1669:
31:
1229:
172:
257:. The furnace is charged with slag, scrap iron, limestone, coke, oxides, dross, and reverberatory slag. The coke is used to melt and reduce the lead. Limestone reacts with impurities and floats to the top. This process also keeps the lead from oxidizing. The molten lead flows from the blast furnace into holding pots. Lead may be mixed with alloys, including antimony, tin, arsenic, copper and nickel. It is then cast into
1241:
290:
1288:
is one of the oldest known work and environmental hazards, the modern understanding of the small amount of lead necessary to cause harm did not come about until the latter half of the 20th century. No safe threshold for lead exposure has been discovered—that is, there is no known amount of lead
113:
floating to the top of the molten material. The crude bullion and lead slag layers flow out of the 'furnace front' and into the 'forehearth', where the two streams are separated. The lead slag stream, containing most of the 'fluxing' elements added to the sintering machine (predominantly silica,
117:
The crude lead bullion, containing significant quantities of copper will then undergo 'copper drossing'. In this step elemental sulphur, usually in solid form is added to the molten crude lead bullion to react with the contained copper. A "matte" layer forms in this step, containing most of the
101:, using the lead sinter produced in the sintering process and coke to provide the heat source. As melting occurs, several layers form in the furnace. A combination of molten lead and slag sinks to the bottom of the furnace, with a layer of the lightest elements referred to as
93:
elements to free the metal. Reduction is the final, high-temperature step in smelting. It is here that the oxide becomes the elemental metal. A reducing environment (often provided by carbon monoxide in an air-starved furnace) pulls the final oxygen atoms from the raw metal.
1312:
Lead smelters with little pollution controls contribute to several environmental problems, especially raised blood lead levels in the surrounding population. The problem is particularly significant in many children who have grown up in the proximity to a lead smelter.
1376:
lead or other metals. The Roman lead smelting has led to evidence of global pollution. Greenland ice cores from 500 BCE to 300 CE show measurably elevated lead content in the atmosphere. Researchers studying an ice core from Colle
Gnifetti, in the Swiss part of the
248:
To recover lead from a battery, the battery is broken and the components are classified. The lead containing components are processed in blast furnaces for hard lead or rotary reverberatory furnaces for fine particles. The blast furnace is similar in structure to a
2131:
2072:
Loveluck, Christopher P.; McCormick, Michael; Spaulding, Nicole E.; Clifford, Heather; Handley, Michael J.; Hartman, Laura; Hoffmann, Helene; Korotkikh, Elena V.; Kurbatov, Andrei V.; More, Alexander F.; Sneed, Sharon B.; Mayewski, Paul A. (2018).
2129:
Loveluck, Christopher P.; More, Alexander F.; Spaulding, Nicole E.; Clifford, Heather; Handley, Michael J.; Hartman, Laura; Korotkikh, Elena V.; Kurbatov, Andrei V.; Mayewski, Paul A.; Sneed, Sharon B.; McCormick, Michael (2020).
2074:
133:, copper, antimony and other elements that float to the top of the lead. Dross is usually skimmed off and sent to a dross furnace to recover the non-lead components which are sold to other metal manufacturers. The
1384:, have found that higher historical European airborne lead pollution levels are associated with changes in the monetary system from gold to silver from the year 640 CE, with the principal source likely to be the
1009:
1304:
of 10 μg/dL or above is a cause for concern; however, lead may impair development and have harmful health effects even at lower levels, and there is no known safe exposure level. Authorities such as the
1188:
1183:
1780:
KCM in
Plovdiv which has produced lead for over 60 years using a blast furnace and is now in the process of bringing a new 60 million euro smelter TSL furnace online in order to replace the ageing blast
125:
The lead from the blast furnace, called lead bullion, then undergoes the drossing process. The bullion is agitated in kettles then cooled to 700-800 degrees. This process results in molten lead and
1406:(1494–1555) presented details of lead smelting methods and facilities current in Europe in the first half of the 16th century in Book IX of his treatise on mining and metallurgy,
1392:. Later airborne pollution, between the years 1170 and 1216 CE, correlates even more strongly with contemporaneous records of lead and silver production from mines in the
1415:
In the USA there are 400 forgotten lead smelting firms that operated in the 1930s to 1960s and may have deposited dangerous levels of lead contamination in nearby soil.
2260:
2216:
1193:
1965:
1412:. Methods ranged from primitive open-hearth arrangements (essentially bonfires on which lead ore was piled) to blast furnaces capable of continuous operation.
2171:, translated from the first Latin edition of 1556, Herbert Clark Hoover and Lou Henry Hoover, tr., New York: Dover Publications, 1950, (reprint of the London:
1344:
Although lead is a common metal, its discovery had relatively little impact in the ancient world. It is too soft to be used for weapons (except possibly as
148:
Finally, the molten lead is refined. Pyrometallurgical methods are usually used to remove the remaining non-lead components of the mixture, for example the
1583:
1271:
959:
1293:
241:
Most of the lead produced comes from secondary sources. Lead scrap includes lead-acid batteries, cable coverings, pipes, sheets and lead coated, or
2730:
1341:, minerals rich in, but distinct from, lead. Ancient smelting was done using loads of lead ore and charcoal in outdoor hearths and furnaces.
1602:
1178:
245:
bearing, metals. Solder, product waste and dross may also be recovered for its small lead content. Most secondary lead is used in batteries.
452:
1348:
projectiles) or for structural elements. However, being easy to cast and shape, it came to be extensively used in the classical world of
118:
copper originating from the crude lead bullion and some other impurities as metal sulfides. The speiss and the matte are usually sold to
2253:
1864:
579:
499:
1173:
1087:
529:
2281:
2132:"Alpine ice and the annual political economy of the Angevin Empire, from the death of Thomas Becket to Magna Carta, c. AD 1170–1216"
1029:
934:
156:. The non-lead metals are usually sold to other metal processing plants. The refined lead may be made into alloys or directly cast.
2056:
1560:
1264:
974:
737:
319:
2360:
2355:
2246:
1306:
2634:
1209:
659:
1940:
1894:
1708:
747:
599:
574:
369:
2803:
1980:"A Critical Review of Biomarkers Used for Monitoring Human Exposure to Lead: Advantages, Limitations, and Future Needs"
2644:
858:
609:
1538:
2184:
1727:
1257:
614:
464:
153:
1929:
1616:
1446:
1441:
1297:
989:
954:
914:
567:
534:
384:
1820:
1550:
1499:
984:
604:
539:
476:
2198:
1884:
1642:
1621:
1014:
969:
589:
149:
1831:
2529:
1152:
639:
1508:
2697:
2665:
2616:
2269:
1904:
1673:
1652:
1597:
1397:
1122:
964:
830:
742:
439:
90:
86:
39:
1385:
114:
limestone, iron and zinc) can either be discarded or further processed to recover the contained zinc.
2482:
1889:
1879:
1731:
1647:
1523:
1451:
1284:
Humans have been smelting lead for thousands of years, poisoning themselves in the process. Although
664:
397:
2750:
2639:
2525:
2472:
2278:
1961:
1565:
1473:
999:
944:
909:
835:
762:
712:
707:
692:
349:
1668:
1322:
30:
2580:
2520:
2477:
2289:
1869:
1555:
1463:
1233:
994:
870:
632:
414:
354:
324:
273:
2889:
2777:
2515:
2308:
2210:
2009:
1632:
1592:
1403:
882:
805:
798:
752:
619:
409:
404:
314:
78:
58:
2075:"Alpine ice-core evidence for the transformation of the European monetary system, AD 640–670"
2858:
2763:
2735:
2323:
2313:
2143:
2086:
1999:
1991:
1686:
1429:
1361:
1357:
1301:
1228:
1142:
1039:
979:
865:
818:
767:
727:
702:
687:
669:
644:
584:
469:
419:
2027:
2848:
2808:
2684:
2500:
2492:
2429:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2105:"Alpine glacier reveals lead pollution from C12th Britain as bad as Industrial Revolution"
1793:
1754:
1713:
1467:
1407:
1381:
927:
887:
757:
722:
654:
594:
522:
459:
359:
119:
35:
1533:
1333:), and dated from about 6500 BC. They were later identified in fact to be made from
2798:
2629:
2595:
2559:
2467:
2350:
2338:
2059:
2004:
1979:
1851:
1811:
1637:
1611:
1349:
1345:
1285:
1245:
1049:
949:
904:
897:
892:
649:
344:
250:
199:
195:
134:
175:
Evolution of the extracted lead ores grade in different countries (Canada, Australia).
2884:
2878:
2853:
2758:
2740:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2590:
1909:
1839:
1805:
1801:
1786:
1758:
1578:
1393:
1064:
554:
549:
544:
302:
98:
2790:
2510:
2505:
2462:
1899:
1825:
1573:
1512:
1478:
1353:
1097:
1059:
1044:
875:
840:
785:
504:
364:
254:
211:
2104:
2660:
2624:
2452:
2384:
1626:
1517:
1493:
1019:
717:
697:
334:
190:) which thermally decomposes into lead oxide and sulfur dioxide gas. (PbO and SO
62:
2044:
1928:
USEPA, Profile of The
Nonferrous Metals Industry. EPA 310-R-95-010 as shown in
2863:
2813:
2606:
2545:
2535:
2392:
2333:
2233:
1769:
1703:
1528:
1483:
1378:
1369:
1069:
825:
329:
130:
186:, is primarily lead sulfide (PbS). The sulfide is oxidized to a sulfite (PbSO
2705:
2670:
2540:
2424:
2367:
1874:
1775:
1735:
1693:
1365:
1334:
1137:
1092:
1054:
1004:
939:
845:
309:
289:
281:
219:
207:
203:
54:
17:
2013:
57:. Concentrated lead ore is fed into a sintering machine with iron, silica,
2147:
2090:
2833:
2600:
2572:
2397:
1846:
1765:
and its main products are copper, zinc clinker, lead and precious metals.
1373:
1326:
509:
215:
110:
82:
66:
2238:
2457:
2434:
2402:
2328:
1815:
1700:
1503:
106:
1309:
define lead poisoning as blood lead levels higher than 10 μg/dL.
2838:
2345:
1995:
1762:
1746:
1586:
1570:
1489:
1389:
1338:
1330:
1147:
1127:
1034:
1024:
732:
230:
179:
138:
102:
70:
2372:
1978:
Barbosa Jr, F; Tanus-Santos, JE; Gerlach, RF; Parsons, PJ (2005).
1952:
USEPA, Profile of The
Nonferrous Metals Industry. EPA 310-R-95-010
1739:
1667:
1606:
1157:
1102:
494:
258:
242:
202:
in the example above) is expelled, and the lead oxide is reduced.
170:
159:
People who operate or work in such plants are also referred to as
126:
29:
2843:
1797:
1720:
1132:
379:
374:
339:
226:
183:
142:
74:
46:
2242:
2318:
1321:
The earliest known cast lead beads were thought found in the
1772:
in southern Sweden extracts lead from scrap car batteries.
225:
Other elements frequently present with lead ores include
2234:
The
Charles Bathurst Smelt Mill, Arkengarthdale, England
1556:
Tri-State district (SE Kansas, SW Missouri, NE Oklahoma)
1356:
for piping and storage of water. It was also used as a
171:
1939:
Nicole Fobi, MD, LEAD SMELTING International Review,
2826:
2789:
2776:
2749:
2696:
2683:
2653:
2615:
2571:
2558:
2491:
2445:
2383:
2301:
2288:
1396:of England, at levels similar to those seen in the
2057:Ice Cap Shows Ancient Mines Polluted the Globe
2028:":: WorstPolluted.org : Projects Reports"
122:where they are refined for copper processing.
2254:
1966:Occupational Safety and Health Administration
1804:and the largest primary lead producer in the
1265:
8:
2045:https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/79498371.pdf
2215:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1584:International Smelting and Refining Company
2786:
2693:
2568:
2298:
2261:
2247:
2239:
1294:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1289:that is too small to cause the body harm.
1272:
1258:
1162:
288:
268:
2003:
1921:
1201:
1165:
280:
2208:
53:. Primary lead production begins with
1603:Bunker Hill Mine and Smelting Complex
7:
2199:"Background about the USS Lead Site"
2197:US EPA, REG 05 (September 8, 2016).
1865:2009 Chinese lead poisoning scandal
500:Radium and radon in the environment
1419:Historic mining and smelting sites
38:primary lead smelting facility in
25:
2282:Non-ferrous extractive metallurgy
2185:A government's failure to protect
1984:Environmental Health Perspectives
1561:Southeast Missouri Lead District
1239:
1227:
320:Atmospheric dispersion modeling
1664:Active lead mines and smelters
1307:American Academy of Pediatrics
1189:Least polluted cities by PM2.5
27:Process of refining lead metal
1:
2635:Bottom-blown oxygen converter
1794:Doe Run Resources Corporation
1768:Bergsöe lead smelter outside
1496:, was shut down in the 1990s.
1360:in stone buildings, and as a
660:Electrical resistance heating
182:, the most common mineral of
97:Lead is usually smelted in a
89:that will combine with those
49:are generally referred to as
45:Plants for the production of
2175:edition of 1912), pp.388-394
1943:, Atlanta, GA May 15th, 2007
1941:Morehouse School of Medicine
1895:Mining in the United Kingdom
1709:Broken Hill, New South Wales
1488:The tin and lead smelter in
370:Persistent organic pollutant
294:Air pollution from a factory
2906:
1796:is the largest integrated
1728:Chanderiya Smelter Complex
154:Betts electrolytic process
2276:
1447:Argenton, New South Wales
1442:Boolaroo, New South Wales
1298:World Health Organization
915:War and environmental law
535:Health effects from noise
385:Volatile organic compound
237:Secondary lead processing
2361:Underground in soft rock
2356:Underground in hard rock
1821:Belledune, New Brunswick
1672:Doe Run lead smelter in
1551:Noonday Camp, California
1539:Silberhütte (Harzgerode)
540:Marine mammals and sonar
1885:Mining in Roman Britain
1643:Harbor Island (Seattle)
1622:Dewey-Humboldt, Arizona
1015:Freshwater salinization
935:Agricultural wastewater
150:Betterton-Kroll process
1677:
1234:Environment portal
176:
129:. Dross refers to the
42:
2689:(by aqueous solution)
2521:Gravity Concentration
2270:Extractive metallurgy
2148:10.15184/aqy.2019.202
2091:10.15184/aqy.2018.110
2032:www.worstpolluted.org
1905:Trail Smelter dispute
1832:Teck Trail Operations
1671:
1653:East Chicago, Indiana
1598:Carondelet, St. Louis
1398:Industrial Revolution
975:Industrial wastewater
743:Municipal solid waste
665:Soil guideline values
222:are other lead ores.
174:
40:Herculaneum, Missouri
33:
2804:Hall–Héroult process
2483:Mechanical screening
2109:www.nottingham.ac.uk
1890:Mining in Tajikistan
1880:Desloge Lead Company
1834:, Trail, BC, Canada.
1732:Chittorgarh district
1648:Sinsinawa, Wisconsin
1524:Ballycorus Leadmines
1452:Cockle Creek Smelter
1184:Most polluted cities
836:Overhead power lines
137:is used to separate
2526:Magnetic separation
2473:Cyclonic separation
2294:(by physical means)
2279:Metallurgical assay
2167:Georgius Agricola,
1566:Old Mines, Missouri
1474:Milford, Derbyshire
1368:were water-powered
1000:Ocean acidification
910:Unexploded ordnance
831:Advertising clutter
763:Post-consumer waste
708:Foam food container
693:Biodegradable waste
350:Global distillation
87:reducing substances
2607:Refractory linings
2478:Gyratory equipment
2290:Mineral processing
2085:(366): 1571–1585.
2055:MALCOLM W. BROWNE
1870:Aluminium smelting
1678:
1464:Grinton Smelt Mill
1246:Ecology portal
871:Herbicidal warfare
415:Introduced species
355:Indoor air quality
325:Chlorofluorocarbon
177:
43:
2872:
2871:
2822:
2821:
2783:
2778:Electrometallurgy
2772:
2771:
2731:Gold chlorination
2690:
2679:
2678:
2565:
2554:
2553:
2516:Jig concentrators
2314:Natural resources
2309:Geological survey
2295:
2062:December 09, 1997
1633:Cerro Gordo Mines
1593:Silver City, Utah
1404:Georgius Agricola
1282:
1281:
1217:
1216:
883:Nuclear holocaust
806:Urban heat island
620:Radioactive waste
405:Biological hazard
315:Air quality index
79:pollution control
16:(Redirected from
2897:
2787:
2782:(by electricity)
2781:
2764:Pan amalgamation
2736:Gold cyanidation
2726:In situ leaching
2694:
2688:
2569:
2563:
2324:Economic geology
2299:
2293:
2263:
2256:
2249:
2240:
2221:
2220:
2214:
2206:
2194:
2188:
2182:
2176:
2165:
2159:
2158:
2156:
2154:
2142:(374): 473–490.
2126:
2120:
2119:
2117:
2115:
2101:
2095:
2094:
2069:
2063:
2053:
2047:
2042:
2036:
2035:
2024:
2018:
2017:
2007:
1996:10.1289/ehp.7917
1975:
1969:
1959:
1953:
1950:
1944:
1937:
1931:
1926:
1509:Copșa Mică works
1430:Gazimursky Zavod
1362:writing material
1302:blood lead level
1274:
1267:
1260:
1244:
1243:
1242:
1232:
1231:
1163:
866:Chemical warfare
768:Waste management
728:Industrial waste
703:Electronic waste
688:Advertising mail
670:Phytoremediation
645:Land degradation
585:Depleted uranium
470:Overillumination
420:Invasive species
292:
269:
59:limestone fluxes
21:
2905:
2904:
2900:
2899:
2898:
2896:
2895:
2894:
2875:
2874:
2873:
2868:
2818:
2809:Castner process
2780:
2768:
2745:
2687:
2685:Hydrometallurgy
2675:
2649:
2645:IsaKidd process
2611:
2562:
2550:
2501:Froth flotation
2487:
2441:
2379:
2292:
2284:
2272:
2267:
2230:
2225:
2224:
2207:
2196:
2195:
2191:
2183:
2179:
2173:Mining Magazine
2169:De re metallica
2166:
2162:
2152:
2150:
2128:
2127:
2123:
2113:
2111:
2103:
2102:
2098:
2071:
2070:
2066:
2054:
2050:
2043:
2039:
2026:
2025:
2021:
1990:(12): 1669–74.
1977:
1976:
1972:
1960:
1956:
1951:
1947:
1938:
1934:
1927:
1923:
1918:
1861:
1843:
1790:
1750:
1724:
1714:Mount Isa Mines
1697:
1683:
1666:
1661:
1547:
1468:North Yorkshire
1460:
1438:
1426:
1421:
1409:De Re Metallica
1319:
1278:
1240:
1238:
1226:
1219:
1218:
1118:
1110:
1109:
1083:
1075:
1074:
1010:Pharmaceuticals
990:Nonpoint source
930:
920:
919:
888:Nuclear fallout
861:
851:
850:
821:
811:
810:
801:
791:
790:
781:
773:
772:
758:Packaging waste
723:Hazardous waste
683:
675:
674:
635:
625:
624:
595:Nuclear fallout
590:Nuclear fission
570:
560:
559:
525:
515:
514:
490:
482:
481:
455:
453:Electromagnetic
445:
444:
435:
427:
426:
400:
390:
389:
360:Ozone depletion
305:
295:
267:
239:
193:
189:
169:
120:copper smelters
34:The now closed
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2903:
2901:
2893:
2892:
2887:
2877:
2876:
2870:
2869:
2867:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2830:
2828:
2824:
2823:
2820:
2819:
2817:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2799:Electrowinning
2795:
2793:
2784:
2774:
2773:
2770:
2769:
2767:
2766:
2761:
2755:
2753:
2747:
2746:
2744:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2702:
2700:
2691:
2681:
2680:
2677:
2676:
2674:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2657:
2655:
2651:
2650:
2648:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2630:Parkes process
2627:
2621:
2619:
2613:
2612:
2610:
2609:
2604:
2598:
2596:Flash smelting
2593:
2588:
2583:
2577:
2575:
2566:
2560:Pyrometallurgy
2556:
2555:
2552:
2551:
2549:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2497:
2495:
2489:
2488:
2486:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2449:
2447:
2443:
2442:
2440:
2439:
2438:
2437:
2432:
2422:
2421:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2400:
2395:
2389:
2387:
2381:
2380:
2378:
2377:
2376:
2375:
2365:
2364:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2343:
2342:
2341:
2339:Precious metal
2336:
2331:
2326:
2316:
2311:
2305:
2303:
2296:
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85:uses suitable
81:particulates.
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610:Radioactivity
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550:Noise control
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545:Noise barrier
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265:Lead exposure
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99:blast furnace
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72:
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60:
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52:
51:lead smelters
48:
41:
37:
32:
19:
2791:Electrolysis
2751:Amalgamation
2585:
2506:Jameson cell
2463:Hydrocyclone
2202:
2192:
2180:
2172:
2168:
2163:
2151:. Retrieved
2139:
2135:
2124:
2112:. Retrieved
2108:
2099:
2082:
2078:
2067:
2051:
2040:
2031:
2022:
1987:
1983:
1973:
1957:
1948:
1935:
1924:
1900:Molybdomancy
1826:Red Dog mine
1800:producer in
1574:Murray, Utah
1513:Transylvania
1479:Mendip Hills
1414:
1408:
1402:
1354:Ancient Rome
1343:
1320:
1311:
1291:
1283:
1153:Point source
1098:Heavy metals
1060:Urban runoff
1045:Sulfur water
1020:Septic tanks
876:Agent Orange
786:Space debris
640:Agricultural
505:Volcanic ash
365:Particulates
247:
240:
224:
212:Pyromorphite
178:
160:
158:
147:
124:
116:
105:, including
96:
50:
44:
18:Lead smelter
2827:Co-products
2661:Calcination
2625:Cupellation
2541:Dry washing
2530:Magnetation
2453:Ore sorting
2418:Pebble mill
2385:Comminution
1674:Herculaneum
1627:Priest Mine
1518:Rammelsberg
1494:Netherlands
1123:Area source
965:Groundwater
718:Green waste
698:Brown waste
682:Solid waste
440:Information
335:Exhaust gas
145:from lead.
131:lead oxides
2879:Categories
2864:Stamp sand
2814:Downs cell
2546:Buddle pit
2536:Rocker box
2393:Stamp mill
2334:Base metal
2302:Extraction
1916:References
1770:Landskrona
1704:Port Pirie
1676:, Missouri
1529:Dalnegorsk
1500:Upper Harz
1484:Wirksworth
1379:Monte Rosa
1366:Smeltmills
1323:Çatalhöyük
1210:By country
1202:Categories
1093:Pollutants
1070:Wastewater
1040:Stagnation
985:Monitoring
960:Freshwater
826:Air travel
713:Food waste
655:Defecation
465:Ecological
398:Biological
330:Combustion
272:Part of a
198:(like the
2706:Lixiviant
2671:Liquation
2564:(by heat)
2425:Ball mill
2368:Recycling
2187:USA Today
2136:Antiquity
2079:Antiquity
1875:Cast iron
1776:Tara Mine
1753:Rönnskär
1738:state of
1736:Rajasthan
1694:Australia
1520:, Germany
1470:, England
1436:Australia
1388:mines in
1335:cerussite
1138:Garbology
1055:Turbidity
1005:Oil spill
955:Firewater
940:Biosolids
846:Vandalism
605:Poisoning
600:Plutonium
575:Actinides
568:Radiation
310:Acid rain
282:Pollution
220:Wulfenite
208:Cerussite
204:Anglesite
167:Lead ores
91:oxidizing
55:sintering
2890:Smelting
2834:Tailings
2698:Leaching
2666:Roasting
2617:Refining
2601:ISASMELT
2573:Smelting
2430:Rod mill
2413:SAG mill
2398:Arrastra
2211:cite web
2014:16330345
1962:Smelting
1859:See also
1847:La Oroya
1828:, Alaska
1781:furnace.
1629:, Canada
1534:Eas Anie
1372:used to
1327:Anatolia
1325:site in
1296:and the
1194:Treaties
1174:Diseases
1030:Shipping
995:Nutrient
945:Diseases
510:Wildfire
253:used in
216:Mimetite
161:smelters
152:and the
111:antimony
83:Smelting
67:soda ash
2859:Red mud
2849:Clinker
2603:furnace
2511:Panning
2468:Trommel
2458:Vanning
2435:IsaMill
2408:AG mill
2403:Crusher
2351:Surface
2329:Mineral
2153:8 April
2114:8 April
2005:1314903
1816:Arizona
1730:in the
1701:Nyrstar
1504:Germany
1317:History
1292:The US
1088:History
970:Hypoxia
799:Thermal
753:Plastic
615:Uranium
489:Natural
434:Digital
410:Genetic
107:arsenic
36:Doe Run
2839:Gangue
2640:Poling
2446:Sizing
2346:Mining
2203:US EPA
2012:
2002:
1968:e-tool
1854:, Peru
1763:Sweden
1757:is in
1747:Europe
1681:Africa
1589:, Utah
1587:Tooele
1571:ASARCO
1492:, the
1490:Arnhem
1458:Europe
1390:France
1382:massif
1358:mortar
1339:galena
1331:Turkey
1148:Midden
1143:Legacy
1128:Debris
1082:Topics
1035:Sludge
1025:Sewage
980:Marine
819:Visual
738:Mining
733:Litter
274:series
259:ingots
231:silver
194:) The
180:Galena
139:silver
103:speiss
71:pyrite
2654:Other
2373:Scrap
1964:USA,
1740:India
1607:Idaho
1386:Melle
1374:smelt
1370:mills
1346:sling
1166:Lists
1158:Waste
1103:Paint
928:Water
780:Space
523:Noise
495:Ozone
460:Light
243:terne
127:dross
2885:Lead
2854:Chat
2844:Slag
2217:link
2155:2020
2116:2020
2010:PMID
1798:lead
1721:Asia
1424:Asia
1352:and
1337:and
1133:Dust
1117:Misc
633:Soil
380:Soot
375:Smog
340:Haze
229:and
227:zinc
218:and
184:lead
143:gold
109:and
75:zinc
63:coke
47:lead
2319:Ore
2144:doi
2087:doi
2000:PMC
1992:doi
1988:113
1734:of
859:War
303:Air
141:or
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