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1330:. The energy needed to produce energy is a measure of our difficulty in learning how to make remaining energy resources useful in relation to the effort expended. Energy returns on energy invested have been in continual decline for some time, caused by natural resource limits and increasing investment. Energy is both nature's and our own principal resource for making things happen. The point of diminishing returns is when increasing investment makes the resource more expensive. As natural limits are approached, easily used sources are exhausted and ones with more complications need to be used instead. As an environmental signal persistently diminishing EROI indicates an approach of whole system limits in our
77:
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eliminating and new products' introduction. Their results indicated that the optimal switching time is determined by the characteristics of product and process, market factors, and the features of learning curve on this production. Konstantaras, Skouri, and Jaber applied the learning curve on demand forecasting and the economic order quantity. They found that the buyers obey to a learning curve, and this result is useful for decision-making on
1122:
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stimulate innovations on products and the selection of organizational design structures. Balachander and
Srinivasan used to study a durable product and its pricing strategy on the principles of the learning curve. Based on the concepts that the growing experience in producing and selling a product would cause the decline of unit production cost, they found the potential best introductory price for this product. As for the problems of
1412:
1098:
1110:
1134:
1695:, see the "Discussions" section, Dr. Smith's remark about the usage of the term "steep learning curve": "First, semantics. A steep learning curve is one where you gain proficiency over a short number of trials. That means the curve is steep. I think semantically we are really talking about a prolonged or long learning curve. I know it is a subtle distinction, but I can't miss the opportunity to make that point."
300:
146:
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1285:, relate to the much broader subject of natural limits for resources and technologies in general. Such limits generally present themselves as increasing complications that slow the learning of how to do things more efficiently, like the well-known limits of perfecting any process or product or to perfecting measurements. These practical experiences match the predictions of the
43:
1008:
general pattern is of first speeding up and then slowing down, as the practically achievable level of methodology improvement is reached. The effect of reducing local effort and resource use by learning improved methods often has the opposite latent effect on the next larger scale system, by facilitating its expansion, or
1502:. "Matthew Crawley, the presumptive heir of Downton Abbey and now the co-owner of the estate, says, 'I've been on a steep learning curve since arriving at Downton.' By this he means that he has had a difficult time learning the ways of Downton, but people did not start talking that way until the 1970s."
1007:
The economic learning of productivity and efficiency generally follows the same kinds of experience curves and have interesting secondary effects. Efficiency and productivity improvement can be considered as whole organization or industry or economy learning processes, as well as for individuals. The
1542:
within a title. As with learning curves in educational settings, difficulty curves can have multitudes of shapes, and games may frequently provide various levels of difficulty that change the shape of this curve relative to its default to make the game harder or easier. Optimally the difficulty of a
1152:
is the idealized general form of all learning curves, with slowly accumulating small steps at first followed by larger steps and then successively smaller ones later, as the learning activity reaches its limit. That idealizes the normal progression from discovery of something to learn about followed
1235:, the term has acquired a broader interpretation over time, and expressions such as "experience curve", "improvement curve", "cost improvement curve", "progress curve", "progress function", "startup curve", and "efficiency curve" are often used interchangeably. In economics the subject is rates of "
1043:
When wages are proportional to number of products made, workers may resist changing to a different post or having a new member on the team, since it would temporarily decrease productivity. Learning curves has been used to adjust for temporary dips so that workers are paid more for the same product
1023:
A comprehensive understanding of the application of learning curve on managerial economics would provide plenty of benefits on strategic level. People could predict the appropriate timing of the introductions for new products and offering competitive pricing decisions, deciding investment levels by
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for the limits of waste reduction generally. Approaching limits of perfecting things to eliminate waste meets geometrically increasing effort to make progress, and provides an environmental measure of all factors seen and unseen changing the learning experience. Perfecting things becomes ever more
198:
curve with a steep start actually represents rapid progress. In fact, the gradient of the curve has nothing to do with the overall difficulty of an activity, but expresses the expected rate of change of learning speed over time. An activity that it is easy to learn the basics of, but difficult to
1400:
The common
English usage aligns with a metaphorical interpretation of the learning curve as a hill to climb. (A steeper hill is initially hard, while a gentle slope is less strainful, though sometimes rather tedious. Accordingly, the shape of the curve (hill) may not indicate the total amount of
1166:) through a resistor. The increase in skill or retention of information may increase rapidly to its maximum rate during the initial attempts, and then gradually levels out, meaning that the subject's skill does not improve much with each later repetition, with less new knowledge gained over time.
277:
The first known use of the term 'learning curve' is from 1903: "Bryan and Harter (6) found in their study of the acquisition of the telegraphic language a learning curve which had the rapid rise at the beginning followed by a period of slower learning, and was thus convex to the vertical axis."
1301:
Efficiency and development curves typically follow a two-phase process of first bigger steps corresponding to finding things easier, followed by smaller steps of finding things more difficult. It reflects bursts of learning following breakthroughs that make learning easier followed by meeting
1028:
under the limitation of scarce resources, Liao observed that without including the effects of the learning curve on labor hours and machines hours, people might make incorrect managerial decisions. Demeester and Qi used the learning curve to study the transition between the old products'
1356:
I/(R-uR) approaches infinity as increasingly difficult tasks make the effort unproductive. That point is approached as a vertical asymptote, at a particular point in time, that can be delayed only by unsustainable effort. It defines a point at which enough investment has been made and the
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Graphical representation of the common sense principle that more one does something the better one gets at it. Learning curve shows the rate of improvement in performing a task as a function of time, or the rate of change in average cost (in hours or money) as a function of cumulative
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the system model parameters. The machine learning curve is useful for many purposes including comparing different algorithms, choosing model parameters during design, adjusting optimization to improve convergence, and determining the amount of data used for training.
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gameplay as a "difficulty curve", which described how hard the game may get as the player progresses through the game and requiring the player to either become more proficient with the game, gain better understanding of the game's mechanics, and/or spend time
1552:. To generate an illusion of winnability games can include, internal value (a sense of moving towards a goal and being rewarded for it) driven by conflict which can be generated by an antagonistic environment and story driven suspense in the form of
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difficult despite increasing effort despite continuing positive, if ever diminishing, results. The same kind of slowing progress due to complications in learning also appears in the limits of useful technologies and of profitable markets applying to
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increases in correspondence with players ability. Games must neither be too challenging nor too undemanding nor too fortuitous. The players will continue playing as long as a game is perceived to be winnable. This is therefore referred to as the
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to the limit of learning about it. The other shapes of learning curves (4, 5 & 6) show segments of S-curves without their full extents. In this case the improvement of proficiency starts slowly, then increases rapidly, and finally levels off.
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they have. Proficiency (measured on the vertical axis) usually increases with increased experience (the horizontal axis), that is to say, the more someone, groups, companies or industries perform a task, the better their performance at the task.
1269:
of group learning, among other fields. These processes of rapidly emerging new form appear to take place by complex learning within the systems themselves, which when observable, display curves of changing rates that accelerate and decelerate.
1397:, define a learning curve as the rate at which skill is acquired, so a steep increase would mean a quick increment of skill. However, the term is often used in common English with the meaning of a difficult initial learning process.
274:, and recording the success over a number of trials. The translation does not use the term 'learning curve' — but he presents diagrams of learning against trial number. He also notes that the score can decrease, or even oscillate.
325:
industry from 1940 to mid-1945. Specifically, they tabulated and plotted the direct man-hour cost of various products as a function of cumulative production. This formed the basis of many studies on learning curves in the 1950s.
1309:
One of the key studies in the area concerns diminishing returns on investments generally, either physical or financial, pointing to whole system limits for resource development or other efforts. The most studied of these may be
1365:. For unplanned tasks it may be either foreseen or discovered by surprise. The usefulness measure, uR, is affected by the complexity of environmental responses that can only be measured when they occur unless they are foreseen.
281:
Psychologist Arthur Bills gave a more detailed description of learning curves in 1934. He also discussed the properties of different types of learning curves, such as negative acceleration, positive acceleration, plateaus, and
1462:. If two products have similar functionality then the one with a "steep" curve is probably better, because it can be learned in a shorter time. On the other hand, if two products have different functionality, then one with a
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The vertical axis is a measure representing 'learning' or 'proficiency' or other proxy for "efficiency" or "productivity". It can either be increasing (for example, the score in a test), or decreasing (the time to complete a
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by, for instance, limiting resources. One perspective is that if players are not tricked to believe that the video game world is real - if the world does not feel vibrant - then there is no point in creating the game.
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Reichenbach, Daniel J.; Tackett, A Darrel; Harris, James; Camacho, Diego; Graviss, Edward A.; Dewan, Brendan; Vavra, Ashley; Stiles, Anquonette; Fisher, William E.; Brunicardi, F Charles; Sweeney, John F. (2006).
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The horizontal axis represents experience either directly as time (clock time, or the time spent on the activity), or can be related to time (a number of trials, or the total number of units produced).
169:
An example of what the common (yet confusing) expression "steep learning curve" is referring to. The subject spends a great amount of time but does not see an increase in proficiency at first.
254:. Ebbinghaus ran a series of 92 tests. In each test, he gave the subject 8 blocks of 13 random syllables each, and plotted the average time taken for the subject to memorize the block.
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An example of a subject becoming more proficient at a task as they spend more time doing it. In this example, proficiency increases rapidly at first but at later stages there are
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1348:. The simple difference is that if R approaches zero R/I will too, but I/R will approach infinity. When complications emerge to limit learning progress the limit of
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Exponential rise or fall to a Limit; proficiency can exponentially approach a limit in a manner similar to that in which a capacitor charges or discharges (
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U.S. Department of
Defense Manual Number 5000.2-M, mandates the use of learning curves for costing of defense programs (variable costs of production)
1192:: the mathematical function is sometimes called Henderson's Law. This form of learning curve is used extensively in industry for cost projections.
361:
210:
first described the learning curve in 1885 in the field of the psychology of learning, although the name did not come into use until 1903. In 1936
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For the performance of one person in a series of trials the curve can be erratic, with proficiency increasing, decreasing or leveling out in a
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which has different appearances depending on the time scale of observation. It has now also become associated with the evolutionary theory of
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Konstantaras, I.; Skouri, K.; Jaber, M. Y. (2012), "Inventory models for imperfect quality items with shortages and learning in inspection",
1749:
2349:
1239:", as development refers to a whole system learning process with varying rates of progression. Generally speaking all learning displays
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function, and is almost always used for a decreasing performance metric, such as cost. It also has the property that if plotted as the
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2303:
1970:
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suggesting that an activity is difficult to learn and that expending much effort does not increase proficiency by much, although a
2382:
1298:). Remaining market segments or remaining potential efficiencies or efficiencies are found in successively less convenient forms.
1311:
1025:
31:
1121:
2471:
Gersick, Connie JG (1991). "Revolutionary Change
Theories: A Multilevel Exploration of the Punctuated Equilibrium Paradigm".
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Product A has lower functionality and a short learning curve. Product B has greater functionality but takes longer to learn.
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Gaming and
Cognition: Theories and Practice from the Learning Sciences: Theories and Practice from the Learning Sciences
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required. Instead, it can be understood as a matter of preference related to ambition, personality and learning style.)
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system, while experience may be the number of training examples used for learning or the number of iterations used in
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2119:
Balacahnder, S.; Srinivasan, K. (1998), "Modifying customer expectations of price decreases for a durable product",
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models the minimal cost achievable. In other words, the learning ceases after cost reaches a sufficiently low level.
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1941:
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in aircraft manufacturing, meaning that the unit cost decreases by 20% for every doubling of total units made.
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1481:, which is difficult to learn, but offers a wide array of features after the user has learned how to use it.
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is extremely simple to learn, but offers little after this. At the other extreme is the UNIX terminal editor
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1498:, a television series set in the early 20th century, concentrating mainly on whether use of the term is an
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models the fraction of production done by machines (assumed to be unable to learn, unlike a human worker).
525:
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1985:
Hax, Arnoldo C.; Majluf, Nicolas S. (October 1982), "Competitive cost dynamics: the experience curve",
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2062:
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2317:"The exponential learning equation as a function of successful trials results in sigmoid performance"
1538:" to improve his or her characters. Establishing the right difficulty curve is part of achieving the
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Source Book of World War II Basic Data-Airframe
Industry. Volume 1. Direct Man-Hours-Progress Curves
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The expression "steep learning curve" is used with opposite meanings. Most sources, including the
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2002:
1861:"Classics in the History of Psychology – Introduction to Ebbinghaus (1885/1913) by R. H. Wozniak"
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The specific case of a plot of Unit Cost versus Total
Production with a power law was named the
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The main learning curve models on a log-log plot. Wright, Plateau, Stanford-B, DeJong, S-curve.
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curve (a short time to learn) and limited functionality may not be as good as one with a
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Petley, Brian W. (1988). "Towards the Limits of
Precision and Accuracy in Measurement".
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266:. The same test with 9 blocks of 12 syllables each. This shows an oscillating pattern.
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2006:
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2063:"Learning curve models and applications: Literature review and research directions"
1539:
337:(BCG) generalized the Unit Cost model pioneered by Wright, and specifically used a
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Hermann
Ebbinghaus' memory tests, published in 1885, involved memorizing series of
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113:
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1807:
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Hall, Granville
Stanley; Titchener, Edward Bradford; Dallenbach, Karl M. (1903).
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constraints that make learning ever harder, perhaps toward a point of cessation.
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of experience the result is a straight line, and it is often presented that way.
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17:
2410:"A New Recurrent Neural Network Learning Algorithm for Time Series Prediction"
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2600:. International Conference on Entertainment Computing 2009. Vol. 5709.
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Liao, W. M. (1979), "Effects of learning on resource allocation decisions",
1881:. Longmans Psychology Series. pp. 192–215. New York: Longmans, Green and Co.
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1177:
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338:
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is the "learning rate". In words, it means that the unit cost decreases by
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gain proficiency in, may be described as having "a steep learning curve".
1998:
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195:
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Leibowitz, Nathaniel; Baum, Barak; Enden, Giora; Karniel, Amir (2010).
1736:. Vol. 20. Teachers College, Columbia University. pp. 155–6.
1513:
is a reversal of the technical meaning. He identifies the first use of
1084:
2492:
2447:"The Learning-Curve Sampling Method Applied to Model-Based Clustering"
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1319:
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Exponential growth; the proficiency can increase without limit, as in
321:
In 1952, the US Air Force published data on the learning curve in the
153:
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on
112:
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on
2601:
2587:
Aponte, Maria-Virginia; Levieux, Guillaume; Natkin, Stéphane (2009).
2549:, upenn.edu, also Comment by J Oliver : Season Three, episode 5
2100:
Abernathy, W. J.; Wayne, K. (1974), "Limits of the learning curve",
1846:
1340:
EROEI measures the return on invested effort as a ratio of R/I or
298:
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257:
245:
179:
75:
2741:
A Mind Forever Voyaging: A History of Storytelling in Video Games
2642:
Gaming Matters: Art, Science, Magic, and the Computer Game Medium
2445:
Meek, Christopher; Thiesson, Bo; Heckerman, David (Summer 2002).
2173:"Managing learning resources for consecutive product generations"
1087:
then a smooth curve results, which can often be described with a
2295:
International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences
2024:"The Learning Curve: Historical Review and Comprehensive Survey"
369:
The main statistical models for learning curves are as follows:
2668:
World-Builders on World-Building: An Exploration of Subcreation
2061:
Anzanello, Michel Jose; Fogliatto, Flavio Sanson (2011-09-01).
866:
measuring the strength of learning. It is usually expressed as
2589:"Scaling the Level of Difficulty in Single Player Video Games"
178:
is a graphical representation of the relationship between how
139:
98:
36:
1492:
discusses the use of the term "on a steep learning curve" in
1206:
Plots relating performance to experience are widely used in
1083:
When the results of a large number of individual trials are
970:, for every doubling of total units made. Wright found that
1657:"Laparoscopic Colon Resection Early in the Learning Curve"
353:
for various industries that ranged from 10 to 25 percent.
1052:
A learning curve is a plot of proxy measures for implied
318:
and proposed a mathematical model of the learning curve.
1470:
curve (a long time to learn) and greater functionality.
2636:
Ruggill, Judd Ethan; McAllister, Ken S. (11 May 2011).
2277:
Mechanisms of skill acquisition and the law of practice
842:, a combination of Stanford-B model and DeJong's model.
2432:"Machine learning for astronomy with scikit learning"
1529:
The idea of learning curves is often translated into
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The learning curve may refer to a specific task or a
1965:, US, UK, Australia, Germany: Blackwell publishing,
1905:
Cost-quantity relationships in the airframe industry
1388:
American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language
190:
The common expression "a steep learning curve" is a
1907:(Doctoral dissertation, The Ohio State University).
1821:
1819:
1210:. Performance is the error rate or accuracy of the
517:
is the exponent measuring the strength of learning.
1958:
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1352:, uR, is approached and R-uR approaches zero. The
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1733:Memory: A Contribution to Experimental Psychology
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2525:
2381:Sammut, Claude (2011). Webb, Geoffrey I. (ed.).
2243:IEEE Transactions on Semiconductor Manufacturing
535:
2547:"Downton Abbey" anachronisms: beyond nitpickery
1890:Air Materiel Command Wright-Patterson AFB OH. "
27:Relationship between proficiency and experience
2708:"Feedforward as an Essential Active Principle"
2067:International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics
2177:International Journal of Production Economics
1812:. Vol. 14. University of Illinois Press.
1725:
1723:
1505:Zimmer also comments that the popular use of
1361:, usually planned to be the same as when the
8:
2691:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2288:Ritter, F. E., & Schooler, L. J. (2002)
1715:A "Steep Learning Curve" for "Downton Abbey"
2644:. University of Alabama Press. p. 89.
50:It has been suggested that this article be
1257:in complex systems generally, relating to
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1828:"Factors Affecting the Cost of Airplanes"
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1036:Learning curves have been used to model
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349:. Research by BCG in the 1970s observed
2387:(1st ed.). Springer. p. 578.
1606:
1407:
1394:Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary
1144:Several main functions have been used:
1093:
345:. He named this particular version the
182:people are at a task and the amount of
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2298:, pp. 8602–8605. Amsterdam: Pergamon.
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1446:can be described with adjectives like
2559:Larsen, Jimmy Marcus (May 24, 2010).
2017:
2015:
917:{\displaystyle n=\log(\phi )/\log(2)}
835:{\displaystyle y=K(M+(1-M)(x+B)^{n})}
7:
2671:. Taylor & Francis. p. 67.
2594:. In Natkin, S.; Dupire, J. (eds.).
2454:Journal of Machine Learning Research
1835:Journal of the Aeronautical Sciences
1314:or EROEI, discussed at length in an
1060:or progression toward a limit) with
573:{\displaystyle y=\max(Kx^{n},K_{0})}
310:described the effect of learning on
214:described the effect of learning on
80:Learning curve of the production of
2434:. Learning Curve My Personal Tutor.
2279:. University of Southern California
1127:Exponential rise or fall to a limit
1048:Examples and mathematical modeling
495:is the cost of the first unit made,
2324:Journal of Mathematical Psychology
2159:10.1111/j.1540-5915.1979.tb00011.x
2040:10.1111/j.1540-5915.1979.tb00026.x
1809:The American Journal of Psychology
1673:10.1097/01.sla.0000220039.26524.fa
986:
473:is the total number of units made,
25:
2597:Lecture Notes in Computer Science
2171:Demeester, L. L.; Qi, M. (2005),
1473:For example, the Windows program
1316:Encyclopedia of the Earth article
1202:Learning curve (machine learning)
992:{\displaystyle \phi \approx 80\%}
846:The key variable is the exponent
737:{\displaystyle y=K(M+(1-M)x^{n})}
678:models worker's prior experience.
2714:. IGI Global. pp. 112–115.
2706:Van Eck, Richard (31 May 2010).
2665:Wolf, Mark, J.P. (12 May 2020).
2545:Zimmer, Ben (February 13, 2012)
2508:Physics in a Technological World
2473:The Academy of Management Review
2384:Encyclopedia of Machine Learning
1713:Zimmer, Ben (February 8, 2013)
1525:Difficulty curves in video games
1422:
1410:
1312:Energy Return on Energy Invested
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1120:
1108:
1096:
1016:in the 1880s and updated in the
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103:
41:
1879:General experimental psychology
1040:in the semiconductor industry.
373:Wright's model ("log-linear"):
32:Learning curve (disambiguation)
2417:Journal of Intelligent Systems
2211:Applied Mathematical Modelling
2022:Yelle, Louis E. (April 1979).
1961:Contemporary strategy analysis
1940:Henderson, Bruce (1968-01-01)
1417:Short and long learning curves
1172:; similar in appearance to an
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1586:Learning-by-doing (economics)
1354:difficulty of useful learning
1292:product life cycle management
2743:. Dylan Holmes. p. 83.
2239:"Fifty Years of Moore's Law"
1742:10.5214/ans.0972.7531.200408
1730:Ebbinghaus, Hermann (1913).
1382:Oxford Dictionary of English
1287:second law of thermodynamics
1243:over time, but describes an
1103:S-curve or sigmoid function
651:{\displaystyle y=K(x+B)^{n}}
341:, which is sometimes called
2615:10.1007/978-3-642-04052-8_3
2237:Mack, Chris A. (May 2011).
2079:10.1016/j.ergon.2011.05.001
1485:"On a steep learning curve"
1344:. The inverse I/R measures
1296:software development cycles
1180:of proficiency against the
1150:S-Curve or Sigmoid function
2808:
2189:10.1016/j.ijpe.2004.01.005
1918:"What is Henderson's Law?"
1199:
1018:Khazzoom-Brookes Postulate
250:Figure 2 from Ebbinghaus'
67:Proposed since April 2024.
29:
2336:10.1016/j.jmp.2010.01.006
2224:10.1016/j.apm.2011.12.005
1957:Grant, Robert M. (2004),
1044:while they are learning.
230:, is sometimes called an
2485:10.5465/amr.1991.4278988
2255:10.1109/TSM.2010.2096437
1521:interpretation as 1978.
1227:Initially introduced in
402:{\displaystyle y=Kx^{n}}
351:experience curve effects
57:Experience curve effects
2737:"The Rise of Cutscenes"
2533:"Steep learning curves"
2408:Madhavan, P.G. (1997).
2350:"Learning Curve Basics"
2102:Harvard Business Review
1946:Boston Consulting Group
1550:illusion of winnability
1274:General learning limits
1263:organizational behavior
1223:Broader interpretations
963:{\displaystyle 1-\phi }
335:Boston Consulting Group
86:Boeing Wichita division
2735:Holmes, Dylan (2012).
2419:. p. 113, Fig. 3.
1865:psychclassics.yorku.ca
1826:Wright, T. P. (1936).
1375:"Steep learning curve"
1334:to make things happen.
1251:punctuated equilibrium
1012:, as discussed in the
993:
964:
938:
918:
860:
836:
758:
738:
672:
652:
601:
574:
511:
489:
467:
445:
425:
403:
366:
303:
267:
255:
222:. This form, in which
93:
2430:Singh, Anmol (2021).
2133:10.1287/mnsc.44.6.776
1717:. visualthesaurus.com
1338:Useful Natural Limits
1233:behavioral psychology
1200:Further information:
1089:mathematical function
1026:production management
994:
965:
939:
937:{\displaystyle \phi }
919:
861:
837:
759:
739:
673:
653:
602:
600:{\displaystyle K_{0}}
575:
512:
490:
468:
446:
426:
404:
364:
302:
261:
249:
79:
2290:"The learning curve"
1999:10.1287/inte.12.5.50
1942:The Experience Curve
1877:Bills, A.G. (1934).
1515:steep learning curve
1326:also referred to as
1255:revolutionary change
1031:inventory management
974:
948:
928:
870:
850:
771:
748:
685:
662:
614:
584:
526:
501:
479:
457:
435:
415:
377:
308:Theodore Paul Wright
212:Theodore Paul Wright
30:For other uses, see
2561:"Difficulty Curves"
2516:1988ptw..conf..291P
1620:Business Dictionary
1346:learning difficulty
1253:and other kinds of
1196:In machine learning
431:is the cost of the
264:Über das Gedächtnis
252:Über das Gedächtnis
226:is plotted against
130:diminishing returns
2275:Newell, A. (1980)
2121:Managerial Science
1903:Asher, H. (1956).
1581:Labor productivity
1241:incremental change
1158:Exponential growth
1115:Exponential growth
989:
960:
934:
914:
856:
832:
754:
734:
668:
648:
610:Stanford-B model:
597:
570:
507:
485:
463:
441:
421:
399:
367:
304:
272:nonsense syllables
268:
256:
208:Hermann Ebbinghaus
94:
2787:Cognitive science
2750:978-1-4800-0575-4
2721:978-1-61520-718-3
2678:978-0-429-51601-6
2651:978-0-8173-1737-9
2394:978-0-387-30768-8
2217:(11): 5334–5343,
2147:Decision Sciences
2028:Decision Sciences
1751:978-0-7222-2928-6
1661:Annals of Surgery
1626:on 14 August 2020
1591:Population growth
1517:as 1973, and the
1438:with meanings of
1342:learning progress
1283:experience curves
1174:exponential decay
1164:exponential decay
859:{\displaystyle n}
757:{\displaystyle M}
671:{\displaystyle B}
510:{\displaystyle n}
488:{\displaystyle K}
466:{\displaystyle x}
444:{\displaystyle x}
424:{\displaystyle y}
316:aircraft industry
220:aircraft industry
204:body of knowledge
166:
165:
125:
124:
84:airframes at the
74:
73:
69:
16:(Redirected from
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2420:
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2405:
2399:
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2372:
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2368:
2367:
2361:
2355:. Archived from
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2010:
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1964:
1954:
1948:
1938:
1932:
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1929:
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1908:
1901:
1895:
1894:." (1952): 0201.
1888:
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1696:
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1684:
1651:
1640:
1639:
1633:
1631:
1622:. Archived from
1616:"Learning Curve"
1611:
1571:Forgetting curve
1426:
1414:
1363:task is complete
1208:machine learning
1190:experience curve
1136:
1124:
1112:
1100:
998:
996:
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833:
828:
827:
763:
761:
760:
755:
743:
741:
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735:
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729:
681:DeJong's model:
677:
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347:experience curve
312:production costs
232:experience curve
228:total production
216:production costs
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21:
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2683:
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2165:
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2139:
2118:
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2099:
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2060:
2059:
2055:
2021:
2020:
2013:
1984:
1983:
1979:
1973:
1956:
1955:
1951:
1939:
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1926:
1924:
1922:Henderson's Law
1916:
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1596:Trial and error
1567:
1527:
1487:
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1427:
1418:
1415:
1377:
1372:
1320:OilDrum article
1279:Learning curves
1276:
1225:
1204:
1198:
1140:
1137:
1128:
1125:
1116:
1113:
1104:
1101:
1050:
1010:economic growth
1005:
972:
971:
946:
945:
926:
925:
868:
867:
848:
847:
819:
769:
768:
767:S-curve model:
746:
745:
721:
683:
682:
660:
659:
638:
612:
611:
587:
582:
581:
557:
544:
524:
523:
522:Plateau model:
499:
498:
477:
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375:
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359:
343:Henderson's Law
331:Bruce Henderson
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18:Learning curves
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2767:Learning curve
2762:
2761:External links
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2393:
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2341:
2330:(3): 338–340.
2307:
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2268:
2249:(2): 202–207.
2229:
2201:
2183:(2): 265–283,
2163:
2153:(1): 116–125,
2137:
2127:(6): 776–786,
2111:
2092:
2073:(5): 573–583.
2053:
2034:(2): 302–328.
2011:
1977:
1971:
1949:
1933:
1909:
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1841:(4): 122–128.
1815:
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1786:|journal=
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1667:(6): 730–737.
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1576:Learning speed
1573:
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1554:world building
1526:
1523:
1486:
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1436:learning curve
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1409:
1376:
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1350:useful returns
1335:
1307:Natural Limits
1281:, also called
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1020:in the 1980s.
1014:Jevons paradox
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262:Figure 4 from
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2535:. 2009-07-16.
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2362:on 2013-07-18
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1972:1-4051-1999-3
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1871:
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1856:
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1927:2020-06-02
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