151:(ISLS) summarizes the field as follows: "Researchers in the interdisciplinary field of learning sciences, born during the 1990s, study learning as it happens in real-world situations and how to better facilitate learning in designed environments – in school, online, in the workplace, at home, and in informal environments. Learning sciences research may be guided by constructivist, social-constructivist, socio-cognitive, and socio-cultural theories of learning." ISLS has a large worldwide membership, is affiliated with two international journals:
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contributed to the development of the
Institute for Learning Sciences. In 1991, Northwestern initiated the first LS doctoral program, designed and launched by Pea as its first director. The program accepted their first student cohort in 1992. Following Pea's new position as dean, Brian Reiser assumed
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as a means for study is often viewed as a significant distinction of LS from the many fields that contribute to it. By including design-based research within its methodological toolkit, learning sciences qualifies as a "design science", sharing common characteristics with other design sciences that
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In August 1991, the
Institute for the Learning Sciences hosted its first International Conference for the Learning Sciences (ICLS) at Northwestern University (edited by Lawrence Birnbaum and published by the AACE, but no longer available). In 1994, ICLS hosted the first biennial meeting, which also
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of dominant theory, as well as to develop new theories and frameworks for conceptualizing learning, instruction, design processes, and educational reform. LS research strives to generate principles of practice beyond the particular features of an educational innovation to solve real educational
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the role of program directorship. Since then, many LS graduate programs have appeared globally, and the field continues to gain recognition as an innovative and influential field for education research and design.
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Design-based research is by no means the only research methodology used in the field. Additional methodologies include computational modeling, experimental and quasi-experimental research, and non-interventionist
312:, although the two communities developed in different ways, at times emphasizing different programs of research. These differences are described in greater detail in a 2004 special issue of
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and
Friederich Hesse. Although these journals were relatively new within education research, they rapidly escalated into the upper ranks of the Educational Research section of the
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As an emerging discipline, LS is still in the process of defining itself. Accordingly, the field's identity is multifaceted and varies between institutions. However, the
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to create a graduate program in learning sciences. The program, known as "Psychology, Education, and
Technology" (PET), was supported through a planning grant from the
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Several significant events contributed to the international development of learning sciences. Perhaps the earliest history can be traced back to the
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Although controlled experimental studies and rigorous qualitative research have long been employed in learning sciences, LS researchers often use
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By integrating multiple fields, learning sciences extends beyond other closely related fields. For example, learning sciences extends beyond
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Brown, A. L. (1992). Design experiments: Theoretical and methodological challenges in creating complex interventions in classroom settings.
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433:*Carr-Chellman, A. & Hoadley, C. (Eds.) Learning sciences and instructional systems: Beginning the dialogue . (2004).
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Sommerhoff, Daniel; Szameitat, Andrea; Vogel, Freydis; Chernikova, Olga; Loderer, Kristina; Fischer, Frank (2018-04-03).
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through the study, modification, and creation of new technologies and learning environments, and various interacting and
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Greeno, J. G., Collins, A. M., & Resnick, L. (1996). Cognition and learning. In D. Berliner and R. Calfee (Eds.)
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Esmonde, Indigo, and Angela N. Booker. Power and privilege in the learning sciences. New York, NY: Routledge, 2017.
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Lave, J. (1996). The practice of learning: The problem with "context." In S. Chaiklin & J. Lave (Eds.)
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Anderson, J. R., Reder, L. M., & Simon, H. A. (1996). Situated learning and education.
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methods. Interventions are conceptualized and implemented in natural settings to test the
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environments, instructional methods, policy innovations, and the design of curricula.
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was later established in 2002 by Janet
Kolodner, Tim Koschmann, and Chris Hoadley.
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Fischer, F., Hmelo-Silver, C. E., Goldman, S. R., & Reimann, P. (Eds.)(2018).
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569:(1998). On two metaphors for learning and the dangers of choosing just one.
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approaches to the study of learning. Similarly, LS draws inspiration from
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The
International Journal of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning
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Computer-supported collaborative learning: An historical perspective
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International
Journal of Computer Supported Collaborative Learning
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The
Cambridge handbook of the learning sciences (second edition).
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The
Cambridge handbook of the learning sciences (first edition).
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Evans, M. A., Packer, M. J., & Sawyer, R. K. (Eds.) (2016).
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The Cambridge Handbook of the Learning Sciences (first edition)
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The Cambridge handbook of the learning sciences (third edition)
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The Cambridge handbook of the Learning Sciences (first edition)
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Reflections on the learning sciences: Past, present, and future
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methodology. The growing acceptance of design-based research
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Understanding practice: Perspectives on activity and context
521:(pp. 79–96), Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.
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was established as a separate journal in 2006, edited by
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proposed a collaboration between Bank Street College and
535:(pp. 3–32). Boston, MA: Cambridge University Press.
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Situated learning: Legitimate peripheral participation
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424:(pp. 32-58). New York: Cambridge University Press.
508:International handbook of the learning sciences.
576:Stahl, G., Koschmann, T., Suthers, D. (2006).
246:International Society of the Learning Sciences
188:In 1983 in the United States, Jan Hawkins and
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352:Computer-supported collaborative learning
69:Learn how and when to remove this message
418:The prehistory of the learning sciences.
32:This article includes a list of general
563:. New York: Cambridge University Press.
542:. New York: Cambridge University Press.
503:. New York: Cambridge University Press.
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377: – Paradigm of the education field
420:In Evans, M. A., Packer, M. P. (Eds.)
556:New York: Cambridge University Press.
549:New York: Cambridge University Press.
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494:The Journal of the Learning Sciences
422:Reflections on the learning sciences
217:The Journal of the Learning Sciences
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538:Lave, J., & Wenger, E. (1991).
342: – Subdiscipline of psychology
526:Handbook of Educational Psychology
220:was first published in 1991, with
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244:took place at Northwestern. The
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252:Distinguishing characteristics
238:Social Sciences Citation Index
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3348:Branches of cognitive science
466:10.1080/10508406.2018.1440353
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517:. In R. K. Sawyer (ed.)
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81:Not to be confused with
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334:Artificial intelligence
209:Northwestern University
53:more precise citations.
3353:Psychology of learning
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559:Sawyer, R. K. (2022).
552:Sawyer, R. K. (2014).
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166:design-based research
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515:Learning in activity
510:New York: Routledge.
340:Cognitive psychology
310:instructional design
224:as founding editor.
183:cognitive revolution
109:critical theoretical
95:Educational research
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2735:Antigua and Barbuda
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1867:States with limited
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2850:
2848:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2731:
2729:
2725:
2724:
2721:
2714:
2713:
2711:
2710:
2708:European Union
2704:
2702:
2701:Other entities
2698:
2697:
2695:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2658:
2656:
2655:other entities
2650:
2649:
2647:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2620:
2618:
2612:
2611:
2609:
2608:
2606:United Kingdom
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2419:Czech Republic
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2360:
2358:
2354:
2353:
2348:
2341:
2340:
2338:
2337:
2327:
2316:
2313:
2312:
2310:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2283:
2281:
2272:
2271:
2269:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2242:
2240:
2232:
2231:
2229:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1982:
1980:
1974:
1973:
1968:
1961:
1960:
1957:
1956:
1939:
1926:
1917:
1903:Canary Islands
1899:
1898:
1896:
1891:
1888:
1887:
1885:
1884:
1879:
1873:
1871:
1866:
1863:
1862:
1860:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1588:
1586:
1582:
1581:
1576:
1569:
1568:
1565:
1558:
1557:
1554:
1553:
1550:
1549:
1538:
1537:
1534:
1533:
1529:
1528:
1525:
1524:
1520:
1519:
1516:
1515:
1511:
1509:
1508:
1501:
1491:
1484:
1483:
1472:
1467:
1457:
1451:
1448:
1447:
1443:
1442:
1439:
1438:
1434:
1432:
1431:
1426:
1416:
1409:
1408:
1398:
1392:
1389:
1388:
1384:
1383:
1380:
1379:
1375:
1373:
1372:
1367:
1359:
1352:
1351:
1347:Primary school
1341:
1335:
1332:
1331:
1327:
1325:
1324:
1317:
1307:
1300:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1276:
1273:
1272:
1267:
1260:
1259:
1256:
1255:
1253:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1216:
1214:
1210:
1209:
1207:
1206:
1201:
1200:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1093:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1060:Cognitive load
1057:
1052:
1046:
1044:
1040:
1039:
1037:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1001:
995:
993:
987:
986:
984:
983:
978:
973:
968:
963:
958:
953:
948:
943:
938:
933:
928:
923:
918:
913:
908:
903:
898:
893:
888:
883:
878:
873:
868:
863:
858:
853:
848:
843:
838:
833:
828:
823:
817:
815:
809:
808:
806:
805:
804:
803:
793:
788:
783:
778:
773:
768:
763:
758:
753:
748:
743:
738:
733:
731:Evidence-based
728:
723:
718:
717:
716:
711:
706:
701:
696:
695:
694:
679:
674:
668:
666:
665:By perspective
662:
661:
659:
658:
653:
648:
642:
640:
634:
633:
630:
623:
622:
617:
615:
614:
607:
600:
592:
586:
585:
574:
573:, 27(2), 4-13.
564:
557:
550:
543:
536:
529:
522:
511:
504:
497:
490:
489:, 25(4), 5-11.
481:
480:
459:(2): 319–351.
439:
426:
406:
396:
394:
391:
390:
389:
384:
378:
372:
366:
360:
355:
349:
343:
337:
329:
326:
253:
250:
222:Janet Kolodner
207:'s arrival at
178:
175:
144:
141:
77:
76:
31:
29:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3365:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3345:
3343:
3328:
3320:
3318:
3310:
3308:
3307:
3296:
3295:
3292:
3278:
3273:
3271:
3270:French Guiana
3268:
3266:
3263:
3262:
3260:
3254:
3249:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3184:
3182:
3180:
3176:
3169:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3133:New Caledonia
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3113:Easter Island
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3090:
3088:
3082:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3067:
3065:
3059:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2984:
2982:
2978:
2971:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2862:
2860:
2852:
2846:
2845:United States
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2732:
2730:
2726:
2719:
2709:
2706:
2705:
2703:
2699:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2667:Faroe Islands
2665:
2663:
2660:
2659:
2657:
2651:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2639:South Ossetia
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2621:
2619:
2613:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2491:Liechtenstein
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2361:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2346:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2326:
2318:
2317:
2314:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2284:
2282:
2277:
2273:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2261:South Ossetia
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2243:
2241:
2239:
2233:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1966:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1940:
1934:
1930:
1927:
1921:
1918:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1901:
1900:
1897:
1889:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1874:
1872:
1864:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1707:Guinea-Bissau
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1589:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1574:
1570:
1563:
1559:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1539:
1535:
1510:
1505:
1502:
1498:
1497:Undergraduate
1495:
1494:
1489:
1486:
1485:
1481:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1464:
1461:
1460:
1455:
1452:
1433:
1427:
1423:
1422:Middle school
1420:
1419:
1414:
1411:
1410:
1405:
1402:
1401:
1396:
1393:
1374:
1368:
1363:
1362:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1348:
1345:
1344:
1339:
1336:
1326:
1321:
1318:
1314:
1311:
1310:
1305:
1302:
1301:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1279:
1274:
1270:
1265:
1261:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1217:
1215:
1211:
1205:
1202:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1187:Project-based
1185:
1183:
1182:Problem-based
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1142:Demonstration
1140:
1138:
1137:Contemplative
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1124:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1077:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1047:
1045:
1041:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1024:Homeschooling
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
996:
994:
992:
988:
982:
979:
977:
974:
972:
969:
967:
964:
962:
959:
957:
954:
952:
949:
947:
944:
942:
939:
937:
934:
932:
929:
927:
924:
922:
919:
917:
914:
912:
909:
907:
904:
902:
899:
897:
894:
892:
889:
887:
884:
882:
879:
877:
874:
872:
871:Environmental
869:
867:
864:
862:
859:
857:
854:
852:
849:
847:
844:
842:
839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
827:
824:
822:
819:
818:
816:
814:
810:
802:
799:
798:
797:
796:Instructional
794:
792:
789:
787:
784:
782:
779:
777:
774:
772:
769:
767:
764:
762:
759:
757:
754:
752:
749:
747:
744:
742:
739:
737:
734:
732:
729:
727:
724:
722:
719:
715:
712:
710:
707:
705:
702:
700:
699:Psychometrics
697:
693:
690:
689:
688:
685:
684:
683:
680:
678:
675:
673:
670:
669:
667:
663:
657:
654:
652:
649:
647:
644:
643:
641:
639:
635:
628:
624:
620:
613:
608:
606:
601:
599:
594:
593:
590:
583:
579:
575:
572:
568:
565:
562:
558:
555:
551:
548:
544:
541:
537:
534:
530:
527:
523:
520:
516:
512:
509:
505:
502:
498:
495:
491:
488:
484:
483:
476:
472:
467:
462:
458:
454:
450:
443:
440:
436:
430:
427:
423:
419:
413:
411:
407:
401:
398:
392:
388:
385:
382:
379:
376:
373:
370:
367:
364:
361:
359:
356:
353:
350:
347:
344:
341:
338:
335:
332:
331:
327:
325:
323:
317:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
294:
290:
285:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
262:computational
259:
251:
249:
247:
241:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
218:
213:
210:
206:
201:
199:
195:
191:
186:
184:
176:
174:
171:
167:
162:
160:
156:
155:
150:
142:
140:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
73:
70:
62:
52:
48:
42:
41:
35:
30:
21:
20:
3297:
3253:Dependencies
3084:Dependencies
3070:Cook Islands
2950:Sint Maarten
2930:Saint Martin
2644:Transnistria
2276:Dependencies
2206:Turkmenistan
2171:Saudi Arabia
1942:Saint Helena
1913:
1817:South Africa
1807:Sierra Leone
1612:Burkina Faso
1504:Postgraduate
1320:Kindergarten
1172:Personalized
1152:Experiential
1112:Teacher look
821:Agricultural
677:Anthropology
581:
577:
570:
560:
553:
546:
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507:
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486:
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322:ethnographic
318:
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286:
266:sociological
255:
242:
229:
226:Yasmin Kafai
215:
214:
205:Roger Schank
202:
187:
180:
163:
158:
152:
146:
129:anthropology
104:
103:
65:
56:
37:
3327:WikiProject
3017:New Zealand
2920:Puerto Rico
2830:Saint Lucia
2780:El Salvador
2682:Isle of Man
2617:recognition
2591:Switzerland
2526:Netherlands
2335:Asia portal
2236:States with
2156:Philippines
2096:South Korea
2091:North Korea
1986:Afghanistan
1869:recognition
1822:South Sudan
1712:Ivory Coast
1428:High school
1225:Definitions
1102:Lesson plan
991:Alternative
896:Mathematics
866:Engineering
302:engineering
293:methodology
234:Gerry Stahl
59:August 2021
51:introducing
3342:Categories
2915:Montserrat
2910:Martinique
2905:Guadeloupe
2760:Costa Rica
2561:San Marino
2521:Montenegro
2501:Luxembourg
2481:Kazakhstan
2384:Azerbaijan
2216:Uzbekistan
2191:Tajikistan
2106:Kyrgyzstan
2086:Kazakhstan
2006:Bangladesh
1996:Azerbaijan
1924:(Portugal)
1882:Somaliland
1802:Seychelles
1767:Mozambique
1752:Mauritania
1737:Madagascar
1692:The Gambia
1627:Cape Verde
1480:Continuing
1470:Vocational
1075:Curriculum
1009:Democratic
981:Vocational
971:Technology
931:Philosophy
813:By subject
791:Technology
771:Psychology
756:Philosophy
746:Leadership
687:Evaluation
682:Assessment
393:References
258:psychology
34:references
3242:Venezuela
3187:Argentina
2987:Australia
2900:Greenland
2815:Nicaragua
2790:Guatemala
2672:Gibraltar
2496:Lithuania
2302:Hong Kong
2256:Palestine
2181:Sri Lanka
2176:Singapore
2056:Indonesia
1757:Mauritius
1313:Preschool
1213:Wikimedia
951:Religious
876:Euthenics
861:Economics
841:Chemistry
831:Bilingual
786:Sociology
741:Inclusion
721:Economics
619:Education
567:Sfard, A.
475:1050-8406
278:education
203:In 1988,
3317:Category
3232:Suriname
3222:Paraguay
3207:Colombia
3002:Kiribati
2865:Anguilla
2800:Honduras
2770:Dominica
2745:Barbados
2692:Svalbard
2677:Guernsey
2624:Abkhazia
2576:Slovenia
2571:Slovakia
2546:Portugal
2404:Bulgaria
2325:Category
2246:Abkhazia
2196:Thailand
2151:Pakistan
2131:Mongolia
2126:Maldives
2121:Malaysia
2021:Cambodia
1948: /
1944: /
1937:(France)
1931: /
1909: /
1905: /
1857:Zimbabwe
1832:Tanzania
1682:Ethiopia
1677:Eswatini
1657:Djibouti
1622:Cameroon
1607:Botswana
1197:Socratic
1157:Feedback
1043:Concepts
936:Physical
906:Military
886:Language
836:Business
776:Research
766:Politics
751:Pedagogy
646:Glossary
631:Overview
387:Pedagogy
328:See also
300:such as
282:emergent
113:learning
99:Pedagogy
3237:Uruguay
3212:Ecuador
3192:Bolivia
3153:Tokelau
3052:Vanuatu
2895:Curaçao
2880:Bonaire
2875:Bermuda
2805:Jamaica
2785:Grenada
2740:Bahamas
2601:Ukraine
2551:Romania
2511:Moldova
2469:Ireland
2464:Iceland
2459:Hungary
2449:Germany
2444:Georgia
2434:Finland
2429:Estonia
2424:Denmark
2409:Croatia
2394:Belgium
2389:Belarus
2379:Austria
2374:Armenia
2369:Andorra
2364:Albania
2221:Vietnam
2136:Myanmar
2116:Lebanon
2046:Georgia
2001:Bahrain
1991:Armenia
1933:RĂ©union
1929:Mayotte
1920:Madeira
1915:(Spain)
1911:Melilla
1842:Tunisia
1812:Somalia
1797:Senegal
1782:Nigeria
1772:Namibia
1762:Morocco
1727:Liberia
1722:Lesotho
1672:Eritrea
1642:Comoros
1617:Burundi
1592:Algeria
1500:→
1475:Further
1430:→
1425:→
1407:→
1371:→
1366:→
1350:→
1323:→
1316:→
1162:Passive
1085:Studies
966:Teacher
956:Science
946:Reading
941:Physics
916:Nursing
901:Medical
736:History
656:Outline
638:General
296:employ
190:Roy Pea
177:History
107:is the
47:improve
3217:Guyana
3197:Brazil
3128:Hawaii
3047:Tuvalu
2820:Panama
2810:Mexico
2755:Canada
2750:Belize
2687:Jersey
2629:Kosovo
2596:Turkey
2586:Sweden
2566:Serbia
2556:Russia
2541:Poland
2536:Norway
2516:Monaco
2486:Latvia
2454:Greece
2439:France
2414:Cyprus
2266:Taiwan
2201:Turkey
2166:Russia
2101:Kuwait
2081:Jordan
2071:Israel
2031:Cyprus
2016:Brunei
2011:Bhutan
1952:
1935:
1922:
1852:Zambia
1847:Uganda
1787:Rwanda
1742:Malawi
1702:Guinea
1597:Angola
1547:Portal
1507:
1466:
1369:Junior
1364:Infant
1269:Stages
1245:Quotes
1230:Images
1090:Theory
1080:Hidden
976:Values
881:Health
856:Design
781:Rights
761:Policy
473:
131:, and
36:, but
3202:Chile
3042:Tonga
3032:Samoa
3022:Palau
3012:Nauru
2870:Aruba
2795:Haiti
2662:Ă…land
2581:Spain
2506:Malta
2476:Italy
2307:Macau
2226:Yemen
2186:Syria
2161:Qatar
2141:Nepal
2076:Japan
2051:India
2041:Egypt
2026:China
1907:Ceuta
1827:Sudan
1777:Niger
1732:Libya
1717:Kenya
1697:Ghana
1687:Gabon
1662:Egypt
1602:Benin
1250:Texts
1220:Books
921:Peace
911:Music
891:Legal
851:Death
651:Index
97:, or
3227:Peru
3123:Guam
3075:Niue
2997:Fiji
2940:Saba
2765:Cuba
2146:Oman
2111:Laos
2066:Iraq
2061:Iran
1837:Togo
1747:Mali
1637:Chad
1240:News
471:ISSN
437:(3).
304:and
268:and
157:and
3255:and
2278:and
961:Sex
826:Art
461:doi
3344::
469:.
457:27
455:.
451:.
409:^
316:.
264:,
185:.
127:,
123:,
119:,
93:,
89:,
85:,
1482:)
1478:(
611:e
604:t
597:v
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463::
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72:)
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57:(
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