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653:(EPA) National Priorities List in 1983,. Investigation of the site began in the mid-1980s. Since 1995, EPA and the potentially responsible parties have conducted removal and remedial activities to consolidate, contain and control more than 9,400,000 cubic feet (350,000 cu yd) of contaminated soils, sediments and mine-processing wastes. Cleanups by the potentially responsible parties have involved drainage controls to prevent acid mine runoff, consolidation and capping of mine piles, cleanup of residential properties and reuse of slag. As of September 2011, most of the cleanup had been completed so current risk of exposure is low, although pregnant women, nursing mothers and young children are still encouraged to have their blood-lead levels checked.
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615:. Leadville was the largest silver-producing district in Colorado. Cumulative production through 1963 was 240 million troy ounces (16 million pounds; 7.5 million kilograms) of silver, three million troy ounces (210 thousand pounds; 93 thousand kilograms) of gold, 987 million tonnes (2.2 trillion pounds; 987 billion kilograms) of lead, 712 million tonnes (1.6 trillion pounds; 712 billion kilograms) of zinc, and 48 million tonnes (110 billion pounds; 48 billion kilograms) of copper.
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On 27 February 2008, the US EPA began pumping 150 US gallons (570 L; 120 imp gal) per minute from the tunnel system, to relieve water pressure upstream from the blockage. The water, pumped from the Gaw mine shaft, was clean enough to discharge to the
Arkansas River without treatment.
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Opinions as to the threat posed varied widely. County
Commissioner Mike Hickman said "If it blows, it could be a national catastrophe, not only to Leadville and Lake County but to the entire Arkansas River." On the other hand, Leadville Mayor Bud Elliott stated "This is what happens when you create
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Collapses within the tunnel that began in 1995 partially blocked flow, and have created a large reservoir of an estimated one billion US gallons (3.8 billion litres; 830 million imperial gallons) of water within the tunnel behind the collapse. In
February 2008, concerns became public
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Mining, mineral processing and smelting activities in the area have produced gold, silver, lead and zinc for more than 130 years. Wastes generated during the mining and ore processing activities contained metals such as arsenic and lead at levels posing a threat to human health and the environment.
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contain economic deposits hosted by late
Mississippian paleokarst features. These are primarily developed in and along the upper surface of the early Mississippian Leadville Formation. Paleokarst features include isolated eaves and sinkholes as well as integrated cavern systems that are mineralized
426:
Leadville is a high mountain town and the winters are long and bitterly cold; many miners died of exposure and starvation. Crime was rampant and lawmen were unable to cope with it. Many small shanty towns grew up around
Leadville, including Poverty Flats, Slabtown, Finntown, and Boughtown. The name
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was on; the town and surrounding area grew to a population of 10,000 and an estimated $ 2 million in gold (equivalent to $ 70 million today) was taken out of
California Gulch and nearby Iowa Gulch by the end of the first summer. But within a few years the richest part of the placers had been
457:
produced over 10 million ounces (620,000 pounds; 280,000 kilograms) of silver, mostly between 1968 and 1982, with a value of over $ 300 million at 2010 prices. Secondary ore minerals from the
Sherman mine are popular with mineral collectors.The prominent ruins of the historic buildings and
406:
of Lake county. The name
Leadville probably was chosen for the town because lead was the major mineral in both the placers and in the lode mines. By 1880, millions of dollars were being made and Leadville became one of the world's largest silver camps with a population of over 40,000. Leadville
682:
Superfund site in 1983. In
October 1985, a large surge of water from the Yak tunnel reached the Arkansas River, and elevated the dissolved metals content of the river for tens of miles downstream. Water flowing from the tunnel has been treated by its owner, ASARCO, since June 1991, to remove
661:
As in many mining districts, as the mines extended deeper, keeping the water pumped out of the workings became a major expense. To more economically drain the mines, two tunnels were driven to allow the water to drain by gravity. Water from both tunnels ultimately flows into the
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is an 11.6-mile (18.7 km) all-season biking/walking trail that loops around
Leadville and through its historic mining district. In part the trail follows old mining-camp railbeds. Several signs along the way provide historical snippets about Leadville's colorful past.
411:. Leadville became overcrowded, unable to support the hundreds of miners that were flooding into the area. There was no local food source and all supplies had to come by either pack mules or the stage coach. Exorbitant prices were being charged for a place to sleep.
430:
In 1893, the repeal of the Sherman Silver Purchase Act caused a panic in Leadville and in all of Colorado's silver camps. The price of silver fell rapidly and eventually many of the silver mines closed. Mining companies came to rely increasingly on income from the
248:, was the location to one of the richest placer gold strikes in Colorado, with estimated gold production of 120,000–150,000 ozt (8,200–10,300 lb; 3,700–4,700 kg), worth $ 2.5 to $ 3 million at the then-price of $ 20.67 per troy ounce.
458:
structures of the Hilltop Mine (above the more recent Sherman mine workings) are often visited and photographed by hikers and mountaineers. After 100 years as a major US mining district, the last active mine, the Black Cloud mine, owned by
727:
an emergency when there isn't one." On June 30, 2008, the Bureau of Reclamation issued a report that concluded that a sudden burst of water from the tunnel was unlikely, and that the tunnel posed "no imminent public safety hazard."
462:, closed in 1999. While there is no longer any active mining in the Leadville District, over the course of history more than 2800 patented mine claims were filed and the area contains over 1600 prospects, 1300 shafts, and 155
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to drain the mines of the northern part of the district, and so increase metal production. The tunnel has its outlet north of the town of Leadville, on the East Fork of the Arkansas River. In 1959 the
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The "Route of the Silver Kings" is a driving tour of the 20-square-mile (52 km) historic mining district surrounding Leadville. The tour includes mines, power plants, ghost towns and mining camps.
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These wastes remained on the land surface and migrated through the environment by washing into streams and leaching contaminants into surface water and groundwater. The site was added to the
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Since March 1992, the Bureau of Reclamation has treated the water flowing out of the tunnel, to remove dissolved metals and bring the water quality into compliance with the Clean Water Act.
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466:. The value of the cumulative production of silver alone from the Leadville mines is estimated to be $ 512 million through 1967 (equivalent to about $ 4.7 billion today).
486:(CMB), a 50-mile-wide (80 km) strip that runs north and south for 300 miles (480 km). Mineralization of the CMB came primarily by way of intrusions of
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A summary of existing reports which have examined the Leadville mine drainage tunnel (LMDT) discharge to the East Fork of the Arkansas River, Colorado
427:"Boughtown" referred not only to the many pine trees that grew in the area, but to lodgings the miners built of four posts covered with pine boughs.
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Road and Riverside Geology of the Upper Arkansas Valley Part II | Colorado Central Magazine | Colorado news, stories, essays, history and more!
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Meanwhile, the EPA drilled a new well into the tunnel system; a pump test was completed in early June 2008 to determine optimal pumping rate.
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The Yak tunnel, 3.5 miles (5.6 km) long and built between 1895 and 1923 to drain the southern part of the district, has its outlet in
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Reclamation partners with Lake County, Colorado and other federal agencies to address public concerns at Leadville mine drainage tunnel
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exhausted and the population of Oro City dwindled to only several hundred. Many claims were consolidated, and worked by ground
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Cumulative production through 1963 was 240 million troy ounces (16 million pounds; 7.5 million kilograms) of
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http://geosurvey.state.co.us/minerals/HistoricMiningDistricts/LakeHMD/Leadville/Pages/Leadville.aspx
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and Museum occupies 71,000 square feet (6,600 m). Major exhibits include an elaborate
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The city of Leadville was founded near to the new silver deposits in 1877 by mine owners
1403:"National Mining Hall of Fame and Museum - Leadville, Colorado, minerals, gems, history"
1378:"National Mining Hall of Fame and Museum - Leadville, Colorado, minerals, gems, history"
1353:"National Mining Hall of Fame and Museum - Leadville, Colorado, minerals, gems, history"
1328:"National Mining Hall of Fame and Museum - Leadville, Colorado, minerals, gems, history"
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Reclamation successfully tests water treatment plant at Leadville Mine Drainage Tunnel
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Geologist R. Mark Maslyn describes the Leadville mining district and the nearby
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The silver occurs associated with manganese and lead in veins, stockworks, and
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Park City. A new mining camp, up Stray Horse Gulch, two miles east of Leadville
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that if the collapse dam should suddenly fail, as has happened in other mine
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that had been impedeing their placer gold recovery and found that it was the
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1204:"Mineralized Late-Mississippian Paleokarst in the Leadville, Colorado Area"
323:. However the initial discovery, where California Gulch empties into the
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Leadville Mine Drainaige Tunnel risk assessment shows residents are safe
1080:, book 2, Quarterly of the Colorado School of Mines, v.69, n.4, p.13-19.
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493:. The primary ores of the CMB were generally deposited as mixed metal
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became Colorado's largest mining camp and the town was second only to
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and hosts one of the largest lead-zinc-silver deposits in the world.
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P. Solomon Banda, "Trapped water in Leadville no threat, feds say,"
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native gold was freed from the host rock and became available for
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228:, was the most productive silver-mining district in the state of
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bought the tunnel for $ 1.00, as a source of irrigation water.
1280:
Anne C. Mulkern, "Bills shift Leadville tunnel load to feds,"
807:, a walk-through replica of an underground hardrock mine, the
678:
east of the town of Leadville. The tunnel became part of the
422:
in 2007, this old building was destroyed by vandals that year.
1193:, New York: American Institute of Mining Engineers, p.681-705
1041:, New York: American Institute of Mining Engineers, p.681-705
1101:
http://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/2004/2820/pdf/LeadvilleMapPrint.pdf
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Robert E. Lee Mine, Leadville, Colorado - circa 1879/1894 -
348:, but the hydraulic mining was reported to be unsuccessful.
478:
Hard rock miners at Garbutt Mine, east of Leadville c. 1900
626:
Several mining districts surrounding the central Colorado
1296:
EPA completes pump test at Leadville Mine Drainage Tunnel
331:
in California Gulch, about a mile east of Leadville, and
319:
Gold was discovered in the area in late 1859, during the
521:. The district is a highly faulted area, intruded with
767:
Remains of a collapsed mining structure in the district
23:
An Abandoned Mine's Headframe near Leadville, Colorado
1017:
Ben H. Parker Jr., Gold Placers of Colorado, Book 2,
826:, is open as a tourist attraction during the summer.
603:. In upper levels, the ore minerals are oxidized to
525:
quartz monzonite porphyries, on the east side of the
335:was founded at the new diggings. By July 1860 the
1474:On-line tour of Leadville National Mining Museum
1090:Meyer, August 1851–1905, Parks -georgekessler.org
636:Environmental damage related to mining operations
299:California Gulch with Leadville in the background
1218:"California Gulch | Region 8 | US EPA"
691:The Leadville tunnel was started in 1943 by the
344:. A ditch was dug in 1877 to provide water for
1241:Steve Lipsher, "Feds also fear toxic blowout,"
1438:US Bureau of Reclamation (15 February 2008):
822:The Matchless mine and cabin, former home of
775:An abandoned mine's headframe in the District
201:
8:
631:and can be traced from insurgence to outlet.
418:One of two remaining structures standing in
27:
1191:Ore Deposits of the United States 1933–1967
1039:Ore Deposits of the United States 1933-1967
513:, and gold, silver, and copper. During the
1454:US Bureau of Reclamation (30 June 2008):
1446:US Bureau of Reclamation (11 Mar. 2008):
1254:Steve Lipsher, "Wading through rhetoric,"
759:Collapsed remains of part of the Ibex Mine
208:
194:
26:
711:in Colorado (such as the Yak tunnel, the
307:Burro pack train, on the way to Leadville
1430:US Bureau of Reclamation (April 2005):
1063:Mike Flanigan, "Leadville, Cloud City,"
351:In 1874, gold miners at Oro City had an
271:. The district also produced byproduct
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789:Mineral Belt National Recreation Trail
751:The abandoned Ibex Mine near Stumptown
743:Mineral Belt National Recreation Trail
482:Leadville lies near the center of the
375:silver-lead deposits, setting off the
166:Mineral Belt National Recreation Trail
717:2015 Gold King Mine waste water spill
644:Black Cloud Mine tailings pond, 2008.
7:
651:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
402:, By 1878 Leadville had become the
391:was needed for recovery of the ore.
1137:"Leadville Colorado Mining History"
1504:Geography of Lake County, Colorado
1499:Silver mining in the United States
1294:EPA press release (4 June 2008):
1019:Colorado School of Mines Quarterly
857:Gallery of Leadville area minerals
783:A mine's ore chute in the district
291:A map of the Colorado Mineral Belt
240:town located about a mile east of
14:
1509:Mining districts in North America
367:, that carried a high content of
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379:. Unlike the gold which was in
1122:Steve Lipsher, "Mine no more,"
1494:Geology of the Rocky Mountains
817:collection of mineral specimes
181:Timeline of mining in Colorado
1:
811:room, with many specimens of
383:, the silver was in veins in
1187:Leadville District, Colorado
1035:Leadville District, Colorado
819:, and a mining art gallery.
801:National Mining Hall of Fame
735:Tour and visitor attractions
171:National Mining Hall of Fame
1050:"From the Arkansas River,"
1021:, Oct. 1974, v.69 n.4 p.17.
42:Leadville Historic District
1525:
396:Horace Austin Warner Tabor
1308:Route of the Silver Kings
1076:Ben H. Parker Jr. (1974)
846:Silver mining in Colorado
236:, an early Colorado gold
222:Leadville mining district
176:Silver mining in Colorado
52:Leadville mining district
1078:Gold Placers of Colorado
1000:Gold - Little Jonny Mine
698:US Bureau of Reclamation
47:Leadville miners' strike
882:Galena—Black Cloud Mine
161:Gold mining in Colorado
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1284:, 29 Feb. 2008, p.1B.
1258:, 25 Feb. 2008, p.1A.
1245:, 15 Feb. 2008, p.1B.
1151:"Leadville, Colorado"
1126:, 18 July 1999, p.1B.
1067:, 1 Sept. 1985, p.22.
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484:Colorado Mineral Belt
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448:William Henry Jackson
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321:Pike's Peak Gold Rush
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226:Colorado Mineral Belt
151:Colorado Mineral Belt
22:
1489:Colorado Mining Boom
1271:, 1 July 2008, p.4B.
1065:Denver Post Magazine
836:Colorado Silver Boom
580:. Ore minerals are
377:Colorado Silver Boom
156:Colorado Silver Boom
1469:Finntown ghost town
1185:Ogden Tweto (1968)
1054:, 16 May 1860, p.2.
1052:Rocky Mountain News
841:Leadville, Colorado
721:Silverton, Colorado
560:Leadville Limestone
553:manto-type deposits
515:last glacial period
355:done on the heavy,
85:Samuel D. Nicholson
29:
1313:2012-01-18 at the
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543:Hydraulic mining,
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70:James Joseph Brown
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497:veins containing
224:, located in the
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676:California Gulch
657:Drainage tunnels
578:Manitou Dolomite
545:California Gulch
389:hard rock mining
346:hydraulic mining
246:California Gulch
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142:Related articles
128:California Gulch
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28:Leadville mining
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1411:. Retrieved
1407:the original
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1382:the original
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1357:the original
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1332:the original
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617:
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511:chalcopyrite
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455:Sherman Mine
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400:August Meyer
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318:
250:
221:
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110:Thomas Walsh
105:Horace Tabor
80:August Meyer
51:
1282:Denver Post
1269:Denver Post
1256:Denver Post
1243:Denver Post
1124:Denver Post
1031:Ogden Tweto
909:Smithsonite
870:Gold-quartz
851:Yule marble
813:native gold
713:Argo Tunnel
613:smithsonite
596:and mangano
404:county seat
329:placer gold
275:, and iron-
1483:Categories
1424:References
1413:2012-08-18
1388:2012-08-18
1363:2012-08-18
1338:2012-08-18
1228:2012-08-18
1160:August 27,
1155:mindat.org
938:Cerussite-
815:, a large
670:Yak tunnel
586:sphalerite
575:Ordovician
573:, and the
507:sphalerite
357:black sand
90:Eben Smith
974:-rosasite
972:Wulfenite
895:Cerussite
809:Gold Rush
719:north of
609:anglesite
605:cerussite
594:jasperoid
365:cerussite
337:gold rush
277:manganese
242:Leadville
1311:Archived
987:Goethite
940:rosasite
830:See also
715:and the
683:metals.
598:siderite
568:Devonian
564:dolomite
562:(here a
536:system.
523:Tertiary
420:Finntown
363:mineral
342:sluicing
333:Oro City
234:Oro City
230:Colorado
33:Articles
1033:(1968)
944:azurite
566:), the
555:in the
470:Geology
385:bedrock
283:History
273:bismuth
958:Pyrite
926:Baryte
913:baryte
611:, and
601:gangue
590:galena
588:, and
582:pyrite
547:~ 1879
530:graben
503:galena
499:pyrite
491:magmas
460:ASARCO
409:Denver
369:silver
269:copper
253:silver
61:People
1189:, in
1037:, in
1006:Notes
592:, in
464:adits
353:assay
279:ore.
119:Mines
1162:2018
799:The
787:The
453:The
437:zinc
435:and
433:lead
398:and
387:and
373:lode
361:lead
265:zinc
261:lead
257:gold
220:The
244:in
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209:e
202:t
195:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
