575:
are innovative. These leaders are rational calculators pursuing self-interest. Affiliation motivation, the concern for close relations with others, is manifested by statements of togetherness and common pursuits. Affiliation leaders form ideological circles and rely on friends, rather than experts, when formulating decisions. They work harder with people who share their ideologies and are aggressive towards people who are different or new. Affiliate leaders will rebel against those they believe are being exploitive, and perceptions of friends and enemies is important. They may appear erratic and unstable and are not adept and working with or managing people they don't know or like. Power motivation portrays the leader and the leader's group as the mover and shaker of events. Power motives with a sense of self-control, responsibility, and altruism leads to successful managers who create high-morale atmospheres, are visible and well-known (and liked). Power motives without self-censorship are prone to fall victim to ingratiation and flattery and will take extreme risks with little thought to moral considerations. Unchecked power motives create impulsive behavior and combined with stress, leads to lower immune functions, vulnerability to cardiovascular problems, and infectious diseases.
562:
qualifiers, suggest anxiousness (and a less likely change of being the leader of a country), moodiness is identified by high I/we ratio, direct references, expression of feelings, and adverbial intensifiers. Other traits include an angry disposition, evidenced by high negatives, rhetorical questions, and direct references. Impulsive speakers use negatives more than any other group, controlling speakers use low qualifiers, steer the conversation, and use very few feelings. Histrionic individuals use adverbial intensifiers and exaggeration. Passivity is categorized by the extensive use of me. Domineering individuals use many qualifiers, retractors, and explainers as well as interruptions. Familiar behavior (establish report) is not surprising, evidenced by the use of first names and high direct references. A resilient speaker will lose their verbal style during a crisis and then afterward resume it.
591:), the need for power and influence, conceptual complexity (ability to differentiate between people and things in an environment), self-confidence, and motivations (problem solving/relationships), general distrust or suspicion, in-group bias. Scoring is done per mention per speech and compared with other leaders being studied. When the first trait, belief in influence, is scored high, these leaders generally get their way and have a way forward. Low scores indicate a belief in constraints, but also in consensus building and compromise. High scores in this trait but low in power motivation will not be able to manipulate as well and will not achieve all they want to do.
837:, and another of unknown origin titled "Adolf Hitler". These psychobiographies included headers such as background, education, physique, religion, metamorphosis in Landsberg, sexual life, speechmaking technique, Hitler as he believes himself to be, Hitler as the German people know him, Hitler as his associates know him, Hitler as he knows himself, Hitler the man, and Predictions of Hitler's behavior in the coming future. These analyses included observations such as Hitler's
621:
has boundless resources, firmly defend borders, decide our own fate. Scoring is based on average of percentages across transcripts. Distrust is coded with words like doubtful, uneasy about, misgivings (of the out-group). High leaders in this category see the us-them paradigm and the leader becomes the group (we). The world is a zero-sum game and there may be external enemies constantly needing confrontation.
200:, conscience, and will do anything to accomplish personal goals. Lack of accomplishment is usually taken extremely badly and narcissists have low self-esteem. Narcissists have trouble learning from others because they know everything. Leaders who are narcissists make their people give great shows affirming their righteous leadership, demand praise from others, and employ “yes men”, or
946:, he worked to shore up his forces and eventually began to trust party loyalists over his family, including two of his sons-in-law whom he killed after giving them amnesty. His goal was survival and a place in the world state with world class weapons. When backed into a corner, he fought with everything he had but could change his mind and compromise to be seen as a global leader.
22:
600:
picture and dealing with situations on a case-by-case basis. The reverse situation (higher self-confidence) shows a leader who view the world as they wish to perceive it and use coercion to ensure their views become their follower's views. Low in both is an individual who mirrors the group that elected them and tends to exhibit narcissistic tendencies.
239:
105:
the actions the individual might take if given the right situation, leaving the control/change up to the policy-maker requesting the analysis. An if/then predictor is used because no analyst will be able to know the environment that acts upon the individual to the extent of proper analysis. One of the most influential government analysts is
538:(openness, contentiousness, extroversion, etc.) and/or character study (central to individual's functioning, observable, stable patterns of behavior, present across circumstances). In addition, quantitative measures such as verbal styles, grammatical choices, and scales for achievement, affiliation, and power provide room for analysis.
678:
anarchical organizations of the international system (C). D, E, and F believe that conflict is permanent, caused by the individual (D), society (E), or the international system (F). Type A's motivation is affiliation, which DEF are power motives. B and C shared achievement, but differed in power (B) and affiliation (C).
921:
as a single successful politician, rather than a part of a larger whole or cause (use of "I" was highest of post-World War II presidents while "we" was lowest), the use of qualifiers and retractors, presented a confident individual with no desire to control the flow of conversation but who would make
677:
Answering these questions will give the nature of the belief system, which can then be categorized into six types (A-F) regarding the opinions of the nature of conflict. A, B, and C believe that conflict is temporary, caused by individual misperceptions (A), pathological societal institutions (B), or
599:
Conceptual complexity and levels of self-confidence make up a self-other orientation, which analyses the level of openness the individual is to input from others. Higher complexity than self-confidence mean more likely to take input, showing a concern for others and are successful at seeing the whole
546:
Sources that are analyzed for verbal styles are general public data that has been cross-checked, legitimized, and filtered for representation of the individual as much as possible. Verbal style is preferred to be off the cuff, both to ensure lack of third party input and to put the individual in what
603:
Self-confidence scores are judged on the use of the words, I, me, myself, and mine. Scores are calculated by average percentage over the course of several speeches. Again, high self-confidence forms a filter with which the individual creates their world-view, low self-confidence turns the individual
104:
In keeping with the goals of psychology (describe, explain, predict, control), a psychobiography is first a description of an individual's life, an explanation or analysis in psychological terms of how the events shaped the individual, and an if/then predictor (if conducting an applied analysis) of
620:
General distrust and suspicion and in-group bias come from leader's distrustful of the “other” and believe in the exceptionalism of their people/state. Cues of this trait include words and phrases like great, peace-loving, progressive, successful, prosperous, powerful, capable, made great advances,
574:
assessments, where achievement, affiliation, and power are deemed the three fundamental dimensions. Achievement motivation, the concern for excellence, is often manifested in the leader claiming to do “good” or “better”. High achievers delay gratification, have high but achievable expectations, and
216:
In line with developmental psychology, life stages are a particularly important part of analysis, especially during the mid-thirties (when most leaders of coups emerge), or in old age, when leaders, especially narcissists, feel the reins of power slipping and either try to consolidate power, as did
87:
departments and utilizes the tools of psychology to achieve political ends by exploiting the psyche in the case of practitioners, or to gain knowledge about the building blocks of leadership and individuals in the case of academics. The distinction between the two is not made frivolously; in fact,
612:
The continuum of motivations spans from relationships (group maintenance) to problem solving. Coding is done through word choice, where words like accomplish(ment), achieve(ment), plan, position, proposal, recommend(ation), and tactic signify problem solving and words like appreciation, amnesty,
561:
These scores can tell about the traits of the individual. Many qualifiers suggest a lack of decisiveness, use of retractors indicate an individual who will reconsider, use of retractors and negatives indicates a large amount of impulsivity, a combination of using I, me, explainers, negatives, and
465:
Political philosophy, ideology, goals, and policy views (domestic, foreign, and economic policy views and view of U.S. Include discussion of which issues most interest the leader, in which issue areas his or her experience lies, and which issues are particularly salient for the leader's political
207:
Other common personality types of leaders are obsessive-compulsive, which makes for a hardworking leader with great organizational skills, but also one afraid to make decisions for fear of making a mistake, excessively contentious, and lacking in social grace, and the paranoid; a hypersensitive,
681:
A system of analysis of operational coding is the psycholinguistic VICS (Verbs in
Context System), a system for reviewing belief patterns in speeches in public statements and making inferences about behavior from those beliefs. Subject, verb category, domain of politics, tense of verb, intended
284:
Part 1: Psychobiographic
Discussion: The Development of the Individual in the Context of the Nation's History (use parallel time lines with one indicating key events in the life of the subject, the second indicating key events in the nation's history. By moving these lines parallel, a visual
82:
components for study and use by academics and practitioners. Good leadership analysis is not reductionist, but rather takes into consideration the overall person in the context of the times, society and culture from which they come. Leadership analysis is traditionally housed in
578:
Studies have shown that countries heading to war will increase power language while decreasing affiliation language. Country documents with high achievement scores generally have stronger economies with greater numbers of entrepreneurs and higher levels of economic development.
852:
was another target of analysis by psychobiographers George and George, who concluded a self-defeating pattern of low self-esteem and inner doubt that originated from his father, a
Presbyterian Preacher whose perfectionist demands his son internalized. A competing analysis by
632:
Another way to conduct a leadership analysis is through operational coding. Operational coding analysis is the study of political leaders that closely focus on set of political beliefs and their cultural context. There are ten questions that should be answered:
558:(“nothing”, “never”, “not”), explainers (“because” “therefore”), feeling expressions (“I like”), direct references (“your question”), nonpersonal references (“Jack Kennedy was a friend of mine”), and expressions. The scores are based on occurrences/1000 words.
922:
decisions and rethink them when necessary. He doesn't use many explainers and tells, rather than explains his views. He is the most expressive post-World War II president and with high adverbial intensifiers, he is an actor who displays histrionic (
520:
Note particularly political behavior closely related to personality issues. Relate personality to key issues, emphasizing in which direction the psychological factors point. Estimate drives, values, and characteristics that are the most
212:
leaders fall prey to projecting their beliefs (ego defense) on those around them and are therefore largely autonomous and independent. Their enemies are always coordinated and rational actors intent on the paranoid's destruction.
897:. Among the findings were Anwar Sadat's "Nobel Prize Complex", his desire to be forever known in history as a great leader and Begin's biblical preoccupation and fixation on detail, which Carter was able to play off each other.
478:
General characteristics (include discussion of the role expectations- both general public and elite- placed on the individual, emphasizing the leader's political and cultural determinants and skill in fulfilling them)
533:
In contrast to applied analysts, academic analysts generally come from the fields of social psychology and political science and take a quantitative methodology when conducting analysis, usually consisting in part of
505:
How does leader use staff/inner circle? Does the leader vet decisions or use them only for information? How collegial? Does the leader surround himself or herself with sycophants or choose strong self-confident
616:
Problem solvers view people as tools to solve problems, sacrificing unity, morale, and cohesion if necessary. Relationship builders will move only if morale is high and the group wants to go in that way.
643:
What are the prospects for the eventual realization of one's fundamental values and aspirations? Can one be optimistic, or must one be pessimistic on this score; and in what respects the one and/or the
624:
The directed psychobiography in this case would only include categories of topics discussed in speeches, audience, events and tenure, and any significance in changes of speech patterns/traits.
640:
What is the “essential” nature of political life? Is the political universe essentially one of harmony or conflict? What is the fundamental character of one's political opponents?
604:
into a mouth for a cause. Contextual complexity (degree of differentiation) forecasts leaders either seeing multiple paths through situations (high) or absolutist terms (low).
186:
styles, and cognitive factors. The important thing to note about leadership analysis is the consistency of the individual's belief systems, rather than small fluctuations.
1150:
116:. Post's analytical paradigm is below. His background, like many of the earliest applied analysts, was in psychiatry, which utilizes qualitative methods for analysis.
88:
while academics and practitioners both engage in the overarching act of analyzing leaders, they go about it quite differently. Applied analysts make great use of the
723:
Scoring (after weighting based on same verb categories and multiplying by frequency measures)- these can be applied to any of the operational coding questions:
613:
collaboration, disappoint(ment), forgive(ness), harm, liberation, and suffering indicate group maintenance. Scoring is done of one in proportion to the other.
196:) play a large part in aiding with analysis, as they are often associated with specific cognitive beliefs and processes. For example, extreme narcissists lack
1166:"Analysis of the Personality of Adolph Hitler: With Predictions of His Future Behavior and Suggestions for Dealing with Him Now and After Germany's Surrender"
826:
650:
How much “control” or “mastery” can one have over historical development? What is one's role in “moving” and “shaping” history in the desired direction?
113:
524:
Attempt to predict how the individual will interact with other political figures, including opposition leaders and other key foreign leaders
1264:
32:
355:
Appearance and personal characteristics (include description of lifestyle, work/personal life balance, working hours, hobbies, recreation)
183:
170:
theories including the influence of role models, early experiences, heroes and mentors, as well as ego defenses (known more commonly as
1214:
1165:
1056:
984:
873:
Post's creation of the Center for the
Analysis of Personality and Behavior (CAPB) (later the Political Psychology Division) at
420:
Psychological drives, needs, motives (discriminate to degree possible among drive for power, for achievement, for affiliation)
1218:
1009:
906:
818:
587:
Seven other traits are used for assessing leadership style. The belief that one can influence or control what happens (
1254:
874:
110:
834:
555:
167:
423:
Motivation for seeking leadership role (to wield power, to occupy seat of power, to achieve place in history)
466:
psychology). Note that not all leaders have a core political philosophy or body of governing political ideas.
909:. Carter had previously been cooperative and friendly but changed to hostile and conflict prone afterward.
289:
Cultural and historical background. Describe constraints of the political culture on the role of the leader
889:
as well as how to manipulate each to get the best negotiation position. These were extensively studied by
830:
193:
84:
1259:
917:
Bill
Clinton's Trait and Motivation Profile, gathered from Q&A at press conferences, presented
140:
1144:
1026:
878:
171:
865:. His repressed aggression was reflected on those around him, who were his "younger brothers".
1052:
1005:
980:
923:
894:
222:
175:
905:
From an academic perspective, Carter's VICS score changed intensely from before to after the
1117:
588:
189:
1226:
1222:
955:
858:
838:
120:
89:
285:
representation is created of the impact of historical events on individual development)
1045:
886:
849:
208:
easily slighted leader who see the world as full of enemies and will rarely negotiate.
159:
148:
124:
1047:
Leaders and their
Followers in a Dangerous World: the Psychology of Political Behavior
295:
Family constellations- grandparents, parents, siblings; relationships- family politics
43:
1248:
854:
218:
136:
918:
890:
822:
814:
535:
264:
132:
128:
106:
93:
841:, sense of destiny, and how his rough beginnings inspired him to be where he is.
661:
What is the best approach for selecting goals or objectives for political action?
882:
163:
152:
673:
What are the utility and role of different means for advancing one's interests?
926:) behavior. His high negatives score shows he's very defensive when attacked.
682:
target, and context are all scored with + or – points according to the table:
571:
201:
79:
653:
What is the role of “chance” in human affairs and in historical development?
551:
253:
144:
667:
How are the risks of political action calculated, controlled, and accepted?
943:
862:
249:
209:
197:
647:
Is the political future predictable? In what sense and to what extent?
935:
459:
Perceptions of political reality (include cultural influences/biases)
179:
431:
Identify key relationships and characterize nature of relationships
689:
Identify the tense of the transitive verb: past, present, future
939:
670:
What is the best “timing” of action to advance one's interests?
232:
92:, while academics tend to analyze transcriptions in search of
15:
554:(“I believe”), retractors (“but”, “nevertheless”), I/We, me,
434:
Inner circle, including unofficial advisors "kitchen cabinet"
114:
Center for the
Analysis of Personality and Political Behavior
817:
was one of the first targets of government analysis by the
55:
1202:. Michigan: The University of Michigan Press. p. 335.
1139:. Michigan: The University of Michigan Press. p. 215.
1124:. Michigan: The University of Michigan Press. p. 178.
1106:. Michigan: The University of Michigan Press. p. 153.
1091:. Michigan: The University of Michigan Press. p. 137.
1076:. Michigan: The University of Michigan Press. p. 102.
47:
51:
1027:"APA GUIDELINES FOR THE UNDERGRADUATE PSYCHOLOGY MAJOR"
260:
39:
664:
How are the goals of action pursued most effectively?
1215:"Explaining Saddam Hussein: a Psychological Profile"
1187:. Michigan: The University of Michigan. p. 303.
462:
Core beliefs (include concept of leadership, power)
1044:
509:Dealing with formal and informal negotiating style
496:Decision making and decision implementation style
1200:The Psychological Assessment of Political Leaders
1185:The Psychological Assessment of Political Leaders
1137:The Psychological Assessment of Political Leaders
1122:The Psychological Assessment of Political Leaders
1104:The Psychological Assessment of Political Leaders
1089:The Psychological Assessment of Political Leaders
1074:The Psychological Assessment of Political Leaders
1002:The Psychological Assessment of Political Leaders
570:Leadership analyses can also come in the form of
358:Health (include energy level, drinking, drug use)
78:is the art of breaking down a leader into basic
1004:. Michigan: The University of Michigan Press.
979:. United States: Westview Press. p. 390.
446:Political rivalries, international adversaries
861:and identified with his father and his harsh
8:
1149:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
934:He was convinced in conspiracies of the US,
857:maintained that Wilson had not resolved the
827:Analysis of the Personality of Adolph Hitler
821:on at least two occasions, one being by Dr.
493:Strategy and tactics- goal-directed behavior
443:Political allies, domestic and international
942:to kill him. After the Kuwait invasion and
469:Nationalism and identification with country
703:Promise benefits (+2) Threaten costs (-2)
700:Appeal, support (+1) Oppose, resist (-1)
767:
728:
394:Identify personality types (if possible)
967:
337:Key political relationships, influences
33:instructions, advice, or how-to content
1142:
765:Direction of Strategy (Instrumental):
411:Reality (sense of/testing/adaption to)
726:Nature of Universe (for Philosophy):
692:Identify the category of the verb +/-
309:Student years, examples of leadership
7:
719:Identify target and place in context
716:Identify domain: Domestic or Foreign
1135:Walker, Schafer, and Young (2005).
686:Identify the subject: Self or Other
482:How subject defines his or her role
42:so that it is more encyclopedic or
1213:Post, Jerrold M. (December 1990).
14:
547:is deemed a stressful situation.
363:Intellectual capacity and style
237:
20:
881:Profiles, psychobiographies of
711:Rewards (+3) Punishments (-3)
391:Drives and character structure
292:Family origins and early years
1219:House Armed Services Committee
1170:Cornell University Law Library
975:Richelson, Jeffrey T. (2012).
907:Soviet invasion of Afghanistan
252:format but may read better as
158:These methods focus primarily
1:
977:The US Intelligence Community
488:Oratorical skill and rhetoric
352:General personal description
1051:. Cornell University Press.
877:lead to the creation of the
819:Office of Strategic Services
428:Interpersonal relationships
303:Education and Socialization
1265:Central Intelligence Agency
474:Part IV. Leadership System
386:Impulse and impulse control
1281:
1183:Weintraub, Walter (2005).
1087:Weintraub, Walter (2005).
550:Verbal categories include
119:Important theorists for a
499:Strategic decision making
1102:Winter, David G (2005).
835:The Mind of Adolf Hitler
485:Relationship with public
400:Self-concept/self-esteem
229:Psychobiographic outline
221:, or give it up, as did
417:Conscience and scruples
383:Moods, mood variability
261:converting this section
1198:Post, Jerrold (2005).
1072:Post, Jerrold (2005).
1043:Post, Jerrold (2004).
1000:Post, Jerrold (2005).
893:, and resulted in the
566:Motivation assessments
502:Crisis decision making
440:Political subordinates
414:Ego defense mechanisms
328:The subject as leader
323:Successes and failures
184:information processing
1172:. Cornell University.
608:Motivation assessment
595:Conceptual complexity
194:personality disorders
96:and character clues.
1118:Hermann, Margaret G.
455:Part III. Worldview
403:Basic identification
380:Emotional reactions
375:Cognitive complexity
347:Part II: Personality
314:Professional career
85:political psychology
1217:. presented to the
869:Camp David Profiles
141:Urie Bronfenbrenner
76:Leadership analysis
40:rewrite the content
1255:Applied psychology
628:Operational coding
406:Neurotic conflicts
342:Family and friends
306:Climate in country
263:, if appropriate.
172:defence mechanisms
1229:on April 22, 2003
924:attention seeking
802:
801:
763:
762:
542:Verbal categories
529:Academic analysis
516:Part V. Outlook
298:Heroes and models
282:
281:
223:Charles de Gaulle
190:Personality types
176:personality types
73:
72:
1272:
1239:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1225:. Archived from
1210:
1204:
1203:
1195:
1189:
1188:
1180:
1174:
1173:
1161:
1155:
1154:
1148:
1140:
1132:
1126:
1125:
1114:
1108:
1107:
1099:
1093:
1092:
1084:
1078:
1077:
1069:
1063:
1062:
1050:
1040:
1034:
1033:
1031:
1022:
1016:
1015:
997:
991:
990:
972:
768:
729:
589:locus of control
583:Trait assessment
277:
274:
268:
259:You can help by
241:
240:
233:
155:, among others.
100:Applied analysis
68:
65:
59:
24:
23:
16:
1280:
1279:
1275:
1274:
1273:
1271:
1270:
1269:
1245:
1244:
1243:
1242:
1232:
1230:
1223:Air War College
1212:
1211:
1207:
1197:
1196:
1192:
1182:
1181:
1177:
1164:Murray, Henry.
1163:
1162:
1158:
1141:
1134:
1133:
1129:
1116:
1115:
1111:
1101:
1100:
1096:
1086:
1085:
1081:
1071:
1070:
1066:
1059:
1042:
1041:
1037:
1029:
1025:Halonen, Jane.
1024:
1023:
1019:
1012:
999:
998:
994:
987:
974:
973:
969:
964:
956:Political decoy
952:
932:
915:
903:
871:
859:Oedipus complex
847:
839:messiah complex
812:
807:
630:
610:
597:
585:
568:
544:
531:
515:
473:
454:
397:Psychodynamics
348:
346:
278:
272:
269:
258:
242:
238:
231:
121:psychobiography
102:
90:psychobiography
69:
63:
60:
37:
25:
21:
12:
11:
5:
1278:
1276:
1268:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1247:
1246:
1241:
1240:
1205:
1190:
1175:
1156:
1127:
1109:
1094:
1079:
1064:
1057:
1035:
1017:
1010:
992:
985:
966:
965:
963:
960:
959:
958:
951:
948:
931:
930:Saddam Hussein
928:
914:
911:
902:
899:
887:Menachem Begin
870:
867:
850:Woodrow Wilson
846:
845:Woodrow Wilson
843:
829:", another by
811:
808:
806:
803:
800:
799:
796:
793:
789:
788:
785:
782:
778:
777:
774:
772:
761:
760:
757:
754:
750:
749:
746:
743:
739:
738:
735:
733:
721:
720:
717:
714:
713:
712:
706:
705:
704:
701:
695:
694:
693:
687:
675:
674:
671:
668:
665:
662:
655:
654:
651:
648:
645:
641:
629:
626:
609:
606:
596:
593:
584:
581:
567:
564:
543:
540:
530:
527:
526:
525:
522:
513:
512:
511:
510:
507:
503:
500:
494:
491:
490:
489:
486:
483:
471:
470:
467:
463:
460:
452:
451:
450:
449:
448:
447:
444:
441:
438:
435:
426:
425:
424:
421:
418:
415:
412:
409:
408:
407:
404:
401:
395:
389:
388:
387:
384:
378:
377:
376:
373:
370:
367:
361:
360:
359:
356:
344:
343:
340:
339:
338:
335:
332:
326:
325:
324:
321:
318:
312:
311:
310:
307:
301:
300:
299:
296:
290:
280:
279:
245:
243:
236:
230:
227:
160:psychoanalytic
149:Albert Bandura
125:Gordon Allport
101:
98:
71:
70:
28:
26:
19:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1277:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1252:
1250:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1209:
1206:
1201:
1194:
1191:
1186:
1179:
1176:
1171:
1167:
1160:
1157:
1152:
1146:
1138:
1131:
1128:
1123:
1119:
1113:
1110:
1105:
1098:
1095:
1090:
1083:
1080:
1075:
1068:
1065:
1060:
1058:9780801441691
1054:
1049:
1048:
1039:
1036:
1028:
1021:
1018:
1013:
1007:
1003:
996:
993:
988:
986:9780813345116
982:
978:
971:
968:
961:
957:
954:
953:
949:
947:
945:
941:
937:
929:
927:
925:
920:
912:
910:
908:
900:
898:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
868:
866:
864:
860:
856:
851:
844:
842:
840:
836:
832:
831:Walter Langer
828:
824:
820:
816:
809:
804:
797:
794:
791:
790:
786:
783:
780:
779:
775:
773:
770:
769:
766:
758:
755:
752:
751:
747:
744:
741:
740:
736:
734:
731:
730:
727:
724:
718:
715:
710:
709:
707:
702:
699:
698:
696:
691:
690:
688:
685:
684:
683:
679:
672:
669:
666:
663:
660:
659:
658:
657:Instrumental
652:
649:
646:
642:
639:
638:
637:
634:
627:
625:
622:
618:
614:
607:
605:
601:
594:
592:
590:
582:
580:
576:
573:
565:
563:
559:
557:
553:
548:
541:
539:
537:
528:
523:
519:
518:
517:
508:
506:subordinates?
504:
501:
498:
497:
495:
492:
487:
484:
481:
480:
477:
476:
475:
468:
464:
461:
458:
457:
456:
445:
442:
439:
436:
433:
432:
430:
429:
427:
422:
419:
416:
413:
410:
405:
402:
399:
398:
396:
393:
392:
390:
385:
382:
381:
379:
374:
371:
368:
365:
364:
362:
357:
354:
353:
351:
350:
349:
341:
336:
333:
330:
329:
327:
322:
319:
316:
315:
313:
308:
305:
304:
302:
297:
294:
293:
291:
288:
287:
286:
276:
267:is available.
266:
262:
256:
255:
251:
246:This section
244:
235:
234:
228:
226:
224:
220:
219:Deng Xiaoping
214:
211:
205:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
168:developmental
165:
161:
156:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
137:Sigmund Freud
134:
130:
126:
122:
117:
115:
112:
109:, founder of
108:
99:
97:
95:
91:
86:
81:
80:psychological
77:
67:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
35:
34:
29:This article
27:
18:
17:
1231:. Retrieved
1227:the original
1208:
1199:
1193:
1184:
1178:
1169:
1159:
1136:
1130:
1121:
1112:
1103:
1097:
1088:
1082:
1073:
1067:
1046:
1038:
1020:
1001:
995:
976:
970:
933:
919:Bill Clinton
916:
913:Bill Clinton
904:
872:
848:
823:Henry Murray
815:Adolf Hitler
813:
810:Adolf Hitler
776:Cooperation
764:
725:
722:
680:
676:
656:
635:
631:
623:
619:
615:
611:
602:
598:
586:
577:
569:
560:
549:
545:
536:trait theory
532:
521:influential.
514:
472:
453:
366:Intelligence
345:
320:Early career
283:
270:
265:Editing help
247:
215:
206:
188:
157:
133:Erik Erikson
129:Alfred Adler
118:
107:Jerrold Post
103:
75:
74:
61:
38:Please help
30:
895:Nobel Prize
883:Anwar Sadat
636:Philosophy
164:personality
153:John Bowlby
48:Wikiversity
1260:Leadership
1249:Categories
1011:0472068385
962:References
879:Camp David
787:Extremely
748:Extremely
572:motivation
552:qualifiers
331:Key events
202:sycophants
56:Wikivoyage
1145:cite book
781:Extremely
742:Extremely
737:Friendly
556:negatives
437:Superiors
372:Knowledge
182:systems,
145:Carl Jung
123:would be
52:Wikibooks
31:contains
1120:(2005).
950:See also
863:superego
825:titled "
805:Examples
771:Conflict
369:Judgment
273:May 2020
210:Paranoid
64:May 2020
1233:July 7,
833:titled
732:Hostile
317:Mentors
198:empathy
1055:
1008:
983:
944:defeat
938:, and
936:Israel
901:Carter
891:Carter
708:Deeds
697:Words
644:other?
334:Crises
248:is in
180:belief
166:, and
94:traits
46:it to
1030:(PDF)
855:Freud
798:+1.0
784:Mixed
759:+1.0
745:Mixed
254:prose
192:(and
111:CIA's
54:, or
1235:2019
1151:link
1053:ISBN
1006:ISBN
981:ISBN
940:Iran
885:and
792:-1.0
753:-1.0
250:list
44:move
875:CIA
795:0.0
756:0.0
174:),
1251::
1221:;
1168:.
1147:}}
1143:{{
225:.
204:.
178:,
162:,
151:,
147:,
143:,
139:,
135:,
131:,
127:,
50:,
1237:.
1153:)
1061:.
1032:.
1014:.
989:.
275:)
271:(
257:.
66:)
62:(
58:.
36:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.