1778:
359:, the purely lunar calendar observed by most of Islam, depends on actual observation of the first crescent of the moon and thus has no intercalation. Each month still has either 29 or 30 days, but due to the variable method of observations employed, there is usually no discernible order in the sequencing of 29- or 30-day month lengths. Traditionally, the first day of each month is the day (beginning at sunset) of the first sighting of the
1772:
1553:
36:
1563:
309:), so a lunisolar calendar must have a variable number of months per year. Regular years have 12 months, but embolismic years insert a 13th "intercalary" or "leap" month or "embolismic" month every second or third year. Whether to insert an intercalary month in a given year may be determined using regular cycles such as the 19-year
234:, which improved upon it, intercalation is done by adding an extra day to February in each leap year. In the Julian calendar this was done every four years. In the Gregorian, years divisible by 100 but not 400 were exempted in order to improve accuracy. Thus, 2000 was a leap year; 1700, 1800, and 1900 were not.
375:, used in Iran, has 12 lunar months that usually alternate between 30 and 29 days every year, but an intercalary day is added to the last month of the year 12 times in a 33-year cycle. Some historians also linked the pre-Islamic practice of
351:
In principle, lunar calendars do not employ intercalation because they do not seek to synchronise with the seasons, and the motion of the moon is astronomically predictable. But religious lunar calendars rely on actual observation.
367:
is not observed immediately after the 29th day of a month (either because clouds block its view or because the western sky is still too bright when the moon sets), then the day that begins at that sunset is the 30th.
1676:
388:
1599:
264:, used in Iran, is based on solar calculations and is similar to the Gregorian calendar in its structure, and hence the intercalation, with the exception that its
1592:
53:
525:
2130:
1585:
1162:
998:
237:
Epagomenal days are days within a solar calendar that are outside any regular month. Usually five epagomenal days are included within every year (
627:
2099:
100:
72:
1850:
119:
79:
1112:
767:
177:
must have a whole number of days. The most common way to reconcile the two is to vary the number of days in the calendar year.
1923:
991:
57:
257:), but a sixth epagomenal day is intercalated every four years in some (Coptic, Ethiopian and French Republican calendars).
86:
2104:
1074:
2039:
1985:
1870:
1706:
1365:
215:
in 239 BC, decreed a solar leap day system; an
Egyptian leap year was not adopted until 25 BC, when the Roman Emperor
68:
1277:
410:
for a 52/53-week year. Any year that has 53 Thursdays has 53 weeks; this extra week may be regarded as intercalary.
1726:
1711:
1649:
1628:
717:
697:
254:
46:
1880:
1691:
1428:
1157:
707:
620:
164:
395:
from the last day of any month (June and
December are preferred). These are sometimes described as intercalary.
1127:
372:
197:
276:
2140:
1918:
1820:
1736:
1731:
1383:
1034:
2361:
737:
2293:
1198:
1143:
1097:
1082:
727:
208:
93:
2120:
2034:
1860:
1721:
1449:
1418:
867:
762:
613:
261:
2330:
2125:
1980:
1845:
1797:
1666:
1323:
782:
742:
474:
2356:
2305:
2079:
2003:
1933:
1272:
1250:
1117:
941:
912:
847:
840:
494:
449:
436:
246:
231:
193:
152:
144:
180:
In solar calendars, this is done by adding an extra day ("leap day" or "intercalary day") to a
2153:
2018:
1835:
1353:
1232:
1132:
985:
888:
792:
464:
441:
330:
238:
204:
1566:
2298:
2044:
2023:
1975:
1938:
1751:
1471:
1459:
1287:
1255:
1087:
956:
872:
862:
777:
479:
459:
454:
356:
346:
326:
557:
519:
294:
2029:
2008:
1840:
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1533:
1398:
1375:
1343:
1295:
1282:
1245:
1227:
857:
852:
469:
445:
314:
305:
The solar year does not have a whole number of lunar months (it is about 365/29.5 = 12.37
242:
227:
220:
189:
423:
597:
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2074:
2013:
1970:
1802:
1792:
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174:
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148:
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1913:
1528:
1522:
1188:
1122:
1044:
975:
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1960:
1943:
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1203:
1183:
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689:
392:
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181:
35:
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1885:
1746:
1716:
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1433:
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1953:
1928:
1908:
1825:
1777:
1771:
1756:
1496:
1413:
1049:
961:
936:
917:
807:
185:
17:
2267:
2247:
2089:
1995:
1895:
1686:
1681:
1064:
825:
817:
675:
665:
403:
376:
342:
318:
250:
216:
140:
279:
includes enough epagomenal days (usually 4 or 5) before the last month (
2262:
2252:
2182:
2054:
1965:
1830:
1403:
1393:
1315:
1306:
1291:
1193:
1178:
1023:
946:
655:
173:
does not have a whole number of days (it is about 365.24 days), but a
2257:
2207:
2202:
1501:
660:
269:
580:
421:
had five intercalary days after the eighteenth and final month, the
333:
adds both an intercalary day and month on a usually regular cycle.
2237:
2049:
1948:
1903:
1511:
1260:
951:
907:
899:
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265:
2242:
2227:
2217:
1671:
1608:
650:
636:
1581:
609:
2222:
29:
427:, in which the people fasted and reflected on the past year.
1677:
International Earth
Rotation and Reference Systems Service
389:
International Earth
Rotation and Reference Systems Service
529:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 683.
151:
to make the calendar follow the seasons or moon phases.
605:
184:
of 365 days, about once every four years, creating a
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2139:
2113:
1994:
1894:
1811:
1785:
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1442:
1374:
1314:
1304:
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1153:
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1014:
898:
816:
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688:
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643:
347:
Islamic calendar § Astronomical considerations
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
289:) to ensure that the following year starts on the
155:may require intercalations of days or months.
1593:
621:
363:(crescent moon) shortly after sunset. If the
8:
280:
1600:
1586:
1578:
1311:
685:
628:
614:
606:
321:) or using calculations of lunar phases (
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
2131:International Commission on Stratigraphy
543:(present participle passive of ἐπάγειν,
506:
27:Insertion of a leap day, week, or month
598:leap second by Merriam-Webster OnLine
139:in timekeeping is the insertion of a
7:
1562:
58:adding citations to reliable sources
281:
579:Chraibi, Khalid (16 August 2008).
25:
1851:Discrete time and continuous time
1776:
1770:
1561:
1552:
1551:
581:"Issues in the Islamic Calendar"
69:"Intercalation" timekeeping
34:
45:needs additional citations for
1924:History of timekeeping devices
1:
1871:Gravitational time dilation
1707:Barycentric Coordinate Time
1366:Geological history of Earth
417:(year count) system of the
255:French Republican Calendars
2378:
1727:Geocentric Coordinate Time
1712:Barycentric Dynamical Time
1650:Coordinated Universal Time
718:Orders of magnitude (time)
340:
162:
1881:Time-translation symmetry
1768:
1692:International Atomic Time
1619:
1547:
1429:Time translation symmetry
293:. These are known as the
198:Indian national calendars
165:Intercalary month (Egypt)
373:tabular Islamic calendar
207:, issued by the pharaoh
2141:Astronomical chronology
2114:Archaeology and geology
1821:Absolute space and time
1737:IERS Reference Meridian
1732:International Date Line
1643:International standards
1384:Absolute space and time
1035:Astronomical chronology
558:"Hijri-Shamsi Calendar"
526:Encyclopædia Britannica
319:determination of Easter
1434:Time reversal symmetry
738:Italian six-hour clock
219:instituted a reformed
2100:Weekday determination
1986:Sundial markup schema
1199:Time and fate deities
1144:The Unreality of Time
1083:A series and B series
391:can insert or remove
341:Further information:
209:Ptolemy III Euergetes
163:Further information:
147:, or month into some
2121:Chronological dating
1861:Theory of relativity
1722:Daylight saving time
1450:Chronological dating
1419:Theory of relativity
763:Daylight saving time
547:"to bring in") + -al
357:Lunar Hijri calendar
262:Solar Hijri calendar
230:, as well as in the
221:Alexandrian calendar
54:improve this article
2331:Time value of money
2126:Geologic time scale
1981:History of sundials
1846:Cosmological decade
1798:Greenwich Mean Time
1629:Orders of magnitude
743:Thai six-hour clock
520:"Intercalary"
475:Thai lunar calendar
450:Ethiopian calendars
301:Lunisolar calendars
188:that has 366 days (
153:Lunisolar calendars
2306:Mental chronometry
1934:Marine chronometer
1786:Obsolete standards
1273:Rosy retrospection
1251:Mental chronometry
1075:Philosophy of time
495:Intercalated Games
437:Lunisolar calendar
379:to intercalation.
232:Gregorian calendar
2344:
2343:
2154:Nuclear timescale
1836:Continuous signal
1575:
1574:
1485:
1484:
1460:Circadian rhythms
1278:Tense–aspect–mood
1133:Temporal finitism
1010:
1009:
986:Grandfather clock
539:From ἐπαγόμενος,
465:Mandaean calendar
331:Buddhist calendar
327:Chinese calendars
205:Decree of Canopus
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
2369:
2045:Dominical letter
1976:Equation of time
1939:Marine sandglass
1780:
1774:
1752:Terrestrial Time
1609:Time measurement
1602:
1595:
1588:
1579:
1565:
1564:
1555:
1554:
1472:Glottochronology
1312:
1228:Human experience
1088:B-theory of time
686:
630:
623:
616:
607:
600:
595:
589:
588:
576:
570:
569:
567:
565:
554:
548:
537:
531:
530:
522:
511:
480:Bengali calendar
460:Islamic calendar
455:Iranian calendar
284:
283:
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
62:
38:
30:
21:
2377:
2376:
2372:
2371:
2370:
2368:
2367:
2366:
2347:
2346:
2345:
2340:
2277:
2168:
2135:
2109:
1990:
1890:
1841:Coordinate time
1813:Time in physics
1807:
1781:
1775:
1766:
1638:
1615:
1606:
1576:
1571:
1543:
1534:Time immemorial
1481:
1438:
1399:Coordinate time
1370:
1324:Geological time
1300:
1283:Time management
1246:Generation time
1230:
1222:
1167:
1149:
1069:
1028:
1006:
894:
812:
729:
722:
678:
670:
639:
634:
604:
603:
596:
592:
578:
577:
573:
563:
561:
556:
555:
551:
538:
534:
513:
512:
508:
503:
470:Celtic calendar
433:
401:
385:
349:
339:
337:Lunar calendars
323:Hindu lunisolar
315:Hebrew calendar
303:
277:Bahá'í calendar
228:Julian calendar
167:
161:
159:Solar calendars
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2375:
2373:
2365:
2364:
2359:
2349:
2348:
2342:
2341:
2339:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2326:Time metrology
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2302:
2301:
2291:
2285:
2283:
2282:Related topics
2279:
2278:
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2136:
2134:
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2128:
2123:
2117:
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2110:
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2107:
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2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2000:
1998:
1992:
1991:
1989:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1971:Dialing scales
1968:
1963:
1958:
1957:
1956:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1900:
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1889:
1888:
1883:
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1873:
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1843:
1838:
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1828:
1823:
1817:
1815:
1809:
1808:
1806:
1805:
1803:Prime meridian
1800:
1795:
1793:Ephemeris time
1789:
1787:
1783:
1782:
1769:
1767:
1765:
1764:
1762:180th meridian
1759:
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1744:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
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1509:
1504:
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1486:
1483:
1482:
1480:
1479:
1477:Time geography
1474:
1469:
1467:Clock reaction
1464:
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1285:
1280:
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1270:
1269:
1268:
1266:time signature
1263:
1253:
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1237:
1235:
1224:
1223:
1221:
1220:
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1208:
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1191:
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1170:
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1154:
1151:
1150:
1148:
1147:
1140:
1138:Temporal parts
1135:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1108:Eternal return
1105:
1100:
1095:
1093:Chronocentrism
1090:
1085:
1079:
1077:
1071:
1070:
1068:
1067:
1062:
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1021:
1015:
1012:
1011:
1008:
1007:
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1002:
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932:
922:
921:
920:
904:
902:
896:
895:
893:
892:
885:
880:
878:Hindu Panchang
875:
870:
865:
860:
855:
850:
845:
844:
843:
838:
833:
822:
820:
814:
813:
811:
810:
805:
800:
795:
790:
785:
780:
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770:
765:
760:
755:
750:
745:
740:
734:
732:
724:
723:
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720:
715:
710:
705:
700:
694:
692:
683:
672:
671:
669:
668:
663:
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641:
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633:
632:
625:
618:
610:
602:
601:
590:
571:
549:
532:
517:, ed. (1911).
515:Chisholm, Hugh
505:
504:
502:
499:
498:
497:
492:
490:World Calendar
487:
482:
477:
472:
467:
462:
457:
452:
439:
432:
429:
419:Aztec calendar
400:
397:
384:
381:
338:
335:
302:
299:
160:
157:
149:calendar years
128:
127:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2374:
2363:
2362:Units of time
2360:
2358:
2355:
2354:
2352:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
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2300:
2297:
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2280:
2274:
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2256:
2254:
2251:
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2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2180:
2178:
2176:
2175:units of time
2171:
2165:
2164:Sidereal time
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2149:Galactic year
2147:
2146:
2144:
2142:
2138:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2118:
2116:
2112:
2106:
2105:Weekday names
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2095:Tropical year
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2060:Intercalation
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:(lunar Hijri)
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1993:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1955:
1952:
1951:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1901:
1899:
1897:
1893:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1866:Time dilation
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
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1455:Chronobiology
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1389:Arrow of time
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1361:Geochronology
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1055:Periodization
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758:Relative hour
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753:24-hour clock
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748:12-hour clock
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485:Igbo calendar
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408:specification
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311:Metonic cycle
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291:March equinox
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213:Ancient Egypt
210:
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175:calendar year
172:
171:tropical year
169:The solar or
166:
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133:Intercalation
124:
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81:
78:
74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
2311:Decimal time
2059:
2040:Astronomical
1919:Complication
1914:Atomic clock
1529:Time capsule
1523:Tempus fugit
1521:
1443:Other fields
1142:
1123:Perdurantism
1045:Calendar era
997:
990:
976:Cuckoo clock
913:astronomical
887:
713:Unit of time
644:Key concepts
593:
584:
574:
562:. Retrieved
552:
544:
540:
535:
524:
509:
422:
415:xiuhpōhualli
414:
412:
402:
393:leap seconds
386:
383:Leap seconds
370:
364:
360:
354:
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304:
286:
274:
259:
236:
225:
202:
179:
168:
136:
132:
131:
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
2321:System time
2316:Metric time
2035:Solar Hijri
1961:Water clock
1944:Radio clock
1876:Time domain
1856:Proper time
1742:Leap second
1624:Chronometry
1539:Time travel
1517:System time
1424:Time domain
1409:Proper time
1233:use of time
1204:Father Time
1184:Immortality
1174:Ages of Man
1103:Endurantism
1060:Regnal year
1040:Big History
969:water-based
868:Solar Hijri
778:Hexadecimal
728:Measurement
690:Chronometry
676:Measurement
406:includes a
317:and in the
182:common year
2351:Categories
2336:Timekeeper
2289:Chronology
2273:Millennium
2159:Precession
2065:Julian day
1886:T-symmetry
1747:Solar time
1717:Civil time
1241:Chronemics
1216:Kalachakra
1128:Presentism
1113:Eternalism
1019:Chronology
957:mechanical
908:Main types
826:Main types
585:tabsir.net
560:. Al Islam
541:epagomenos
501:References
399:Other uses
295:Ayyám-i-Há
80:newspapers
18:Leap month
2357:Calendars
2233:Fortnight
2080:Lunisolar
2070:Leap year
2004:Gregorian
1954:stopwatch
1929:Hourglass
1909:Astrarium
1826:Spacetime
1757:Time zone
1634:Metrology
1613:standards
1497:Leap year
1414:Spacetime
1288:Yesterday
1189:Dreamtime
1163:Mythology
1050:Deep time
962:stopwatch
937:hourglass
918:astrarium
848:Gregorian
841:Lunisolar
818:Calendars
808:Time zone
681:standards
424:nēmontēmi
307:lunations
247:Ethiopian
194:Gregorian
186:leap year
2294:Duration
2268:Saeculum
2248:Olympiad
2090:Solstice
2019:Holocene
1996:Calendar
1896:Horology
1687:ISO 8601
1682:ISO 31-1
1557:Category
1305:Time in
1296:Tomorrow
1158:Religion
1098:Duration
1065:Timeline
999:Timeline
798:Sidereal
666:Eternity
564:June 14,
442:Egyptian
431:See also
404:ISO 8601
249:, Mayan
239:Egyptian
217:Augustus
141:leap day
137:embolism
110:May 2018
2263:Century
2253:Lustrum
2183:Instant
2055:Equinox
2024:Islamic
1966:Sundial
1831:Chronon
1567:Commons
1490:Related
1404:Instant
1394:Chronon
1376:Physics
1316:Geology
1307:science
1179:Destiny
1024:History
992:History
947:sundial
930:quantum
873:Chinese
863:Islamic
773:Decimal
768:Chinese
730:systems
656:Present
545:epagein
329:). The
226:In the
94:scholar
2258:Decade
2213:Moment
2208:Minute
2203:Second
2173:Other
2030:Julian
2009:Hebrew
1655:offset
1507:Moment
1502:Memory
1354:period
942:marine
925:atomic
900:Clocks
858:Hebrew
853:Julian
788:Metric
661:Future
448:, and
446:Coptic
270:Hijrah
243:Coptic
190:Julian
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
2299:music
2238:Month
2198:Jiffy
2193:Shake
2188:Flick
2085:Solar
2075:Lunar
2050:Epact
2014:Hindu
1949:Watch
1904:Clock
1512:Space
1344:epoch
1334:chron
1292:Today
1261:tempo
1256:Music
1118:Event
952:watch
836:Lunar
831:Solar
803:Solar
793:Roman
783:Hindu
377:Nasi'
365:hilal
361:hilal
343:Nasi'
287:ʿalāʾ
266:epoch
251:Haab'
101:JSTOR
87:books
2243:Year
2228:Week
2218:Hour
1672:DUT1
1611:and
1231:and
1194:Kāla
889:List
883:Maya
679:and
651:Past
637:Time
566:2014
413:The
387:The
371:The
355:The
345:and
325:and
282:علاء
275:The
268:the
260:The
253:and
203:The
196:and
145:week
73:news
2223:Day
1349:era
1339:eon
1329:age
708:TAI
698:UTC
211:of
200:).
135:or
56:by
2353::
1667:ΔT
1662:UT
1294:–
1290:–
703:UT
583:.
523:.
444:,
297:.
285:,
272:.
245:,
241:,
223:.
192:,
143:,
1601:e
1594:t
1587:v
629:e
622:t
615:v
587:.
568:.
313:(
123:)
117:(
112:)
108:(
98:·
91:·
84:·
77:·
50:.
20:)
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