355:
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31:
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199:. Because colonies with multiple queens over the lifespan of the colony have been found by a large number of investigators – by Weber 1937, Jonkman 1977, Huber 1907, Moser & Lewis 1981, Mariconi & Zamith 1963, Moser 1963, and Walter et al 1938 – it is believable that some colonies have multiple foundresses – termed
320:. Leaf cutter ants are sensitive enough to adapt to the fungi's reaction to different plant material, apparently detecting chemical signals from the fungus. If a particular type of leaf is toxic to the fungus, the colony will no longer collect it. The only two other groups of insects to use fungus-based agriculture are
140:
Next to humans, leafcutter ants form some of the largest and most complex animal societies on Earth. In a few years, the central mound of their underground nests can grow to more than 30 m (98 ft) across, with smaller radiating mounds extending out to a radius of 80 m (260 ft),
190:
Once on the ground, the female loses her wings and searches for a suitable underground lair in which to found her colony. The success rate of these young queens is very low, and only 2.5% will go on to establish a long-lived colony. To start her own fungus garden, the queen stores bits of the
387:
species, unusually for the Attine tribe, have an external waste heap. Waste transporters take the waste, which consists of used substrate and discarded fungus, to the waste heap. Once dropped off at the refuse dump, the heap workers organise the waste and constantly shuffle it around to aid
269:
Minors are slightly larger than minim workers, and are present in large numbers in and around foraging columns. These ants are the first line of defense and continuously patrol the surrounding terrain and vigorously attack any enemies that threaten the foraging lines. Head width is around
276:
Majors, the largest worker ants, act as soldiers, defending the nest from intruders, although recent evidence indicates majors participate in other activities, such as clearing the main foraging trails of large debris and carrying bulky items back to the nest. The largest soldiers
900:
Benjamin, RICHARD K.; Blackwell, MEREDITH; Chapela, IGNACIO H.; Humber, RICHARD A.; Jones, KEVIN G.; Klepzig, KIER D.; Lichtwardt, ROBERT W.; Malloch, DAVID; Noda, HIROAKI (2004-01-01), Mueller, GREGORY M.; Bills, GERALD F.; Foster, MERCEDES S. (eds.),
380:
threatens the ants' food source and thus is a constant danger to the ants. The waste transporters and waste-heap workers are the older, more dispensable leafcutter ants, ensuring the healthier and younger ants can work on the fungal garden. The
451:
and other micro-organisms. The most common known behaviors rely on workers reducing the number of fungal spores by grooming, or removing an infected piece of the fungus garden and throwing it away at the waste dump (described as weeding).
331:
The fungi used by the higher attine ants no longer produce spores. These ants fully domesticated their fungal partner 15 million years ago, a process that took 30 million years to complete. Their fungi produce nutritious and swollen
328:. The fungus cultivated by the adults is used to feed the ant larvae, and the adult ants feed on leaf sap. The fungus needs the ants to stay alive, and the larvae need the fungus to stay alive, so mutualism is obligatory.
374:
Leafcutter ants have very specific roles in taking care of the fungal garden and dumping the refuse. Waste management is a key role for each colony's longevity. The necrotrophic parasitic fungus
111:. Leafcutter ants can carry twenty times their body weight and cut and process fresh vegetation (leaves, flowers, and grasses) to serve as the nutritional substrate for their fungal cultivates.
1309:
Farji-Brener, Alejandro G. (2001). "Why are leaf-cutting ants more common in early secondary forests than in old-growth tropical forests? An evaluation of the palatable forage hypothesis".
500:
In some parts of their range, leafcutter ants can be a serious agricultural pest, defoliating crops and damaging roads and farmland with their nest-making activities. For example, some
137:
ants have four pairs and a rough exoskeleton. The exoskeleton itself is covered in a thin layer of mineral coating, composed of rhombohedral crystals that are generated by the ants.
510:
on crops has been demonstrated. Collecting the refuse from the nest and placing it over seedlings or around crops resulted in a deterrent effect over a period of 30 days.
1174:
Goes, A. C.; Barcoto, M. O.; Kooij, P. W.; Bueno, O. C.; & Rodrigues, A. (2020), "How do leaf-cutting ants recognize antagonistic microbes in their fungal crops?",
1072:
592:
1207:
409:). This mutualistic micro-organism lives in the metapleural glands of the ant. Actinomycetota are responsible for producing the majority of the world's
1362:
Ballari, S. A. & Farji-Brener, A. G. (2006), "Refuse dumps of the leaf-cutting ants as a deterrent for ant herbivory: does refuse age matter?",
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864:
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species are capable of defoliating an entire citrus tree in less than 24 hours. A promising approach to deterring attacks of the leafcutter ant
676:
1401:
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830:
792:
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237:, four castes being present in established colonies—minims, minors, mediae, and majors. Majors are also known as soldiers or dinergates.
1176:
1011:
Zhang, M. M.; Poulsen, M. & Currie, C. R. (2007), "Symbiont recognition of mutualistic bacteria by
Acromyrmex leaf-cutting ants",
1129:"Pathogenicity of Escovopsis weberi: The parasite of the attine ant-microbe symbiosis directly consumes the ant-cultivated fungus"
266:
Minims are the smallest workers, and tend to the growing brood or care for the fungus gardens. Head width is less than 1 mm.
429:
that lay eggs into the crevices of the worker ants' heads. Often, a minim will sit on a worker ant and ward off any attack.
296:, and different species of ants use different species of fungus, but all of the fungi the ants use are members of the family
876:
195:
in her infrabuccal pocket, which is located within her oral cavity. Colonies are generally founded by individual queens –
440:
was cultured, during colony foundation, in 6.6% of colonies. However, in one- to two-year-old colonies, almost 60% had
1428:
599:
342:
354:
300:. The ants actively cultivate their fungus, feeding it with freshly cut plant material and keeping it free from
976:
Bot, A. N. M.; Currie, C. R.; Hart, A. G. & Boomsma, J. J. (2001), "Waste
Management in Leaf-cutting Ants",
293:
395:
In addition to feeding the fungal garden with foraged food, mainly consisting of leaves, it is protected from
436:, a highly virulent fungus, has the potential to devastate an ant garden, as it is horizontally transmitted.
1070:
Currie, C. R.; Mueller, U. G. & Malloch, D. (1999), "The agricultural pathology of ant fungus gardens",
519:
130:
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234:
121:
ants have much in common anatomically; however, the two can be identified by their external differences.
108:
902:
1462:
506:
183:(Spanish). Each female mates with multiple males to collect the 300 million sperm she needs to set up a
1205:
Currie, C. R.; & Stuart, A. E. (2001), "Weeding and grooming of pathogens in agriculture by ants",
316:
partner, a bacterium that grows on the ants and secretes chemicals; essentially, the ants use portable
1081:
1056:
629:
481:
273:
Mediae are the generalized foragers, which cut leaves and bring the leaf fragments back to the nest.
141:
taking up 30 to 600 m (320 to 6,460 sq ft) and containing eight million individuals.
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853:
680:
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Nevertheless, leafcutter ants have many adaptive mechanisms to recognize and control infections by
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245:, meaning comparatively less difference occurs in size from the smallest to largest types of
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Hart, A. G. & Ratnieks, F. L. W. (2002), "Waste management in the leaf-cutting ant
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617:
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When the ants are out collecting leaves, they are at risk of attack by some species of
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480:. These are more attractive food sources because pioneer plants have lower levels of
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Li, Hongjie & Sun, Chang-yu (2020), "Biomineral armor in leaf-cutter ants",
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Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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73:
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283:) may have total body lengths up to 16 mm and head widths of 7 mm.
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is the most commonly documented fungi farmed by higher attine ant species.
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485:
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192:
92:
84:
340:) that grow in bundles called staphylae, to specifically feed the ants.
1269:
1152:
677:"Diagnoses of the North American: Ant Genera (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)"
55:
1442:
1340:
747:
Extraordinary
Animals: An Encyclopedia of Curious and Unusual Animals
104:
79:
1252:
Hager, Felix A.; Kirchner, Lea; Kirchner, Wolfgang H. (2017-12-15).
1144:
1254:"Directional vibration sensing in the leafcutter ant Atta sexdens"
365:
353:
333:
251:
153:
63:
51:
29:
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was the dead ants placed around the perimeter of the waste heap.
59:
815:
Fire Ants and Leaf-cutting Ants : Biology and
Management
464:(substrate-borne vibrations) to communicate with each other.
551:
Speight, Martin R.; Watt, Allan D.; Hunter, Mark D. (1999).
432:
Also, the wrong type of fungus can grow during cultivation.
225:, based mostly on size, that perform different functions.
813:
Lofgren, Clifford; Meer, Robert K. Vander, eds. (2018).
739:
737:
167:
Winged females and males leave their respective nests
877:"Leucoagaricus - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics"
488:
concentrations than the shade-tolerant species that
808:
806:
804:
618:"Major evolutionary transitions in ant agriculture"
776:
909:, Burlington: Academic Press, pp. 395–433,
865:For Leaf-Cutter Ants, Farm Life Isn't So Simple
783:, The American Philosophical Society, pp.
460:Leafcutter ants use chemical communication and
903:"Insect- and Other Arthropod-Associated Fungi"
221:In leafcutter colonies, ants are divided into
312:relationship is further augmented by another
125:ants have three pairs of spines and a smooth
8:
1208:Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B
1127:Reynolds, H. T. & Currie, C. R. (2004),
163:, queen with larvae and workers on substrate
388:decomposition. A compelling observation of
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1228:
1189:
1103:
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1024:
960:
717:
707:
651:
641:
575:
573:
476:, likely due to higher concentrations of
145:The lifecycle of a leafcutter ant colony
543:
27:Any of 47 species of leaf-chewing ants
1443:The Lurker's Guide to Leafcutter Ants
1408:. Bristol Zoo Gardens. Archived from
1364:The Netherlands Entomological Society
854:Crop Domestication Is a Balancing Act
616:Schultz, T. R.; Brady, S. G. (2008).
579:
7:
1177:Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution
555:. Blackwell Science. p. 156.
25:
1333:10.1034/j.1600-0706.2001.920120.x
1376:10.1111/j.1570-8703.2006.00475.x
915:10.1016/b978-012509551-8/50021-0
399:by the antibiotic secretions of
292:Their societies are based on an
150:Reproduction and colony founding
1425:"Ancient Farmers of the Amazon"
241:ants are more polymorphic than
978:Ethology Ecology and Evolution
675:Hedlund, Kye S. (March 2005).
444:growing in the fungal garden.
1:
990:10.1080/08927014.2001.9522772
370:Leafcutter ant in Costa Rica
129:on the upper surface of the
779:Gardening Ants, The Attines
750:, Greenwood Press, p.
343:Leucoagaricus gongylophorus
1494:
709:10.1038/s41467-020-19566-3
233:exhibit a high degree of
496:Interactions with humans
1191:10.3389/fevo.2020.00095
1095:10.1073/pnas.96.14.7998
962:10.1093/beheco/13.2.224
775:Weber, Neal A. (1972),
643:10.1073/pnas.0711024105
520:List of leafcutter ants
472:Leafcutter ants prefer
191:parental fungus garden
1221:10.1098/rspb.2001.1605
371:
363:
262:
164:
109:southern United States
44:
1026:10.1038/ismej.2007.41
907:Biodiversity of Fungi
881:www.sciencedirect.com
696:Nature Communications
605:on February 23, 2018.
507:Acromyrmex lobicornis
482:secondary metabolites
478:pioneer plant species
369:
357:
255:
157:
62:belonging to the two
33:
1321:Nordic Society Oikos
744:Piper, Ross (2007),
294:ant–fungus mutualism
288:Ant–fungus mutualism
1215:(1471): 1033–1039,
1086:1999PNAS...96.7998C
825:. pp. xv+435.
683:on August 24, 2007.
634:2008PNAS..105.5435S
207:confirmed only for
107:, and parts of the
89:fungus-growing ants
83:. These species of
77:, within the tribe
1402:"Leaf-cutter ant (
1270:10.1242/bio.029587
949:Behavioral Ecology
553:Ecology of Insects
474:disturbed habitats
372:
364:
263:
165:
45:
1431:Evolution Library
1264:(12): 1949–1952.
1080:(14): 7998–8002,
1049:"Leafcutter Ants"
924:978-0-12-509551-8
832:978-0-429-03826-6
794:978-0-87169-092-0
761:978-0-313-33922-6
628:(14): 5435–5440.
582:, pp. 11–13.
562:978-0-86542-745-7
16:(Redirected from
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679:. Archived from
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593:"Leafcutter Ant"
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350:Waste management
322:ambrosia beetles
270:1.8–2.2 mm.
217:Colony hierarchy
213:by Vinson 1985.
179:(Portuguese) or
171:and engage in a
58:of leaf-chewing
54:, are any of 47
52:non-generic name
21:
18:Leaf-cutter ants
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490:will come later
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259:Atta cephalotes
256:Leafcutter ant
219:
203:. Pleometrosis
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101:Central America
48:Leafcutter ants
36:Atta cephalotes
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945:Atta colombica
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401:Actinomycetota
384:Atta colombica
360:Atta colombica
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318:antimicrobials
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280:Atta laevigata
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160:Atta colombica
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1463:Atta (genus)
1433:. Retrieved
1414:. Retrieved
1410:the original
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819:New York, NY
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699:
695:
689:
681:the original
670:
625:
621:
611:
600:the original
587:
552:
546:
526:Atta sexdens
524:
505:
501:
499:
471:
462:stridulation
459:
448:
446:
441:
437:
433:
431:
423:phorid flies
420:
404:
396:
394:
390:A. colombica
389:
382:
375:
373:
359:
341:
330:
291:
278:
257:
246:
242:
238:
235:polymorphism
230:
226:
220:
208:
204:
201:pleometrosis
189:
180:
176:
168:
166:
158:
139:
134:
122:
118:
114:
113:
78:
72:
66:
47:
46:
41:Wilhelma Zoo
34:
532:Lepiotaceae
484:and higher
468:Prey plants
427:parasitoids
411:antibiotics
358:Workers of
310:mutualistic
298:Lepiotaceae
210:Atta texana
127:exoskeleton
43:, Stuttgart
1478:Acromyrmex
1452:Categories
1435:2009-02-22
1416:2006-05-12
1341:10088/1425
930:2022-07-08
886:2022-07-08
841:1090012991
580:Piper 2007
538:References
449:Escovopsis
442:Escovopsis
438:Escovopsis
434:Escovopsis
417:Parasitism
397:Escovopsis
377:Escovopsis
338:gongylidia
247:Acromyrmex
243:Acromyrmex
227:Acromyrmex
135:Acromyrmex
115:Acromyrmex
74:Acromyrmex
1473:Folivores
1468:Symbiosis
1349:0030-1299
1278:2046-6390
1133:Mycologia
823:Routledge
314:symbiotic
1384:85410418
1296:29247049
1239:11375087
1161:21148916
1114:10393936
1035:18043642
998:18918574
728:33235196
662:18362345
514:See also
486:nutrient
326:termites
308:. This
193:mycelium
169:en masse
133:, while
91:are all
85:tropical
1287:5769659
1230:1088705
1153:3762079
1082:Bibcode
719:7686325
653:2291119
630:Bibcode
413:today.
403:(genus
362:at work
177:revoada
93:endemic
56:species
1382:
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660:
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559:
336:tips (
334:hyphal
223:castes
185:colony
131:thorax
105:Mexico
80:Attini
64:genera
1380:S2CID
1325:Wiley
1319:(1).
1312:Oikos
1149:JSTOR
1105:22176
994:S2CID
603:(PDF)
596:(PDF)
306:molds
302:pests
97:South
1458:Ants
1345:ISSN
1292:PMID
1274:ISSN
1235:PMID
1157:PMID
1110:PMID
1073:PNAS
1031:PMID
919:ISBN
837:OCLC
827:ISBN
789:ISBN
756:ISBN
724:PMID
658:PMID
557:ISBN
502:Atta
324:and
304:and
239:Atta
231:Atta
229:and
123:Atta
119:Atta
117:and
99:and
71:and
68:Atta
60:ants
50:, a
1429:PBS
1372:doi
1368:121
1337:hdl
1329:doi
1282:PMC
1266:doi
1225:PMC
1217:doi
1213:268
1186:doi
1141:doi
1100:PMC
1090:doi
1021:doi
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957:doi
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