300:. It is also known as "wet blue" for the pale blue color of the undyed leather. The chrome tanning method usually takes approximately one day to complete, making it best suited for large-scale industrial use. This is the most common method in modern use. It is more supple and pliable than vegetable-tanned leather and does not discolor or lose shape as drastically in water as vegetable-tanned. However, there are environmental concerns with this tanning method, as chromium is a heavy metal; while the trivalent chromium used for tanning is harmless, other byproducts can contain toxic variants. The method was developed in the latter half of the 19th century as tanneries wanted to find ways to speed up the process and to make leather more waterproof.
1055:
484:(cow) hides, which constitute about 65% of all leather produced. Other animals that are used include sheep (about 13%), goats (about 11%), and pigs (about 10%). Obtaining accurate figures from around the world is difficult, especially for areas where the skin may be eaten. There are significant regional differences in leather production: i.e. goat leather was historically called "Turkey" or "Morocco" due to its association with the Middle East, while pig skin had historically been used the most in Germany. Other animals mentioned below only constitute a fraction of a percent of total leather production.
473:
1206:
918:
606:
535:
86:
75:
112:
904:
101:
29:
1094:, chemicals from tanneries end up in Dhaka's main river. Besides the environmental damage, the health of both local factory workers and the end consumer is also negatively affected. After approximately 15 years of ignoring high court rulings, the government shut down more than 100 tanneries the weekend of 8 April 2017 in the neighborhood.
171:, of the raw hide to increase the thermal, chemical and microbiological stability of the hides and skins, making it suitable for a wide variety of end applications. The principal difference between raw and tanned hides is that raw hides dry out to form a hard, inflexible material that, when rewetted, will
1087:—pollution levels were so high, that despite an industry crisis, the pollution control board decided to shut down 49 high-polluting tanneries out of 404 in July 2009. In 2003 for instance, the main tanneries' effluent disposal unit was dumping 22 tonnes of chromium-laden solid waste per day in the open.
1066:
Tanning is especially polluting in countries where environmental regulations are lax, such as in India, the world's third-largest producer and exporter of leather. To give an example of an efficient pollution prevention system, chromium loads per produced tonne are generally abated from 8 kg to
178:
Many tanning methods and materials exist. The typical process sees tanners load the hides into a drum and immerse them in a tank that contains the tanning "liquor". The hides soak while the drum slowly rotates about its axis, and the tanning liquor slowly penetrates through the full thickness of the
1029:
One ton of hide or skin generally produces 20 to 80 m of waste water, including chromium levels of 100–400 mg/L, sulfide levels of 200–800 mg/L, high levels of fat and other solid wastes, and notable pathogen contamination. Producers often add pesticides to protect hides during transport.
266:
derives its name from the appearance of undyed vegetable-tanned leather. Vegetable-tanned leather is not stable in water; it tends to discolor, and if left to soak and then dry, it shrinks and becomes harder, a feature of vegetable-tanned leather that is exploited in traditional shoemaking. In hot
569:
and belts. Stingray leather is tough and durable. The leather is often dyed black and covered with tiny round bumps in the natural pattern of the back ridge of an animal. These bumps are then usually dyed white to highlight the decoration. Stingray rawhide is also used as grips on
Chinese swords,
1075:
posts precise data on the abatement achievable through industrially proven low-waste advanced methods, while noting, "even though the chrome pollution load can be decreased by 94% on introducing advanced technologies, the minimum residual load 0.15 kg/t raw hide can still cause difficulties when
1181:
Exposure to long periods of low relative humidities (below 40%) can cause leather to become desiccated, irreversibly changing the fibrous structure of the leather. Chemical damage can also occur from exposure to environmental factors, including ultraviolet light, ozone, acid from sulfurous and
463:
The term "genuine leather" does not describe a specific grade. The term often indicates split leather that has been extensively processed, and some sources describe it as synonymous with bicast leather, or made from multiple splits glued together and coated. In some countries, when it is the
363:
includes the outer layer of the hide, known as the grain, which features finer, more densely packed fibers, resulting in strength and durability. Depending on thickness, it may also contain some of the more fibrous under layer, known as the corium. Types of top-grain leather include:
1178:, which causes powdering of the surface and a change in consistency. Damage from red rot is aggravated by high temperatures and relative humidities. Although it is chemically irreversible, treatments can add handling strength and prevent disintegration of red rotted leather.
58:
Leather can be used to make a variety of items, including clothing, footwear, handbags, furniture, tools and sports equipment, and lasts for decades. Leather making has been practiced for more than 7,000 years and the leading producers of leather today are China and India.
1307:
In countries with significant populations of individuals observing religions which place restrictions on material choices, vendors typically clarify the source of leather in their products. Such labeling helps facilitate religious observance, so, for example, a
1101:
in 2001, proper pollution abatement cost US$ 70–100 per ton of raw hides processed against $ 43/t for irresponsible behavior. In
November 2009, one of Uganda's main leather making companies was caught directly dumping waste water into a wetland adjacent to
179:
hide. Once the process achieves even penetration, workers slowly raise the liquor's pH in a process called basification, which fixes the tanning material to the leather. The more tanning material fixed, the higher the leather's hydrothermal stability and
186:
Crusting is a process that thins and lubricates leather. It often includes a coloring operation. Chemicals added during crusting must be fixed in place. Crusting culminates with a drying and softening operation, and may include splitting, shaving,
133:
The leather manufacturing process is divided into three fundamental subprocesses: preparatory stages, tanning, and crusting. A further subprocess, finishing, can be added into the leather process sequence, but not all leathers receive finishing.
553:
has a characteristic "goose bump" look because of the large follicles where the feathers grew. Different processes produce different finishes for many applications, including upholstery, footwear, automotive products, accessories, and clothing.
1135:
have an important role in the soaking, dehairing, degreasing, and bating operations of leather manufacturing. Proteases are the most commonly used enzymes in leather production. The enzyme must not damage or dissolve
346:
sources, such as flour and egg yolk. Alum leather is not actually tanned; rather the process is called "tawing", and the resulting material reverts to rawhide if soaked in water long enough to remove the alum
2410:
404:
is created from the corium left once the top-grain has been separated from the hide, known as the drop split. In thicker hides, the drop split can be further split into a middle split and a flesh split.
1531:
574:. Stingray leather is also used for high abrasion areas in motorcycle racing leathers (especially in gloves, where its high abrasion resistance helps prevent wear through in the event of an accident).
374:
during its useful lifetime. It is usually considered the highest quality leather. Furniture and footwear are often made from full-grain leather. Full-grain leather is typically finished with a soluble
322:
is a form of aldehyde-tanned leather that is porous and highly water-absorbent. Chamois leather is made using oil (traditionally cod oil) that oxidizes to produce the aldehydes that tan the leather.
1185:
There are few methods to maintain and clean leather goods properly such as using damp cloth and avoid using a wet cloth or soaking the leather in water. Various treatments are available such as
491:
is a horse leather made not from the outer skin but from an under layer, found only in equine species, called the shell. It is prized for its mirror-like finish and anti-creasing properties.
388:
has the surface subjected to finishing treatments to create a more uniform appearance. This usually involves buffing or sanding away flaws in the grain, then dyeing and embossing the surface.
1182:
nitrous pollutants in the air, or through a chemical action following any treatment with tallow or oil compounds. Both oxidation and chemical damage occur faster at higher temperatures.
3501:
949:
441:
is made from the underside of a split to create a soft, napped finish. It is often made from younger or smaller animals, as the skins of adults often result in a coarse, shaggy nap.
509:
is one of the most exploited reptile species in the world in the leather trade. However, it is not endangered and while monitored, trade is legal in most South
American countries.
1292:
groups have extensive black leather clothing. Leather has become less common in the punk community over the last three decades, as there is opposition to the use of leather from
2492:
213:
process after tanning supplements the natural oils remaining in the leather itself, which can be washed out through repeated exposure to water. Frequent oiling of leather, with
2781:
1380:
coatings applied to a cloth backing. Many names and brands for such artificial leathers exist, including "pleather", a portmanteau of "plastic leather", and the brand name
1072:
1071:
emissions are typically reduced from 30 kg/t to 2 kg/t in a properly managed facility. A review of the total pollution load decrease achievable according to the
1030:
With solid wastes representing up to 70% of the wet weight of the original hides, the tanning process represents a considerable strain on water treatment installations.
1597:
314:
compounds. It is referred to as "wet white" due to its pale cream color. It is the main type of "chrome-free" leather, often seen in shoes for infants and automobiles.
2663:
2376:. United Nations Industrial Development Organization Regional Programme for Pollution Control in the Tanning Industry in South-East Asia. 9 August 2000. Archived from
1836:
2458:
464:
description on a product label the term means nothing more than "contains leather"; depending on jurisdiction, regulations limit the term's use in product labelling.
820:
505:, are noted for their distinct patterns that reflect the scales of their species. This has led to hunting and farming of these species in part for their skins. The
1748:
198:
For some leathers, tanners apply a surface coating, called "finishing". Finishing operations can include oiling, brushing, buffing, coating, polishing, embossing,
2402:
2884:
2348:
1523:
1097:
The higher cost associated with the treatment of effluents than to untreated effluent discharging leads to illegal dumping to save on costs. For instance, in
262:. It is the oldest known method. It is supple and light brown in color, with the exact shade depending on the mix of materials and the color of the skin. The
2072:
2139:
328:
are made by a labor-intensive process that uses emulsified oils, often those of animal brains such as deer, cattle, and buffalo. An example of this kind is
3057:
2689:
1927:
1243:
Leather's flexibility allows it to be formed and shaped into balls and protective gear. Subsequently, many sports use equipment made with leather, such as
3494:
942:
2862:
396:
is top-grain leather that has been sanded or buffed on the grain side to give a slight nap of short protein fibers, producing a velvet-like surface.
429:
is leather that has been given a high-gloss finish by the addition of a coating. Dating to the late 1700s, it became widely popular after inventor
421:
with an embossed texture. This gives it the appearance of a grain. It is slightly stiffer than top-grain leather but has a more consistent texture.
2749:
1982:
967:
2514:
2712:
433:
developed the first mass-production process, using a linseed-oil-based lacquer, in 1818. Modern versions are usually a form of bicast leather.
3487:
2957:
2012:
1166:
Amylases are used to soften skin, to bring out the grain, and to impart strength and flexibility to the skin. These enzymes are rarely used.
935:
589:
1867:
3002:
2630:
2293:
685:
2215:
1952:
1805:
3030:
647:
2484:
2322:
318:
has been used for tanning in the past; it is being phased out due to danger to workers and sensitivity of many people to formaldehyde.
1975:"US Code of Federal Regulations Title 16, Chapter I, Subchapter B, Part 24—Guides for select leather and imitation leather products"
1054:
1076:
using landfills and composting sludge from wastewater treatment on account of the regulations currently in force in some countries."
3088:
2606:
2581:
2432:
1781:
1591:
1564:
1495:
2772:
2921:
2830:
2803:
Walker, Kenneth T.; Li, Ivy S.; Keane, Jennifer; Goosens, Vivianne J.; Song, Wenzhe; Lee, Koon-Yang; Ellis, Tom (2 April 2024).
2188:
2174:
494:
Lamb and deerskin are used for soft leather in more expensive apparel. Deerskin is widely used in work gloves and indoor shoes.
3442:
1897:
1083:, the self-proclaimed "Leather City of World"—with 10,000 tanneries as of 2011 and a city of three million on the banks of the
713:
690:
613:
527:
because of its light weight and abrasion resistance. Kangaroo leather is also used for falconry jesses, soccer footwear, (e.g.
2034:
1581:
768:
506:
192:
2655:
2550:
1828:
1501:
1429:
2462:
1630:
459:
onto a fiber mesh. The amount of leather fibers in the mix varies from 10% to 90%, affecting the properties of the product.
2370:
3304:
2248:
1740:
137:
The preparatory stages are when the hide is prepared for tanning. Preparatory stages may include soaking, hair removal,
128:
66:
claim that they engage in unsustainable practices that pose health hazards to the people and the environment near them.
3437:
3332:
3312:
1695:"Recent trends in oil tanning and its applications - A way forward towards cleaner approach in chamois leather making"
1462:
738:
138:
2344:
2113:
2093:
Romero, Mieres; Margarita, Maria (2002). "Monitoring and managing the harvest of tegu lizards in
Paraguay" (Thesis).
1160:-like proteins, and nonstructural proteins that are not essential for leather making. This process is called bating.
1554:
1216:
Due to its high resistance to abrasion and wind, leather found a use in rugged occupations. The enduring image of a
1068:
524:
199:
2064:
1174:
The natural fibers of leather break down with the passage of time. Acidic leathers are particularly vulnerable to
3458:
2143:
2685:
1919:
1252:
235:
Tanning processes largely differ in which chemicals are used in the tanning liquor. Some common types include:
20:
2853:
3614:
3427:
803:
778:
472:
370:
contains the entire grain layer, without any removal of the surface. Rather than wearing out, it develops a
3851:
3432:
2287:"Pollution Prevention and Abatement Handbook - Environmental Guidelines for Tanning and Leather Finishing"
2068:
793:
758:
748:
290:
3927:
3422:
3081:
2805:"Self-pigmenting textiles grown from cellulose-producing bacteria with engineered tyrosinase expression"
808:
43:, or chemical treatment, of animal skins and hides to prevent decay. The most common leathers come from
2741:
1974:
1694:
3896:
3846:
3401:
2521:
1193:
is used for cleaning, conditioning, and softening leather. Leather shoes are widely conditioned with
733:
632:
271:
is an example of this, where the leather has been hardened by being immersed in boiling water, or in
455:, is a material that uses leather scraps that are shredded and bonded together with polyurethane or
3761:
2723:
1205:
1186:
788:
662:
528:
116:
2004:
1771:
3756:
3700:
3468:
3463:
3376:
3141:
3131:
2948:
1859:
1722:
1369:
1343:
922:
882:
830:
798:
783:
515:
is used to make items that must be strong and flexible. It is the material most commonly used in
418:
329:
210:
180:
2622:
577:
For a given thickness, fish leather is typically much stronger due to its criss-crossed fibers.
332:. Leather products made in this manner are known for their exceptional softness and washability.
2993:
2286:
2223:
1944:
3542:
3527:
3327:
3212:
2822:
2602:
2577:
2271:
Analyzing the Carbon
Footprint of the Finished Bovine Leather: A Case Study of Aniline Leather
1797:
1777:
1714:
1675:
1587:
1560:
1491:
1273:
1258:
1163:
Lipases are used in the degreasing operation to hydrolyze fat particles embedded in the skin.
986:
877:
815:
498:
230:
160:
63:
40:
3922:
3834:
3766:
3629:
3342:
3322:
3264:
3074:
3021:
2812:
2318:
2094:
1706:
1665:
1262:
1115:
1014:
997:
917:
887:
728:
718:
652:
512:
297:
251:
203:
175:, while tanned material dries to a flexible form that does not become putrid when rewetted.
146:
2099:
3771:
3639:
3609:
3584:
3559:
3532:
3360:
3355:
3269:
3249:
3156:
3136:
3111:
2889:
2858:
2777:
1293:
1277:
1046:. However, vinyl and petrochemical-derived materials take 500 or more years to decompose.
853:
848:
627:
550:
539:
375:
319:
267:
water, it shrinks drastically and partly congeals, becoming rigid and eventually brittle.
2436:
1583:
The
Vegetable Tanning Process - A Collection of Historical Articles on Leather Production
1299:
Many cars and trucks come with optional or standard leather or "leather faced" seating.
605:
3839:
3619:
3574:
3564:
3239:
3191:
3176:
3171:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3051:
1265:
attraction to people wearing leather, or in certain cases, to the garments themselves.
1244:
1210:
908:
773:
753:
534:
488:
447:
425:
409:
379:
307:
268:
74:
1240:
and wind blast; some also wear chaps or full leather pants to protect the lower body.
3916:
3878:
3863:
3554:
2976:
2913:
2804:
2192:
2166:
1726:
1425:
Comprehensive Guide to
Leather Repair and Restoration: Leather Repair Training Manual
1395:
1339:
1281:
1103:
866:
743:
723:
680:
657:
218:
1889:
85:
3809:
3669:
3537:
3161:
2659:
2485:"Bangladesh cuts power to leather district after years of environmental violations"
2042:
1670:
1654:"Ultrasound assisted chrome tanning: Towards a clean leather production technology"
1653:
1388:
1377:
1373:
1248:
763:
708:
637:
414:
315:
280:
172:
55:
animals, buffalo, pigs and hogs, and aquatic animals such as seals and alligators.
1710:
1693:
Sahu, Bindia; Jayakumar, Gladstone
Christopher; Alla, Jaya Prakash (1 July 2022).
111:
2546:
1485:
1423:
3739:
3350:
3151:
2274:
1622:
1351:
1285:
1194:
1190:
430:
311:
263:
221:, or a similar material keeps it supple and improves its lifespan dramatically.
3479:
2817:
2377:
3829:
3396:
2981:
2713:"Artificial Leather- An Eco-friendly Alternative Textile Material For Leather"
2459:"Hazaribagh neighborhood of Dhaka poisoning staff, local villagers and planet"
1335:
1269:
1229:
1091:
1039:
982:
872:
520:
79:
2826:
2238:
1718:
3814:
3786:
3781:
3715:
3705:
3634:
3391:
3386:
3289:
3284:
3186:
1392:
1381:
1289:
1237:
1043:
978:
859:
642:
502:
339:
259:
150:
105:
100:
1860:"Why everything you thought you knew about buying quality leather is wrong"
1679:
1454:
2656:"Leather Trousers: A Brief History Of Fashion's Most Rock 'n' Roll Staple"
2623:"How to actually clean leather shoes, bags and more, according to experts"
1280:
groups in the 1970s and 80s) are well known for wearing leather clothing.
28:
3891:
3886:
3801:
3791:
3776:
3751:
3317:
3279:
3227:
3181:
2773:"The Future of Leather Is Growing in a New Jersey Lab--No Animals Needed"
2243:
2117:
1347:
1157:
1137:
1124:
974:
825:
562:
558:
516:
294:
214:
168:
154:
142:
3901:
3725:
3649:
3589:
3522:
3406:
3146:
2435:. Clean Ganga - Campaign for a cleaner Ganga. June 2003. Archived from
1360:
prohibits the use of leather, since it is obtained by killing animals.
1357:
1331:
1321:
1233:
1225:
1175:
1153:
1149:
1141:
1132:
1098:
1001:
990:
566:
546:
343:
255:
164:
94:
3868:
3856:
3824:
3819:
3664:
3624:
3604:
3599:
3222:
3166:
1741:"Bicast: what is it and how does it perform? - Leather International"
1309:
1217:
1145:
1128:
1120:
1084:
1080:
571:
481:
392:
371:
247:
188:
120:
52:
44:
1391:
methods, mushroom-based materials and gelatin-based textile made by
545:
Although originally raised for their feathers in the 19th century,
3720:
3710:
3674:
3594:
3569:
3381:
3259:
3232:
3217:
3196:
1399:
1317:
1313:
1221:
1204:
1059:
1053:
533:
471:
456:
437:
276:
110:
99:
84:
73:
48:
27:
1387:
Another alternative is cultured leather which is lab-grown using
962:
Leather produces some environmental impact, most notably due to:
275:
or similar substances. Historically, it was occasionally used as
3684:
3679:
3549:
3254:
3244:
1325:
3483:
3070:
2515:"Introduction of Low Pollution Processes in Leather Production"
2371:"The scope for decreasing pollution load in leather processing"
3579:
3294:
3274:
3050:
2626:
2292:. Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency, World Bank Group.
272:
90:
2686:"Wearing Shoes - Mourning Observances of Shiva and Sheloshim"
1320:
increase the demand for religiously neutral leathers such as
39:
is a strong, flexible and durable material obtained from the
16:
Durable and flexible material created by tanning animal skins
487:
Horse hides are used to make particularly durable leathers.
1939:
1937:
209:
Leather can be oiled to improve its water resistance. This
3066:
2980:
1402:
or mushroom-based materials are completely biodegradable.
2065:"Cover to Cover: Exposing the Bookbinder's Ancient Craft"
1232:
were invented, some riders took to wearing heavy leather
356:
In general, leather is produced in the following grades:
1652:
Mengistie, E; Smets, I; Van Gerven, T (September 2016).
2009:
Food and
Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
32:
A variety of leather products and leather-working tools
2547:"Uganda: leather factory faces closure over pollution"
1487:
Putting on the Dog: The Animal
Origins of What We Wear
1224:
gave way to the leather-jacketed and leather-helmeted
2140:"Adidas Cleat Review: Adidas Profi Liga Cleat Review"
2461:. Human Rights Watch. 8 October 2012. Archived from
1556:
Leather Processing & Tanning Technology Handbook
1524:"Leather: Animals Abused And Killed for Their Skins"
1017:
of bovine leather range from 65 to 150 kg of CO
3877:
3800:
3738:
3693:
3657:
3648:
3515:
3451:
3415:
3369:
3341:
3303:
3205:
3104:
2885:"Gelatex turns gelatine into eco-friendly leather"
2852:Vettese, Sam; Singleton, Ian (13 September 2019).
1559:. NIIR Project Consultancy Services. p. 323.
1073:United Nations Industrial Development Organization
3061:. Vol. 16 (11th ed.). pp. 330–345.
996:Air pollution due to the transformation process (
2403:"How much time needed to check tanneries' waste"
1334:forbids the comfort of wearing leather shoes on
549:are now more popular for both meat and leather.
413:is split leather that is coated with a layer of
2742:"Would you wear leather that's grown in a lab?"
2142:. Soccer Supremacy. 31 May 2012. Archived from
1428:. Advanced Leather Solutions, Inc. p. 16.
973:Use of chemicals in the tanning process (e.g.,
279:after hardening, and it has also been used for
2650:
2648:
1920:"All You Need to Know About "Genuine Leather""
3495:
3082:
2275:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2014.11.1023
943:
8:
1449:
1447:
1312:will not accidentally purchase pigskin or a
966:The carbon footprint of cattle rearing (see
570:Scottish basket hilted swords, and Japanese
1090:In the Hazaribagh neighborhood of Dhaka in
1021:equivalent per square meter of production.
3654:
3502:
3488:
3480:
3089:
3075:
3067:
1004:liberated during deliming, solvent vapors)
950:
936:
584:
342:salts mixed with a variety of binders and
2816:
1669:
1617:
1615:
1422:Gillan, Kevin; Murray, Jason (May 2019).
1261:is the name popularly used to describe a
1417:
1415:
2995:Leathers for Bookbinding and Upholstery
2711:Jahan, Saurabh; Jahan, Shahnaz (2011).
2177:from the original on 21 September 2023.
2167:"The Pros and Cons of Kangaroo Leather"
1930:from the original on 23 September 2023.
1411:
1372:have been developed, usually involving
1000:is formed during mixing with acids and
968:environmental impact of meat production
596:
1829:"The Ultimate Guide to Leather Grades"
1798:"Genuine leather: the difficult truth"
1776:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 119.
2854:"Could fungi save the fashion world?"
2692:from the original on 22 December 2009
2251:from the original on 14 February 2021
7:
2988:. Delhi: Cambridge Mission to Delhi.
2924:from the original on 20 October 2022
2784:from the original on 17 January 2021
2599:Physical Chemistry of Leather Making
2413:from the original on 5 December 2010
2214:Tacio, Henrylito (18 January 2010).
2075:from the original on 17 January 2024
1985:from the original on 31 January 2022
1870:from the original on 9 February 2022
1839:from the original on 9 February 2022
2574:Fundamentals of Leather Manufacture
2273:Energy Precidia 61, 2014, p. 1063.
2191:. Speed Bag Central. Archived from
1773:Materials for Interior Environments
648:Global trade of secondhand clothing
3036:from the original on 20 March 2021
3008:from the original on 20 March 2021
2963:from the original on 20 March 2021
2865:from the original on 4 August 2020
2833:from the original on 11 April 2024
2771:Wicker, Alden (March–April 2018).
2752:from the original on 16 April 2021
2601:. Robert E. Krieger. p. 226.
2576:. Eduard Roether KG. p. 211.
2495:from the original on 12 April 2017
2015:from the original on 10 April 2021
1900:from the original on 15 April 2022
1633:from the original on 17 April 2021
1553:NIIR Board of Consultants (2011).
14:
2345:"Why Doesn't Plastic Biodegrade?"
2325:from the original on 4 March 2021
2319:"Interesting Facts about Leather"
1534:from the original on 10 June 2021
1484:Kwasny, Melissa (17 April 2019).
1342:, and during mourning. Also, see
821:Sustainability of vintage fashion
163:is a process that stabilizes the
3377:Artificial leather / Leatherette
2983:The leather-workers of Daryaganj
2666:from the original on 7 July 2023
2633:from the original on 7 July 2023
2553:from the original on 4 June 2011
2549:. The Monitor. 5 November 2009.
2520:. EcoLinks. 2001. Archived from
2351:from the original on 14 May 2021
2299:from the original on 6 July 2017
2239:"Meet the fish leather pioneers"
2039:International Council of Tanners
1955:from the original on 12 May 2022
1808:from the original on 12 May 2022
1751:from the original on 10 May 2022
1623:"Tanning--leather manufacturing"
1600:from the original on 23 May 2023
1504:from the original on 23 May 2023
1465:from the original on 12 May 2021
1432:from the original on 23 May 2023
1042:slowly—taking 25 to 40 years to
916:
902:
604:
382:is a form of full-grain leather.
3443:British Museum leather dressing
2165:Compo, Mel (18 February 2022).
2100:1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2002-THESIS-M54
1827:Popoff, Ryan (7 October 2019).
1294:punks who support animal rights
714:Biodegradable athletic footwear
614:Environmental impact of fashion
480:Today, most leather is made of
2950:The Wonderful Story of Leather
2216:"Why You Should Raise Ostrich"
1671:10.1016/j.ultsonch.2016.03.002
769:Socially responsible investing
507:Argentine black and white tegu
1:
2740:Lo, Andrea (4 October 2018).
2347:. LIVESCIENCE. 2 March 2011.
2321:. CalTrend. 14 January 2018.
1711:10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.131755
1699:Journal of Cleaner Production
1580:Various (17 September 2020).
1170:Preservation and conditioning
983:nonyl phenol ethoxylate soaps
3510:Clothing materials and parts
2237:Timmins, Beth (2 May 2019).
873:Environmental record of Nike
129:Leather production processes
3438:Leather Archives and Museum
3063:(includes several diagrams)
2433:"Kanpur: chromium disaster"
1316:can avoid cattleskin. Such
739:Environmental impact design
523:favor kangaroo leather for
89:Ancient leather tanning in
3944:
2818:10.1038/s41587-024-02194-3
1890:"What is Genuine Leather?"
1113:
228:
126:
18:
3459:History of hide materials
2116:. Dainese. Archived from
2035:"Introduction to Leather"
1658:Ultrasonics Sonochemistry
1058:Rajasthani-style leather
531:) and boxing speed bags.
497:Reptilian skins, such as
2597:Bienkiewicz, K. (1983).
2005:"EST: Hides & Skins"
1770:Binggeli, Corky (2013).
1490:. The University Press.
242:Vegetable-tanned leather
183:temperature resistance.
21:Leather (disambiguation)
3428:Igualada Leather Museum
3058:Encyclopædia Britannica
3049:Parsons, F. G. (1911).
1627:Encyclopedia Britannica
1459:Encyclopedia Britannica
1398:waste. Leather made of
1303:Religious sensitivities
1144:, but should hydrolyze
1050:Chemical waste disposal
476:A book bound in pigskin
386:Corrected grain leather
304:Aldehyde-tanned leather
3433:Walsall Leather Museum
3001:. UK: Harmatan. 2002.
2914:"Fungi for the Future"
2572:Heidemann, E. (1993).
2069:University of Adelaide
1949:The Leather Dictionary
1586:. Read Books Limited.
1213:
1063:
759:Reconstructed clothing
749:Public interest design
542:
477:
124:
115:Modern-day tannery in
108:
97:
82:
33:
3423:German Leather Museum
3023:Leather for Libraries
2977:Lefroy, George Alfred
2720:China Textile Science
1247:and the ball used in
1208:
1057:
537:
475:
453:reconstituted leather
338:is transformed using
326:Brain tanned leathers
287:Chrome-tanned leather
114:
103:
88:
78:Drying of leather in
77:
31:
2809:Nature Biotechnology
2226:on 24 December 2013.
1530:. 15 December 2003.
1209:Elize Ryd wearing a
734:Environmental design
633:Ecological footprint
581:Environmental impact
70:Production processes
19:For other uses, see
2729:on 16 October 2015.
663:Textile performance
565:leather is used in
529:Adidas Copa Mundial
525:motorcycle leathers
3701:Artificial leather
3516:Garment structures
3464:Leather subculture
2527:on 19 January 2010
2383:on 5 February 2016
2195:on 8 February 2018
2146:on 19 October 2012
1745:www.leathermag.com
1370:artificial leather
1344:Leather in Judaism
1284:bands (especially
1214:
1064:
923:Environment portal
883:Laundry wastewater
831:Zero-waste fashion
543:
478:
368:Full-grain leather
195:or other methods.
125:
109:
104:Tanned leather in
98:
83:
34:
3910:
3909:
3734:
3733:
3543:Detachable collar
3477:
3476:
2439:on 22 August 2003
2189:"Speed Bag Parts"
1945:"Genuine leather"
1259:Leather fetishism
1253:gridiron football
1201:In modern culture
1013:Estimates of the
987:pentachlorophenol
960:
959:
878:Ecological design
816:Textile recycling
501:, crocodile, and
361:Top-grain leather
231:Tanning (leather)
3935:
3655:
3504:
3497:
3490:
3481:
3091:
3084:
3077:
3068:
3062:
3054:
3045:
3043:
3041:
3035:
3029:. UK: Harmatan.
3028:
3017:
3015:
3013:
3007:
3000:
2989:
2987:
2972:
2970:
2968:
2962:
2956:. UK: Harmatan.
2955:
2934:
2933:
2931:
2929:
2912:Newell, Sharon.
2909:
2903:
2902:
2900:
2898:
2881:
2875:
2874:
2872:
2870:
2849:
2843:
2842:
2840:
2838:
2820:
2800:
2794:
2793:
2791:
2789:
2768:
2762:
2761:
2759:
2757:
2737:
2731:
2730:
2728:
2722:. Archived from
2717:
2708:
2702:
2701:
2699:
2697:
2682:
2676:
2675:
2673:
2671:
2662:. 26 July 2017.
2652:
2643:
2642:
2640:
2638:
2619:
2613:
2612:
2594:
2588:
2587:
2569:
2563:
2562:
2560:
2558:
2543:
2537:
2536:
2534:
2532:
2526:
2519:
2511:
2505:
2504:
2502:
2500:
2481:
2475:
2474:
2472:
2470:
2465:on 28 March 2017
2455:
2449:
2448:
2446:
2444:
2429:
2423:
2422:
2420:
2418:
2409:. 11 July 2009.
2399:
2393:
2392:
2390:
2388:
2382:
2375:
2367:
2361:
2360:
2358:
2356:
2341:
2335:
2334:
2332:
2330:
2315:
2309:
2308:
2306:
2304:
2298:
2291:
2283:
2277:
2267:
2261:
2260:
2258:
2256:
2234:
2228:
2227:
2222:. Archived from
2211:
2205:
2204:
2202:
2200:
2185:
2179:
2178:
2162:
2156:
2155:
2153:
2151:
2136:
2130:
2129:
2127:
2125:
2110:
2104:
2102:
2091:
2085:
2084:
2082:
2080:
2061:
2055:
2054:
2052:
2050:
2045:on 4 August 2018
2041:. Archived from
2031:
2025:
2024:
2022:
2020:
2001:
1995:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1971:
1965:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1941:
1932:
1931:
1916:
1910:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1886:
1880:
1879:
1877:
1875:
1864:Business Insider
1855:
1849:
1848:
1846:
1844:
1824:
1818:
1817:
1815:
1813:
1794:
1788:
1787:
1767:
1761:
1760:
1758:
1756:
1737:
1731:
1730:
1690:
1684:
1683:
1673:
1649:
1643:
1642:
1640:
1638:
1619:
1610:
1609:
1607:
1605:
1577:
1571:
1570:
1550:
1544:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1520:
1514:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1481:
1475:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1461:. 5 March 2020.
1451:
1442:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1419:
1236:to protect from
1116:Bating (leather)
1015:carbon footprint
1009:Carbon footprint
998:hydrogen sulfide
979:phthalate esters
952:
945:
938:
925:
921:
920:
911:
907:
906:
905:
888:Vintage clothing
729:Cotton recycling
719:Circular fashion
653:Impact investing
608:
597:Clothing and the
585:
513:Kangaroo leather
306:is tanned using
291:chromium sulfate
289:is tanned using
252:vegetable matter
246:is tanned using
244:
243:
206:, among others.
3943:
3942:
3938:
3937:
3936:
3934:
3933:
3932:
3913:
3912:
3911:
3906:
3873:
3796:
3730:
3689:
3644:
3533:Clerical collar
3511:
3508:
3478:
3473:
3447:
3416:Leather museums
3411:
3365:
3361:Leather carving
3356:Cuir de Cordoue
3337:
3299:
3206:Leather sources
3201:
3100:
3095:
3052:"Leather"
3048:
3039:
3037:
3033:
3026:
3020:
3011:
3009:
3005:
2998:
2992:
2975:
2966:
2964:
2960:
2953:
2946:
2943:
2941:Further reading
2938:
2937:
2927:
2925:
2911:
2910:
2906:
2896:
2894:
2883:
2882:
2878:
2868:
2866:
2851:
2850:
2846:
2836:
2834:
2802:
2801:
2797:
2787:
2785:
2770:
2769:
2765:
2755:
2753:
2739:
2738:
2734:
2726:
2715:
2710:
2709:
2705:
2695:
2693:
2684:
2683:
2679:
2669:
2667:
2654:
2653:
2646:
2636:
2634:
2629:. 10 May 2023.
2621:
2620:
2616:
2609:
2596:
2595:
2591:
2584:
2571:
2570:
2566:
2556:
2554:
2545:
2544:
2540:
2530:
2528:
2524:
2517:
2513:
2512:
2508:
2498:
2496:
2483:
2482:
2478:
2468:
2466:
2457:
2456:
2452:
2442:
2440:
2431:
2430:
2426:
2416:
2414:
2401:
2400:
2396:
2386:
2384:
2380:
2373:
2369:
2368:
2364:
2354:
2352:
2343:
2342:
2338:
2328:
2326:
2317:
2316:
2312:
2302:
2300:
2296:
2289:
2285:
2284:
2280:
2268:
2264:
2254:
2252:
2236:
2235:
2231:
2213:
2212:
2208:
2198:
2196:
2187:
2186:
2182:
2164:
2163:
2159:
2149:
2147:
2138:
2137:
2133:
2123:
2121:
2112:
2111:
2107:
2098:
2092:
2088:
2078:
2076:
2063:
2062:
2058:
2048:
2046:
2033:
2032:
2028:
2018:
2016:
2003:
2002:
1998:
1988:
1986:
1973:
1972:
1968:
1958:
1956:
1943:
1942:
1935:
1918:
1917:
1913:
1903:
1901:
1894:BestLeather.org
1888:
1887:
1883:
1873:
1871:
1858:Green, Dennis.
1857:
1856:
1852:
1842:
1840:
1826:
1825:
1821:
1811:
1809:
1796:
1795:
1791:
1784:
1769:
1768:
1764:
1754:
1752:
1739:
1738:
1734:
1692:
1691:
1687:
1651:
1650:
1646:
1636:
1634:
1621:
1620:
1613:
1603:
1601:
1594:
1579:
1578:
1574:
1567:
1552:
1551:
1547:
1537:
1535:
1522:
1521:
1517:
1507:
1505:
1498:
1483:
1482:
1478:
1468:
1466:
1453:
1452:
1445:
1435:
1433:
1421:
1420:
1413:
1408:
1366:
1305:
1245:baseball gloves
1203:
1172:
1118:
1112:
1110:Role of enzymes
1062:, Jaipur, India
1052:
1036:
1027:
1025:Water footprint
1020:
1011:
956:
915:
914:
903:
901:
900:
893:
892:
854:Green marketing
849:Business ethics
844:
836:
835:
704:
696:
695:
676:
668:
667:
628:Cotton industry
623:
598:
583:
551:Ostrich leather
540:ostrich leather
538:Phone cases in
470:
354:
320:Chamois leather
254:, such as tree
250:extracted from
241:
240:
233:
227:
225:Tanning methods
167:, particularly
131:
72:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3941:
3939:
3931:
3930:
3925:
3915:
3914:
3908:
3907:
3905:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3883:
3881:
3875:
3874:
3872:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3860:
3859:
3849:
3844:
3843:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3806:
3804:
3798:
3797:
3795:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3748:
3746:
3736:
3735:
3732:
3731:
3729:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3697:
3695:
3691:
3690:
3688:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3661:
3659:
3652:
3646:
3645:
3643:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3546:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3525:
3519:
3517:
3513:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3506:
3499:
3492:
3484:
3475:
3474:
3472:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3455:
3453:
3449:
3448:
3446:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3419:
3417:
3413:
3412:
3410:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3373:
3371:
3367:
3366:
3364:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3347:
3345:
3339:
3338:
3336:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3309:
3307:
3301:
3300:
3298:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3236:
3235:
3230:
3220:
3215:
3209:
3207:
3203:
3202:
3200:
3199:
3194:
3192:Shell cordovan
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3108:
3106:
3102:
3101:
3096:
3094:
3093:
3086:
3079:
3071:
3065:
3064:
3046:
3018:
2990:
2973:
2942:
2939:
2936:
2935:
2904:
2876:
2844:
2795:
2763:
2732:
2703:
2688:. Chabad.org.
2677:
2644:
2614:
2607:
2589:
2582:
2564:
2538:
2506:
2476:
2450:
2424:
2407:Times of India
2394:
2362:
2336:
2310:
2278:
2262:
2229:
2206:
2180:
2157:
2131:
2120:on 3 June 2019
2105:
2086:
2056:
2026:
1996:
1966:
1933:
1911:
1881:
1850:
1819:
1789:
1782:
1762:
1732:
1685:
1644:
1611:
1592:
1572:
1565:
1545:
1515:
1496:
1476:
1443:
1410:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1368:Many forms of
1365:
1362:
1304:
1301:
1272:(particularly
1211:leather jacket
1202:
1199:
1171:
1168:
1114:Main article:
1111:
1108:
1051:
1048:
1035:
1032:
1026:
1023:
1018:
1010:
1007:
1006:
1005:
994:
971:
958:
957:
955:
954:
947:
940:
932:
929:
928:
927:
926:
912:
909:Fashion portal
895:
894:
891:
890:
885:
880:
875:
870:
863:
856:
851:
845:
842:
841:
838:
837:
834:
833:
828:
823:
818:
813:
812:
811:
806:
801:
796:
791:
786:
781:
771:
766:
761:
756:
754:Organic cotton
751:
746:
741:
736:
731:
726:
721:
716:
711:
705:
703:Sustainability
702:
701:
698:
697:
694:
693:
688:
683:
677:
674:
673:
670:
669:
666:
665:
660:
655:
650:
645:
640:
635:
630:
624:
621:
620:
617:
616:
610:
609:
601:
600:
594:
593:
582:
579:
489:Shell cordovan
469:
466:
461:
460:
451:, also called
448:Bonded leather
444:
443:
442:
434:
426:Patent leather
422:
410:Bicast leather
399:
398:
397:
389:
383:
380:Russia leather
353:
350:
349:
348:
333:
323:
308:glutaraldehyde
301:
284:
269:Boiled leather
229:Main article:
226:
223:
127:Main article:
71:
68:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3940:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3920:
3918:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3884:
3882:
3880:
3876:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3858:
3855:
3854:
3853:
3852:Hook-and-loop
3850:
3848:
3845:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3827:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3807:
3805:
3803:
3799:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3749:
3747:
3745:
3741:
3737:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3698:
3696:
3692:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3662:
3660:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3647:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3530:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3520:
3518:
3514:
3505:
3500:
3498:
3493:
3491:
3486:
3485:
3482:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3456:
3454:
3450:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3420:
3418:
3414:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3374:
3372:
3368:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3348:
3346:
3344:
3340:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3310:
3308:
3306:
3302:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3225:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3210:
3208:
3204:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3109:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3092:
3087:
3085:
3080:
3078:
3073:
3072:
3069:
3060:
3059:
3053:
3047:
3032:
3025:
3024:
3019:
3004:
2997:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2984:
2978:
2974:
2959:
2952:
2951:
2945:
2944:
2940:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2908:
2905:
2893:December 2018
2892:
2891:
2886:
2880:
2877:
2864:
2861:
2860:
2855:
2848:
2845:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2799:
2796:
2783:
2780:
2779:
2774:
2767:
2764:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2736:
2733:
2725:
2721:
2714:
2707:
2704:
2691:
2687:
2681:
2678:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2651:
2649:
2645:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2618:
2615:
2610:
2608:0-89874-304-4
2604:
2600:
2593:
2590:
2585:
2583:3-7929-0206-0
2579:
2575:
2568:
2565:
2552:
2548:
2542:
2539:
2523:
2516:
2510:
2507:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2480:
2477:
2464:
2460:
2454:
2451:
2438:
2434:
2428:
2425:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2398:
2395:
2379:
2372:
2366:
2363:
2350:
2346:
2340:
2337:
2324:
2320:
2314:
2311:
2295:
2288:
2282:
2279:
2276:
2272:
2269:Chen et al.,
2266:
2263:
2250:
2246:
2245:
2240:
2233:
2230:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2210:
2207:
2194:
2190:
2184:
2181:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2161:
2158:
2145:
2141:
2135:
2132:
2119:
2115:
2109:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2090:
2087:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2060:
2057:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2030:
2027:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2000:
1997:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1970:
1967:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1940:
1938:
1934:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1915:
1912:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1885:
1882:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1854:
1851:
1838:
1834:
1833:Popov Leather
1830:
1823:
1820:
1807:
1803:
1802:Carl Friedrik
1799:
1793:
1790:
1785:
1783:9781118421604
1779:
1775:
1774:
1766:
1763:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1736:
1733:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1689:
1686:
1681:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1648:
1645:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1618:
1616:
1612:
1599:
1595:
1593:9781528764384
1589:
1585:
1584:
1576:
1573:
1568:
1566:9788190568593
1562:
1558:
1557:
1549:
1546:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1519:
1516:
1503:
1499:
1497:9781595348654
1493:
1489:
1488:
1480:
1477:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1450:
1448:
1444:
1431:
1427:
1426:
1418:
1416:
1412:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1397:
1396:meat industry
1394:
1390:
1385:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1355:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1282:Extreme metal
1279:
1275:
1271:
1266:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1241:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1212:
1207:
1200:
1198:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1183:
1179:
1177:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1117:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1104:Lake Victoria
1100:
1095:
1093:
1088:
1086:
1082:
1077:
1074:
1070:
1067:1.5 kg.
1061:
1056:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1041:
1033:
1031:
1024:
1022:
1016:
1008:
1003:
999:
995:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
969:
965:
964:
963:
953:
948:
946:
941:
939:
934:
933:
931:
930:
924:
919:
913:
910:
899:
898:
897:
896:
889:
886:
884:
881:
879:
876:
874:
871:
869:
868:
867:The True Cost
864:
862:
861:
857:
855:
852:
850:
847:
846:
840:
839:
832:
829:
827:
824:
822:
819:
817:
814:
810:
807:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
785:
782:
780:
777:
776:
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
755:
752:
750:
747:
745:
744:Green textile
742:
740:
737:
735:
732:
730:
727:
725:
724:Clothing swap
722:
720:
717:
715:
712:
710:
707:
706:
700:
699:
692:
689:
687:
684:
682:
679:
678:
672:
671:
664:
661:
659:
658:Microplastics
656:
654:
651:
649:
646:
644:
641:
639:
636:
634:
631:
629:
626:
625:
619:
618:
615:
612:
611:
607:
603:
602:
595:
591:
587:
586:
580:
578:
575:
573:
568:
564:
560:
555:
552:
548:
541:
536:
532:
530:
526:
522:
521:motorcyclists
518:
514:
510:
508:
504:
500:
495:
492:
490:
485:
483:
474:
467:
465:
458:
454:
450:
449:
445:
440:
439:
435:
432:
428:
427:
423:
420:
416:
412:
411:
407:
406:
403:
402:Split leather
400:
395:
394:
390:
387:
384:
381:
377:
373:
369:
366:
365:
362:
359:
358:
357:
351:
345:
341:
337:
334:
331:
327:
324:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
302:
299:
296:
292:
288:
285:
282:
278:
274:
270:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
238:
237:
236:
232:
224:
222:
220:
219:neatsfoot oil
216:
212:
207:
205:
201:
196:
194:
190:
184:
182:
176:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
135:
130:
122:
118:
113:
107:
102:
96:
92:
87:
81:
76:
69:
67:
65:
60:
56:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
30:
26:
22:
3928:Hides (skin)
3847:Hook-and-eye
3810:Back closure
3743:
3740:Animal hides
3615:Shoulder pad
3538:Collar stays
3097:
3056:
3038:. Retrieved
3022:
3010:. Retrieved
2994:
2982:
2965:. Retrieved
2949:
2947:Beeby, K.J.
2926:. Retrieved
2917:
2907:
2895:. Retrieved
2888:
2879:
2869:13 September
2867:. Retrieved
2857:
2847:
2835:. Retrieved
2808:
2798:
2786:. Retrieved
2776:
2766:
2754:. Retrieved
2745:
2735:
2724:the original
2719:
2706:
2694:. Retrieved
2680:
2668:. Retrieved
2660:Marie Claire
2635:. Retrieved
2617:
2598:
2592:
2573:
2567:
2555:. Retrieved
2541:
2529:. Retrieved
2522:the original
2509:
2497:. Retrieved
2489:PBS NewsHour
2488:
2479:
2467:. Retrieved
2463:the original
2453:
2441:. Retrieved
2437:the original
2427:
2415:. Retrieved
2406:
2397:
2385:. Retrieved
2378:the original
2365:
2353:. Retrieved
2339:
2327:. Retrieved
2313:
2301:. Retrieved
2281:
2270:
2265:
2253:. Retrieved
2242:
2232:
2224:the original
2219:
2209:
2197:. Retrieved
2193:the original
2183:
2170:
2160:
2148:. Retrieved
2144:the original
2134:
2122:. Retrieved
2118:the original
2108:
2089:
2077:. Retrieved
2059:
2047:. Retrieved
2043:the original
2038:
2029:
2017:. Retrieved
2008:
1999:
1987:. Retrieved
1978:
1969:
1957:. Retrieved
1948:
1923:
1914:
1902:. Retrieved
1893:
1884:
1872:. Retrieved
1863:
1853:
1841:. Retrieved
1832:
1822:
1810:. Retrieved
1801:
1792:
1772:
1765:
1753:. Retrieved
1744:
1735:
1702:
1698:
1688:
1661:
1657:
1647:
1635:. Retrieved
1626:
1602:. Retrieved
1582:
1575:
1555:
1548:
1536:. Retrieved
1527:
1518:
1506:. Retrieved
1486:
1479:
1467:. Retrieved
1458:
1434:. Retrieved
1424:
1389:cell-culture
1386:
1374:polyurethane
1367:
1364:Alternatives
1356:
1352:Torah Scroll
1330:
1306:
1298:
1267:
1257:
1242:
1215:
1187:conditioners
1184:
1180:
1173:
1165:
1162:
1119:
1096:
1089:
1078:
1065:
1037:
1028:
1012:
961:
865:
858:
764:Slow fashion
709:Anti-fashion
638:Fast fashion
576:
556:
544:
511:
496:
493:
486:
479:
468:Animals used
462:
452:
446:
436:
424:
415:polyurethane
408:
401:
391:
385:
367:
360:
355:
336:Alum leather
335:
325:
316:Formaldehyde
303:
286:
281:book binding
258:prepared in
239:
234:
208:
197:
185:
177:
159:
136:
132:
61:
57:
36:
35:
25:
3370:Substitutes
3351:Bookbinding
3152:Law leather
2469:19 November
2171:Stride Wise
1664:: 204–212.
1288:bands) and
1286:black metal
1274:heavy metal
1270:rock groups
1263:fetishistic
1230:motorcycles
1220:in leather
1195:shoe polish
1191:Saddle soap
1040:biodegrades
804:Procurement
779:Advertising
774:Sustainable
686:Fur farming
599:environment
431:Seth Boyden
312:oxazolidine
62:Critics of
3917:Categories
3830:Buttonhole
3397:Ultrasuede
3142:Corinthian
2928:19 October
2696:20 October
2355:7 February
2329:7 February
2199:7 February
2124:7 February
1874:9 February
1705:: 131755.
1406:References
1340:Tisha B'Av
1336:Yom Kippur
1092:Bangladesh
794:Industries
622:Key issues
293:and other
260:bark mills
80:East Timor
3897:Waistline
3815:Belt hook
3802:Fasteners
3716:Polyester
3694:Synthetic
3635:Waistband
3402:Alcantara
3392:Presstoff
3387:Naugahyde
3305:Processes
3240:Crocodile
3213:Alligator
3187:Shearling
2918:BBC Earth
2827:1546-1696
2557:2 January
2531:2 January
2443:2 January
2417:2 January
2387:2 January
2303:2 January
1727:248213393
1719:0959-6526
1455:"Leather"
1393:upcycling
1382:Naugahyde
1290:Goth rock
1238:road rash
1125:proteases
1044:decompose
860:RiverBlue
809:Transport
643:Fur trade
547:ostriches
517:bullwhips
499:alligator
340:aluminium
264:color tan
193:whitening
181:shrinkage
151:bleaching
106:Marrakech
64:tanneries
51:, goats,
3892:Bustline
3887:Neckline
3792:Stingray
3767:Kangaroo
3650:Textiles
3343:Crafting
3318:Deliming
3265:Kangaroo
3228:Calfskin
3182:Shagreen
3132:Buckskin
3031:Archived
3003:Archived
2979:(1884).
2958:Archived
2922:Archived
2897:23 March
2863:Archived
2837:12 April
2831:Archived
2811:: 1–10.
2788:23 March
2782:Archived
2756:23 March
2750:Archived
2690:Archived
2664:Archived
2631:Archived
2551:Archived
2499:11 April
2493:Archived
2411:Archived
2349:Archived
2323:Archived
2294:Archived
2249:Archived
2244:BBC News
2220:Sun Star
2175:Archived
2073:Archived
2049:8 August
2019:14 March
2013:Archived
1989:27 March
1983:Archived
1959:28 March
1953:Archived
1928:Archived
1904:26 March
1898:Archived
1868:Archived
1843:26 March
1837:Archived
1812:26 March
1806:Archived
1755:26 March
1749:Archived
1680:27150762
1631:Archived
1598:Archived
1532:Archived
1502:Archived
1463:Archived
1430:Archived
1348:Teffilin
1158:globulin
1138:collagen
1133:amylases
1038:Leather
1034:Disposal
991:solvents
975:chromium
826:Trashion
681:Cashmere
590:a series
588:Part of
563:stingray
559:Thailand
330:buckskin
295:chromium
215:mink oil
211:currying
204:tumbling
169:collagen
165:proteins
155:pickling
143:deliming
3923:Leather
3902:Hemline
3772:Ostrich
3744:leather
3726:Spandex
3706:Elastic
3658:Natural
3590:Placket
3523:Armscye
3469:Rawhide
3452:Related
3407:Clarino
3328:Tanning
3270:Ostrich
3157:Morocco
3147:Kidskin
3137:Chamois
3112:Aniline
3098:Leather
2150:27 July
2079:6 March
1924:Dalgado
1637:14 June
1604:14 June
1538:10 June
1508:10 June
1469:10 June
1436:10 June
1358:Jainism
1332:Judaism
1322:ostrich
1249:cricket
1234:jackets
1228:. When
1226:aviator
1176:red rot
1154:albumin
1150:elastin
1142:keratin
1129:lipases
1121:Enzymes
1099:Croatia
1002:ammonia
843:Related
789:Fashion
691:Leather
675:By type
572:katanas
567:wallets
519:. Some
376:aniline
344:protein
248:tannins
200:glazing
173:putrefy
161:Tanning
95:Morocco
41:tanning
37:Leather
3869:Zipper
3857:Velcro
3825:Button
3820:Buckle
3665:Cotton
3625:Sleeve
3610:Ruffle
3605:Revers
3600:Pocket
3585:Lining
3560:Facing
3528:Collar
3333:Oiling
3323:Bating
3313:Liming
3223:Cattle
3177:Russia
3172:Patent
3167:Nubuck
3127:Bonded
3122:Boiled
3117:Bicast
3040:8 June
3012:8 June
2985:
2967:8 June
2825:
2670:7 July
2637:7 July
2605:
2580:
2114:"FAQs"
2067:. The
1780:
1725:
1717:
1678:
1590:
1563:
1494:
1318:taboos
1310:Muslim
1218:cowboy
1146:casein
1131:, and
1085:Ganges
1081:Kanpur
799:Market
784:Design
482:cattle
393:Nubuck
372:patina
352:Grades
347:salts.
189:dyeing
153:, and
147:bating
139:liming
121:Mexico
53:equine
45:cattle
3879:Seams
3840:Shank
3787:Snake
3782:Sheep
3721:Rayon
3711:Nylon
3675:Linen
3630:Train
3620:Strap
3595:Pleat
3570:Lapel
3382:Kirza
3290:Snake
3285:Sheep
3260:Horse
3233:Slunk
3218:Bison
3197:Suede
3105:Types
3034:(PDF)
3027:(PDF)
3006:(PDF)
2999:(PDF)
2961:(PDF)
2954:(PDF)
2727:(PDF)
2716:(PDF)
2525:(PDF)
2518:(PDF)
2381:(PDF)
2374:(PDF)
2297:(PDF)
2290:(PDF)
2255:7 May
1723:S2CID
1400:fungi
1378:vinyl
1314:Hindu
1268:Many
1222:chaps
1123:like
1060:jooti
503:snake
457:latex
438:Suede
419:vinyl
378:dye.
298:salts
277:armor
202:, or
49:sheep
3864:Snap
3835:Frog
3777:Seal
3762:Goat
3757:Deer
3752:Calf
3685:Wool
3680:Silk
3640:Yoke
3575:Gore
3555:Dart
3550:Cuff
3280:Seal
3255:Goat
3245:Deer
3162:Napa
3042:2016
3014:2016
2969:2016
2930:2022
2899:2019
2890:Inc.
2871:2019
2859:Inc.
2839:2024
2823:ISSN
2790:2019
2778:Inc.
2758:2019
2698:2009
2672:2023
2639:2023
2603:ISBN
2578:ISBN
2559:2010
2533:2010
2501:2017
2471:2016
2445:2010
2419:2010
2389:2010
2357:2018
2331:2018
2305:2010
2257:2019
2201:2018
2152:2010
2126:2018
2081:2024
2051:2018
2021:2021
1991:2022
1979:eCFR
1961:2022
1906:2022
1876:2022
1845:2022
1814:2022
1778:ISBN
1757:2022
1715:ISSN
1676:PMID
1639:2020
1606:2021
1588:ISBN
1561:ISBN
1540:2021
1528:PETA
1510:2021
1492:ISBN
1471:2021
1438:2021
1350:and
1326:deer
1324:and
1278:punk
1276:and
1251:and
989:and
256:bark
117:Leon
3670:Fur
3580:Hem
3565:Fly
3295:Yak
3275:Pig
3250:Eel
2813:doi
2746:CNN
2627:CNN
2095:hdl
1707:doi
1703:356
1666:doi
1376:or
1140:or
1079:In
1069:VOC
557:In
417:or
310:or
273:wax
91:Fes
3919::
3742:/
3055:.
2920:.
2916:.
2887:.
2856:.
2829:.
2821:.
2807:.
2775:.
2748:.
2744:.
2718:.
2658:.
2647:^
2625:.
2491:.
2487:.
2405:.
2247:.
2241:.
2218:.
2173:.
2169:.
2071:.
2037:.
2011:.
2007:.
1981:.
1977:.
1951:.
1947:.
1936:^
1926:.
1922:.
1896:.
1892:.
1866:.
1862:.
1835:.
1831:.
1804:.
1800:.
1747:.
1743:.
1721:.
1713:.
1701:.
1697:.
1674:.
1662:32
1660:.
1656:.
1629:.
1625:.
1614:^
1596:.
1526:.
1500:.
1457:.
1446:^
1414:^
1384:.
1354:.
1346:,
1338:,
1328:.
1296:.
1255:.
1197:.
1189:.
1156:,
1152:,
1148:,
1127:,
1106:.
985:,
981:,
977:,
592:on
561:,
217:,
191:,
157:.
149:,
145:,
141:,
119:,
93:,
47:,
3503:e
3496:t
3489:v
3090:e
3083:t
3076:v
3044:.
3016:.
2971:.
2932:.
2901:.
2873:.
2841:.
2815::
2792:.
2760:.
2700:.
2674:.
2641:.
2611:.
2586:.
2561:.
2535:.
2503:.
2473:.
2447:.
2421:.
2391:.
2359:.
2333:.
2307:.
2259:.
2203:.
2154:.
2128:.
2103:.
2097::
2083:.
2053:.
2023:.
1993:.
1963:.
1908:.
1878:.
1847:.
1816:.
1786:.
1759:.
1729:.
1709::
1682:.
1668::
1641:.
1608:.
1569:.
1542:.
1512:.
1473:.
1440:.
1019:2
993:)
970:)
951:e
944:t
937:v
283:.
123:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
