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692:" in the early 20th century. He notes, too, that Tolkien knew that dreams had an irrational side, and had commented that it was "exceptional" for fantasy to appear in dreams, as "Fantasy is a rational, not an irrational, activity". Organ comments that Tolkien may have resisted "what he saw as the morbidity of surrealism" in connection with his story, precisely because "Leaf by Niggle"'s message is so positive.
710:", he mentions "script and limning packed of various hue", which they gloss as "writing and drawing, alphabet and image, the linguistic and the visual ... side by side." Similarly, they comment, in "Leaf by Niggle", the allegory uses the image of a painter. In his own life, Tolkien combined the writing of fiction with his artwork, while he defined imagination visually as the "mental power of image-making".
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638:(the analogue of God in Tolkien's writings), and which Eru accepted and made real, just as Niggle's Tree was made real. Niggle's yearnings after truth and beauty (God's creations) are echoed in his great painting. After death, Niggle is rewarded with the realisation (the making-real) of his yearning; or, alternatively, Niggle's Tree always existed and he simply echoed it in his art. From a
265:
Parish, frequently drops by asking for assistance. Parish is lame, has a sick wife, and genuinely needs help. Niggle, having a good heart, takes time out to help—but he is also reluctant because he would rather work on his painting. Niggle has other pressing work duties as well that require his attention. Then Niggle himself catches a chill doing errands for Parish in the rain.
482:, its chronologies, its existence. Like Niggle, Tolkien came to abandon other projects or graft them onto his "Tree", Middle-earth. Like Niggle, Tolkien faced many chores and duties that kept him from the work he loved; and like Niggle, Tolkien was a confirmed procrastinator. Shippey comments that whereas Tolkien had once felt that one could return to
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126:
672:, when he woke up with the story, which he called "that odd thing", in his mind "virtually" complete. Tolkien stated in another letter that he then wrote it out "almost in a sitting and very nearly in the form in which it now appears", commenting that looking back at the story, he thought it "arose" from a combination of
373:. Those lines, he states, equate death to a journey, hinting to the reader to continue making such "equations" of things in the world to elements of the story; and further, that the reader of the story is meant to interpret the story in this way, every tiny detail exactly and entertainingly fitting the pattern.
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Eventually, Niggle is forced to take his trip, and cannot get out of it. He has not prepared, and as a result the trip goes wrong, and he ends up in a kind of institution, in which he must perform menial labour each day. Back at the home to which he cannot return, Niggle's painting is abandoned, used
468:
literary group. Further, Milburn notes, Tolkien, despite denying that
Williams had been an influence, wrote a poem about him, in which he praises William's understanding of Dante, his romantic theology: "But heavenly footsteps, too, can Williams trace, / and after Dante, plunging, soaring, race / up
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However, mundane duties constantly prevent Niggle from giving his work the attention it deserves, so it remains incomplete and is not fully realised. At the back of his head, Niggle knows that he has a great trip looming, and he must prepare for it, but Niggle's next door neighbour, a gardener named
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a canvas of a great tree with a forest in the distance. He invests each and every leaf of his tree with obsessive attention to detail, making every leaf uniquely beautiful. Niggle ends up discarding all his other artworks, or tacks them onto the main canvas, which becomes a single vast embodiment of
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Niggle is reunited with his old neighbour, Parish, who now proves his worth as a gardener, and together they make the tree and forest even more beautiful. Finally, Niggle journeys farther and deeper into the Forest, and beyond into the great mountains that he only faintly glimpsed in his painting.
455:
love", to stay faithful to his vision of her. This can be applied to art with "a source text that not only takes art for its subject but locates the vision of great art in the afterlife with
Beatrice, includes an experience analogous to the death of Beatrice, and explores the relationship between
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In time, Niggle is paroled from the institution, and he is sent to a place "for a little gentle treatment". He discovers that this new place is the country of the tree and forest of his great painting. This place is the true realisation of his vision, not the flawed and incomplete version in his
604:, and those who aspire to creation can only make echoes (good) or mockeries (evil) of truth. The sub-creation of works that echo the true creations of God is one way that mortals honour God. This philosophy is evident in Tolkien's other works, especially
477:
An autobiographical interpretation places
Tolkien himself as Niggle—in mundane matters as well as spiritual ones. Tolkien was compulsive in his writing, his endless revisions, his desire for perfection in form and in the "reality" of his invented world,
280:
Long after both Niggle and Parish have taken their journeys, the place that they created together becomes a destination for many travellers to visit before their final voyage into the mountains, and it earns the name "Niggle's Parish".
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460:. Milburn states that Tolkien's "Leaf by Niggle" is just such a text, because Niggle's allegorical "journey" signifies death, the "Workhouse" signifies purgatory, and the place Niggle reaches after that is the
340:" in one of his letters, but in specific references to "Leaf by Niggle", he wrote that "It is not really or properly an 'allegory' so much as 'mythical'", and "I tried to show allegorically how [
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600:"Leaf by Niggle" can be interpreted, too, as an illustration of Tolkien's religious philosophy of creation and sub-creation. In this philosophy, true creation is the exclusive province of
424:. Niggle is not prepared for his unavoidable trip, as humans often are not prepared for death. His time in the institution and subsequent discovery of his Tree represent purgatory and
447:– which Milburn glosses as the serious theology of romantic experiences, including romantic love – can be applied to Tolkien's story. Dante, he writes, has a "glorious vision" of
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The myth of the
Dwarves' creation illustrates Tolkien's theory of subcreation as expressed in 'Mythopoeia,' and may indicate anxieties about the independent value of art.
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464:, the place for Tolkien as for Dante of final purification before heaven, Niggle's "mountains". Tolkien had met Williams, as they were both members of
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states categorically that the story is "quite certainly" an allegory, and that its first words recall "to any Anglo-Saxonist" the opening lines of the
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that while
Tolkien defines sub-creation "in linguistic terms", he often links such verbal creation to visual images. For instance, in his poem "
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in some way, later in his life he came to doubt that he would " his own creations after death, like Niggle; he felt they were lost, like the
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to patch a damaged roof, and all but destroyed (except for the one perfect leaf of the story's title, which is placed in the local museum).
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in any form, the story is an allegory of
Tolkien's own creative process, and, to an extent, of his own life, following the structure of
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While 'Lord of the Rings' contains many elements from
Northern Mythology ... it has at its heart several Christian themes.
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1036:"Art According to Romantic Theology: Charles Williams's Analysis of Dante Reapplied to J.R.R. Tolkien's 'Leaf by Niggle'"
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668:, notes that Tolkien stated in a letter that the story came to him one morning in 1939, shortly before the start of the
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In this story, an artist named Niggle lives in a society that does not value art. Working only to please himself, he
494:, there is "a persistent streak of alienation". Shippey lists several elements of the allegory in "Leaf by Niggle".
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would never be finished. Organ describes the birth of "Leaf by Niggle" as "a frenzy of activity" resembling the
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A religious reading could lead to the conclusion that the allegory of "Leaf by Niggle" is life, death,
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A Collection of Essays
Presented at the Seventh Frances White Colloquium on C.S. Lewis & Friends
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Hammond, J. Samuel; Hammond, Marie K. (2010). "Creation and Sub-creation in Leaf by Niggle".
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490:." He adds that when Tolkien presents images of himself in his writings, as with Niggle and
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that is "as real" as the actual
Beatrice. She dies, leaving Dante with the inspiration to "
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21:"Niggle" redirects here. For a definition of the term "niggle", see the Wiktionary entry
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344:] might come to be taken up into Creation in some plane in my 'purgatorial' story
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is itself a subcreation designed to honour the true stories of the real world. Thus,
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Baltasar, Michaela (2004). "J. R. R. Tolkien: A Rediscovery of Myth". In
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Manganiello, Dominic (1998). "'Leaf by Niggle': The Worth of the Work".
22:
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82:
1433:
The Road to Middle-Earth: How J. R. R. Tolkien
Created a New Mythology
1163:(2004). "Tolkien and the Appeal of the Pagan: Edda and Kalevala". In
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425:
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The "other pictures ... tacked on to the edges of his great picture"
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650:, despite its lack of overt religious elements, can be interpreted
1010:
A Purgatorial Flame: Seven British Writers in the Second World War
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Works originally published in Dublin Review (Catholic periodical)
228:
and Northern Europe. His professional knowledge of works such as
685:
191:. It also expresses his philosophy of divine creation and human
1499:
1138:, Part Seven "1959–1973 Last years", Chapter 1: "Headington".
1065:' are in their different ways 'autobiographical allegories'".
2947:
The Ring of Words: Tolkien and the Oxford English Dictionary
991:
989:
987:
436:' in its general structure and in its smallest detail."
295:
in 1945. It first appeared in a book in 1964 alongside "
1490:
Leaf by Niggle – a symbolic story about a small painter
1104:
1102:
907:, Letter 153 to Peter Hastings, draft, September 1954
1113:. Inklings Forever. Vol. VII. Upland, Indiana:
171:
in January 1945. It was reprinted in Tolkien's book
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1965:
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428:; Sebastian Knowles writes that the story "follows
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62:
30:
547:, still in work when "Leaf by Niggle" was written
1312:"A Single Leaf: Tolkien's Visual Art and Fantasy"
1085:. University Press of Kentucky. pp. 29–30.
971:Tolkien: The Official Site of the Tolkien Estate
1287:"Tolkien's surrealistic pillow: Leaf by Niggle"
1029:
1027:
1025:
1023:
2129:The Monsters and the Critics, and Other Essays
931:, Letter 199 to Caroline Everett, 24 June 1957
919:, Letter 98 to Stanley Unwin, c. 18 March 1945
336:Tolkien made the general statement "I dislike
1589:The Homecoming of Beorhtnoth Beorhthelm's Son
1511:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1274:
1171:. University Press of Kentucky. p. 158.
305:. It has been republished in the collections
8:
2428:J. R. R. Tolkien: A Descriptive Bibliography
634:race as an act of subcreation that honoured
580:Medievalist research articles sacrificed to
289:"Leaf by Niggle" was first published in the
2435:The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion
1169:Tolkien and the Invention of Myth: A Reader
1082:Tolkien and the Invention of Myth: A Reader
220:interested in language and poetry from the
2171:
2007:Chaucer as a Philologist: The Reeve's Tale
1681:
1518:
1504:
1496:
380:"Leaf by Niggle" matches the structure of
47:
2828:Impact of Tolkien's Middle-earth writings
1135:
928:
916:
904:
895:, Letter 131 to Milton Waldman, late 1951
892:
757:
742:
2663:Tolkien's Art: 'A Mythology for England'
2449:The J. R. R. Tolkien Companion and Guide
2442:J. R. R. Tolkien: Artist and Illustrator
1310:MacLeod, Jeffrey J.; Smol, Anna (2008).
1061:, p. xxxiii "'Leaf by Niggle' and '
496:
2706:J. R. R. Tolkien: Author of the Century
2077:(as translator and lexicographer, 1966)
1403:J. R. R. Tolkien: Author of the Century
1147:
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773:
753:
751:
730:
723:
700:Jeffrey MacLeod and Anna Smol write in
212:was a scholar of English literature, a
1633:The Man in the Moon Stayed Up Too Late
1250:Walsh, John (2013) . "Tertullian". In
501:'s analysis of "Leaf by Niggle" as an
165:in 1938–39 and first published in the
27:
2145:Beowulf: A Translation and Commentary
7:
1869:The History of The Lord of the Rings
1673:List of Tolkien's alliterative verse
469:to the threshold of Eternal Grace".
195:. The story came to him in a dream.
2562:Understanding The Lord of the Rings
2319:Janice Bogstad & Philip Kaveny
745:, #131 to Milton Waldman, late 1951
2367:Tolkien, Race and Cultural History
14:
2974:Short stories by J. R. R. Tolkien
2656:Tolkien and the Invention of Myth
1008:Knowles, Sebastian D. G. (1990).
394:. Here, Dante looks longingly at
2823:Languages constructed by Tolkien
1862:The Lost Road and Other Writings
1014:University of Pennsylvania Press
577:"Potatoes" sacrificed to "paint"
552:The "country" that opens from it
139:
124:
2932:Poems and Songs of Middle Earth
2735:Tolkien and the Classical World
2096:Sir Gawain and the Green Knight
1977:Sir Gawain and the Green Knight
1658:The Legend of Sigurd and Gudrún
1461:J. R. R. Tolkien: Tree and Leaf
1372:The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien
847:. Quality Paperback Book Club.
572:which he fitted into his novel
398:(centre) as she strolls by the
356:The Tolkien scholar and fellow-
16:Short story by J. R. R. Tolkien
2528:Tolkien: A Cultural Phenomenon
2224:Tolkien: Maker of Middle-earth
2210:The Worlds of J. R. R. Tolkien
2017:: The Monsters and the Critics
1993:Ancrene Wisse and Hali Meiðhad
1604:The Adventures of Tom Bombadil
1374:: Revised and Expanded Edition
684:"popularised by proponents of
662:Michael Organ, writing in the
652:as a profoundly religious work
622:race as a foul mockery of the
234:shaped his fictional world of
161:" is a short story written by
1:
2677:J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia
2188:J. R. R. Tolkien: A Biography
1344:J. R. R. Tolkien: A Biography
1257:J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia
1229:J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia
870:Tales from the Perilous Realm
321:Tales from the Perilous Realm
2850:Elvish Linguistic Fellowship
2191:(1977, authorized biography)
1980:(Middle English text, 1925)
1801:The Father Christmas Letters
1714:The Lay of Aotrou and Itroun
596:Christianity in Middle-earth
590:Of creation and sub-creation
439:Michael Milburn argues that
2857:Tolkien's impact on fantasy
1890:The Peoples of Middle-earth
1855:The Shaping of Middle-earth
1833:The History of Middle-earth
1292:Journal of Tolkien Research
665:Journal of Tolkien Research
3007:
2862:Tolkien and the modernists
1947:The Nature of Middle-earth
1738:The Fellowship of the Ring
1570:Songs for the Philologists
868:Tolkien, J. R. R. (2021).
843:Tolkien, J. R. R. (2002).
818:Tolkien, J. R. R. (1980).
785:Tolkien, J. R. R. (1966).
593:
202:
20:
2940:Language and Human Nature
2918:Works inspired by Tolkien
2203:Tolkien and the Great War
1915:The History of The Hobbit
1679:
1533:
1194:English Studies in Canada
1034:Milburn, Michael (2011).
658:Surrealistic dream memory
513:Aspect of Tolkien's life
119:
46:
35:
2726:Sandra Ballif Straubhaar
2713:The Road to Middle-Earth
2492:The Keys of Middle-earth
1986:The Devil's Coach Horses
2137:Beowulf and the Critics
1285:Organ, Michael (2018).
1222:(2013) . "Dwarves". In
352:Of the journey of death
2478:Master of Middle-Earth
1841:The Book of Lost Tales
1780:Smith of Wootton Major
1754:The Return of the King
1063:Smith of Wootton Major
413:
2979:Fantasy short stories
2806:Francis Xavier Morgan
2551:Elizabeth Whittingham
2107:(translations, 1975)
1923:The Story of Kullervo
1907:The Children of Húrin
1883:The War of the Jewels
1848:The Lays of Beleriand
1730:The Lord of the Rings
1642:The Road Goes Ever On
1206:10.1353/esc.1998.0035
678:The Lord of the Rings
676:and his concern that
648:The Lord of the Rings
642:viewpoint, Tolkien's
594:Further information:
582:The Lord of the Rings
544:The Lord of the Rings
379:
245:The Lord of the Rings
224:, especially that of
57:, HarperCollins, 2016
2255:Matthew T. Dickerson
1939:The Fall of Gondolin
1264:. pp. 639–640.
1252:Drout, Michael D. C.
1236:. pp. 134–135.
1224:Drout, Michael D. C.
845:A Tolkien Miscellany
764:, 8–9 September 1962
472:
456:artistic beauty and
443:'s view of Dante as
317:A Tolkien Miscellany
2984:Metafictional works
2927:(biographical film)
2884:The Tolkien Society
2877:Tolkien fan fiction
2671:Michael D. C. Drout
2337:Janet Brennan Croft
2305:Douglas A. Anderson
2250:Stratford Caldecott
2218:Catherine McIlwaine
1955:The Fall of Númenor
1722:Farmer Giles of Ham
1367:Carpenter, Humphrey
1339:Carpenter, Humphrey
1016:. pp. 140–141.
952:, pp. 146–149.
822:. Allen and Unwin.
733:, Introductory Note
521:Tolkien the writer
506:
390:, and fits Dante's
313:Poems & Stories
285:Publication history
226:Anglo-Saxon England
53:English edition of
2969:1945 short stories
2845:Mythopoeic Society
2721:Elizabeth Solopova
2393:A Question of Time
2182:Humphrey Carpenter
1772:The Tolkien Reader
1666:The Fall of Arthur
1492:at Tolkien Library
1468:(published 2001).
1436:(Third ed.).
963:Tolkien, Priscilla
787:The Tolkien Reader
518:Niggle the painter
505:of Tolkien's life
497:
414:
405:Dante and Beatrice
308:The Tolkien Reader
2956:
2955:
2789:
2788:
2593:Carl F. Hostetter
2583:Anthony Appleyard
2506:A Tolkien Compass
2467:Charles A. Huttar
2386:Interrupted Music
2356:Bradford Lee Eden
2324:Picturing Tolkien
2315:Bradley J. Birzer
2067:English and Welsh
1931:Beren and Lúthien
1650:Bilbo's Last Song
1456:Tolkien, J. R. R.
1447:978-0-261-10275-0
1387:978-0-35-865298-4
1358:978-0-04-928037-3
1115:Taylor University
998:, pp. 49–50.
967:"Leaf, by Niggle"
879:978-0-3586-5296-0
872:. Mariner Books.
854:978-0-9654-6377-5
829:978-0-0482-3174-1
820:Poems and Stories
796:978-0-3452-4831-2
682:automatic writing
674:his love of trees
587:
586:
534:, published 1937
473:Of Tolkien's life
445:romantic theology
392:romantic theology
370:Bede's Death Song
155:
154:
151:
150:
2996:
2913:Tolkien research
2771:Michael Martinez
2730:Hamish Williams
2588:Helge Fauskanger
2514:John D. Rateliff
2418:Wayne G. Hammond
2400:Splintered Light
2280:Fleming Rutledge
2172:
2121:Finn and Hengest
2108:
2045:
2024:On Fairy-Stories
1981:
1817:Unfinished Tales
1809:The Silmarillion
1685:
1527:J. R. R. Tolkien
1520:
1513:
1506:
1497:
1479:
1451:
1421:
1417:978-0261-10401-3
1391:
1362:
1349:Ballantine Books
1326:
1325:
1324:(1). Article 10.
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760:, Letter 241 to
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670:Second World War
626:. Another Vala,
607:The Silmarillion
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462:Earthly Paradise
441:Charles Williams
365:Old Northumbrian
297:On Fairy-Stories
238:, including his
210:J. R. R. Tolkien
205:J. R. R. Tolkien
163:J. R. R. Tolkien
146:On Fairy-Stories
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41:J. R. R. Tolkien
31:"Leaf by Niggle"
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2523:Brian Rosebury
2519:Robin Anne Reid
2462:Thomas Honegger
2422:Christina Scull
2343:Tolkien on Film
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1048:(3). Article 6.
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1428:Shippey, Tom
1401:
1398:Shippey, Tom
1376:. New York:
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1077:Chance, Jane
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974:. Retrieved
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252:Plot summary
243:
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236:Middle-earth
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193:sub-creation
186:
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158:
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131:
110:January 1945
98:
95:Published in
54:
18:
2700:Tom Shippey
2650:Jane Chance
2628:Classicists
2175:Biographers
2085:Posthumous
2002:" (1932–34)
1791:Posthumous
1579:Bagme Bloma
570:other works
499:Tom Shippey
361:Tom Shippey
358:philologist
222:Middle Ages
218:medievalist
214:philologist
90:Publication
85:short-story
37:Short story
2963:Categories
2813:Influences
2756:Lin Carter
2603:David Salo
2598:Tom Loback
2413:Nick Groom
2197:John Garth
1899:Roverandom
1699:The Hobbit
1464:. London:
762:Jane Neave
714:References
708:Mythopoeia
690:Surrealism
531:The Hobbit
434:Purgatorio
400:River Arno
387:Purgatorio
273:painting.
188:Purgatorio
133:The Hobbit
115:Chronology
2908:Reception
2903:Memorials
2575:Linguists
2242:Christian
2104:Sir Orfeo
2051:Sir Orfeo
2026:" (1939)
1825:Mr. Bliss
1561:and songs
1430:(2005) .
1262:Routledge
1234:Routledge
1123:825560650
938:Secondary
488:Silmarils
418:purgatory
2839:Mythlore
2833:Inklings
2295:Literary
2168:Scholars
2152:" (2014)
2087:academic
2069:" (1963)
2019:" (1936)
2009:" (1934)
1995:" (1929)
1988:" (1925)
1966:Academic
1709:" (1947)
1612:Errantry
1599:" (1954)
1458:(1964).
1400:(2001).
1341:(1977).
1317:Mythlore
1041:Mythlore
805:26059501
703:Mythlore
503:allegory
449:Beatrice
422:paradise
396:Beatrice
338:allegory
332:Allegory
327:Analysis
323:(2021).
315:(1980),
311:(1966),
179:allegory
79:Genre(s)
71:Language
2935:(album)
2924:Tolkien
2818:Artwork
2794:Related
2748:Popular
2297:critics
2040:Beowulf
2015:Beowulf
1793:fiction
1691:Fiction
1607:(1962)
1573:(1936)
1546:Letters
1332:Sources
1254:(ed.).
1226:(ed.).
1167:(ed.).
1079:(ed.).
976:23 July
719:Primary
616:Morgoth
458:caritas
231:Beowulf
199:Context
138:
83:Fantasy
63:Country
2889:Awards
2801:Family
2420:&
2160:(2016)
2148:with "
2140:(2002)
2132:(1983)
2124:(1982)
2116:(1981)
2113:Exodus
2102:, and
2062:(1962)
2054:(1944)
2046:(1940)
1958:(2022)
1950:(2021)
1942:(2018)
1934:(2017)
1926:(2015)
1918:(2007)
1910:(2007)
1902:(1998)
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1812:(1977)
1804:(1976)
1783:(1967)
1775:(1966)
1767:(1964)
1757:(1955)
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1725:(1949)
1717:(1945)
1702:(1937)
1669:(2013)
1661:(2009)
1653:(1974)
1645:(1967)
1592:(1953)
1559:Poetry
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484:Faërie
426:heaven
412:, 1883
258:paints
242:novel
129:
23:niggle
2100:Pearl
1968:works
632:Dwarf
624:Elves
610:—one
492:Smith
430:Dante
408:, by
382:Dante
367:poem
299:" in
183:Dante
1470:ISBN
1442:ISBN
1412:ISBN
1382:ISBN
1353:ISBN
1173:ISBN
1119:OCLC
1087:ISBN
978:2023
874:ISBN
849:ISBN
824:ISBN
801:OCLC
791:ISBN
688:and
686:Dada
644:Arda
628:Aulë
612:Vala
568:and
432:'s '
420:and
216:and
1202:doi
620:Orc
602:God
384:'s
348:."
185:'s
39:by
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1260:.
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1361:.
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807:.
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