541:
324:
652:" analysis that the world was divided into "two great warring camps, democracy against fascism" and leaving it to writers to "adjust their own work to the higher discipline of the whole struggle for democracy." Gone was talk of the collapse of capitalism and the duty of writers to speed its demise as participants in the class struggle; now the task at hand, in Browder's view, was the building of "broad unity of all democratic and progressive forces ... against the menace of fascist barbarism."
306:
505:
246:
288:
273:. ... Pointing to these handicaps, the delegates to the conference instructed their executive committee to take the initiative in sponsoring a broad conference of left-wing authors ... A new organization committee was formed, which gradually involved more and more sympathetic writers into the leadership of the committee which issued the "Call for an American Writers Congress" at the beginning of 1935.
769:
464:
months after the April 1935 founding congress, membership in the group was reported as only 125 — far fewer than the 400 who had attended the founding convention as delegates. "Applications for membership flow in, but the standard is kept high, membership is granted only to creative writers whose published work entitles them to a professional status," noted Isidor
Schneider.
628:. The participation of many of these literary luminaries in League affairs was often nominal, limited to signature of an occasional petition. This effort at gathering prominent figures was assisted by a muting the explicitly revolutionary language and communist tone of the organization by the time of its June 1937 second convention.
463:
Although the League of
American Writers was technically a "mass organization" of the CPUSA in the sense that it sought to unite party members with non-party individuals sharing the general Communist Party orientation, membership in the organization was limited by design to the literary elite. Several
467:
According to the group's formal membership application, membership in the League was "open to all writers whose work has been published or used with reasonable frequency in channels of communication of more than local scope, including magazines, newspapers, the radio, the stage, and the screen." In
364:
They find, however, in the new life in which they participate, there is a political party which plays an increasingly influential role, the
Communist Party. They find it necessary to define their attitudes towards this Party which actively participates in their chosen world. They see that this Party
459:
The League of
American Writers was a dues based organization, with annual dues set at $ 5 per year, payable in advance on January 1 of each year. Participants who were members of local or regional chapters paid dues to that organization, with $ 2 of the $ 5 remitted to the National Office; others
557:
The League of
American Writers was governed by Congresses held every two years. The organization also had a number of local chapters which conducted various fundraising activities and events designed to raise public awareness about matters of concern to the League. Chapters were maintained in
360:, General Secretary of the CPUSA, delivered the keynote address to the delegates of the First Congress of the League of American Writers at its opening session. Browder acknowledged that writers were typically "skeptical of all political parties, if not contemptuous." He continued:
344:
was rapidly crumbling and sought to gather the "hundreds of poets, novelists, dramatists, critics, short story writers and journalists" who recognized "the necessity of personally helping to accelerate the destruction of capitalism and the establishment of a workers' government."
523:
365:
is a force in fine literature, as well as in strikes, in unemployment struggles, in battling for Negro rights, even in reactionary
Congress ... Yes, the Communist Party is a force, in every phase of the life of the masses, even that of poets, dramatists, novelists, and critics.
710:, with but one difference: "Here we may speak openly about our problems, write about them, protest, and seek to better our conditions. In Germany the Jews may do none of those things." Hughes' speech was broadly democratic and did not include revolutionary sloganeering.
1406:
Administration of the
Federal Employees' Security Program: Hearings Before the United States Senate Committee on Post Office and Civil Service, Subcommittee To Investigate the Administration of the Federal Employees' Security Program, Eighty-Fourth Congress, Parts
201:
The organization was affiliated with the
International Union of Revolutionary Writers (IURW) as well as the International Association of Writers for the Defense of Culture and was the American equivalent of the British League of Writers. Initial members included:
2407:
1288:
A virtually complete run of this publication may be found in the League of
American Writers Papers at the University of California, Berkeley. This material has been microfilmed and appears at the start of microfilm reel
795:
and the CPUSA. This abrupt reversal was not cost-free to the organization, however, as a series of prominent members of the League of
American Writers left the group's ranks. Those exiting during this "
2535:
101:
International Union of Revolutionary Writers (IURW), the International Association of Writers for the Defense of Culture. It was also the American equivalent of the British League of Writers.
878:
began tracking what were deemed to be subversive Soviet-controlled organizations, and in February 1943 the League of American Writers was placed on the Biddle List, which later became the
2178:
879:
2545:
889:
Once the communist domination of the League of American Writers had been publicly declared, its Hollywood branch renamed itself as the Hollywood Writers’ Mobilization, led by
2540:
2372:
1516:
2160:
2530:
2520:
2414:
698:
The 3rd Congress of the League of American Writers, held in New York City in June 1939, once again opened with a Friday night public session at Carnegie Hall. Poet
639:. Hemingway denounced fascism as "a lie told by bullies" and declared that "a writer who will not lie cannot live or work under fascism." Excerpts from the film
2465:
1571:
867:
in the summer of 1941. Echoing another abrupt change of the political line of the CPUSA, the League of American Writers became advocates of American entry into
269:
The chief malady of the revolutionary culture movement was characterized at the second national conference of the John Reed Clubs in 1934 as the old malady of
415:
was elected the first president of the new organization. The governing Executive Council elected by the first Congress included Frank, Freeman, Trachtenberg,
2428:
2515:
2240:
261:
League of American Writers member Alan Calmer noted that the new organization sprung from a decision made at the 1934 convention of the Communist Party's
2315:
1404:”Consolidated list of organizations previously designated pursuant to Executive Order No. 10450, compiled from memorandums of the Attorney General” in
472:
1. To enlist writers in all parts of the United States in a national cultural organization for peace and democracy and against fascism and reaction.
2393:
1759:
1755:
1743:
1739:
1727:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1695:
1691:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1644:
1632:
1628:
1616:
1612:
1608:
2283:
409:
The group declared itself to be "a voluntary association of writers dedicated to the preservation and extension of a truly democratic culture."
2344:
929:
Investigation of Un-American Propaganda Activities in the United States: Appendix — Part IX, Communist Front Organizations, Second Section.
1539:
1021:
655:
Frank was replaced as President of the League in 1937, owing to his questioning of the evidence and verdicts being rendered at the great
741:
and his nationalist forces. In accord with the CPUSA's political line, no effort was made to contact writers known to be sympathetic to
1966:
901:
722:
Circulation was small, with a press run of 700 copies cited in an issue from November 1937, and few specimens seem to have survived.
1564:
962:
352:
in New York City, attended by 400 invited "writer-delegates" in front of a total audience of nearly 5,000. Although later called a "
1040:
Milton Howard, "5,000 Greet Writers Who Pledge Fight on Fascism, War: 400 Authors Gather in Parley to Discuss Their Role in Fight"
2451:
2365:
143:
without being formal party members, as well as individuals sympathetic to specific policies being advocated by the organization.
69:
2525:
2169:
2127:
753:, was inadvertently mailed a survey form, Eastman's reply was excluded at the insistence of Communist Party newspaper editor
540:
475:
2. To defend the political and social institutions that guarantee a healthy atmosphere for the perpetuation of culture ...
369:
Joining Browder in addressing the delegates to the organization's founding convention was CPUSA political committee member
2214:
484:
5. To effect an alliance, in the interest of culture, between American writers and all progressive forces in the nation.
1557:
1434:
791:
in Europe to one of opposition to the so-called "imperialist war," in accord with a change in the political line of the
323:
2290:
2029:
863:
In the summer of 1941, the League again abruptly shifted its political position, ending its anti-war stance, with the
190:
was established by the First American Writers Congress, a gathering held from April 26–28, 1935. (According to member
146:
The League's policy objectives changed over time in accord with the shifting party line of the CPUSA. Beginning as an
725:
In 1937 the League of American Writers sent out surveys to over 1,000 American writers asking their position on the
2486:
1482:
663:. The professional head of the organization as Executive Secretary from 1937 to 1942 was Communist Party stalwart
2493:
2322:
1806:
854:, among others. A number of the League's members were placed under surveillance by the United States government.
635:
attended by 50 "writer-delegates." The keynote speech was delivered by Ernest Hemingway, newly returned from the
377:" the official newspaper of the Communist Party. Other leading CPUSA activists addressing the gathering included
2379:
2351:
2297:
2248:
703:
403:
207:
173:
The organization ended its activities in 1943, with its members moving on to others with similar objectives.
2421:
2232:
2196:
2141:
2092:
1521:
948:
792:
730:
648:
Communist Party General Secretary Earl Browder again spoke to the 1937 convention, emphasizing the CPUSA's "
625:
481:
4. To support progressive trade union organization, especially among professionals and in the liberal arts.
388:
163:
2257:
2036:
2008:
1346:
399:
203:
170:
and in providing financial and moral support to writers in need in the United States and internationally.
757:. The other replies were distilled into a pamphlet published by the League of American Writers, entitled
718:
The League of American Writers somewhat irregularly published a mimeographed newsletter for its members,
2458:
2223:
2001:
1919:
927:"League of American Writers," in Special Committee on Un-American Activities, House of Representatives,
908:, with the master negative held by the Rare Books and Special Collections Department at the university.
883:
882:. This effectively terminated it. The condemnation of it was confirmed in May 1948 and again in 1953 by
783:
in the fall of 1939, the League of American Writers turned its official policy from one of advocacy of
2106:
1902:
864:
796:
660:
631:
The 1937 convention was a more subdued affair than the high-profile 1935 launch, with its opening at
159:
1375:
2386:
1580:
784:
132:
33:
667:. The League touted seven prominent Vice-Presidents during the last years of the 1930s, including
2479:
2187:
2078:
2050:
1790:
890:
800:
656:
609:
847:
588:
A number of prominent writers were enlisted in the cause over the next several years, including
1275:
Langston Hughes, "'We Want America to Really Be America for Everybody,' Says Langston Hughes,"
1017:
2436:
2400:
2064:
1945:
1886:
1862:
1822:
1723:
1640:
1604:
1410:
958:
734:
726:
641:
636:
504:
444:
370:
305:
167:
775:, photographed in 1933, was the Honorary President of the League of American Writers in 1941.
2099:
2085:
1987:
1973:
1952:
1814:
1782:
1330:
Investigation of Un-American Propaganda Activities in the United States: Appendix — Part IX,
1264:
Investigation of Un-American Propaganda Activities in the United States: Appendix — Part IX,
1251:
Investigation of Un-American Propaganda Activities in the United States: Appendix — Part IX,
1173:
Investigation of Un-American Propaganda Activities in the United States: Appendix — Part IX,
1070:
Investigation of Un-American Propaganda Activities in the United States: Appendix — Part IX,
1006:
Investigation of Un-American Propaganda Activities in the United States: Appendix — Part IX,
897:
857:
831:
780:
772:
738:
672:
605:
601:
597:
547:
448:
428:
383:
312:
235:
215:
155:
136:
93:
Formal membership application for writers of all kinds with a regional or national audience
2444:
2057:
1980:
1838:
1687:
1533:
1492:
1371:
1102:
1025:
984:
839:
827:
816:
808:
707:
699:
688:
684:
668:
664:
613:
511:
420:
340:
The convention call for establishing the first Congress of American Writers declared that
294:
262:
231:
211:
128:
73:
522:
245:
2205:
2022:
1846:
1351:
875:
835:
804:
754:
692:
676:
617:
593:
563:
529:
440:
424:
393:
378:
140:
2509:
2134:
2071:
2043:
1910:
1878:
1830:
1798:
1703:
851:
750:
649:
632:
575:
559:
436:
330:
227:
287:
2120:
2113:
1938:
1870:
1854:
1751:
1735:
1624:
1497:
Days of Anger, Days of Hope: A Memoir of the League of American Writers, 1937–1942.
1107:
Days of Anger, Days of Hope: A Memoir of the League of American Writers, 1937–1942.
989:
Days of Anger, Days of Hope: A Memoir of the League of American Writers, 1937–1942.
868:
742:
680:
432:
416:
357:
349:
270:
223:
162:
of the Soviet Union in June 1941. The organization was prominent in the defense of
147:
1437:, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley. Retrieved August 25, 2010.
356:," the Communist Party's role in the League of American Writers was never secret.
952:
1994:
1959:
812:
746:
621:
589:
579:
412:
353:
250:
1200:"Writers to Open Congress: Rep. Bernard, Stewart Will Speak at Carnegie Hall,"
768:
729:. Some 418 returned the survey forms, with 410 supporting the Loyalists to the
2472:
2358:
2015:
341:
219:
124:
116:
2408:
List of Communist Party USA members who have held office in the United States
1232:
Earl Browder, "Speech of Earl Browder: Second Congress of American Writers,"
944:
905:
239:
191:
135:(CPUSA) in 1935. The group included Communist Party members, and so-called "
957:. University of Illinois Press. pp. 145 (League of American Writers).
83:
providing financial and moral support to American and international writers
490:
7. To cooperate with similar organizations of writers in other countries.
1894:
1652:
151:
112:
1056:
Earl Browder, "Text of Speech by Browder at American Writers Congress,"
843:
788:
571:
468:
addition, members had to accept and observe a set of 7 membership aims:
195:
1549:
567:
1435:
Guide to the League of American Writers archives: Scope and Content
1376:"Notes on Writergate: Harassment against League of American Writers
860:
was honorary president of the League of American Writers in 1941.
767:
478:
3. To stimulate the interest of other writers in our program ...
348:
The founding convention of the League was called to order at the
120:
1553:
373:, who greeted the Congress in the name of "the entire staff of
1088:
New York: Oxford University Press, 1987; pg. 400, footnote 56.
460:
stood as members at large and paid dues directly to New York.
954:
In a Generous Spirit: A First-Person Biography of Myra Page
1086:
Prodigal Sons: The New York Intellectuals and Their World.
1018:
Text of the Call for the American Writers Congress of 1935
931:
Washington: US Government Printing Office, 1944; pg. 967.
253:, photographed in 1918, was the League's first president.
1142:
The Heyday of American Communism: The Depression Decade.
1536:, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley.
2179:
Communist Party v. Subversive Activities Control Board
991:
Niwot, CO: University Press of Colorado, 1994; pg. 29.
2536:
Arts organizations disestablished in the 20th century
582:. The organization published an official newsletter,
2336:
2307:
2275:
2268:
2151:
1930:
1774:
1679:
1596:
1589:
1540:
Text of the Call for a Congress of American Writers
1423:
Only Victims: A Study of Show Business Blacklisting
880:
Attorney General's List of Subversive Organizations
702:delivered the keynote address, in which he likened
487:6. To support the People's Front in all countries.
97:
87:
79:
64:
56:
48:
40:
29:
21:
1517:List of members of the League of American Writers
874:In another development in 1941, Attorney General
2161:Albertson v. Subversive Activities Control Board
1534:Guide to the League of American Writers archives
1382:May 1995. Published online by CBS MoneyWatch.com
1300:The Bulletin of the League of American Writers,
1196:
1194:
1158:The Bulletin of the League of American Writers,
1122:The Bulletin of the League of American Writers,
720:The Bulletin of the League of American Writers.
584:The Bulletin of the League of American Writers.
1499:Niwot, CO: University Press of Colorado, 1994.
1109:Niwot, CO: University Press of Colorado, 1994.
315:on the cover of his most famous book, in 1934.
150:organization in 1935, the League turned to an
1565:
1098:
1096:
1094:
443:, Hart, Josephson, Lawson, Scheider, Seaver,
139:" who closely followed the Communist Party's
8:
1228:
1226:
158:of 1939 and to a pro-war position after the
16:
2546:1943 disestablishments in the United States
1506:. New York: International Publishers, 1935.
1212:
1210:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1130:
896:The archive of the League is housed at the
257:In an article in the magazine of the IURW,
2272:
1593:
1572:
1558:
1550:
1340:
1338:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1168:
1166:
1117:
1115:
1080:
1078:
749:, a translator of Trotsky and opponent of
733:, 7 professing neutrality, and only one —
15:
1409:(U.S. Government Printing Office, 1956),
1312:
1310:
1308:
1060:vol. 12, no. 102 (April 29, 1935), pg. 3.
1052:
1050:
1044:vol. 12, no. 102 (April 29, 1935), pg. 3.
923:
921:
2541:1935 establishments in the United States
2394:Left Wing Section of the Socialist Party
939:
937:
244:
1425:(Hal Leonard Corporation, 1996), p. 313
1279:vol. 16, no. 133 (June 5, 1939), pg. 7.
1236:vol. 14, no. 135 (June 5, 1937), pg. 1.
1204:vol. 14, no. 133 (June 4, 1937), pg. 1.
917:
2531:Arts organizations established in 1935
2521:Communist Party USA mass organizations
2345:American Committee for Spanish Freedom
1302:vol. 3, no. 2 (November 1937), pg. 16.
1152:
1150:
406:, part of the CPUSA's publishing arm.
154:position following the signing of the
1347:"When America Surveilled Its Writers"
1144:New York: Basic Books, 1984; pg. 353.
822:In January 1940, the League formed a
7:
1124:vol. 3, no. 3 (January 1938), pg. 3.
1483:The way they were: Back in the '30s
1004:no. 7, 1935, pp. 73–75; quoted in
902:University of California, Berkeley
824:Keep America Out of War Committee.
659:. He was replaced as President by
14:
1218:The Heyday of American Communism,
1186:The Heyday of American Communism,
2466:Relations with African Americans
1457:2nd Congress of American Writers
1451:1st Congress of American Writers
1156:"Application for Membership" in
871:in defense of the Soviet Union.
704:the situation of American blacks
546:Novelist and short story writer
539:
521:
503:
322:
304:
286:
2516:American writers' organizations
1345:Mitgang, Herbert (1987-09-28).
826:This group's members included:
111:was an association of American
70:First American Writers Congress
2170:Aptheker v. Secretary of State
1504:The American Writer's Congress
1469:4th American Writers' Congress
1463:3rd American Writers' Congress
1298:"An Apology to Californians,"
708:the Jewish minority in Germany
1:
2452:San Francisco Workers' School
2215:Keyishian v. Board of Regents
1453:— New York, April 26–28, 1935
1262:Letterhead from July 1939 in
1160:vol. 3, no. 3 (January 1938).
497:Former League Vice Presidents
1393:Days of Anger, Days of Hope,
1318:Days of Anger, Days of Hope,
645:were shown to the audience.
194:, it started on May 1, 1935–
865:German invasion of the USSR
2562:
2487:Young Communist League USA
1471:— New York, June 6–8, 1941
1465:— New York, June 2–4, 1939
1459:— New York, June 4–6, 1937
904:. The collection has been
188:League of American Writers
109:League of American Writers
17:League of American Writers
2494:Young Pioneers of America
1546:January 22, 1935, pg. 20.
1031:January 22, 1935, pg. 20.
1002:International Literature,
259:International Literature,
2380:International Publishers
2352:Bill of Rights socialism
2249:Watkins v. United States
779:With the signing of the
404:International Publishers
381:of the Yiddish-language
208:International Publishers
2422:New York Workers School
2233:Scales v. United States
2197:Dennis v. United States
1522:Union of Soviet Writers
949:Baker, Christina Looper
793:Communist International
764:Decline and dissolution
657:"Show Trials" in Moscow
626:William Carlos Williams
550:, photographed in 1938.
532:, photographed in 1932.
514:, photographed in 1942.
297:, photographed in 1939.
2373:English-language press
2258:Yates v. United States
2037:Elizabeth Gurley Flynn
2009:Shirley Graham Du Bois
1918:Rossana Cambron &
1785:(1919–1920; 1922–1927)
776:
492:
400:Alexander Trachtenberg
367:
275:
254:
204:Alexander Trachtenberg
177:Organizational history
60:Political organization
2526:The arts and politics
2459:Soviet Negro Republic
2366:Communist Labor Party
2224:Noto v. United States
2002:Benjamin J. Davis Jr.
1815:L. E. Katterfeld
1783:C. E. Ruthenberg
884:Executive Order 10450
836:Lawrence A. Goldstone
771:
737:— supporting General
470:
362:
267:
248:
2415:National conventions
2107:William L. Patterson
797:Yanks Are Not Coming
661:Donald Ogden Stewart
280:Early League Members
72:, with roots in the
2387:Language federation
1582:Communist Party USA
785:collective security
759:Writers Take Sides.
133:Communist Party USA
68:Established by the
34:Communist Party USA
18:
2480:Yokinen Show Trial
2188:De Jonge v. Oregon
2079:Antoinette Konikow
2051:Dorothy Ray Healey
1791:Alfred Wagenknecht
1502:Henry Hart (ed.),
1489:, October 20, 1981
1487:The Boston Phoenix
1024:2008-04-04 at the
891:John Howard Lawson
801:Archibald MacLeish
799:" period included
777:
610:Archibald MacLeish
255:
2503:
2502:
2429:Non-English press
2401:Lincoln Battalion
2332:
2331:
2128:Charles E. Taylor
2065:Oakley C. Johnson
1946:William Albertson
1931:Prominent members
1887:William Z. Foster
1863:William Z. Foster
1833:(1922; 1927–1929)
1823:William Weinstone
1770:
1769:
1680:Vice Presidential
1641:Charlene Mitchell
1605:William Z. Foster
1277:The Daily Worker,
1234:The Daily Worker,
1202:The Daily Worker,
1084:Alexander Bloom,
1058:The Daily Worker,
1042:The Daily Worker,
735:Gertrude Atherton
727:Spanish Civil War
642:The Spanish Earth
637:Spanish Civil War
445:Genevieve Taggard
375:The Daily Worker,
371:Clarence Hathaway
168:Spanish Civil War
105:
104:
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2337:Related articles
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2100:Karl Emil Nygard
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1988:Ella Reeve Bloor
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1974:Walter Bernstein
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1953:Herbert Aptheker
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2114:Paul Robeson
2093:Steve Nelson
1967:John Bernard
1939:Bernard Ades
1871:Earl Browder
1855:Abram Jakira
1752:Angela Davis
1736:Jarvis Tyner
1625:Earl Browder
1597:Presidential
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1356:. Retrieved
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1008:pp. 967–968.
1005:
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968:. Retrieved
953:
928:
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888:
873:
869:World War II
862:
856:
823:
821:
778:
758:
743:Leon Trotsky
724:
719:
717:
714:Publications
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681:Paul DeKruif
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433:Albert Maltz
417:Michael Gold
411:
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363:
358:Earl Browder
350:Mecca Temple
347:
339:
271:sectarianism
268:
258:
256:
224:Millen Brand
200:
187:
185:
172:
148:anti-fascist
145:
108:
106:
98:Affiliations
89:Membership
1995:Anne Burlak
1960:Max Bedacht
1913:(2014–2019)
1905:(2000–2014)
1897:(1959–2000)
1889:(1945–1957)
1881:(1945–1959)
1873:(1934–1945)
1865:(1929–1934)
1857:(1922–1923)
1849:(1921–1922)
1841:(1921–1922)
1825:(1921–1922)
1809:(late 1920)
1801:(1920–1921)
1793:(1919–1921)
1445:Conventions
906:microfilmed
844:Len Zinberg
813:Thomas Mann
747:Max Eastman
706:to that of
622:Elsa Gidlow
590:Thomas Mann
580:Minneapolis
455:Development
413:Waldo Frank
354:front group
329:Playwright
293:Playwright
251:Waldo Frank
166:during the
125:journalists
117:playwrights
2510:Categories
2473:Ware Group
2359:Browderism
2152:Litigation
2016:Bella Dodd
1358:2022-02-17
1320:pp. 30–31.
945:Page, Myra
342:capitalism
220:I.F. Stone
41:Founded at
912:Footnotes
528:Novelist
311:Novelist
249:Novelist
240:Myra Page
192:Myra Page
182:Formation
113:novelists
49:Dissolved
22:Formation
2291:Maryland
1920:Joe Sims
1903:Sam Webb
1895:Gus Hall
1653:Gus Hall
1590:Nominees
1511:See also
1391:Folsom,
1332:pg. 971.
1316:Folsom,
1266:pg. 976.
1253:pg. 970.
1220:pg. 355.
1188:pg. 354.
1175:pg. 978.
1072:pg. 969.
1022:Archived
970:4 August
951:(1996).
787:against
333:in 1961.
152:anti-war
80:Services
2316:Alabama
2308:Defunct
2284:Georgia
2276:Current
1775:Leaders
1395:pg. 265
1216:Klehr,
1184:Klehr,
900:of the
789:fascism
745:. When
572:Chicago
196:May Day
65:Origins
36:(CPUSA)
30:Founder
2323:Hawaii
1817:(1921)
1411:p. 891
961:
850:, and
815:, and
691:, and
578:, and
568:Boston
238:, and
234:, and
127:, and
2298:Texas
510:Poet
121:poets
1760:1984
1756:1980
1744:1976
1740:1972
1728:1968
1716:1940
1712:1936
1708:1932
1696:1928
1692:1924
1669:1984
1665:1980
1661:1976
1657:1972
1645:1968
1633:1940
1629:1936
1617:1932
1613:1928
1609:1924
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