famine of 1944â1945
4438:Allied invasion of Sicily
4298:Aleutian Islands campaign
4270:Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign
4208:Greek famine of 1941â1944
4103:Second Battle of Changsha
4008:German invasion of Greece
3853:Battle of ZaoyangâYichang
2195:North and Central Pacific
1838:
1785:No. 1 Demolition Squadron
1657:Royal Air Force Commandos
1357:British Commandos 1940â46
1014:Saunders 1959, pp. 55â56.
943:Saunders 1959, pp. 53â54.
896:Saunders 1959, pp. 54â55.
835:Chappell 1996, pp. 15â16.
632:Regimental Sergeant Major
627:22nd Algerian Tirailleurs
547:infantry battalions (the
4475:Allied invasion of Italy
4452:Solomon Islands campaign
4201:Third Battle of Changsha
3798:First Battle of Changsha
3704:Second Sino-Japanese War
2644:German military brothels
2510:United States war crimes
1780:Special Raiding Squadron
1641:British commando frogmen
1539:No. 14 (Arctic) Commando
1298:Army Commandos 1940â1945
721:In November, as part of
4897:Second Guangxi campaign
4752:Philippines (1944â1945)
4256:Battle of the Coral Sea
4159:Fall of the Philippines
3805:Battle of South Guangxi
3711:Battles of Khalkhin Gol
3117:Italian Social Republic
1790:Long Range Desert Group
1693:Special Service Brigade
1514:No. 8 (Guards) Commando
1414:The Special Air Service
1296:Chappell, Mike (1996).
1244:Parker 2000, pp. 55â59.
557:5th New Zealand Brigade
533:Bren light machine guns
375:lines of communications
290:No. 8 (Guards) Commando
4482:Armistice of Cassibile
4284:Battle of Dutch Harbor
4235:Battle of the Java Sea
4138:Attack on Pearl Harbor
4038:SyriaâLebanon campaign
4031:Battle of South Shanxi
4001:Invasion of Yugoslavia
3784:Battle of the Atlantic
3398:Korean Liberation Army
3111:(until September 1943)
3068:(until September 1944)
3046:(until September 1944)
1763:Other Commando forces:
623:French colonial troops
509:
388:
174:Syria-Lebanon Campaign
127:Special reconnaissance
107:Long-range penetration
4646:Second Battle of Guam
4542:Bengal famine of 1943
4512:Second Battle of Kiev
4468:Battle of the Dnieper
4173:Battle of Wake Island
4045:East African campaign
3987:Battle of South Henan
3632:atrocities by Germans
3405:Korean Volunteer Army
2386:Occupation of Germany
2140:Music in World War II
1775:Special Boat Squadron
1636:Royal Naval Commandos
1374:Parker, John (2000).
1355:Moreman, Tim (2006).
1315:Clark, Alan (2000) .
1235:Chappell 1996, p. 18.
1189:Chappell 1996, p. 17.
1173:Saunders 1959, p. 61.
1159:Saunders 1959, p. 59.
1147:Saunders 1959, p. 60.
1126:Saunders 1959, p. 58.
1101:. www.combinedops.com
1088:Chappell 1996, p. 16.
1064:Saunders 1959, p. 57.
1005:Saunders 1959, p. 56.
955:Saunders 1959, p. 54.
934:Saunders 1959, p. 53.
916:Saunders 1959, p. 55.
875:. www.combinedops.com
814:Saunders 1959, p. 52.
796:Chappell 1996, p. 15.
729:, an attempt to raid
507:
437:Royal Australian Navy
383:
364:and the invasions of
89:Close-quarters combat
4932:Surrender of Germany
4410:Battle of West Hubei
4367:Guadalcanal campaign
4337:Battle of Stalingrad
4263:Battle of Madagascar
3037:Albania protectorate
2824:(formerly Swaziland)
2533:Wehrmacht war crimes
2349:Expulsion of Germans
2133:Art and World War II
2031:British contribution
1980:Governments in exile
1564:Middle East Commando
1378:. London: Headline.
1334:McHarg, Ian (2011).
853:Moreman 2006, p. 19.
844:Chappell 1996, p. 7.
826:Moreman 2006, p. 20.
712:Special Boat Section
696:Middle East Commando
473:Special Boat Section
317:British 6th Division
149:British 6th Division
5022:Potsdam Declaration
4911:Italy (Spring 1945)
4674:Liberation of Paris
4131:Siege of Sevastopol
3149:(until August 1944)
3052:Wang Jingwei regime
2874:from September 1943
2834:from September 1944
2772:from September 1944
2632:Romanian war crimes
2623:Persecution of Jews
2609:Croatian war crimes
2579:Japanese war crimes
2393:Occupation of Japan
2342:First Indochina War
2054:Military production
1966:Declarations of war
1770:Special Air Service
1319:. London: Cassell.
1282:Parker 2000, p. 59.
1273:Parker 2000, p. 58.
1214:Parker 2000, p. 54.
1198:Parker 2000, p. 53.
1076:Parker 2000, p. 52.
1050:Clark 2000, p. 170.
1041:Parker 2000, p. 51.
1032:Clark 2000, p. 168.
1023:Clark 2000, p. 167.
991:Clark 2000, p. 166.
982:Clark 2000, p. 165.
973:Parker 2000, p. 50.
742:Special Air Service
700:Special Air Service
660:Operation Battleaxe
321:Middle East Command
5015:Surrender of Japan
4848:Battle of Iwo Jima
4697:Belgrade offensive
4110:Siege of Leningrad
3994:Battle of Shanggao
3923:British Somaliland
3888:Dunkirk evacuation
3839:Norwegian campaign
3777:Invasion of Poland
3604:Japanese prisoners
2572:Italian war crimes
2503:British war crimes
2418:Soviet occupations
2202:South-West Pacific
2089:Allied cooperation
2047:Military equipment
1260:The London Gazette
723:Operation Crusader
587:, the invasion of
585:Operation Exporter
510:
389:
325:lieutenant colonel
85:Artillery observer
81:Amphibious warfare
5089:
5088:
5047:
5046:
4890:Battle of Okinawa
4789:Burma (1944â1945)
4623:Mariana and Palau
4403:Tunisian campaign
4228:Fall of Singapore
4152:Fall of Hong Kong
3895:Battle of Britain
3748:Operation Himmler
3657:
3656:
3321:Dutch East Indies
2964:Southern Rhodesia
2716:
2715:
2616:Genocide of Serbs
2519:German war crimes
2496:Soviet war crimes
2489:Allied war crimes
2335:Division of Korea
2314:Chinese Civil War
2112:Strategic bombing
2024:Manhattan Project
1798:
1797:
1425:978-0-85045-396-6
1385:978-0-7472-7008-9
1366:978-1-84176-986-8
1347:978-1-907463-38-9
1317:The Fall of Crete
727:Operation Flipper
692:Winston Churchill
333:collapsible canoe
228:units during the
208:
207:
184:Twin Pimples raid
103:Irregular warfare
72:Ad hoc (Commando)
16:British Army unit
5139:
5082:
5075:
5068:
5065:World portal
5063:
5062:
5038:
5031:
5024:
5017:
5008:
5001:
4994:
4985:
4978:
4971:
4964:
4957:
4950:
4941:
4934:
4927:
4925:Prague offensive
4920:
4918:Battle of Berlin
4913:
4906:
4899:
4892:
4885:
4878:
4871:
4864:
4862:Vienna offensive
4857:
4850:
4843:
4841:Battle of Manila
4836:
4816:
4807:
4798:
4791:
4782:
4775:
4768:
4761:
4754:
4747:
4740:
4731:
4722:
4715:
4706:
4699:
4692:
4685:
4676:
4669:
4662:
4655:
4648:
4641:
4634:
4625:
4618:
4609:
4600:
4591:
4584:
4582:KorsunâCherkassy
4577:
4566:
4544:
4535:
4528:
4521:
4514:
4507:
4500:
4493:
4484:
4477:
4470:
4463:
4454:
4447:
4440:
4433:
4426:
4424:Bombing of Gorky
4419:
4412:
4405:
4385:
4378:
4369:
4362:
4355:
4346:
4339:
4332:
4325:
4314:
4307:
4300:
4293:
4291:Battle of Midway
4286:
4279:
4277:Battle of Gazala
4272:
4265:
4258:
4251:
4244:
4237:
4230:
4210:
4203:
4196:
4189:
4187:Battle of Borneo
4182:
4180:Malayan campaign
4175:
4168:
4161:
4154:
4147:
4140:
4133:
4126:
4124:Bombing of Gorky
4119:
4117:Battle of Moscow
4112:
4105:
4098:
4091:
4084:
4077:
4061:
4054:
4047:
4040:
4033:
4026:
4017:
4010:
4003:
3996:
3989:
3969:
3960:
3953:
3946:
3939:
3932:
3925:
3918:
3911:
3904:
3897:
3890:
3883:
3881:Battle of France
3876:
3869:
3862:
3855:
3848:
3841:
3821:
3814:
3807:
3800:
3793:
3786:
3779:
3757:
3750:
3743:
3736:
3734:Munich Agreement
3729:
3722:
3713:
3706:
3699:
3690:
3683:
3668:
3650:
3643:
3634:
3627:
3620:
3619:Soviet prisoners
3613:
3606:
3599:
3590:
3583:
3574:
3567:
3560:
3559:German prisoners
3555:
3535:
3526:
3519:
3512:
3507:
3500:
3493:
3486:
3479:
3472:
3465:
3458:
3451:
3444:
3437:
3430:
3423:
3416:
3407:
3400:
3393:
3386:
3379:
3372:
3365:
3358:
3351:
3344:
3337:
3330:
3323:
3316:
3309:
3302:
3295:
3288:
3281:
3261:
3254:
3247:
3240:
3233:
3226:
3219:
3212:
3205:
3198:
3191:
3171:
3164:
3157:
3150:
3142:
3135:
3128:
3119:
3112:
3104:
3097:
3095:French Indochina
3090:
3083:
3076:
3069:
3061:
3054:
3047:
3039:
3019:
3010:
3003:
2994:
2987:
2980:
2973:
2966:
2959:
2952:
2945:
2942:from August 1944
2933:
2926:
2919:
2912:
2905:
2898:
2891:
2884:
2877:
2865:
2858:
2851:
2844:
2837:
2825:
2817:
2810:
2803:
2796:
2789:
2782:
2775:
2763:
2756:
2749:
2742:
2727:
2707:
2700:
2693:
2686:
2679:
2668:
2653:
2646:
2639:
2634:
2625:
2618:
2611:
2602:
2595:
2588:
2586:Nanjing Massacre
2581:
2574:
2565:
2563:Nuremberg trials
2556:
2549:
2542:
2535:
2528:
2521:
2512:
2505:
2498:
2491:
2471:
2464:
2457:
2448:
2441:
2434:
2427:
2420:
2413:
2404:
2395:
2388:
2381:
2374:
2365:
2358:
2351:
2344:
2337:
2330:
2323:
2316:
2296:
2287:
2280:
2273:
2264:
2257:
2250:
2243:
2234:
2227:
2220:
2211:
2204:
2197:
2190:
2183:
2176:
2169:
2167:Asia and Pacific
2149:
2142:
2135:
2128:
2121:
2114:
2107:
2098:
2096:Mulberry harbour
2091:
2084:
2077:
2070:
2063:
2056:
2049:
2042:
2033:
2026:
2019:
2010:
2003:
1996:
1989:
1982:
1975:
1968:
1961:
1954:
1947:
1938:
1931:
1916:
1904:
1897:
1888:
1881:
1874:
1867:
1860:
1853:
1846:
1825:
1818:
1811:
1802:
1650:Royal Air Force:
1458:
1451:
1444:
1435:
1429:
1417:
1406:
1389:
1370:
1351:
1330:
1311:
1283:
1280:
1274:
1271:
1265:
1264:
1251:
1245:
1242:
1236:
1233:
1224:
1221:
1215:
1212:
1199:
1196:
1190:
1187:
1174:
1171:
1160:
1157:
1148:
1145:
1136:
1133:
1127:
1124:
1111:
1110:
1108:
1106:
1095:
1089:
1086:
1077:
1074:
1065:
1062:
1051:
1048:
1042:
1039:
1033:
1030:
1024:
1021:
1015:
1012:
1006:
1003:
992:
989:
983:
980:
974:
971:
965:
962:
956:
953:
944:
941:
935:
932:
917:
914:
897:
894:
885:
884:
882:
880:
869:
854:
851:
845:
842:
836:
833:
827:
824:
815:
812:
797:
794:
771:
767:
702:, then known as
553:2/8th Battalions
230:Second World War
159:Second World War
111:Mountain warfare
44:
43:
19:
5147:
5146:
5142:
5141:
5140:
5138:
5137:
5136:
5092:
5091:
5090:
5085:
5078:
5071:
5057:
5055:
5043:
5034:
5027:
5020:
5013:
5004:
4997:
4990:
4981:
4976:Atomic bombings
4974:
4967:
4960:
4953:
4946:
4937:
4930:
4923:
4916:
4909:
4902:
4895:
4888:
4881:
4874:
4867:
4860:
4853:
4846:
4839:
4832:
4819:
4812:
4801:
4794:
4787:
4778:
4771:
4764:
4757:
4750:
4743:
4734:
4725:
4718:
4709:
4702:
4695:
4688:
4679:
4672:
4667:Eastern Romania
4665:
4660:Warsaw Uprising
4658:
4653:Tannenberg Line
4651:
4644:
4639:Western Ukraine
4637:
4628:
4621:
4612:
4603:
4594:
4587:
4580:
4569:
4560:
4547:
4540:
4531:
4524:
4517:
4510:
4503:
4496:
4489:
4480:
4473:
4466:
4457:
4450:
4443:
4436:
4431:Battle of Kursk
4429:
4422:
4415:
4408:
4401:
4388:
4381:
4372:
4365:
4358:
4349:
4342:
4335:
4328:
4319:
4310:
4303:
4296:
4289:
4282:
4275:
4268:
4261:
4254:
4247:
4242:St Nazaire Raid
4240:
4233:
4226:
4213:
4206:
4199:
4192:
4185:
4178:
4171:
4164:
4157:
4150:
4143:
4136:
4129:
4122:
4115:
4108:
4101:
4094:
4087:
4080:
4066:
4057:
4050:
4043:
4036:
4029:
4024:Anglo-Iraqi War
4022:
4015:Battle of Crete
4013:
4006:
3999:
3992:
3985:
3972:
3963:
3956:
3949:
3944:Eastern Romania
3942:
3935:
3928:
3921:
3914:
3907:
3900:
3893:
3886:
3879:
3872:
3865:
3858:
3851:
3844:
3837:
3824:
3817:
3810:
3803:
3796:
3789:
3782:
3775:
3762:
3753:
3746:
3739:
3732:
3725:
3718:
3709:
3702:
3695:
3686:
3679:
3653:
3646:
3639:
3630:
3623:
3618:
3609:
3602:
3595:
3586:
3579:
3570:
3563:
3558:
3551:
3538:
3531:
3522:
3515:
3510:
3505:Western Ukraine
3503:
3496:
3489:
3482:
3475:
3468:
3461:
3454:
3449:Northeast China
3447:
3440:
3433:
3426:
3419:
3412:
3403:
3396:
3389:
3382:
3375:
3368:
3361:
3354:
3347:
3340:
3333:
3326:
3319:
3312:
3305:
3298:
3291:
3284:
3277:
3264:
3257:
3250:
3243:
3236:
3229:
3222:
3215:
3208:
3201:
3194:
3187:
3174:
3167:
3160:
3155:Slovak Republic
3153:
3145:
3138:
3131:
3126:Empire of Japan
3124:
3115:
3107:
3100:
3093:
3086:
3079:
3072:
3064:
3057:
3050:
3042:
3035:
3022:
3015:
3006:
2999:
2990:
2983:
2976:
2969:
2962:
2955:
2948:
2936:
2929:
2922:
2915:
2908:
2901:
2894:
2887:
2880:
2868:
2861:
2854:
2847:
2840:
2828:
2820:
2813:
2806:
2799:
2792:
2785:
2778:
2766:
2759:
2752:
2745:
2738:
2712:
2703:
2696:
2689:
2682:
2671:
2656:
2649:
2642:
2638:Sexual violence
2637:
2630:
2621:
2614:
2607:
2598:
2591:
2584:
2577:
2570:
2561:
2552:
2545:
2538:
2531:
2524:
2517:
2508:
2501:
2494:
2487:
2474:
2467:
2460:
2453:
2444:
2437:
2430:
2423:
2416:
2407:
2398:
2391:
2384:
2377:
2368:
2361:
2356:Greek Civil War
2354:
2347:
2340:
2333:
2326:
2319:
2312:
2299:
2292:
2283:
2276:
2269:
2260:
2253:
2246:
2239:
2230:
2223:
2216:
2207:
2200:
2193:
2186:
2181:South-East Asia
2179:
2172:
2165:
2152:
2145:
2138:
2131:
2124:
2117:
2110:
2103:
2094:
2087:
2080:
2073:
2066:
2059:
2052:
2045:
2040:Military awards
2038:
2029:
2022:
2015:
2006:
1999:
1992:
1985:
1978:
1971:
1964:
1957:
1950:
1943:
1934:
1927:
1907:
1900:
1893:
1884:
1877:
1870:
1865:
1856:
1849:
1842:
1834:
1829:
1799:
1794:
1758:
1722:
1677:
1673:No. 30 Commando
1661:
1645:
1624:
1568:
1554:No. 52 Commando
1549:No. 51 Commando
1544:No. 50 Commando
1534:No. 12 Commando
1467:
1462:
1432:
1426:
1409:
1392:
1386:
1373:
1367:
1354:
1348:
1333:
1327:
1314:
1308:
1295:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1277:
1272:
1268:
1253:
1252:
1248:
1243:
1239:
1234:
1227:
1222:
1218:
1213:
1202:
1197:
1193:
1188:
1177:
1172:
1163:
1158:
1151:
1146:
1139:
1134:
1130:
1125:
1114:
1104:
1102:
1097:
1096:
1092:
1087:
1080:
1075:
1068:
1063:
1054:
1049:
1045:
1040:
1036:
1031:
1027:
1022:
1018:
1013:
1009:
1004:
995:
990:
986:
981:
977:
972:
968:
963:
959:
954:
947:
942:
938:
933:
920:
915:
900:
895:
888:
878:
876:
871:
870:
857:
852:
848:
843:
839:
834:
830:
825:
818:
813:
800:
795:
784:
775:
774:
768:
764:
754:
708:No. 51 Commando
680:
652:
581:
502:
420:and another on
410:
405:
349:
302:No. 52 Commando
298:No. 50 Commando
266:
211:
198:
179:Siege of Tobruk
169:Battle of Crete
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
92:Coastal raiding
91:
87:
83:
38:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5145:
5143:
5135:
5134:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5104:
5094:
5093:
5087:
5086:
5084:
5083:
5076:
5069:
5052:
5049:
5048:
5045:
5044:
5042:
5041:
5040:
5039:
5032:
5025:
5011:
5010:
5009:
4995:
4992:South Sakhalin
4988:
4987:
4986:
4972:
4965:
4958:
4951:
4944:
4943:
4942:
4928:
4921:
4914:
4907:
4900:
4893:
4886:
4879:
4872:
4865:
4858:
4851:
4844:
4837:
4829:
4827:
4821:
4820:
4818:
4817:
4810:
4809:
4808:
4792:
4785:
4784:
4783:
4769:
4762:
4755:
4748:
4741:
4732:
4723:
4716:
4707:
4700:
4693:
4686:
4677:
4670:
4663:
4656:
4649:
4642:
4635:
4626:
4619:
4610:
4601:
4592:
4585:
4578:
4567:
4557:
4555:
4549:
4548:
4546:
4545:
4538:
4537:
4536:
4529:
4515:
4508:
4501:
4494:
4487:
4486:
4485:
4471:
4464:
4455:
4448:
4441:
4434:
4427:
4420:
4417:Battle of Attu
4413:
4406:
4398:
4396:
4390:
4389:
4387:
4386:
4379:
4370:
4363:
4356:
4347:
4340:
4333:
4326:
4317:
4316:
4315:
4308:
4294:
4287:
4280:
4273:
4266:
4259:
4252:
4245:
4238:
4231:
4223:
4221:
4215:
4214:
4212:
4211:
4204:
4197:
4190:
4183:
4176:
4169:
4166:Battle of Guam
4162:
4155:
4148:
4141:
4134:
4127:
4120:
4113:
4106:
4099:
4092:
4089:Battle of Kiev
4085:
4078:
4064:
4063:
4062:
4048:
4041:
4034:
4027:
4020:
4019:
4018:
4004:
3997:
3990:
3982:
3980:
3974:
3973:
3971:
3970:
3961:
3954:
3947:
3940:
3933:
3926:
3919:
3912:
3905:
3898:
3891:
3884:
3877:
3870:
3863:
3856:
3849:
3842:
3834:
3832:
3826:
3825:
3823:
3822:
3815:
3808:
3801:
3794:
3787:
3780:
3772:
3770:
3764:
3763:
3761:
3760:
3759:
3758:
3751:
3744:
3737:
3730:
3716:
3715:
3714:
3707:
3693:
3692:
3691:
3676:
3674:
3665:
3659:
3658:
3655:
3654:
3652:
3651:
3644:
3637:
3636:
3635:
3628:
3616:
3615:
3614:
3600:
3593:
3592:
3591:
3588:United Kingdom
3584:
3577:
3576:
3575:
3556:
3548:
3546:
3540:
3539:
3537:
3536:
3529:
3528:
3527:
3520:
3508:
3501:
3494:
3487:
3480:
3473:
3466:
3459:
3452:
3445:
3438:
3431:
3424:
3417:
3410:
3409:
3408:
3401:
3387:
3380:
3373:
3366:
3359:
3352:
3345:
3338:
3331:
3324:
3317:
3310:
3303:
3296:
3289:
3282:
3274:
3272:
3266:
3265:
3263:
3262:
3255:
3248:
3241:
3234:
3227:
3220:
3213:
3206:
3199:
3192:
3184:
3182:
3176:
3175:
3173:
3172:
3165:
3158:
3151:
3143:
3136:
3129:
3122:
3121:
3120:
3105:
3098:
3091:
3084:
3077:
3070:
3062:
3055:
3048:
3040:
3032:
3030:
3024:
3023:
3021:
3020:
3013:
3012:
3011:
2997:
2996:
2995:
2992:British Empire
2985:United Kingdom
2981:
2974:
2967:
2960:
2953:
2946:
2934:
2927:
2920:
2913:
2906:
2899:
2892:
2885:
2878:
2866:
2859:
2852:
2845:
2838:
2826:
2818:
2811:
2804:
2801:Czechoslovakia
2797:
2790:
2783:
2776:
2764:
2757:
2750:
2743:
2735:
2733:
2724:
2718:
2717:
2714:
2713:
2711:
2710:
2709:
2708:
2701:
2698:Rape of Manila
2694:
2687:
2680:
2669:
2654:
2647:
2635:
2628:
2627:
2626:
2619:
2605:
2604:
2603:
2596:
2589:
2575:
2568:
2567:
2566:
2559:
2558:
2557:
2550:
2536:
2529:
2515:
2514:
2513:
2506:
2499:
2484:
2482:
2476:
2475:
2473:
2472:
2469:United Nations
2465:
2458:
2451:
2450:
2449:
2442:
2435:
2428:
2414:
2405:
2396:
2389:
2382:
2375:
2366:
2359:
2352:
2345:
2338:
2331:
2328:Decolonization
2324:
2317:
2309:
2307:
2301:
2300:
2298:
2297:
2290:
2289:
2288:
2274:
2267:
2266:
2265:
2258:
2251:
2237:
2236:
2235:
2228:
2214:
2213:
2212:
2205:
2198:
2191:
2184:
2177:
2162:
2160:
2154:
2153:
2151:
2150:
2143:
2136:
2129:
2122:
2115:
2108:
2101:
2100:
2099:
2092:
2078:
2071:
2064:
2057:
2050:
2043:
2036:
2035:
2034:
2020:
2013:
2012:
2011:
2004:
2001:United Kingdom
1997:
1983:
1976:
1969:
1962:
1955:
1948:
1941:
1940:
1939:
1924:
1922:
1913:
1909:
1908:
1906:
1905:
1898:
1891:
1890:
1889:
1882:
1875:
1863:
1862:
1861:
1847:
1839:
1836:
1835:
1830:
1828:
1827:
1820:
1813:
1805:
1796:
1795:
1793:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1766:
1764:
1760:
1759:
1757:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1730:
1728:
1727:Ad hoc Forces:
1724:
1723:
1721:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1689:
1687:
1679:
1678:
1676:
1675:
1669:
1667:
1666:Joint Service:
1663:
1662:
1660:
1659:
1653:
1651:
1647:
1646:
1644:
1643:
1638:
1632:
1630:
1626:
1625:
1623:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1576:
1574:
1570:
1569:
1567:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1519:No. 9 Commando
1516:
1511:
1509:No. 7 Commando
1506:
1504:No. 6 Commando
1501:
1499:No. 5 Commando
1496:
1494:No. 4 Commando
1491:
1489:No. 3 Commando
1486:
1484:No. 2 Commando
1481:
1479:No. 1 Commando
1475:
1473:
1469:
1468:
1463:
1461:
1460:
1453:
1446:
1438:
1431:
1430:
1424:
1407:
1390:
1384:
1371:
1365:
1352:
1346:
1331:
1325:
1312:
1306:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1284:
1275:
1266:
1246:
1237:
1225:
1216:
1200:
1191:
1175:
1161:
1149:
1137:
1128:
1112:
1090:
1078:
1066:
1052:
1043:
1034:
1025:
1016:
1007:
993:
984:
975:
966:
957:
945:
936:
918:
898:
886:
855:
846:
837:
828:
816:
798:
781:
780:
779:
773:
772:
761:
760:
759:
758:
753:
750:
735:Victoria Cross
716:Roger Courtney
679:
676:
651:
648:
618:Geoffrey Keyes
580:
577:
501:
498:
477:Roger Courtney
409:
406:
404:
401:
348:
345:
286:No. 7 Commando
282:No. 3 Commando
274:Robert Laycock
272:under Colonel
265:
262:
234:Robert Laycock
209:
206:
205:
203:Robert Laycock
200:
194:
193:
189:
188:
187:
186:
181:
176:
171:
166:
156:
152:
151:
146:
142:
141:
138:
134:
133:
123:Reconnaissance
95:Desert warfare
78:
74:
73:
70:
66:
65:
60:
56:
55:
53:United Kingdom
50:
46:
45:
36:
32:
31:
28:
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5144:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5099:
5097:
5081:
5077:
5074:
5070:
5067:
5066:
5061:
5054:
5053:
5050:
5037:
5033:
5030:
5026:
5023:
5019:
5018:
5016:
5012:
5007:
5003:
5002:
5000:
4999:Kuril Islands
4996:
4993:
4989:
4984:
4980:
4979:
4977:
4973:
4970:
4966:
4963:
4959:
4956:
4952:
4949:
4945:
4940:
4936:
4935:
4933:
4929:
4926:
4922:
4919:
4915:
4912:
4908:
4905:
4901:
4898:
4894:
4891:
4887:
4884:
4880:
4877:
4873:
4870:
4866:
4863:
4859:
4856:
4852:
4849:
4845:
4842:
4838:
4835:
4831:
4830:
4828:
4826:
4822:
4815:
4811:
4806:
4805:
4800:
4799:
4797:
4793:
4790:
4786:
4781:
4777:
4776:
4774:
4770:
4767:
4766:Syrmian Front
4763:
4760:
4756:
4753:
4749:
4746:
4742:
4739:
4738:
4733:
4730:
4729:
4724:
4721:
4717:
4714:
4713:
4712:Market Garden
4708:
4705:
4701:
4698:
4694:
4691:
4687:
4684:
4683:
4678:
4675:
4671:
4668:
4664:
4661:
4657:
4654:
4650:
4647:
4643:
4640:
4636:
4633:
4632:
4627:
4624:
4620:
4617:
4616:
4611:
4608:
4607:
4602:
4599:
4598:
4593:
4590:
4586:
4583:
4579:
4576:
4572:
4571:Monte Cassino
4568:
4565:
4564:
4559:
4558:
4556:
4554:
4550:
4543:
4539:
4534:
4530:
4527:
4523:
4522:
4520:
4516:
4513:
4509:
4506:
4502:
4499:
4495:
4492:
4488:
4483:
4479:
4478:
4476:
4472:
4469:
4465:
4462:
4461:
4456:
4453:
4449:
4446:
4442:
4439:
4435:
4432:
4428:
4425:
4421:
4418:
4414:
4411:
4407:
4404:
4400:
4399:
4397:
4395:
4391:
4384:
4380:
4377:
4376:
4371:
4368:
4364:
4361:
4357:
4354:
4353:
4348:
4345:
4341:
4338:
4334:
4331:
4327:
4324:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4309:
4306:
4302:
4301:
4299:
4295:
4292:
4288:
4285:
4281:
4278:
4274:
4271:
4267:
4264:
4260:
4257:
4253:
4250:
4246:
4243:
4239:
4236:
4232:
4229:
4225:
4224:
4222:
4220:
4216:
4209:
4205:
4202:
4198:
4195:
4191:
4188:
4184:
4181:
4177:
4174:
4170:
4167:
4163:
4160:
4156:
4153:
4149:
4146:
4142:
4139:
4135:
4132:
4128:
4125:
4121:
4118:
4114:
4111:
4107:
4104:
4100:
4097:
4093:
4090:
4086:
4083:
4079:
4075:
4074:
4069:
4065:
4060:
4056:
4055:
4053:
4049:
4046:
4042:
4039:
4035:
4032:
4028:
4025:
4021:
4016:
4012:
4011:
4009:
4005:
4002:
3998:
3995:
3991:
3988:
3984:
3983:
3981:
3979:
3975:
3968:
3967:
3962:
3959:
3955:
3952:
3948:
3945:
3941:
3938:
3937:Baltic states
3934:
3931:
3927:
3924:
3920:
3917:
3913:
3910:
3906:
3903:
3899:
3896:
3892:
3889:
3885:
3882:
3878:
3875:
3871:
3868:
3864:
3861:
3857:
3854:
3850:
3847:
3843:
3840:
3836:
3835:
3833:
3831:
3827:
3820:
3816:
3813:
3809:
3806:
3802:
3799:
3795:
3792:
3788:
3785:
3781:
3778:
3774:
3773:
3771:
3769:
3765:
3756:
3752:
3749:
3745:
3742:
3738:
3735:
3731:
3728:
3724:
3723:
3721:
3717:
3712:
3708:
3705:
3701:
3700:
3698:
3694:
3689:
3685:
3684:
3682:
3678:
3677:
3675:
3673:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3660:
3649:
3645:
3642:
3638:
3633:
3629:
3626:
3622:
3621:
3617:
3612:
3608:
3607:
3605:
3601:
3598:
3594:
3589:
3585:
3582:
3581:United States
3578:
3573:
3569:
3568:
3566:
3562:
3561:
3557:
3554:
3550:
3549:
3547:
3545:
3541:
3534:
3530:
3525:
3521:
3518:
3517:Quá»c dĂąn ÄáșŁng
3514:
3513:
3509:
3506:
3502:
3499:
3495:
3492:
3488:
3485:
3481:
3478:
3474:
3471:
3467:
3464:
3460:
3457:
3453:
3450:
3446:
3443:
3439:
3436:
3432:
3429:
3425:
3422:
3418:
3415:
3411:
3406:
3402:
3399:
3395:
3394:
3392:
3388:
3385:
3381:
3378:
3374:
3371:
3367:
3364:
3360:
3357:
3353:
3350:
3346:
3343:
3339:
3336:
3332:
3329:
3325:
3322:
3318:
3315:
3311:
3308:
3304:
3301:
3297:
3294:
3290:
3287:
3283:
3280:
3276:
3275:
3273:
3271:
3267:
3260:
3256:
3253:
3249:
3246:
3242:
3239:
3235:
3232:
3228:
3225:
3221:
3218:
3217:Liechtenstein
3214:
3211:
3207:
3204:
3200:
3197:
3193:
3190:
3186:
3185:
3183:
3181:
3177:
3170:
3166:
3163:
3159:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3141:
3137:
3134:
3130:
3127:
3123:
3118:
3114:
3113:
3110:
3106:
3103:
3099:
3096:
3092:
3089:
3085:
3082:
3078:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3060:
3056:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3038:
3034:
3033:
3031:
3029:
3025:
3018:
3014:
3009:
3005:
3004:
3002:
3001:United States
2998:
2993:
2989:
2988:
2986:
2982:
2979:
2975:
2972:
2968:
2965:
2961:
2958:
2954:
2951:
2947:
2943:
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99:Direct action
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20:
5073:Bibliography
5056:
4869:Project Hula
4834:VistulaâOder
4803:
4736:
4727:
4711:
4681:
4630:
4614:
4605:
4596:
4562:
4459:
4374:
4350:
4320:
4071:
3964:
3909:North Africa
3611:Soviet Union
3565:Soviet Union
3491:Soviet Union
3259:Vatican City
3169:Vichy France
3074:German Reich
2971:Soviet Union
2957:South Africa
2950:Sierra Leone
2903:Newfoundland
2722:Participants
2705:Marocchinate
2409:
2400:
2370:
2248:North Africa
2209:Indian Ocean
2068:Nazi plunder
1959:Cryptography
1832:World War II
1738:
1413:
1394:
1375:
1356:
1336:
1316:
1297:
1278:
1269:
1258:
1249:
1240:
1219:
1194:
1135:McHarg, 2011
1131:
1103:. Retrieved
1093:
1046:
1037:
1028:
1019:
1010:
987:
978:
969:
960:
939:
877:. Retrieved
849:
840:
831:
765:
739:
731:Erwin Rommel
720:
704:L Detachment
685:
681:
672:
668:Twin Pimples
664:18th Cavalry
653:
640:
636:
614:
608:
605:Litani River
589:Vichy French
582:
573:Evelyn Waugh
569:
561:
541:
537:
523:
515:
511:
494:
485:
481:
467:
460:
453:
447:
441:
439:destroyers (
432:
430:
411:
394:
390:
385:
358:Afrika Korps
350:
306:
267:
242:
222:British Army
213:
212:
145:Part of
63:British Army
4804:Bodenplatte
4690:Gothic Line
3916:West Africa
3463:Philippines
3442:Netherlands
3307:Czech lands
3245:Switzerland
3189:Afghanistan
3140:Philippines
3008:Puerto Rico
2924:Philippines
2910:New Zealand
2896:Netherlands
2849:Free France
2600:Prosecution
2401:Osoaviakhim
2271:West Africa
2255:East Africa
1902:Conferences
1754:Timberforce
1744:Layforce II
1734:Forfarforce
1629:Royal Navy:
1255:"No. 35600"
964:Clark 2000.
678:Disbandment
591:controlled
418:Bardia raid
164:Bardia raid
155:Engagements
5096:Categories
4904:West Hunan
4737:Pointblank
4073:Silver Fox
4059:Summer War
3812:Winter War
3791:Phoney War
3572:Azerbaijan
3533:Yugoslavia
3428:Luxembourg
3270:Resistance
3017:Yugoslavia
2882:Luxembourg
2684:Sook Ching
2480:War crimes
2082:Technology
2075:Opposition
2017:Lend-Lease
1994:Australian
1987:Home front
1945:Blitzkrieg
1895:Casualties
1886:Commanders
1858:Operations
1749:Northforce
1682:Brigades (
1289:References
688:War Office
555:) and the
545:Australian
414:Alexandria
403:Operations
366:Yugoslavia
339:with five
319:, part of
264:Background
199:commanders
192:Commanders
115:Patrolling
49:Allegiance
4969:Manchuria
4855:Indochina
4631:Bagration
4082:Lithuania
3727:Anschluss
3524:Viet Minh
3421:Lithuania
3363:Hong Kong
3133:Manchukuo
3088:Azad Hind
2747:Australia
2547:Aftermath
2410:Paperclip
2305:Aftermath
2105:Total war
1973:Diplomacy
1936:In Europe
1403:184867740
1105:16 August
879:14 August
778:Citations
757:Footnotes
746:brigadier
625:from the
466:HMS
459:HMS
426:destroyer
362:Cyrenaica
337:companies
309:brigadier
270:commandos
5080:Category
5029:document
4939:document
4796:Ardennes
4780:Budapest
4728:Crossbow
4606:Overlord
4445:Smolensk
3663:Timeline
3498:Slovakia
3484:Thailand
3335:Ethiopia
3300:Bulgaria
3224:Portugal
3162:Thailand
3044:Bulgaria
2822:Eswatini
2815:Ethiopia
2768:Bulgaria
2593:Unit 731
2554:Response
2371:Keelhaul
2321:Cold War
2294:Americas
2285:timeline
2278:Atlantic
2158:Theaters
1739:Layforce
609:Glengyle
529:Suda Bay
489:breeches
475:) under
461:Coventry
454:Waterhen
433:Glengyle
395:Glengyle
386:Glengyle
226:commando
214:Layforce
22:Layforce
5006:Shumshu
4773:Hungary
4720:Estonia
4704:Lapland
4682:Dragoon
4615:Neptune
4597:Ichi-Go
4563:Tempest
4505:Changde
4460:Cottage
4352:Jubilee
4068:Finland
3966:Compass
3672:Prelude
3625:Finland
3511:Vietnam
3477:Romania
3349:Germany
3328:Estonia
3314:Denmark
3293:Belgium
3286:Austria
3279:Albania
3210:Ireland
3196:Andorra
3180:Neutral
3147:Romania
3081:Hungary
3066:Finland
2938:Romania
2830:Finland
2808:Denmark
2754:Belgium
2740:Algeria
2446:Romania
2432:Hungary
2188:Pacific
1912:General
1866:Leaders
1851:Battles
1844:Outline
597:Lebanon
468:Triumph
448:Voyager
347:Prelude
329:section
315:of the
313:brigade
216:was an
197:Notable
119:Raiding
35:Country
4983:Debate
4955:Taipei
4948:Borneo
4526:Tarawa
3720:Europe
3681:Africa
3470:Poland
3456:Norway
3435:Malaya
3414:Latvia
3356:Greece
3342:France
3238:Sweden
3203:Bhutan
2931:Poland
2917:Norway
2889:Mexico
2856:Greece
2842:France
2780:Canada
2761:Brazil
2731:Allies
2677:Serbia
2666:Poland
2439:Poland
2425:Baltic
2218:Europe
1920:Topics
1872:Allied
1422:
1401:
1382:
1363:
1344:
1323:
1304:
650:Tobruk
644:Beirut
524:Abdiel
518:Cyprus
451:, and
442:Stuart
408:Bardia
370:Greece
354:Rhodes
341:troops
258:Tobruk
246:Bardia
238:Rhodes
218:ad hoc
59:Branch
27:Active
4759:Leyte
4589:Narva
4575:Anzio
4533:Makin
4491:Burma
4375:Torch
4344:Rzhev
4305:Kiska
3391:Korea
3377:Japan
3370:Italy
3252:Tibet
3231:Spain
3109:Italy
2870:Italy
2863:India
2787:China
2662:Japan
2262:Italy
2174:China
2126:Women
752:Notes
656:siege
593:Syria
579:Syria
549:2/7th
500:Crete
422:Bomba
254:Syria
250:Crete
4825:1945
4553:1944
4394:1943
4322:Blue
4312:Attu
4219:1942
3978:1941
3830:1940
3768:1939
3697:Asia
3544:POWs
3384:Jews
3102:Iraq
3028:Axis
2978:Tuva
2794:Cuba
1879:Axis
1684:List
1420:ISBN
1399:OCLC
1380:ISBN
1361:ISBN
1342:ISBN
1321:ISBN
1302:ISBN
1107:2009
881:2009
595:and
551:and
384:HMS
368:and
300:and
292:and
256:and
137:Size
77:Role
69:Type
30:1941
360:in
5098::
4573:/
1686:):
1257:.
1228:^
1203:^
1178:^
1164:^
1152:^
1140:^
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1069:^
1055:^
996:^
948:^
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901:^
889:^
858:^
819:^
801:^
785:^
535:.
445:,
288:,
284:,
252:,
248:,
240:.
4076:)
4070:(
2944:)
2940:(
2876:)
2872:(
2836:)
2832:(
2774:)
2770:(
1824:e
1817:t
1810:v
1457:e
1450:t
1443:v
1428:.
1405:.
1388:.
1369:.
1350:.
1329:.
1310:.
1109:.
883:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
