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appointments. Upon receiving Adams' letter detailing his concocted affliction, Allport replied back via mail, diagnosing Adams as a morphine addict and sending doses of the "Dr. J. Edward
Allport System," designed to cure morphine addicts. Analysis of the medicine revealed its active ingredient to be nothing more than additional morphine, packed with a bottle of pink whiskey "to mix with the morphin when it gets low." Adams referred to Allport as a " who pretend to be a physician," is "no less scoundrelly," and "is even more dangerous" than other fraudulent addiction cure peddlers mentioned earlier in the book.
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609:... avoids the absurdity of regarding the energy of life now, in the present, as somehow consisting of early archaic forms (instincts, prepotent reflexes, or the never-changing Id). Learning brings new systems of interests into existence just as it does new abilities and skills. At each stage of development, these interests are always contemporary; whatever drives, drives now.
489:- These traits are the bottom tier of the hierarchy and are not as apparent as central traits (less influential). Secondary traits are characteristics seen only in certain circumstances (such as particular likes or dislikes that a very close friend may know). They must be included to provide a complete picture of human complexity.
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time, Allport married Ada Lufkin Gould, who was a clinical psychologist. Together they had one child, a boy, who later became a pediatrician. After going to teach introductory courses on social psychology and personality at
Dartmouth College for four years, Allport returned to Harvard and remained there for the rest of his career.
434:. In 1963, Allport was awarded the Gold Medal Award from the American Psychological Foundation. In the following year, he received the APA's Distinguished Scientific Contribution Award. Gordon Allport died on October 9, 1967, in Cambridge, Massachusetts, of lung cancer, just one month shy of his 70th birthday.
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In this stage, it is believed that future goals are built to give a sense of meaning to one's life. Allport viewed a healthy person to create problems by making future goals that can be seen as unattainable in many cases. This sense of creating these long-term goals is set to differentiate from other
482:- These traits are general characteristics found in some degree in every person. These are the basic building blocks that shape most of our behavior although they are not as overwhelming as cardinal traits. They influence but do not determine behavior. An example of a central trait would be honesty.
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By 1937, Allport began to act as a spokesman for personality psychology. He appeared on radio talk shows, wrote literature reviews, articles, and a textbook. He was elected
President of the American Psychological Association in 1939, being the second youngest person to hold that office. In 1943, he
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In 1921 through 1937, Allport helped establish personality as a psychological research type within
American psychology. He returned to Harvard as an instructor in psychology from 1924 to 1926 where he began teaching his course "Personality: Its Psychological and Social Aspects" in 1924. During this
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Allport gives the example of a man who seeks to perfect his task or craft. His original motive may be a sense of inferiority engrained in his childhood, but his diligence in his work and the motive it acquires, later on, is a need to excel in his chosen profession, which becomes the man's drive.
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John
Allport was a country doctor and had his clinic and hospital in the family home. Allport's father turned their home into a makeshift hospital, with patients as well as nurses residing there. Gordon Allport and his brothers grew up surrounded by their father's patients, nurses, and medical
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available at the turn of the century, the author states
Allport "would never have embodied this article were it not for the efforts of certain physicians of Cleveland." Allport was criticized for diagnosing and treating morphine addicts via mail simply on the basis of letters and no in-person
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approach, which he thought did not provide deep enough interpretations from their data. Instead of these popular approaches, he developed an eclectic theory based on traits. He emphasized the uniqueness of each individual, and the importance of the present context, as opposed to history, for
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equipment, and he and his brothers often assisted their father in the clinic. Allport reported that "Tending office, washing bottles, and dealing with patients were important aspects of my early training" (p. 172). During this time, Allport's father was encapsulated in a blurb in
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Biographers describe
Allport as a reserved and diligent young boy who lived a fairly isolated childhood. As a teenager, Allport developed and managed his own printing business while serving as an editor of his high school newspaper. In 1915, he graduated second in his class at
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Allport had a profound and lasting influence on the field of psychology, even though his work is cited much less often than that of other well-known figures. Part of his influence stemmed from his knack for exploring and broadly conceptualizing important topics (e.g.
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One of his early projects was to go through the dictionary and locate every term that he thought could describe a person. From this, he developed a list of 4500 trait-like words. He organized these words into three levels of traits. This is similar to
Goldberg's
312:, and was the youngest of four sons of John Edward and Nellie Edith (Wise) Allport. When Gordon Allport was six years old, the family had already moved many times and finally settled in Ohio. His early education was in the public schools of Cleveland, Ohio.
475:- These traits are rare but is the trait that dominates and shape a person's behavior. They exert a powerful influence on behavior which becomes aspects of a person's identity. These are the ruling passions/obsessions, such as a need for money, fame, etc.
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from 1930 to 1967. In 1931, he served on the faculty committee that established
Harvard's Sociology Department. In the late 1940s, he helped to develop an introductory course for the new Social Relations Department. At that time, he was also editor of the
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of personality, and is known as a "trait" psychologist. He opposed the idea that people can be classified according to a small number of trait dimensions, arguing that each person is unique and distinguished by particular traits. In his work,
457:, Allport states that traits are "habits possessed of social significance" and become very predictable, traits are a unit of personality. Allport emphasized that an individual's personality is the single most unique thing about a person.
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are external forces, these relate to the way an individual accepts his surroundings and how others influence their behavior. These forces generate the ways in which we behave and are the groundwork for the creation of individual traits.
246:, traits). Another part of his influence resulted from the deep and lasting impression he made on his students during his long teaching career, many of whom went on to have important careers in psychology. Among his many students were
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In this final stage, the self is seen as a knower who can be aware of and surpass the seven other propriate functions. When gone through all stages, you appear to use several or even all in daily tasks and experiences
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and Drive. He suggested that a drive forms as a reaction to a motive, which may outgrow the motive as the reason for a behavior. The drive then becomes autonomous and distinct from the motive, whether the motive was
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There seems to be an awareness of the good me and the bad me for the children that can bring up what they expect others to expect from them. In this stage, certain goals they see for themselves are brought up.
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in
Istanbul, Turkey, where he taught economics and philosophy for a year, before returning to Harvard to pursue his Ph.D. in psychology on a fellowship in 1920. His first publication,
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Haggbloom, Steven J.; Powell, John L. III; Warnick, Jason E.; Jones, Vinessa K.; Yarbrough, Gary L.; Russell, Tenea M.; Borecky, Chris M.; McGahhey, Reagan; et al. (2002).
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Overall, Allport's three-level hierarchy of traits provides framework for understanding the different levels of traits that collectively shape an individual's personality.
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Though understanding whom they are by having a significance in their name has. This can then give them a sense of how they are and what that can mean socially.
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Mental Health and Mental Disorders: An Encyclopedia of Conditions, Treatments, and Well-Being : An Encyclopedia of Conditions, Treatments, and Well-Being
408:. Allport was also a Director of the Commission for the United Nations Educational Scientific, and Cultural Organization. He was elected a Fellow of the
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Allport hypothesized the idea of internal and external forces that influence an individual's behavior. He called these forces Genotypes and Phenotypes.
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213:. Allport was one of the first psychologists to focus on the study of the personality, and is often referred to as one of the founding figures of
420:. In 1944, he served as President of the Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues. In 1950, Allport published his third book titled
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or something else. The idea that drives can become independent of the original motives for a given behavior is known as "functional autonomy."
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With having a sense of who they are in this stage, they want to have a form of independence that can be stepped away from adult supervision.
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The Problem with this hypothesis is that it cannot be proven as they are internal theories, influenced presumably by the outer environment.
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At this stage, it is brought to the awareness that thoughts can help solve problems in which they tend to think a lot about their thinking.
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Nicholson, I. (1997). To "correlate psychology and social ethics": Gordon Allport and the first course in American personality psychology.
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at the age of eighteen which earned him a scholarship that allowed him to attend Harvard University. Notably, one of his older brothers,
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465:, or the hypothesis that humans develop widely used, generic terms for individual differences in their daily interactions over time.
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It is perceived when infants can understand themselves through sensations and figure out what makes them and what does not.
430:, was published in 1954, based on his work with refugees during World War II. His fifth book, published in 1955, was titled
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Allport's mother was a former school teacher, who forcefully promoted her values of intellectual development and religion.
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In this stage, the child can see their bodies and extend to toys. The words that seem to be stated in their mind is mine.
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Nicholson, I. (2000). "'A coherent datum of perception': Gordon Allport, Floyd Allport and the politics of personality."
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are internal forces that relate to how a person retains information and uses it to interact with the external world.
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Harvard then awarded Allport a Sheldon Traveling Fellowship. He spent the first Sheldon year studying with the new
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Nicholson, I. (1997). Humanistic psychology and intellectual identity: The 'open' system of Gordon Allport.
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Hergenhahn, B. R., Matthew H. Olson. An Introduction to Theories of Personality. Pearson Education, 2007.
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survey, published in 2002, ranked Allport as the 11th most cited psychologist of the 20th century.
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Nicholson, I. (1998). Gordon Allport, character, and the 'culture of personality', 1897–1937.
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748:- a measure of the manifestation of prejudice in a society devised by Gordon Allport in 1954.
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APA Distinguished Scientific Award for an Early Career Contribution to Psychology recipients
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Allport earned his A.B. degree in 1919 in Philosophy and Economics (not psychology).
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approach to personality, which he thought often was too deeply interpretive, and a
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632:, ed. C. Murchison, (1935). Worcester, MA: Clark University Press, 789–844.
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Matlin, MW., (1995) Psychology. Texas: Harcourt Brace College Publishers.
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891:"Gordon Allport, character, and the "culture of personality," 1897–1937"
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Allport was one of the first researchers to draw a distinction between
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7. Emergence of proproate striving (twelfth year through adolescence)
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Personality Theories: Basic Assumptions, Research, and Applications.
331:. While much of the book focuses on large scale, heavily advertised
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The Great American Fraud: Articles on the Nostrum Evil and Quackery
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Inventing Personality: Gordon Allport and the Science of Selfhood
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The Individual and His Religion: A Psychological Interpretation.
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6. Emergence of self as a rational coper (sixth to twelfth year)
373:, and then his Ph.D. in 1922, along the way taking a class with
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Becoming: Basic Considerations for a Psychology of Personality.
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369:. Allport earned his master's degree in 1921, studying under
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Becoming: Basic Considerations for Psychology of Personality
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stages and even from having a healthy or sick personality.
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on fraudulent medicinal cures, later reprinted as the book
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675:(1954; 1979). Reading, MA : Addison-Wesley Pub. Co.
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Personality Theories: Development, Growth, and Diversity
835:"The 100 most eminent psychologists of the 20th century"
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Personality Traits: Their Classification and Measurement
709:
Classics in the History of Psychology -- Allport (1940)
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Allport grew up in a religious family. He was born in
209:(November 11, 1897 – October 9, 1967) was an American
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Gordon Allport, The Open System in Personality Theory
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On the Nature of Prejudice: Fifty Years After Allport
1074:. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995) p. 13
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5. Emergence of self-image (fourth to the sixth year)
351:, was working on his Ph.D. in psychology at Harvard.
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Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
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Presidents of the American Psychological Association
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Hocutt, Max (2004). Review - Inventing Personality.
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Harvard University Department of Psychology faculty
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Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences 3
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688:(1950; 1975). Westport, CN : Greenwood Press.
357:After graduating from Harvard, Allport traveled to
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49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
388:and Hamburg, Germany; and then the second year at
1014:Narrative Psychology: Internet and Resource Guide
365:in 1921, was co-authored with his older brother,
1332:, Laurie A. Rudman, Blackwell Publishing, 2005,
622:(with Vernon, P. E.) (1933) New York: Macmillan.
288:Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs
1398:Allports classic paper on autonomy of motives
641:(1937) New York: Holt, Rinehart, & Winston.
468:Allport's three-level hierarchy of traits are:
1400:at Classics in the History of Psychology page.
1072:The Cambridge Dictionary of American Biography
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1044:Hergenhahn, B. R.; Olson, Matthew H. (2007).
8:
1274:, American Psychological Association, 2003,
787:. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. p. 47.
686:The Nature of Personality: Selected Papers.
653:(1965) New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
637:Personality: A psychological interpretation
329:: Articles on the Nostrum Evil and Quackery
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1047:An Introduction to Theories of Personality
936:Sheehy, Noel; Forsythe, Alexandra (2004).
809:"Why should we care about Gordon Allport?"
659:(1955). New Haven: Yale University Press.
559:8. Emergence of self as knower (adulthood)
120:
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406:Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
811:. Stolaf.edu. 2001-03-14. Archived from
525:4. Sense of self-extension (Fourth year)
455:Concepts of Trait and Personality (1927)
1114:. American Academy of Arts and Sciences
1109:"Book of Members, 1780-2010: Chapter A"
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509:2. Sense of self-identity (second year)
399:Allport was a member of the faculty at
1246:The American Journal of Psychology, 50
1313:Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 37,
1177:
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752:List of science and religion scholars
705:The Psychologist's Frame of Reference
410:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
217:. He contributed to the formation of
7:
975:New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company.
971:HJelle, L.A., Ziegler, D.J. (1992).
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517:3. Sense of self-esteem (third year)
501:1. Sense of bodily "me" (first year)
47:adding citations to reliable sources
3365:20th-century American psychologists
1184:"Concepts of trait and personality"
727:Personality & social encounter.
377:before the latter's death in 1916.
3400:Writers about religion and science
1468:American Psychological Association
714:Pattern and Growth in Personality.
14:
3360:People from Parke County, Indiana
647:Oxford, England: Macmillan, 1950.
418:Eastern Psychological Association
16:American psychologist (1897–1967)
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1158:. Oxon: Routledge. p. 414.
940:Fifty Key Thinkers in Psychology
131:
23:
1136:. Shrike.depaul.edu. 1967-10-09
630:A Handbook of Social Psychology
496:The Development of the Proprium
422:The Individual and His Religion
230:understanding the personality.
34:needs additional citations for
1404:Gordon Allport, The Scapegoats
992:Adams, Samuel Hopkins (1912).
944:. London: Routledge. pp.
716:(1961). Harcourt College Pub.
620:Studies in expressive movement
605:Allport says that the theory:
588:Functional autonomy of motives
463:fundamental lexical hypothesis
1:
2662:Industrial and organizational
1286:Metapsychology Online Reviews
889:Nicholson, Ian A. M. (1998).
729:(1960). Boston: Beacon Press.
416:was elected President of the
3355:Glenville High School alumni
2903:Human factors and ergonomics
1388:Resources in other libraries
1369:Resources in other libraries
839:Review of General Psychology
701:(1968). Boston: Beacon Press
437:
293:Review of General Psychology
3370:Personality trait theorists
1320:Journal of Personality, 65,
1182:Allport, Gordon W. (1927).
448:Allport contributed to the
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1089:psychology.fas.harvard.edu
441:
3375:Psychologists of religion
3289:
2592:Applied behavior analysis
2564:
2372:
1383:Resources in your library
1364:Resources in your library
1306:History of Psychology, 1,
1050:. Pearson Prentice Hall.
1012:V.W. Hevern (1996-2003).
861:10.1037/1089-2680.6.2.139
762:Labels of Primary Potency
200:
183:
130:
2293:Jessica Henderson Daniel
1410:Gordon Allport, Becoming
1328:, hrg. von Peter Glick,
1032:Journal of Social Issues
1030:Pettigrew, T.F. (1999).
907:10.1037/1093-4510.1.1.52
699:The Person in Psychology
568:Genotypes and phenotypes
327:The Great American Fraud
166:Cambridge, Massachusetts
2868:Behavioral neuroscience
2432:Behavioral neuroscience
2257:Suzanne Bennett Johnson
1869:Robert Richardson Sears
1714:Harry Levi Hollingworth
1601:Walter Bowers Pillsbury
1506:George Stuart Fullerton
1244:Allport, G. W. (1937).
671:The Nature of Prejudice
427:The Nature of Prejudice
3390:Harvard College alumni
2918:Psychology of religion
2858:Behavioral engineering
2795:Human subject research
2451:Cognitive neuroscience
2417:Affective neuroscience
1977:George Armitage Miller
1667:Margaret Floy Washburn
1583:Henry Rutgers Marshall
1188:Psychological Bulletin
611:
438:Allport's trait theory
215:personality psychology
207:Gordon Willard Allport
3294:Wiktionary definition
2830:Self-report inventory
2825:Quantitative research
895:History of Psychology
607:
345:Glenville High School
2820:Qualitative research
2775:Behavior epigenetics
2299:Rosie Phillips Davis
2030:Wilbert J. McKeachie
1810:John Edward Anderson
1750:Louis Leon Thurstone
1744:Walter Richard Miles
1738:Walter Samuel Hunter
1661:Shepherd Ivory Franz
1595:Charles Hubbard Judd
1577:James Rowland Angell
1500:James McKeen Cattell
1488:George Trumbull Ladd
783:Sperry, Len (2015).
390:Cambridge University
318:Samuel Hopkins Adams
280:political psychology
221:and rejected both a
43:improve this article
3299:Wiktionary category
2863:Behavioral genetics
2835:Statistical surveys
2692:Occupational health
2427:Behavioral genetics
2251:Melba J. T. Vasquez
2120:Charles Spielberger
2078:Janet Taylor Spence
1887:Orval Hobart Mowrer
1881:Laurance F. Shaffer
1762:Albert Poffenberger
1625:Robert S. Woodworth
1571:Mary Whiton Calkins
1154:Allen, Bem (2016).
733:Psychology of Rumor
651:Letters from Jenny.
424:. His fourth book,
367:Floyd Henry Allport
349:Floyd Henry Allport
284:Syracuse University
274:, was professor of
272:Floyd Henry Allport
3271:Schools of thought
3174:Richard E. Nisbett
3054:Donald T. Campbell
2732:Sport and exercise
2245:Carol D. Goodheart
2013:Donald T. Campbell
1804:Calvin Perry Stone
1792:Leonard Carmichael
1691:I. Madison Bentley
1649:John Wallace Baird
1589:George M. Stratton
1559:William Lowe Bryan
1512:James Mark Baldwin
1466:Presidents of the
1291:2017-08-07 at the
757:Contact hypothesis
401:Harvard University
322:Collier's Magazine
147:Montezuma, Indiana
3332:
3331:
3309:Wikimedia Commons
3236:Counseling topics
3199:Ronald C. Kessler
3189:Shelley E. Taylor
3114:Lawrence Kohlberg
3089:Stanley Schachter
2888:Consumer behavior
2770:Archival research
2538:Psycholinguistics
2422:Affective science
2332:
2331:
2311:Jennifer F. Kelly
2281:Susan H. McDaniel
2263:Donald N. Bersoff
2191:Norine G. Johnson
2174:Patrick H. DeLeon
2144:Robert J. Resnick
2102:Raymond D. Fowler
2096:Bonnie Strickland
2048:Nicholas Cummings
2042:M. Brewster Smith
1941:Charles E. Osgood
1822:Edwin Ray Guthrie
1655:Walter Dill Scott
1377:By Gordon Allport
1350:Library resources
1165:978-0-205-43912-6
1085:"Doctoral Alumni"
1057:978-0-13-194228-8
794:978-1-4408-0383-3
276:social psychology
268:M. Brewster Smith
252:Anthony Greenwald
204:
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185:Scientific career
143:November 11, 1897
119:
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3266:Research methods
3209:Richard Davidson
3204:Joseph E. LeDoux
3079:George A. Miller
3069:David McClelland
3064:Herbert A. Simon
2964:Edward Thorndike
2785:Content analysis
2570:
2543:Psychophysiology
2359:
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2317:Frank C. Worrell
2215:Ronald F. Levant
2209:Diane F. Halpern
2203:Robert Sternberg
2126:Jack Wiggins Jr.
2108:Joseph Matarazzo
2054:Florence Denmark
2036:Theodore H. Blau
1989:Kenneth B. Clark
1899:Theodore Newcomb
1875:J. McVicker Hunt
1774:Edward C. Tolman
1732:Herbert Langfeld
1619:Howard C. Warren
1613:Edward Thorndike
1518:Hugo Münsterberg
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1965:Gardner Lindzey
1917:Wolfgang Köhler
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60: –
59:
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54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
3169:Larry Squire
3164:Bruce McEwen
3159:Amos Tversky
3129:Jerome Kagan
3119:Noam Chomsky
3059:Hans Eysenck
3029:Harry Harlow
3009:Erik Erikson
2993:
2908:Intelligence
2805:Neuroimaging
2548:Quantitative
2513:Mathematical
2508:Intelligence
2498:Experimental
2493:Evolutionary
2483:Differential
2392:Psychologist
2323:Thema Bryant
2227:Sharon Brehm
2184:2001–present
2090:Logan Wright
1983:George Albee
1911:Harry Harlow
1905:Lee Cronbach
1785:
1726:Karl Lashley
1720:Edwin Boring
1679:Lewis Terman
1547:Josiah Royce
1426:Find a Grave
1376:
1354:
1330:John Dovidio
1325:
1319:
1312:
1305:
1298:
1271:
1245:
1240:
1191:
1187:
1155:
1149:
1138:. Retrieved
1134:"Later Life"
1128:
1116:. Retrieved
1103:
1092:. Retrieved
1088:
1079:
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1046:
1039:
1034:, Fall, 1999
1031:
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901:(1): 52–68.
898:
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828:
817:. Retrieved
813:the original
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450:trait theory
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444:Trait theory
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320:' exposé in
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211:psychologist
206:
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184:
160:(1967-10-09)
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
3350:1967 deaths
3345:1897 births
3241:Disciplines
3214:Susan Fiske
3104:Roger Brown
3004:Carl Rogers
2989:Jean Piaget
2954:Ivan Pavlov
2810:Observation
2790:Experiments
2737:Suicidology
2632:Educational
2587:Anomalistic
2558:Theoretical
2533:Personality
2463:Comparative
2446:Cognitivism
2437:Behaviorism
1834:Carl Rogers
1301:6: 463–470.
260:Leo Postman
3339:Categories
3304:Wikisource
3149:Paul Ekman
2984:Kurt Lewin
2878:Competence
2800:Interviews
2780:Case study
2657:Humanistic
2637:Ergonomics
2622:Counseling
2597:Assessment
2579:psychology
2528:Perception
2488:Ecological
2404:psychology
2382:Philosophy
2366:Psychology
2072:Max Siegel
1524:John Dewey
1255:References
1140:2018-02-12
1094:2022-06-16
819:2018-02-12
626:Attitudes,
578:Phenotypes
384:School in
227:behavioral
195:Psychology
69:newspapers
3324:Wikibooks
3314:Wikiquote
3184:Ed Diener
2969:Carl Jung
2873:Cognition
2702:Political
2612:Community
2442:Cognitive
2023:1976–2000
1862:1951–1975
1701:1926–1950
1540:1901–1925
1475:1892–1900
1208:1939-1455
915:1939-0610
869:145668721
847:CiteSeerX
574:Genotypes
412:in 1933.
306:Montezuma
300:Biography
240:prejudice
99:June 2007
3319:Wikinews
3276:Timeline
2898:Feelings
2893:Emotions
2853:Behavior
2844:Concepts
2722:Religion
2707:Positive
2697:Pastoral
2682:Military
2647:Forensic
2642:Feminist
2627:Critical
2617:Consumer
2607:Coaching
2602:Clinical
2577:Applied
2473:Cultural
2412:Abnormal
1322:733–742.
1289:Archived
1118:15 April
923:11620320
740:See also
707:(1940).
599:instinct
244:religion
3251:Outline
2747:Traffic
2742:Systems
2677:Medical
2503:Gestalt
2377:History
735:(1947).
382:Gestalt
310:Indiana
178:Harvard
83:scholar
3281:Topics
2727:School
2652:Health
2553:Social
2456:Social
2402:Basic
2387:Portal
2325:(2023)
2319:(2022)
2313:(2021)
2307:(2020)
2301:(2019)
2295:(2018)
2289:(2017)
2283:(2016)
2277:(2015)
2271:(2014)
2265:(2013)
2259:(2012)
2253:(2011)
2247:(2010)
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2050:(1979)
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2032:(1976)
2015:(1975)
2009:(1974)
2003:(1973)
1997:(1972)
1991:(1971)
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1961:(1966)
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1710:(1926)
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1657:(1919)
1651:(1918)
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1639:(1916)
1633:(1915)
1627:(1914)
1621:(1913)
1615:(1912)
1609:(1911)
1603:(1910)
1597:(1909)
1591:(1908)
1585:(1907)
1579:(1906)
1573:(1905)
1567:(1904)
1561:(1903)
1555:(1902)
1549:(1901)
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1526:(1899)
1520:(1898)
1514:(1897)
1508:(1896)
1502:(1895)
1496:(1894)
1490:(1893)
1484:(1892)
1418:(1960)
1412:(1955)
1406:(1954)
1352:about
1336:
1315:60–78.
1308:52–68.
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594:Motive
386:Berlin
266:, and
191:Fields
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
3228:Lists
2687:Music
2672:Media
2667:Legal
2518:Moral
1112:(PDF)
865:S2CID
768:Notes
236:rumor
90:JSTOR
76:books
2913:Mind
1334:ISBN
1276:ISBN
1204:ISSN
1160:ISBN
1120:2011
1052:ISBN
977:ISBN
950:ISBN
919:PMID
911:ISSN
789:ISBN
718:ISBN
690:ISBN
677:ISBN
661:ISBN
278:and
168:, US
155:Died
149:, US
140:Born
62:news
1424:at
1196:doi
1000:118
903:doi
857:doi
628:in
485:3.
478:2.
471:1.
286:'s
282:at
45:by
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