Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive

677:, version 2003/0282 COD, which will be official when submitted to and published in the EU's Official Journal. While the first Battery Directive addressed possible trade barrier issues brought about by disparate European member states' implementation, the new directive more explicitly highlights improving and protecting the environment from the negative effects of the waste contained in batteries. It also contains a programme for more ambitious recycling of industrial, automotive, and consumer batteries, gradually increasing the rate of manufacturer-provided collection sites to 45% by 2016. It also sets limits of 5 ppm mercury and 20 ppm cadmium to batteries except those used in medical, emergency, or portable power-tool devices. Though not setting quantitative limits on quantities of lead, lead–acid, nickel, and nickel–cadmium in batteries, it cites a need to restrict these substances and provide for recycling up to 75% of batteries with these substances. There are also provisions for marking the batteries with symbols in regard to metal content and recycling collection information. 1067:, the manufacturers name and address and a serial or batch number. Parties needing to know more detailed compliance information can find this on the EU Declaration of Conformity for the product as created by the manufacturer (Brand owner) responsible for the design or the EU representative. The regulation also requires most actors in the supply chain for the product (importer and distributors) to keep and check this document, as well as ensuring a conformance process has been followed and the correct language translation for instructions are provided. The manufacturer must keep certain documentation to demonstrate conformity, known as a technical file or technical records. The directive requires the manufacturer to demonstrate conformity by the use of test data for all materials or by following a harmonised standard (IEC 63000:2016 is the only standard at the time of writing). Regulators may request this file or, more likely, specific data from it as it will likely be very large. 1056: 852:

the leachability study conducted by the partnership. The study results are providing the industry with an objective analysis of the life-cycle environmental effects of leading candidate alternative lead-free solders, allowing industry to consider environmental concerns along with the traditionally evaluated parameters of cost and performance. This assessment is also allowing industry to redirect efforts toward products and processes that reduce solders' environmental footprint, including energy consumption, releases of toxic chemicals, and potential risks to human health and the environment. Another life-cycle assessment by IKP, University of Stuttgart, shows similar results to those of the EPA study.

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understand that 'compliance' varies depending on what exemptions are in force and it is quite possible to make a non-compliant product with 'compliant' components. Compliance must be calculated on the day of placing on the market. In reality this means knowing the exemption status of all components and using up stock of old status parts before the expire date of the exemptions (Directive 2011/65/EU Article 7.b referring to Decision 768/2008/EC Module A Internal production control). Not having a system to manage this could be seen as a lack of diligence and a criminal prosecution could occur (UK Instrument 2012 N. 3032 section 39 Penalties).

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suggests deployed instances of RoHS compliant products are not failing due to whisker growth. Dr. Ronald Lasky of Dartmouth College reports: "RoHS has been in force for more than 15 months now, and ~$ 400B RoHS-compliant products have been produced. With all of these products in the field, no significant numbers of tin whisker-related failures have been reported." Whisker growth occurs slowly over time, is unpredictable, and not fully understood, so time may be the only true test of these efforts. Whisker growth is even observable for lead-based solders, albeit on a much smaller scale.

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original directive, ref Para 10 of preamble). This is another reason that simple component RoHS compliance statements are not acceptable as compliance requirements vary depending on the date the product is placed on the market (ref IEC 63000:2016). The additional four substances restriction and evidence requirements shall be applied for products placed on the market on or after 22 July 2019 except where exemptions permit as stated in Annex III., although at the time of writing no exemptions exist or have been applied for, for these materials. The four additional substances are

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marking directives it mandates production control and traceability to the technical files. It describes two methods of achieving presumption of conformity (Directive 2011/65/EU Article 16.2), either technical files should include test data for all materials or a standard accepted in the official journal for the directive, is used. Currently the only standard is EN IEC 63000:2018 (based on IEC 63000:2016 superseded EN 50581:2012), a risk based method to reduce the amount of test data required (Harmonised Standards list for RoHS2, OJEU C363/6).

864:(BFR) above 0.1% in plastics has affected plastics recycling. As more and more products include recycled plastics, it has become critical to know the BFR concentration in these plastics, either by tracing the origins of the recycled plastics to establish the BFR concentrations, or by measuring the BFR concentrations from samples. Plastics with high BFR concentrations are costly to handle or to discard, whereas plastics with levels below 0.1% have value as recyclable materials. 4344: 3559: 1142:– see Article 18 of the regulation – which will be a subset of the total scope of Electronic Information Products, or EIPs, to which the regulations apply. Initially, products that fall under the covered scope must provide markings and disclosure as to the presence of certain substances, while the substances themselves are not (yet) prohibited. There are some products that are EIPs, which are not in scope for EU RoHS, 4355: 3547: 163: 52: 3772: 1088: 1289:

is used for batteries (covered by the battery directive, as mentioned above, which requires recycling and limits the use of mercury and cadmium, but does not restrict lead). Another criticism is that less than 4% of lead in landfills is due to electronic components or circuit boards, while approximately 36% is due to leaded glass in

1195:(EWRA). This law prohibits the sale of electronic devices after 1 January 2007, that are prohibited from being sold under the EU RoHS directive, but across a much narrower scope that includes LCDs, CRTs, and the like and only covers the four heavy metals restricted by RoHS. EWRA also has a restricted material disclosure requirement. 1316:, which is typical for lead-containing solders. Cracks can occur due to thermal or mechanical forces acting on components or the circuit board, the former being more common during manufacturing and the latter in the field. RoHS solders exhibit advantages and disadvantages in these respects, dependent on packaging and formulation. 1076: 1511:

Therefore good companies should clearly define their level of compliance in their product main datasheets (DS); ideally, they should provide a product content sheet (PCS) with full substance declaration by mass. Similarly, good developers (and users) should carefully validate the product info to make

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Although lead containing solder cannot be completely eliminated from all applications today, AMD engineers have developed effective technical solutions to reduce lead content in microprocessors and chipsets to ensure RoHS compliance while minimizing costs and maintaining product features. There is no

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One criticism of RoHS is that the restriction of lead and cadmium does not address some of their most prolific applications, while being costly for the electronics industry to comply with . Specifically, the total lead used in electronics makes up only 2% of world lead consumption, while 90% of lead

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RoHS did not require any specific product labelling, but many manufacturers have adopted their own compliance marks to reduce confusion. Visual indicators have included explicit "RoHS compliant" labels, green leaves, check marks, and "PB-Free" markings. Chinese RoHS labels, a lower case "e" within a

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The RoHS 2 directive (2011/65/EU) contains allowance to add new materials and 4 materials are highlighted for this attention in the original version, the amendment 2015/863 adds four additional substances to Annex II of 2011/65/EU (3/4 of the new restrictions are recommended for investigation in the

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American electronics sent offshore to countries like Ghana in West Africa under the guise of recycling may be doing more harm than good. Not only are adult and child workers in these jobs being poisoned by heavy metals, but these metals are returning to the U.S. "The U.S. right now is shipping large

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computer servers. IBM has announced a RoHS solution for high lead solder joints once thought to remain a permanent exemption. The lead-free packaging technology "...offers economical advantages in relation to traditional bumping processes, such as solder waste reduction, use of bulk alloys, quicker

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incident where pure tin plating was used. However, these failures pre-date RoHS. They also do not involve consumer electronics, and therefore may employ RoHS-restricted substances if desired. Manufacturers of electronic equipment for mission-critical aerospace applications have followed a policy of

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The editor of Conformity Magazine wondered in 2005 if the transition to lead-free solder would affect long-term reliability of electronic devices and systems, especially in applications more mission-critical than in consumer products, citing possible breaches due to other environmental factors like

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consumption. For both paste and bar solders, all of the lead-free solder alternatives had a lower (better) LCA score in toxicity categories than tin/lead solder. This is primarily due to the toxicity of lead, and the amount of lead that leaches from printed wiring board assemblies, as determined by

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at the homogeneous material level, data on substance concentrations needs to be transferred through the supply chain to the final producer. An IPC standard has recently been developed and published to facilitate this data exchange, IPC-1752. It is enabled through two PDF forms that are free to use.

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It does not apply to fixed industrial plant and tools. Compliance is the responsibility of the company that puts the product on the market, as defined in the Directive; components and sub-assemblies are not responsible for product compliance. Of course, given the fact that the regulation is applied

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Criticism earlier on came from an industry resistant to change and a misunderstanding of solders and soldering processes. Deliberate misinformation was espoused to resist what was perceived as a "non-tariff barrier created by European bureaucrats." Many believe the industry is stronger now through

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RoHS helps reduce damage to people and the environment in third-world countries where much of today's "high-tech waste" ends up. The use of lead-free solders and components reduces risks to electronics industry workers in prototype and manufacturing operations. Contact with solder paste no longer

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The more common lead-free solder systems have a higher melting point, e.g. a 30 °C typical difference for tin-silver-copper alloys, but wave soldering temperatures are approximately the same at ~255 °C; however at this temperature most typical lead-free solders have longer wetting times

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To help mitigate potential problems, lead-free manufacturers are using a variety of approaches such as tin-zinc formulations that produce non-conducting whiskers or formulations that reduce growth, although they do not halt growth completely in all circumstances. Fortunately, experience thus far

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equipment which is specifically designed, and is to be installed, as part of another type of equipment that is excluded or does not fall within the scope of this Directive, which can fulfil its function only if it is part of that equipment, and which can be replaced only by the same specifically

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The key difference in the recast is that it is now necessary to demonstrate conformity in a similar way to the LVD and EMC directives. Not being able to show compliance in sufficiently detailed files, and not ensuring it is implemented in production is now a criminal offence. Like the other CE

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In addition to the high-tech waste problem, RoHS reflects contemporary research over the past 50 years in biological toxicology that acknowledges the long-term effects of low-level chemical exposure on populations. New testing is capable of detecting much smaller concentrations of environmental

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With the recast of the original RoHS (I) Directive (2002/95/EC), the scope of the directive was decoupled from the scope of the WEEE Directive and an open scope was introduced. The RoHS (II) Directive (2011/65/EU) was applicable to all electrical and electronic equipment. Scope limitations and

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In an effort to close RoHS 1 loopholes, in May 2006 the European Commission was asked to review two currently excluded product categories (monitoring and control equipment, and medical devices) for future inclusion in the products that must fall into RoHS compliance. In addition the commission

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One of the major differences between lead-containing and lead-free solder pastes is the "flow" of the solder in its liquid state. Lead-containing solder has a lower surface tension, and tends to move slightly to attach itself to exposed metal surfaces that touch any part of the liquid solder.

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radar systems, semiconductor-manufacturing equipment, photomasks, etc. The list of EIPs is available in Chinese and English. The marking and disclosure aspects of the regulation were intended to take effect on 1 July 2006, but were postponed twice to 1 March 2007. There is no timeline for the

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In the fashion-conscious mobile market, 98 million U.S. cell phones took their last call in 2005. All told, the EPA estimates that in the U.S. that year, between 1.5 and 1.9 million tons of computers, TVs, VCRs, monitors, cell phones, and other equipment were discarded. If all sources of

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RoHS and other efforts to reduce hazardous materials in electronics are motivated in part to address the global issue of consumer electronics waste. As newer technology arrives at an ever-increasing rate, consumers are discarding their obsolete products sooner than ever. This waste ends up in

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Another form of economic effect is the cost of product failures during the switch to RoHS compliance. For example, tin whiskers were responsible for a 5% failure rate in certain components of Swiss Swatch watches in 2006, prior to the July implementation of RoHS, reportedly triggering a US$

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RoHS 2 also has a more dynamic approach to exemptions, creating an automatic expiration if exemptions are not renewed by requests from industry. Additionally new substances can be added to the controlled list, with 4 new substances expected to be controlled by 2019. All these mean greater

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One of the consequences of the requirement to demonstrate conformity is the requirement to know the exemption use of each component, otherwise it is not possible to know compliance when the product is placed on the market, the only point in time the product must be 'compliant'. Many do not

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revealed that some EU Member States considered all toys under the scope of the primary RoHS 1 Directive 2002/95/EC, irrespective of whether their primary or secondary functions were using electric currents or electromagnetic fields. From the implementation of RoHS 2 or RoHS Recast Directive

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In 2012 Sweden's Chemicals Agency (Kemi) and Electrical Safety Authority tested 63 consumer electronics products and found that 12 were out of compliance. Kemi claims that this is similar to testing results from prior years. "Eleven products contained prohibited levels of lead, and one of

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On January 31, 2020, the United Kingdom completed its withdrawal from the European Union and subsequently entered a transition phase spanning from February 1 to December 31, 2020. This event is commonly referred to as Brexit. During this transitional period, the United Kingdom conducted a

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The RoHS 2 directive (2011/65/EU) is an evolution of the original directive and became law on 21 July 2011 and took effect on 2 January 2013. It addresses the same substances as the original directive while improving regulatory conditions and legal clarity. It requires periodic

2609:"COMMISSION DECISION: 13 October 2005: amending for the purposes of adapting to the technical progress the Annex to Directive 2002/95/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council on the restriction of the use of certain hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment" 907:

Other differences include new responsibilities for importers and distributors and markings to improve traceability to the technical files. These are part of the NLF for directives and make the supply chain a more active part of the policing (Directive 2011/65/EU Articles 7, 9, 10).

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Effective 1 January 2010, the California Lighting Efficiency and Toxics Reduction Act applies RoHS to general purpose lights, i.e. "lamps, bulbs, tubes, or other electric devices that provide functional illumination for indoor residential, indoor commercial, and outdoor use."

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Contrary to the predictions of widespread component failure and reduced reliability, RoHS's first anniversary (July 2007) passed with little fanfare. Most contemporary consumer electronics are RoHS compliant. As of 2013, millions of compliant products are in use worldwide.

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Some countries have exempted medical and telecommunication infrastructure products from the legislation. However, this may be a moot point, since as electronic component manufacturers convert their production lines to producing only lead-free parts, conventional parts with

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For example, Motorola reports that their new RoHS wireless device assembly techniques are "...enabling a smaller, thinner, lighter unit." Their Motorola Q phone would not have been possible without the new solder. The lead-free solder allows for tighter pad spacing.

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Potential reliability concerns were addressed in Annex item #7 of the RoHS directive, granting some specific exemptions from regulation until 2010. These issues were raised when the directive was first implemented in 2003 and reliability effects were less known.

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tin-lead solder will simply not be available, even for military, aerospace and industrial users. To the extent that only solder is involved, this is at least partially mitigated by many lead-free components' compatibility with lead-containing solder processes.

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Everything that can be identified as a homogeneous material must meet the limit. So if it turns out that the case was made of plastic with 2,300 ppm (0.23%) PBB used as a flame retardant, then the entire radio would fail the requirements of the directive.

1138:) has the stated intent to establish similar restrictions, but in fact takes a very different approach. Unlike EU RoHS, where products in specified categories are included unless specifically excluded, there will be a list of included products, known as the 1454:

RoHS printed circuit board finishing technologies are surpassing traditional formulations in fabrication thermal shock, solder paste printability, contact resistance, and aluminium wire bonding performance and nearing their performance in other attributes.

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forces each of their suppliers to complete a Product Content Declaration form to document compliance to their environmental standard 'Baseline Environmental Requirements for Materials, Parts and Products for IBM Logo Hardware Products'. Thus, IBM banned

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re-evaluations that facilitate gradual broadening of its requirements to cover additional electronic and electrical equipment, cables and spare parts. The CE logo now indicates compliance and RoHS 2 declaration of conformity is now detailed (see below).

637:, a circuit board, speakers, etc. The screws, washers, and case may each be made of homogenous materials, but the other components comprise multiple sub-components of many different types of material. For instance, a circuit board is composed of a bare 617:

in the product, which means that the limits do not apply to the weight of the finished product, or even to a component, but to any single material that could (theoretically) be separated mechanically – for example, the sheath on a cable or the

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This lack of "flow" – while typically seen as a disadvantage because it can lead to lower quality electrical connections – can be used to place components more tightly than they used to be placed due to the properties of lead-containing solders.

3012:"Part VII – RoHS RIA: July 2004: PARTIAL REGULATORY IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF THE DRAFT STATUTORY INSTRUMENT TO IMPLEMENT THE EUROPEAN DIRECTIVE ON THE RESTRICTION OF THE USE OF CERTAIN HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES IN ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT" 672:

Note that batteries are not included within the scope of RoHS. However, in Europe, batteries are under the European Commission's 1991 Battery Directive (91/157/EEC), which was recently increased in scope and approved in the form of the new

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photovoltaic panels intended to be used in a system that is designed, assembled and installed by professionals for permanent use at a defined location to produce energy from solar light for public, commercial, industrial and residential

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for a product that is distributed worldwide, instead of customising the product to fit each country's specific environmental laws. Therefore, they develop their own standards, which allow only the strictest of all allowable substances.

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exclusions were specifically introduced in Article 2(4) a) – j) of the recast Directive. All other EEE was in scope of the Directive, unless specific exemptions have been granted through Commission delegated acts (see next paragraph).

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Adverse effects on product quality and reliability, plus high cost of compliance (especially to small business) are cited as criticisms of the directive, as well as early research indicating that the life cycle benefits of lead-free

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RoHS and other environmental laws are in contrast to historical and contemporary law that seek to address only acute toxicology, that is direct exposure to large amounts of toxic substances causing severe injury or death.

2113:"Directive 2011/65/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 8 June 2011 on the restriction of the use of certain hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment (recast) (Text with EEA relevance)" 1236:

polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardants. Details of seven companies have been passed to Swedish prosecutors. Kemi says that levels of non-compliance with RoHS are similar to previous years, and remain too high."

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entertains requests for deadline extensions or for exclusions by substance categories, substance location or weight. New legislation was published in the official journal in July 2011 which supersedes this exemption.

1550: 1004:: "The European Union is gradually narrowing the scope of and expiring many of the current RoHS exemptions. In addition, it is likely that new substance restrictions will be introduced in the next several years." 1462:

with test cycles in the range of −40 °C to +150 °C with severe vibration and shock requirements. Automobile manufacturers are turning to RoHS solutions now as electronics move into the engine bay.

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Leung, Anna O. W.; Duzgoren-Aydin, Nurdan S.; Cheung, K. C.; Wong, Ming H. (2008). "Heavy Metals Concentrations of Surface Dust from e-Waste Recycling and Its Human Health Implications in Southeast China".

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Japan does not have any direct legislation dealing with the RoHS substances, but its recycling laws have spurred Japanese manufacturers to move to a lead-free process in accordance with RoHS guidelines. A

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Lead as an alloying element in steel containing up to 0.35% lead by weight, aluminium containing up to 0.4% lead by weight, and copper alloy containing up to 4% lead by weight is permitted. (Category 6c)

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equipment which is necessary for the protection of the essential interests of the security of Member States, including arms, munitions and war material intended for specifically military purposes;

393:(WEEE) 2002/96/EC (now superseded) which sets collection, recycling and recovery targets for electrical goods and is part of a legislative initiative to solve the problem of huge amounts of toxic 783:(these are rarely used nowadays). Hexavalent chromium is used for metal finishes to prevent corrosion. Polybrominated biphenyls and diphenyl ethers/oxides are used primarily as flame retardants. 3341: 3233: 3530: 2776:

Vandevelde, Bart; Gonzalez, Mario; Limaye, Paresh; Ratchev, Petar; Beyne, Eric (2007). "Thermal cycling reliability of SnAgCu and SnPb solder joints: A comparison for several IC-packages".

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change to fit, functional, electrical or performance specifications. Quality and reliability standards for RoHS compliant products are expected to be identical compared to current packages.

875:(IAMS) can be used to measure BFR concentrations in plastics. The BFR ban has significantly affected both upstream (plastic material selection) and downstream (plastic material recycling). 2876:"Directive 2002/95/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 January 2003 on the restriction of the use of certain hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment" 1017:"Lead in solders for servers, storage and storage array systems, network infrastructure equipment for switching, transmission, and network management for telecommunications." (Category 7b) 2309: 657:

is composed of a case, a lever, a spring, contacts, pins, etc., each of which may be made of different materials. A contact might be composed of a copper strip with a surface coating. A

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New substance restrictions being considered for introduction in the next few years include phthalates, brominated flame retardants (BFRs), chlorinated flame retardants (CFRs), and PVC.

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Pb/Sn 37:63 solder. Additionally wetting force is typically lower, which can be disadvantageous (for hole filling), but advantageous in other situations (closely spaced components).

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comprehensive assessment of various regulations, including RoHS. UK RoHS stays well aligned with EU RoHS, with similar scopes, restricted substances, thresholds, and exemptions.

1611: 1688: 4194: 3363: 1587: 1100: 390: 839:, as used in electronic products. For bar solders, when only lead-free solders were considered, the tin/copper alternative had the lowest (best) scores. For paste solders, 1472:

Lead-free solder conversely tends to stay in place where it is in its liquid state, and attaches itself to exposed metal surfaces only where the liquid solder touches it.

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says, a chemistry professor at Ashland University in Ohio. "It's not all that surprising things are coming full circle and now we're getting contaminated products back."

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The new substances are also listed under the REACH Candidate list, and DEHP is not authorised for manufacturing (use as a substance) in the EU under Annex XIV of REACH.

2662: 4420: 4415: 3070: 2153:"Directive of the European Parliament and of the council on the restriction of the use of certain hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment (Recast)" 1458:

The properties of lead-free solder, such as its high temperature resilience, has been used to prevent failures under harsh field conditions. These conditions include

1161:(J-MOSS), effective from 1 July 2006, directs that some electronic products exceeding a specified amount of the nominated toxic substances must carry a warning label. 1244:

RoHS is not the only environmental standard of which electronic product developers should be aware. Manufacturers will find that it is cheaper to have only a single

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RoHS 2 attempts to address this issue by requiring the aforementioned CE mark whose use is policed by the Trading Standards enforcement agency. It states that the

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Good Minimum Standard: RoHS3 compliant with exemption for lead-content on internal-only material (to help prevent lead-exposure on touch, lead-leakage in water)

828: 3289: 2633: 116: 3164: 385:) the use of ten hazardous materials in the manufacture of various types of electronic and electrical equipment. In addition to the exceptions, there are 2069: 1055: 88: 4026: 2759: 1397:, are generally compatible since the finish on the part leads contributes a small amount of material to the finished joint. However, components such as 722:

RoHS applies to these products in the EU whether made within the EU or imported. Certain exemptions apply, and these are updated on occasion by the EU.

1715: 1192: 730:

RoHS restricted substances have been used in a broad array of consumer electronics products. Examples of components that have contained lead include:

3113: 3046: 95: 2244: 1946: 1355:. Lead in the solder suppresses the growth of tin whiskers. Historically tin whiskers have been associated with a handful of failures, including a 4288: 3337: 2414: 1753: 1224: 1185: 2159: 2357:"The European Union's Energy Using Products – EuP – Directive 2005/32 EC: Taking Transnational Eco – Product Design Regulation One Step Further" 2301: 260: 200: 102: 2371: 4189: 4036: 3480: 2688: 1856: 1202:

Other US states and cities are debating whether to adopt similar laws, and there are several states that have mercury and PBDE bans already.

2510:"Restriction of the Use of Certain Hazardous Substances in Electrical and Electronic Equipment Regulations 2012 (as amended): Great Britain" 1415:

exemptions, e.g., for micro-businesses. This economic effect was anticipated and at least some attempts at mitigating the effect were made.

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RoHS compliance can be misleading because RoHS3 (EU) allows exemptions, ex. up to 85% lead content for high-temperature soldering alloys.

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equipment specifically designed solely for the purposes of research and development only made available on a business-to-business basis.

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There are over 80 exemptions, some of which are quite broad. Exemptions will automatically expire after 5 or 7 years unless renewed.

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Research into new alloys and technologies is allowing companies to release RoHS products that are currently exempt from compliance,

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Care must be taken in selection of RoHS solders as some formulations are harder with less ductility, increasing the likelihood of

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Lead in high melting temperature type solders (i.e. lead-based solder alloys containing 85% or more lead by weight). (Category 7a)

4445: 4405: 4283: 1570: 1386: 1103:), which became law simultaneously with RoHS, depicts a waste-can logo with an "X" through it and often accompanies the CE mark. 872: 381:

took effect on 1 July 2006, and is required to be enforced and became a law in each member state. This directive restricts (with

4086: 4076: 3991: 3841: 3591: 1976: 1500:, have also started to produce RoHS-compliant products, despite devices in this category being exempt from the RoHS directive. 868: 2850: 797:

electronic waste are tallied, it could total 50 million tons a year worldwide, according to the UN Environment Programme.

4184: 4061: 4021: 4016: 2655: 1036: 73: 3415: 3061: 494:

Each European Union member state will adopt its own enforcement and implementation policies using the directive as a guide.

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The directive applies to equipment as defined by a section of the WEEE directive. The following numeric categories apply:

2098: 1401:(BGA) which come with lead-free solder balls and leadless parts are often not compatible with lead-containing processes. 4379: 4374: 4169: 4106: 4096: 1360: 3389: 2641: 2634:"Joined Cases C-14/06 and C-295/06 European Parliament and Kingdom of Denmark v Commission of the European Communities" 2608: 2022: 1633: 4293: 4116: 4011: 4001: 3996: 3846: 3664: 2218: 1445:

Many electronics companies keep "RoHS status" pages on their corporate websites. For example, the AMD website states:

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1 billion recall. Swatch responded to this by applying for an exemption to RoHS compliance, but this was denied.

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photocells (used in night lights). Mercury is used in lighting applications and automotive switches; examples include

4263: 768: 2924: 4450: 4147: 4121: 4111: 4101: 4071: 4051: 3881: 3537: 3285: 1666: 1032:

medical devices only (Category 4h). In vitro diagnostic devices (IVDD) and other medical devices are now included.

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toxicants. Researchers are associating these exposures with neurological, developmental, and reproductive changes.

154: 2192: 4164: 4091: 4056: 4046: 4031: 3160: 206: 3234:"RoHS one year later: The good news is…the bad news was wrong; Contract Electronics Services Directory Listings" 2875: 1793: 1771: 1261:, even though there was formerly a RoHS exemption for this material (overturned by the European Court in 2008). 2062: 1576: 871:

can confirm the presence of bromine (Br), but it does not indicate the BFR concentration or specific molecule.

528: 378: 271: 2744: 365:

Directive on the restriction of the use of certain hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment

173:

Directive on the restriction of the use of certain hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment

2950: 2583:"IBM Engineering Specification 46G3772: Baseline Environmental Requirements for Supplier Deliverables to IBM" 2534: 500:

is often referred to as the "lead-free directive", but it restricts the use of the following ten substances:

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RoHS3 compliant, green (where the term green is a company-specific standard, ex. lead-free and halogen-free)

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monitors and televisions, which can contain up to 2 kg per screen. This study was done right after the

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DEHP, BBP, DBP and DIBP were added as part of DIRECTIVE (EU) 2015/863 which was published on 31 March 2015.

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means of transport for persons or goods, excluding electric two-wheel vehicles which are not type-approved;

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Support of Industry Compliance with the EU Directive on Restriction of Certain Hazardous Substances (RoHS)

3138: 3120: 3038: 2785: 848: 546: 2240: 1954: 1833: 3716: 3696: 3551: 1459: 1390: 832: 638: 31: 3514:

EU RoHS Enforcement Guidance Document, V.1; EU RoHS Enforcement Authorities Informal Network; May 2006

2440: 2410: 2152: 4425: 4318: 4066: 3911: 3816: 3504: 3198: 1894: 1497: 1348: 690:

IT & telecommunications equipment (although infrastructure equipment is exempt in some countries)

558: 38: 2158:. The European Parliament and the Council of the European Union. 22 March 2011. p. 14 et. seq. 1394: 4278: 3866: 3786: 3731: 3629: 3616: 3584: 3518: 2790: 2356: 1313: 888: 803: 760: 583: 522: 282: 247: 185: 2699: 1849: 4348: 4323: 4268: 4174: 3963: 3933: 3649: 3496: 3214: 2803: 642: 3015: 1347:

Another potential problem that some lead-free, high tin-based solders may face is the growth of

1028:

Medical devices were exempt in the original directive. RoHS 2 narrowed the exemption's scope to

1220: 847:/silver had the lowest impact scores among the lead-free alternatives in every category except 802:

quantities of leaded materials to China, and China is the world's major manufacturing center,"

4227: 4157: 4152: 4137: 3928: 3896: 3891: 3871: 3811: 3736: 3476: 2991: 2215:"Blog Archive " Why Medical Device Manufacturers Must Practise Future-Minded Purchasing Today" 1910: 1555: 1382: 1245: 748:

glass in television and photographic products (e.g., CRT television screens and camera lenses)

674: 634: 606: 552: 510: 2556: 2331: 867:

There are a number of analytical techniques for the rapid measurement of BFR concentrations.

4343: 4211: 4142: 3983: 3953: 3943: 3901: 3876: 3856: 3851: 3691: 3659: 3654: 3634: 3608: 3311: 3206: 3087: 2795: 2004: 1902: 1814: 1560: 1290: 1155: 892:

2011/65/EU on, all the concerned Member States will have to comply with the new regulation.

776: 460: 440: 420: 400: 394: 181: 2582: 1351:. These thin strands of tin can grow and make contact with an adjacent trace, developing a 4313: 4237: 3973: 3968: 3938: 3836: 3821: 3726: 3721: 3681: 3508: 3186: 2906: 2010: 1837: 1820: 1759: 1742: 1736: 1565: 1398: 1265: 1001: 772: 579: 3569: 1285:

this experience and has a better understanding of the science and technologies involved.

767:

Cadmium is found in many of the components above; examples include plastic pigmentation,

3202: 1980: 1898: 4359: 4232: 3906: 3886: 3796: 3756: 3644: 3577: 3286:"Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive in PCBs | RoHS – Sunstone Circuits" 3263: 2112: 1373: 780: 591: 587: 368: 613:, which is limited to 0.01% or 100 ppm) by weight. The restrictions are on each 4394: 4298: 3958: 3706: 3338:"Motorola Q: Not Possible without Lead-free Assembly | Indium Corporation Blogs" 3218: 1352: 2822: 2807: 1923: 1035:

Automotive vehicles are exempt (Category 4f). Vehicles instead are addressed in the

1024:

where it is essential to their functioning comprise RoHS 2 Categories 1, 2, 3, and 4

4242: 3948: 3826: 3806: 3751: 2843: 2799: 2722:. European Power Supply Manufacturers Association. 26 February 2003. Archived from 595: 3524: 3189:(2007). "Public health and environmental benefits of adopting lead-free solders". 1099:

permitted indication of RoHS compliance is the CE mark. The closely related WEEE (

3419: 2717:"The Status of Lead-Free Electronics and its Impact on Power Electronics Summary" 4273: 3923: 3761: 3676: 3639: 3558: 3445: 2437:"Design Chain Associates, LLC: Environmental and Design/Supply Chain Consulting" 2270: 1334:

Added moisture sensitivity, all of which may compromise quality and reliability.

1021: 658: 51: 4328: 3686: 3671: 3563: 3210: 2463:"California RoHS Lighting Requirements to Become Effective on January 1, 2010" 2094: 1411: 1169:

Act for Resource Recycling of Electrical and Electronic Equipment and Vehicles

1134: 650: 374:

The initiative was to limit the amount of hazardous chemicals in electronics.

4308: 3861: 3600: 3393: 2095:"Candidate List of substances of very high concern for Authorisation – ECHA" 2029: 1378: 1294: 1227:, to ensure the control of hazardous substances in industrial applications. 646: 3771: 2214: 1914: 3313:

Adaptation to scientific and technical progress under Directive 2002/95/EC

3089:

Adaptation to scientific and technical progress under Directive 2002/95/EC

2682: 2680: 978:

non-road mobile machinery made available exclusively for professional use;

745:

printed circuit board finishes, leads, internal and external interconnects

3831: 3791: 3711: 3060:

Brusse, Jay; Leidecker, Henning; Panashchenko, Lyudmyla (24 April 2008).

2947:"Digital Control Systems, Inc. meets the European Union's RoHS Directive" 2557:"IBM and the Environment – Product Content Declaration for IBM Suppliers" 1309: 1302: 17: 1658: 1159:

Japanese industrial standard for Marking of Specific Chemical Substances

3801: 2184: 1064: 840: 619: 610: 516: 1906: 937:

The maximum permitted concentrations in non-exempt products are 0.1%.

3746: 3701: 2484: 1278: 836: 740: 654: 630: 2920: 1634:"DIRECTIVE 2002/95/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL" 1171:

on 2 April 2007. This regulation has aspects of RoHS, WEEE, and ELV.

1493:

time-to-market for products and a much lower chemical usage rate."

1331:

Damage to through-holes, ICs and components on circuit boards; and,

708:

Monitoring and control instruments (exemption removed in July 2011)

3741: 3604: 3416:"IBM Announces Shipment of Lead-Free C4 Joints – Dr. Lasky's Blog" 3139:"Laws Fail to Keep up with Mounting E-Trash – Scientific American" 2946: 1364:

caution and therefore resisted the adoption of lead-free solders.

1087: 1086: 1075: 1074: 1054: 1046: 911:

There has been a recent additional amendment 2017/2102 to 2011/65

737:

PVC (vinyl) cables as a stabiliser (e.g., power cords, USB cables)

626: 389:

for products such as solar panels. It is closely linked with the

1130:

Administration of the Control and Electronic Information Products

3069:. 2nd International Symposium on Tin Whiskers. NASA. p. 9. 2745:"Temperature selection for wave soldering with Lead-Free alloys" 540: 534: 504: 3573: 1063:

Products within scope of the RoHS 2 directive must display the

726:

Examples of product components containing restricted substances

2535:"News Item | Sweden says RoHS non-compliance is too high" 1831: 1253: 1219:

Worldwide standards and certification are available under the

844: 45: 1324:", cites these and other "lead-free" solder issues, such as: 835:(LCA) of the environmental impacts of lead-free and tin–lead 486:, and refers to the EU standard, unless otherwise qualified. 2364:

Temple Journal of Science Technology & Environmental Law

661:

is composed of a permanent magnet, copper wire, paper, etc.

27:

European Union directive restricting ten hazardous materials

3390:"IBM launches production of lead-free packaging technology" 2436: 2388: 1924:"Study: E-waste recycling poisons people with heavy metals" 469: 446: 3501: 475: 429: 426: 406: 3114:"Overview on Exemptions and Pending Requests at EU Level" 792:

landfills and in countries like China to be "recycled".

3063:

Metal Whiskers: Failure Modes and Mitigation Strategies

1850:"Elimination of RoHS Substances in Electronic Products" 3119:. Orgalime. 23 January 2007. p. 8. Archived from 2656:"HP's General Specification for the environment (GSE)" 1941: 1939: 904:

information control and update systems are required.

397:. In speech, RoHS is often spelled out, or pronounced 3535: 2485:"UK RoHS VS EU RoHS - Comparison - UKCA - Enviropass" 714:

Other EEE not covered by any of the categories above.

478: 449: 409: 1020:

Limited amounts of mercury in fluorescent and other

466: 443: 423: 403: 4251: 4220: 4130: 3982: 3779: 3615: 2978:. 2004. Archived from the original on 11 March 2011 2823:"Removal of Lead Shakes Up the Manufacturing Chain" 1706: 1704: 1702: 1700: 1698: 1588:

Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive

1101:

Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive

787:

Hazardous materials and the high-tech waste problem

472: 463: 391:

Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive

340: 297: 292: 281: 270: 259: 246: 241: 233: 225: 217: 212: 199: 191: 177: 169: 76:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 4259:Blue Ribbon Commission on America's Nuclear Future 3473:Introduction to Implementing Lead-Free Electronics 2302:"RoHS2 is coming – will it work better than RoHS?" 1573:– used to enforce RoHS limits on banned substances 1512:sure they get the exact material safety expected. 1328:Warping or delamination of printed circuit boards; 207:eur-lex.europa.eu L37, 13 February 2003, pp. 19–23 2743:Schneider, Al; Arora, Sanju; Mo, Bin (May 2001). 2389:"China ROHS Solutions by Design Chain Associates" 1534:RoHS3 compliant with exemptions, lead-free finish 1433:represents the same health hazard as it used to. 856:Life-cycle impact assessment of BFR-free plastics 1947:"High-Tech Waste – National Geographic Magazine" 823:Life-cycle impact assessment of lead-free solder 705:Medical devices (exemption removed in July 2011) 2000: 1998: 1281:versus traditional solder materials are mixed. 1084:circle with arrows, can also imply compliance. 85:"Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive" 3521:National Institute of Standards and Technology 2897:Itoh, Taiki; Tanokura, Yasuo (November 2002). 2411:"METI Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry" 1522:RoHS3 compliant with all applicable exemptions 4411:Regulation of chemicals in the European Union 3585: 2899:"New Sn-Zn Solder Bonds at Under 200 Celsius" 1608:"EURLex – 02011L0065-20140129 – EN – EUR-Lex" 829:United States Environmental Protection Agency 357:Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive 8: 2129:. Electronicsweekly.com. 13 September 2011. 1879: 1877: 601:The maximum permitted concentrations in non- 148: 2056: 2054: 2052: 2050: 2023:"IKP, Department of Life-Cycle Engineering" 602: 382: 30:"RoHS" redirects here. For other uses, see 3592: 3578: 3570: 2949:(Press release). Digital Control Systems. 2241:"Medical Devices under Recast RoHS Regime" 2063:"Living Progress | HP® Official Site" 1538:Ideal: RoHS3 compliant without exemptions 1320:oxidation. The 2005 Farnell/Newark InOne " 696:Lighting equipment – including light bulbs 37:"PbF" redirects here. For other uses, see 2789: 2689:"Fact and fiction in lead-free soldering" 962:equipment designed to be sent into space; 136:Learn how and when to remove this message 2127:"2 new additions to RoHS exemption list" 969:large-scale stationary industrial tools; 4421:Waste legislation in the United Kingdom 4416:Waste legislation in the European Union 4289:High-level radioactive waste management 3542: 3497:RoHS Compliance in the EU – www.rohs.eu 3137:Greenemeier, Larry (29 November 2007). 2844:"RoHS Legislation and technical Manual" 2738: 2736: 1599: 1484:Some exempt products achieve compliance 1225:National Standards Authority of Ireland 1186:Consumer Product Safety Improvement Act 952:The scope exclusions are listed below 3326:from the original on 21 December 2008. 3102:from the original on 21 December 2008. 3076:from the original on 18 February 2013. 2989: 2921:"Frome One Engineer to Another – RoHS" 2613:Official Journal of the European Union 2377:from the original on 27 November 2014. 2075:from the original on 17 September 2012 1887:Environmental Science & Technology 1796:. Eur-lex.europa.eu. 26 September 2006 1496:Test and measurement vendors, such as 1193:Electronic Waste Recycling Act of 2003 367:, was adopted in February 2003 by the 147: 3442:"NI premiers RoHS-compliant products" 3049:from the original on 22 October 2016. 2165:from the original on 24 December 2012 1322:RoHS Legislation and Technical Manual 566:Maximum Permitted Concentration: 0.1% 386: 7: 4304:Sewage regulation and administration 3502:Official United Kingdom site on RoHS 3340:. Blogs.indium.com. 24 August 2006. 3240:from the original on 14 January 2018 2953:from the original on 28 October 2012 2878:. Eur-lex.europa.eu. 27 January 2003 2312:from the original on 8 February 2009 1794:"EURLex – 32006L0066 – EN – EUR-Lex" 1772:"EURLex – 31991L0157 – EN – EUR-Lex" 1718:from the original on 9 February 2016 1712:"EURLex – 32015L0863 – EN – EUR-Lex" 1184:was enacted in 1972 followed by the 344:Directive 2011/65/EU, 3 January 2013 74:adding citations to reliable sources 3292:from the original on 30 August 2013 2821:Premier Farnell plc (August 2005). 2765:from the original on 11 March 2011. 2665:from the original on 14 August 2015 2337:. European Commission. p. 24. 2221:from the original on 21 August 2013 1659:"Turnkey RoHS & RoHS II Module" 1614:from the original on 7 January 2016 981:active implantable medical devices; 702:Toys, leisure, and sports equipment 3366:. 13 February 2008. Archived from 2344:from the original on 17 July 2013. 2101:from the original on 12 July 2017. 2028:. Leadfree.ipc.org. Archived from 1774:. Eur-lex.europa.eu. 18 March 1991 1714:. Eur-lex.europa.eu. 4 June 2015. 1519:RoHS3 compliant without exemptions 955:This Directive does not apply to: 924:Bis(2-Ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) 25: 3167:from the original on 25 June 2009 2856:from the original on 4 March 2016 2537:. Chemicalwatch.com. 3 April 2013 2417:from the original on 30 July 2015 2195:from the original on 9 March 2017 1922:Martin LaMonica (15 April 2008). 1862:from the original on 4 March 2016 1583:List of European Union directives 1525:RoHS3 compliant with exemption 7a 1387:Small Outline Integrated Circuits 1059:RoHS and CE mark on a car charger 887:In 2012, a final report from the 4354: 4353: 4342: 4284:Extended producer responsibility 3770: 3557: 3545: 3344:from the original on 5 July 2015 2927:from the original on 6 July 2011 2589:from the original on 4 July 2015 2563:from the original on 4 July 2015 2443:from the original on 6 July 2015 2269:. Circuitnet.com. Archived from 2247:from the original on 5 July 2015 2217:. medtechinsider. 16 July 2012. 2133:from the original on 5 July 2015 1669:from the original on 28 May 2016 1571:Ion attachment mass spectrometry 972:large-scale fixed installations; 873:Ion attachment mass spectrometry 459: 439: 419: 399: 253:C365E, 19 December 2000, p. 195, 161: 50: 3842:Mechanical biological treatment 3519:Properties of Lead-Free Solders 3037:Jacobsen, Kurt (3 April 2008). 1953:. 25 April 2013. Archived from 869:X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy 769:nickel–cadmium (NiCd) batteries 699:Electronic and electrical tools 61:needs additional citations for 3531:Case study on RoHS2 compliance 3418:. 23 July 2007. Archived from 2800:10.1016/j.microrel.2006.09.034 2687:Sweatman, Keith (April 2006). 2439:. Korearohs.com. 18 May 2015. 1979:. Rohswell.com. Archived from 1437:Reliability concerns unfounded 1037:End of Life Vehicles Directive 288:C34E, 7 February 2002, p. 109. 255:C240E, 28 August 2001, p. 303. 1: 3039:"Within a whisker of failure" 2640:. 9 July 2012. Archived from 860:The ban on concentrations of 810:Changing toxicity perceptions 535:Polybrominated diphenyl ether 3475:. McGraw-Hill Professional. 3161:"Technology's Morning After" 3095:. 28 July 2006. p. 83. 2778:Microelectronics Reliability 2267:"Automotive RoHS Exemptions" 1467:Flow properties and assembly 1357:nuclear power plant shutdown 1167:South Korea promulgated the 927:Benzyl butyl phthalate (BBP) 4294:History of waste management 2355:Kuschnik, Bernhard (2008). 1381:-based components, such as 1268:'s environmental standard. 1182:Consumer Product Safety Act 933:Diisobutyl phthalate (DIBP) 915:2015/863 (RoHS 2 amendment) 862:brominated flame retardants 541:Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate 349:Recast with new legislation 266:C116, 20 April 2001, p. 38. 4467: 4441:Electronic waste in Europe 4431:2003 in the European Union 3882:fluorescent lamp recycling 2696:Global SMT & Packaging 1689:"Search results - EUR-Lex" 1528:RoHS3 compliant, lead-free 1223:standard, governed by the 1191:California has passed the 1043:Labeling and documentation 687:Small household appliances 684:Large household appliances 582:used in several plastics. 36: 29: 4401:European Union directives 4337: 3768: 3471:Hwang, Jennie S. (2004). 3211:10.1007/s11837-007-0082-8 2996:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 2973:"Soldering Compatibility" 1741:27 September 2007 at the 1107:Future possible additions 348: 160: 153: 4436:Environmental protection 4264:China's waste import ban 3236:. Ventureoutsource.com. 2585:. Ibm.com. 26 May 2015. 2489:Enviropass Expertise Inc 2332:"Official EU RoHS 2 FAQ" 1577:Lead safe work practices 1039:(Directive 2000/53/EC). 590:, chromate coatings and 529:Polybrominated biphenyls 277:C148, 18 May 2001, p. 1. 155:European Union directive 4446:2003 in the environment 4406:Environmental chemistry 3625:Agricultural wastewater 3507:4 February 2006 at the 2903:Nikkei Electronics Asia 2465:. HKTDC. 27 August 2009 2291:2011/65/EU Article 16.2 2097:. Europa (web portal). 1128:Final Measures for the 1091:The WEEE directive logo 930:Dibutyl phthalate (DBP) 804:Dr. Jeffrey Weidenhamer 629:is composed of a case, 4349:Environment portal 4027:Bosnia and Herzegovina 3917:water recycling shower 3187:Ogunseitan, Oladele A. 2698:: 26–8. Archived from 1460:operating temperatures 1452: 1391:Small outline packages 1132:(often referred to as 1092: 1080: 1060: 1052: 993:Restriction exemptions 957: 849:non-renewable resource 831:(EPA) has published a 799: 605:are 0.1% or 1000 571:Max for Cadmium: 0.01% 547:Butyl benzyl phthalate 3717:Municipal solid waste 3697:Industrial wastewater 2009:14 March 2014 at the 1836:15 March 2006 at the 1610:. Eur-lex.europa.eu. 1447: 1339:Effect on reliability 1156:ministerial ordinance 1090: 1078: 1058: 1050: 833:life-cycle assessment 794: 781:mercury tilt switches 639:printed circuit board 622:on a component lead. 32:ROHS (disambiguation) 3912:water heat recycling 3817:Garden waste dumping 3018:on 29 September 2007 2923:. Blogs.indium.com. 2849:. Newark.com. 2005. 1819:2 March 2008 at the 1663:assentcompliance.com 1498:National Instruments 711:Automatic dispensers 615:homogeneous material 559:Diisobutyl phthalate 334:Decision 2008/385/EC 330:Decision 2006/692/EC 326:Decision 2006/691/EC 322:Decision 2006/690/EC 318:Decision 2006/310/EC 314:Decision 2005/747/EC 310:Decision 2005/717/EC 306:Decision 2005/618/EC 302:Directive 2008/35/EC 149:Directive 2002/95/EC 70:improve this article 39:PBF (disambiguation) 4279:Eco-industrial park 3867:appliance recycling 3787:Anaerobic digestion 3732:Post-consumer waste 3630:Biodegradable waste 3370:on 13 February 2008 3203:2007JOM....59g..12O 2830:Conformity Magazine 2035:on 25 February 2009 1983:on 25 November 2013 1951:National Geographic 1899:2008EnST...42.2674L 1758:4 July 2015 at the 1639:. Eur-lex.europa.eu 1515:Industry Examples: 1314:plastic deformation 1264:Similarly, here is 966:designed equipment; 889:European Commission 879:2011/65/EU (RoHS 2) 761:integrated circuits 734:paints and pigments 653:, switches, etc. A 643:integrated circuits 584:Hexavalent chromium 523:Hexavalent chromium 234:Implementation date 150: 4324:Waste minimisation 4269:Cleaner production 3934:Reusable packaging 3847:Mechanical sorting 3650:Construction waste 3396:on 12 October 2008 2705:on 7 January 2016. 2308:. 8 January 2009. 2306:Electronics Weekly 1855:. Thor.inemi.org. 1383:Quad Flat Packages 1125:China Order No. 39 1093: 1081: 1061: 1053: 1030:active implantable 693:Consumer equipment 4451:Mercury (element) 4388: 4387: 4319:Waste legislation 4228:Sanitation worker 4202:London Convention 4138:Bamako Convention 3929:Resource recovery 3897:textile recycling 3892:plastic recycling 3872:battery recycling 3812:Ecological design 3737:Radioactive waste 3482:978-0-07-144374-6 3260:"RoHS Compliance" 2752:Circuits Assembly 1907:10.1021/es071873x 1556:Battery Directive 1246:bill of materials 1007:Some exemptions: 777:fluorescent lamps 675:battery directive 625:As an example, a 578:PBB and PBDE are 553:Dibutyl phthalate 353: 352: 293:Other legislation 242:Preparative texts 146: 145: 138: 120: 16:(Redirected from 4458: 4357: 4356: 4347: 4346: 4212:OSPAR Convention 4143:Basel Convention 3954:Waste collection 3944:Sewage treatment 3902:timber recycling 3877:bottle recycling 3857:Reclaimed lumber 3852:Photodegradation 3774: 3692:Industrial waste 3660:Electronic waste 3655:Demolition waste 3635:Biomedical waste 3609:waste management 3594: 3587: 3580: 3571: 3562: 3561: 3550: 3549: 3548: 3541: 3486: 3458: 3457: 3455: 3453: 3444:. Archived from 3438: 3432: 3431: 3429: 3427: 3422:on 24 April 2008 3412: 3406: 3405: 3403: 3401: 3392:. Archived from 3386: 3380: 3379: 3377: 3375: 3360: 3354: 3353: 3351: 3349: 3334: 3328: 3327: 3325: 3319:. 28 July 2006. 3318: 3308: 3302: 3301: 3299: 3297: 3288:. Sunstone.com. 3282: 3276: 3275: 3273: 3271: 3262:. Archived from 3256: 3250: 3249: 3247: 3245: 3229: 3223: 3222: 3183: 3177: 3176: 3174: 3172: 3157: 3151: 3150: 3148: 3146: 3134: 3128: 3127: 3126:on 27 July 2011. 3125: 3118: 3110: 3104: 3103: 3101: 3094: 3084: 3078: 3077: 3075: 3068: 3057: 3051: 3050: 3034: 3028: 3027: 3025: 3023: 3014:. Archived from 3008: 3002: 3001: 2995: 2987: 2985: 2983: 2977: 2969: 2963: 2962: 2960: 2958: 2943: 2937: 2936: 2934: 2932: 2917: 2911: 2910: 2905:. Archived from 2894: 2888: 2887: 2885: 2883: 2872: 2866: 2865: 2863: 2861: 2855: 2848: 2840: 2834: 2833: 2827: 2818: 2812: 2811: 2793: 2773: 2767: 2766: 2764: 2749: 2740: 2731: 2730: 2729:on 26 July 2011. 2728: 2721: 2713: 2707: 2706: 2704: 2693: 2684: 2675: 2674: 2672: 2670: 2660: 2652: 2646: 2645: 2630: 2624: 2623: 2621: 2619: 2605: 2599: 2598: 2596: 2594: 2579: 2573: 2572: 2570: 2568: 2553: 2547: 2546: 2544: 2542: 2531: 2525: 2524: 2522: 2520: 2506: 2500: 2499: 2497: 2495: 2481: 2475: 2474: 2472: 2470: 2459: 2453: 2452: 2450: 2448: 2433: 2427: 2426: 2424: 2422: 2407: 2401: 2400: 2398: 2396: 2385: 2379: 2378: 2376: 2361: 2352: 2346: 2345: 2343: 2336: 2328: 2322: 2321: 2319: 2317: 2298: 2292: 2289: 2283: 2282: 2280: 2278: 2263: 2257: 2256: 2254: 2252: 2237: 2231: 2230: 2228: 2226: 2211: 2205: 2204: 2202: 2200: 2181: 2175: 2174: 2172: 2170: 2164: 2157: 2149: 2143: 2142: 2140: 2138: 2123: 2117: 2116: 2109: 2103: 2102: 2091: 2085: 2084: 2082: 2080: 2074: 2067: 2058: 2045: 2044: 2042: 2040: 2034: 2027: 2019: 2013: 2002: 1993: 1992: 1990: 1988: 1973: 1967: 1966: 1964: 1962: 1957:on 25 March 2018 1943: 1934: 1931: 1918: 1881: 1872: 1871: 1869: 1867: 1861: 1854: 1846: 1840: 1829: 1823: 1812: 1806: 1805: 1803: 1801: 1790: 1784: 1783: 1781: 1779: 1768: 1762: 1751: 1745: 1734: 1728: 1727: 1725: 1723: 1708: 1693: 1692: 1685: 1679: 1678: 1676: 1674: 1655: 1649: 1648: 1646: 1644: 1638: 1630: 1624: 1623: 1621: 1619: 1604: 1561:Electronic waste 1399:Ball grid arrays 1291:cathode ray tube 944:Scope exclusions 580:flame retardants 485: 484: 481: 480: 477: 474: 471: 468: 465: 456: 455: 452: 451: 448: 445: 436: 435: 432: 431: 428: 425: 416: 415: 412: 411: 408: 405: 395:electronic waste 335: 331: 327: 323: 319: 315: 311: 307: 303: 229:13 February 2003 226:Entry into force 165: 164: 151: 141: 134: 130: 127: 121: 119: 78: 54: 46: 21: 4466: 4465: 4461: 4460: 4459: 4457: 4456: 4455: 4391: 4390: 4389: 4384: 4360:Category: Waste 4341: 4333: 4314:Waste hierarchy 4247: 4238:Waste collector 4216: 4207:Oslo Convention 4126: 3978: 3974:Waste-to-energy 3969:Waste treatment 3939:Right to repair 3837:Landfill mining 3822:Illegal dumping 3775: 3766: 3727:Packaging waste 3722:Open defecation 3682:Hazardous waste 3611: 3598: 3568: 3556: 3546: 3544: 3536: 3509:Wayback Machine 3493: 3483: 3470: 3467: 3465:Further reading 3462: 3461: 3451: 3449: 3448:on 4 March 2009 3440: 3439: 3435: 3425: 3423: 3414: 3413: 3409: 3399: 3397: 3388: 3387: 3383: 3373: 3371: 3362: 3361: 3357: 3347: 3345: 3336: 3335: 3331: 3323: 3316: 3310: 3309: 3305: 3295: 3293: 3284: 3283: 3279: 3269: 3267: 3266:on 11 June 2009 3258: 3257: 3253: 3243: 3241: 3231: 3230: 3226: 3185: 3184: 3180: 3170: 3168: 3159: 3158: 3154: 3144: 3142: 3136: 3135: 3131: 3123: 3116: 3112: 3111: 3107: 3099: 3092: 3086: 3085: 3081: 3073: 3066: 3059: 3058: 3054: 3036: 3035: 3031: 3021: 3019: 3010: 3009: 3005: 2988: 2981: 2979: 2975: 2971: 2970: 2966: 2956: 2954: 2945: 2944: 2940: 2930: 2928: 2919: 2918: 2914: 2896: 2895: 2891: 2881: 2879: 2874: 2873: 2869: 2859: 2857: 2853: 2846: 2842: 2841: 2837: 2825: 2820: 2819: 2815: 2784:(2–3): 259–65. 2775: 2774: 2770: 2762: 2747: 2742: 2741: 2734: 2726: 2719: 2715: 2714: 2710: 2702: 2691: 2686: 2685: 2678: 2668: 2666: 2658: 2654: 2653: 2649: 2644:on 9 July 2012. 2632: 2631: 2627: 2617: 2615: 2607: 2606: 2602: 2592: 2590: 2581: 2580: 2576: 2566: 2564: 2555: 2554: 2550: 2540: 2538: 2533: 2532: 2528: 2518: 2516: 2508: 2507: 2503: 2493: 2491: 2483: 2482: 2478: 2468: 2466: 2461: 2460: 2456: 2446: 2444: 2435: 2434: 2430: 2420: 2418: 2409: 2408: 2404: 2394: 2392: 2391:. Chinarohs.com 2387: 2386: 2382: 2374: 2359: 2354: 2353: 2349: 2341: 2334: 2330: 2329: 2325: 2315: 2313: 2300: 2299: 2295: 2290: 2286: 2276: 2274: 2265: 2264: 2260: 2250: 2248: 2239: 2238: 2234: 2224: 2222: 2213: 2212: 2208: 2198: 2196: 2183: 2182: 2178: 2168: 2166: 2162: 2155: 2151: 2150: 2146: 2136: 2134: 2125: 2124: 2120: 2111: 2110: 2106: 2093: 2092: 2088: 2078: 2076: 2072: 2065: 2061:United States. 2060: 2059: 2048: 2038: 2036: 2032: 2025: 2021: 2020: 2016: 2011:Wayback Machine 2003: 1996: 1986: 1984: 1975: 1974: 1970: 1960: 1958: 1945: 1944: 1937: 1921: 1883: 1882: 1875: 1865: 1863: 1859: 1852: 1848: 1847: 1843: 1838:Wayback Machine 1830: 1826: 1821:Wayback Machine 1813: 1809: 1799: 1797: 1792: 1791: 1787: 1777: 1775: 1770: 1769: 1765: 1760:Wayback Machine 1752: 1748: 1743:Wayback Machine 1735: 1731: 1721: 1719: 1710: 1709: 1696: 1687: 1686: 1682: 1672: 1670: 1657: 1656: 1652: 1642: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1631: 1627: 1617: 1615: 1606: 1605: 1601: 1596: 1566:Green computing 1547: 1506: 1486: 1469: 1439: 1430: 1428:Health benefits 1425: 1407: 1405:Economic effect 1395:gull wing leads 1341: 1274: 1266:Hewlett-Packard 1242: 1240:Other standards 1233: 1217: 1208: 1178: 1122: 1117: 1109: 1073: 1045: 1002:Hewlett-Packard 995: 946: 917: 881: 858: 825: 812: 789: 754:lamps and bulbs 728: 603:exempt products 492: 462: 458: 442: 438: 422: 418: 402: 398: 333: 329: 325: 321: 317: 313: 309: 305: 301: 254: 221:27 January 2003 162: 142: 131: 125: 122: 79: 77: 67: 55: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4464: 4462: 4454: 4453: 4448: 4443: 4438: 4433: 4428: 4423: 4418: 4413: 4408: 4403: 4393: 4392: 4386: 4385: 4383: 4382: 4377: 4372: 4367: 4362: 4351: 4338: 4335: 4334: 4332: 4331: 4326: 4321: 4316: 4311: 4306: 4301: 4296: 4291: 4286: 4281: 4276: 4271: 4266: 4261: 4255: 4253: 4249: 4248: 4246: 4245: 4240: 4235: 4233:Street sweeper 4230: 4224: 4222: 4218: 4217: 4215: 4214: 4209: 4204: 4199: 4198: 4197: 4192: 4187: 4182: 4177: 4172: 4167: 4162: 4161: 4160: 4145: 4140: 4134: 4132: 4128: 4127: 4125: 4124: 4119: 4117:United Kingdom 4114: 4109: 4104: 4099: 4094: 4089: 4084: 4079: 4074: 4069: 4064: 4059: 4054: 4049: 4044: 4039: 4034: 4029: 4024: 4019: 4014: 4009: 4004: 3999: 3994: 3988: 3986: 3980: 3979: 3977: 3976: 3971: 3966: 3961: 3956: 3951: 3946: 3941: 3936: 3931: 3926: 3921: 3920: 3919: 3914: 3909: 3907:tire recycling 3904: 3899: 3894: 3889: 3887:land recycling 3884: 3879: 3874: 3869: 3859: 3854: 3849: 3844: 3839: 3834: 3829: 3824: 3819: 3814: 3809: 3804: 3799: 3797:Biodegradation 3794: 3789: 3783: 3781: 3777: 3776: 3769: 3767: 3765: 3764: 3759: 3757:Surface runoff 3754: 3749: 3744: 3739: 3734: 3729: 3724: 3719: 3714: 3709: 3704: 3699: 3694: 3689: 3684: 3679: 3674: 3669: 3668: 3667: 3657: 3652: 3647: 3645:Chemical waste 3642: 3637: 3632: 3627: 3621: 3619: 3613: 3612: 3599: 3597: 3596: 3589: 3582: 3574: 3567: 3566: 3554: 3552:European Union 3534: 3533: 3528: 3522: 3516: 3511: 3499: 3492: 3491:External links 3489: 3488: 3487: 3481: 3466: 3463: 3460: 3459: 3433: 3407: 3381: 3355: 3329: 3303: 3277: 3251: 3224: 3178: 3152: 3129: 3105: 3079: 3052: 3029: 3003: 2964: 2938: 2912: 2909:on 5 May 2013. 2889: 2867: 2835: 2813: 2791:10.1.1.90.6881 2768: 2732: 2708: 2676: 2647: 2625: 2600: 2574: 2548: 2526: 2501: 2476: 2454: 2428: 2413:. Meti.go.jp. 2402: 2380: 2347: 2323: 2293: 2284: 2273:on 4 July 2015 2258: 2243:. Emdt.co.uk. 2232: 2206: 2176: 2144: 2118: 2104: 2086: 2046: 2014: 1994: 1968: 1935: 1933: 1932: 1893:(7): 2674–80. 1873: 1841: 1824: 1807: 1785: 1763: 1746: 1729: 1694: 1680: 1650: 1625: 1598: 1597: 1595: 1592: 1591: 1590: 1585: 1580: 1574: 1568: 1563: 1558: 1553: 1546: 1543: 1536: 1535: 1532: 1529: 1526: 1523: 1520: 1505: 1502: 1485: 1482: 1468: 1465: 1438: 1435: 1429: 1426: 1424: 1421: 1406: 1403: 1340: 1337: 1336: 1335: 1332: 1329: 1273: 1270: 1241: 1238: 1232: 1229: 1216: 1213: 1207: 1206:United Kingdom 1204: 1177: 1174: 1173: 1172: 1165: 1162: 1151: 1148: 1147:catalogue yet. 1126: 1121: 1120:Asia / Pacific 1118: 1116: 1113: 1108: 1105: 1072: 1069: 1044: 1041: 1026: 1025: 1018: 1015: 1012: 994: 991: 990: 989: 986: 982: 979: 976: 973: 970: 967: 963: 960: 945: 942: 935: 934: 931: 928: 925: 916: 913: 880: 877: 857: 854: 824: 821: 811: 808: 788: 785: 765: 764: 758: 755: 752: 749: 746: 743: 738: 735: 727: 724: 716: 715: 712: 709: 706: 703: 700: 697: 694: 691: 688: 685: 588:chrome plating 563: 562: 556: 550: 544: 538: 532: 526: 520: 514: 508: 491: 488: 369:European Union 351: 350: 346: 345: 342: 338: 337: 299: 295: 294: 290: 289: 286: 279: 278: 275: 268: 267: 264: 257: 256: 251: 244: 243: 239: 238: 237:13 August 2004 235: 231: 230: 227: 223: 222: 219: 215: 214: 210: 209: 204: 197: 196: 193: 189: 188: 179: 175: 174: 171: 167: 166: 158: 157: 144: 143: 126:September 2016 58: 56: 49: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4463: 4452: 4449: 4447: 4444: 4442: 4439: 4437: 4434: 4432: 4429: 4427: 4424: 4422: 4419: 4417: 4414: 4412: 4409: 4407: 4404: 4402: 4399: 4398: 4396: 4381: 4380:Organizations 4378: 4376: 4373: 4371: 4368: 4366: 4363: 4361: 4352: 4350: 4345: 4340: 4339: 4336: 4330: 4327: 4325: 4322: 4320: 4317: 4315: 4312: 4310: 4307: 4305: 4302: 4300: 4299:Landfill fire 4297: 4295: 4292: 4290: 4287: 4285: 4282: 4280: 4277: 4275: 4272: 4270: 4267: 4265: 4262: 4260: 4257: 4256: 4254: 4250: 4244: 4241: 4239: 4236: 4234: 4231: 4229: 4226: 4225: 4223: 4219: 4213: 4210: 4208: 4205: 4203: 4200: 4196: 4193: 4191: 4188: 4186: 4183: 4181: 4178: 4176: 4173: 4171: 4168: 4166: 4163: 4159: 4156: 4155: 4154: 4151: 4150: 4149: 4148:EU directives 4146: 4144: 4141: 4139: 4136: 4135: 4133: 4129: 4123: 4122:United States 4120: 4118: 4115: 4113: 4110: 4108: 4105: 4103: 4100: 4098: 4095: 4093: 4090: 4088: 4085: 4083: 4080: 4078: 4075: 4073: 4070: 4068: 4065: 4063: 4060: 4058: 4055: 4053: 4050: 4048: 4045: 4043: 4040: 4038: 4035: 4033: 4030: 4028: 4025: 4023: 4020: 4018: 4015: 4013: 4010: 4008: 4005: 4003: 4000: 3998: 3995: 3993: 3990: 3989: 3987: 3985: 3981: 3975: 3972: 3970: 3967: 3965: 3962: 3960: 3959:Waste sorting 3957: 3955: 3952: 3950: 3947: 3945: 3942: 3940: 3937: 3935: 3932: 3930: 3927: 3925: 3922: 3918: 3915: 3913: 3910: 3908: 3905: 3903: 3900: 3898: 3895: 3893: 3890: 3888: 3885: 3883: 3880: 3878: 3875: 3873: 3870: 3868: 3865: 3864: 3863: 3860: 3858: 3855: 3853: 3850: 3848: 3845: 3843: 3840: 3838: 3835: 3833: 3830: 3828: 3825: 3823: 3820: 3818: 3815: 3813: 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are no 1404: 1402: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1375: 1369: 1365: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1353:short circuit 1350: 1345: 1338: 1333: 1330: 1327: 1326: 1325: 1323: 1317: 1315: 1311: 1306: 1304: 1298: 1296: 1292: 1286: 1282: 1280: 1271: 1269: 1267: 1262: 1260: 1255: 1252:For example, 1250: 1247: 1239: 1237: 1230: 1228: 1226: 1222: 1214: 1212: 1205: 1203: 1200: 1196: 1194: 1189: 1187: 1183: 1176:United States 1175: 1170: 1166: 1163: 1160: 1157: 1152: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1136: 1131: 1127: 1124: 1123: 1119: 1115:Other regions 1114: 1112: 1106: 1104: 1102: 1098: 1089: 1085: 1077: 1070: 1068: 1066: 1057: 1049: 1042: 1040: 1038: 1033: 1031: 1023: 1019: 1016: 1013: 1010: 1009: 1008: 1005: 1003: 1000:According to 998: 992: 987: 985:applications; 983: 980: 977: 974: 971: 968: 964: 961: 958: 956: 953: 950: 943: 941: 938: 932: 929: 926: 923: 922: 921: 914: 912: 909: 905: 901: 897: 893: 890: 885: 878: 876: 874: 870: 865: 863: 855: 853: 850: 846: 842: 838: 834: 830: 822: 820: 816: 809: 807: 805: 798: 793: 786: 784: 782: 778: 774: 770: 763:or microchips 762: 759: 756: 753: 750: 747: 744: 742: 739: 736: 733: 732: 731: 725: 723: 720: 713: 710: 707: 704: 701: 698: 695: 692: 689: 686: 683: 682: 681: 678: 676: 670: 666: 662: 660: 656: 652: 648: 644: 640: 636: 632: 628: 623: 621: 616: 612: 608: 604: 599: 597: 593: 589: 585: 581: 576: 573: 572: 568: 567: 560: 557: 554: 551: 548: 545: 542: 539: 536: 533: 530: 527: 524: 521: 518: 515: 512: 509: 506: 503: 502: 501: 499: 495: 489: 487: 483: 454: 434: 414: 396: 392: 388: 384: 380: 375: 372: 370: 366: 363:), short for 362: 358: 347: 343: 339: 300: 296: 291: 287: 284: 280: 276: 273: 269: 265: 262: 258: 252: 249: 245: 240: 236: 232: 228: 224: 220: 216: 211: 208: 205: 202: 198: 194: 190: 187: 183: 180: 176: 172: 168: 159: 156: 152: 140: 137: 129: 118: 115: 111: 108: 104: 101: 97: 94: 90: 87: – 86: 82: 81:Find sources: 75: 71: 65: 64: 59:This article 57: 53: 48: 47: 44: 40: 33: 19: 4252:Other topics 4243:Waste picker 4179: 4170:incineration 3949:Urban mining 3827:Incineration 3807:Durable good 3752:Sharps waste 3712:Mining waste 3472: 3450:. 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