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by the presence of alkali (particularly sodium sulfide), rendered soluble, facilitating their removal from the leather. Removal is done by the mechanical action of liming or reliming, but more prominently when the pelt is deswelled (during deliming). Failure to remove these proteins results in a
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bridges found in keratin protein are cleaved but can be reformed. Long periods of liming will result in hair removal. The main removal of keratin is performed during the unhairing operation. In traditional processing, liming and unhairing were indivisible and took place at the same time. During
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of skin. The result is an influx of water into the hide/skin, and a marked increase in fibre diameter and fibre shortening. The thickness of the skin increases, but the surface area of the pelt decreases. The weight increase, owing to the uptake of water, results in a doubling of the hide/skin
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The action of liming, in particular the swelling of the skin, results in the splitting of the fibre bundle sheath. Owing to the fibre diameter increasing, the bundle sheath cannot contain the thicker fibres, and it bursts open. This allows increased access to the fibres, which allows better
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weight. However, this weight also needs to take into consideration that proteins (especially the hair) have been removed, and the fleshing operation is often performed after liming.
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hard, tinny leather (due to fibre glueing upon drying) that is brittle and inflexible.
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technology, the hides are unhaired first and then limed for a further 12–18 hours.
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usually last 18 hours and are generally associated with the alkaline phase of
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37:. It is performed using a drum and paddle or a pit. Its objectives are:
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modern liming methods, and in particular the processing of
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196:. Leather Producer's Association. p. 104.
112:that is present in the hair, scales and in the
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8:
30:processing, in which hides are soaked in an
16:Process for parchment or leather processing
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124:(at pH values greater than 11.5). The
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88:Removal of interfibrillary proteins
72:Removal of natural grease and fats
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537:Artificial leather / Leatherette
603:British Museum leather dressing
158:Collagen fibre bundle splitting
1:
194:Leather Technician's Handbook
58:swelling due to the alkaline
598:Leather Archives and Museum
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141:Alkaline collagen swelling
619:History of hide materials
43:interfibrillary proteins
588:Igualada Leather Museum
593:Walsall Leather Museum
22:is a process used for
583:German Leather Museum
76:Liming operations of
92:The interfibrillary
82:beamhouse operations
120:in the presence of
624:Leather subculture
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192:Sharphouse, J.H.
151:alkaline swelling
147:calcium hydroxide
69:bundle splitting.
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145:The presence of
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576:Leather museums
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521:Leather carving
516:Cuir de Cordoue
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366:Leather sources
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149:results in the
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116:of the skin is
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105:Keratin removal
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352:Shell cordovan
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650:Leathermaking
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203:0-9502285-1-6
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167:, retanning,
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216:S.S. Dutta,
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193:
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173:fatliquoring
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144:
108:
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78:cattle hides
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19:
18:
530:Substitutes
511:Bookbinding
312:Law leather
48:Removal of
41:Removal of
557:Ultrasuede
302:Corinthian
179:References
131:sheepskins
118:hydrolyzed
562:Alcantara
552:Presstoff
547:Naugahyde
465:Processes
400:Crocodile
373:Alligator
347:Shearling
135:hair-save
126:disulfide
114:epidermis
98:denatured
65:Collagen
52:proteins.
24:parchment
644:Category
503:Crafting
478:Deliming
425:Kangaroo
388:Calfskin
342:Shagreen
292:Buckskin
220:, p. 160
94:proteins
56:Collagen
35:solution
629:Rawhide
612:Related
567:Clarino
488:Tanning
430:Ostrich
317:Morocco
307:Kidskin
297:Chamois
272:Aniline
258:Leather
165:tanning
110:Keratin
50:keratin
28:leather
493:Oiling
483:Bating
473:Liming
383:Cattle
337:Russia
332:Patent
327:Nubuck
287:Bonded
282:Boiled
277:Bicast
200:
169:dyeing
122:alkali
32:alkali
20:Liming
542:Kirza
450:Snake
445:Sheep
420:Horse
393:Slunk
378:Bison
357:Suede
265:Types
67:fibre
440:Seal
415:Goat
405:Deer
322:Napa
198:ISBN
171:and
96:are
455:Yak
435:Pig
410:Eel
26:or
646::
175:.
84:.
60:pH
250:e
243:t
236:v
206:.
62:.
45:.
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