330:£L2,000 to US$ 1. This caused significant anger towards the banks, with the prime minister sharply criticizing the governor of the central bank over its performance. The USD black market exchange rate continues to fluctuate substantially due to devaluation of the Lebanese pound caused by acute dollar shortages within Lebanon. This dollar shortage also caused 785 restaurants and cafes to close between September 2019 and February 2020, and resulted in 25,000 employees losing their jobs. Consumer goods prices had increased by 580% since October as a result of the worst economic crisis in decades. The economic crisis made Lebanon's
195:
1828:
448:, soared from nearly $ 1.3 million to $ 234.5 million. Also, these depositors turned to buying shares in Solidere company, which lead to a rise of 500% in it between the start of the liquidity crisis and April 2021. Of seven million Lebanese, about 80% are below the poverty line, while an estimated 100,000 with "fresh money"—funds imported since the 17 October 2019 protests—are wealthy and use downtown Beirut restaurants and stores.
80:
36:
460:, announcing that they would instead offer "credit lines for fuel imports based on the market price for the Lebanese pound". The decision led to significant increases in fuel prices amid an economic crisis in the country, but the government was unable to alleviate shortages. Days later on 15 August 2021, in the
293:
billion. Between June and
October 2016, the central bank exchanged these Eurobonds against actual foreign currency with a selection of commercial banks. As a result, the Lebanese economy managed to avoid the consequences of a liquidity crisis at the time, but it increased the public debt considerably
549:
failed to show up to court for questioning, while his whereabouts were unknown after a raid in his office and two homes, as part of an investigation for alleged misconduct and corruption. This sparked controversy with another security agency that was accused of protecting him from trial. Later on 21
329:
In the fourth quarter of 2019, the black market exchange rate reached £L1,600 to the dollar, and increased to £L3,000 per dollar in April 2020, £L14,000 per dollar in March 2021 and £L15,200 per dollar in June 2021. One bank allowed depositors to withdraw
Lebanese pounds from their dollar account at
480:
In
September 2022, Lebanese Association of Banks announced that the banks would close for three days after depositors, who in 2019 overnight found themselves locked out of their bank accounts and unable to access the majority of their own savings, stormed several branches, holding employees hostage
468:
as the two biggest electricity generators, Zahrani and Deir Ammar, ran out of fuel. Public utilities are only able to offer electricity for a few hours a day because they are unable to buy fuel to power central generators, leading to a massive increase in the number of people buying more expensive
423:
The shortage of US dollars, which are used in everyday transactions in
Lebanon, and the crash in the value of the pound have undercut the country's ability to pay for imports, including essentials such as wheat and oil. Banks have stopped giving short-term loans to businesses and no longer provide
476:
reported that the economic crisis has caused shortages in the import of vital medicines. Rising unemployment (reaching a peak of 13.27% in 2020), a depreciating local currency, skyrocketing inflation, and the removal of subsidies for medicines and fuel have made it harder for many people to meet
302:
However, even with these operations, Lebanon kept failing to attract sufficient foreign inflows to match the growing demand. As early as late 2018, some commercial banks started to restrict depositors' access to their own funds in foreign currency: they usually imposed an additional fee on cash
443:
This liquidity crisis also created a barrier to everyone with accounts in
Lebanese banks, as they are unable to access their deposits. Not only are they unable to access their deposits, but they are unable to withdraw any dollars directly. They can withdraw them in the national currency. These
1583:
298:
estimated that the banks that took part in the operation made US$ 5 billion while the central bank pull-out cost was US$ 13 billion in foreign currency. If these figures are correct, the banks involved made a 40% return on the overall transaction. The central bank repeated similar financial
411:
sat at 151% in 2022. The default is the first one in the history of the country. Foreign currency inflows slowed and
Lebanon's pound dropped in value. The nation's commercial banks imposed tough restrictions, on dollar withdrawals and transfers, to maintain reserves. Due to this, Lebanon's
455:
released a report which warned that the economic crisis in
Lebanon would risk becoming one of the three most severe since the mid-19th century, if its "bankrupt economic system, which benefited a few for so long" were not reformed. On 11 August 2021, the Lebanon central bank ended
384:
million in June. Due to the lack of foreign currencies, the prime minister said that the reserves had fallen to "a worrying and dangerous level which pushes the
Lebanese government to suspend payment of the 9 March Eurobond maturity because of a need for these funds."
1463:
444:
depositors needed to preserve the value of their savings, especially following press reports about restructuring of the banking sector. They therefore turned to buying real estate. For example, revenues from land sales of the major real estate developer,
1575:
280:
In 2016, Lebanon first witnessed a real slow down in foreign inflows: Between May 2015 and May 2016, the dollar liquidity of the country decreased for the first time in 11 years. As a result, the central bank of
Lebanon initiated a series of
178:
when they desperately need to pay for basic services such as healthcare. The collapse of
Lebanon, formerly known as the "Switzerland of the Middle East", has been described by Western media as one of the most devastating and worst financial
1169:
1021:
701:
1455:
484:
In February 2023, Lebanon devalued its official exchange rate for the first time in 25 years, weakening it by 90% but still leaving the local currency well below its market value due to the ongoing liquidity crisis.
2439:
2124:
321:
in 2019, Lebanese commercial banks closed for an unprecedented two weeks. When they reopened, commercial banks unlawfully restricted depositors' access to their own money in US dollars – despite no official
568:
In February 2023, Riad Salameh was charged with money laundering, embezzlement and illicit enrichment, following an 18-month investigation into allegations that he and his brother embezzled $ 300m from the
1889:
1605:
440:
common in the region, was up 550% in March 2020 over a year earlier. Sugar has seen an increase of 670%, while wheat, tea, rice, and cigarettes have all gone up nearly 1,000% over the same period.
326:. These restrictions were one of the key factors that decreased the confidence of Lebanese people in their own currency and pushed the value of the Lebanese pound below its official exchange rate.
1859:
170:
cases for decades. Parents are sending their children to orphanages because they cannot feed them. A growing number of citizens have resorted to armed robbery as the only way to extract their own
525:
Beginning in January 2022, several armed depositors have carried out a series of bank robberies and sit-ins at bank locations to withdraw their own money. The bank robbers have been described as
1099:
2529:
2039:
1493:
781:
1765:
337:
The dollar shortage was further exacerbated by the large amount of Lebanese pounds that the central bank printed from 2019 onward. Data from the Lebanese central bank (BDL) suggest that the
1919:
1648:
2499:
1070:
1950:
1523:
2469:
1553:
1217:
464:, 33 people were killed in a fuel explosion in the northern Akkar District, exacerbated by the widespread fuel shortages. On 9 October 2021, the country underwent a 24-hour full
807:
655:
3449:
1123:
520:
1247:
2012:
3984:
3969:
3946:
2431:
2116:
1308:
1191:
1043:
723:
3931:
3870:
3833:
623:
4049:
3667:
1881:
588:
3991:
1818:
3530:
2249:
201:
511:
As of 2024, the Lebanese lira has stabilized at roughly 89,000 LBP against the US dollar without being vulnerable to inflation as it was in previous years.
2146:
1981:
3915:
3775:
3674:
1613:
2595:
1851:
3782:
3258:
1096:
253:
in the post-war period relied on different sources of foreign currency inflows that were critical to maintain this currency peg: tourism, real estate,
3625:
2521:
2035:
1485:
773:
3856:
3709:
3702:
3507:
3196:
1757:
3939:
3826:
3646:
3639:
1796:
603:
4013:
558:, but also failed to attend for questioning. Raja spent a month in detention, but was released on May 22 while on a record bail of LBP100 billion.
194:
3632:
2885:
2806:
3819:
3723:
3688:
3383:
2878:
1911:
1679:
1640:
1277:
3545:
57:
44:
3500:
3413:
2491:
3162:
3154:
1339:
1155:
1062:
1007:
687:
128:
1942:
1515:
4121:
2461:
922:
3848:
3117:
3877:
1545:
1395:
1209:
2069:
803:
647:
1115:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4006:
3812:
3464:
3331:
3081:
828:
285:
operations which became known in the press as "the swap". The central bank exchanged public debt it owed in Lebanese pounds against
3251:
1239:
2863:
2004:
750:
3653:
3427:
2914:
1147:
Lebanon : 2016 article IV consultation -- press release; staff report; and statement by the executive director for Lebanon
999:
Lebanon : 2016 article IV consultation -- press release; staff report; and statement by the executive director for Lebanon
679:
Lebanon : 2016 article IV consultation -- press release; staff report; and statement by the executive director for Lebanon
3618:
2404:
1734:
3841:
3805:
3716:
2588:
3977:
2351:
608:
1300:
4042:
3681:
3552:
3493:
3346:
3214:
2378:
3744:
3588:
3581:
3538:
3486:
3420:
3018:
2223:
358:
104:
3900:
3892:
3566:
3559:
3479:
3406:
3398:
3390:
3368:
2767:
295:
112:
2091:
892:
1097:
http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/560211478178124830/Lebanon-Economic-Monitor-The-big-swap-dollars-for-trust
3884:
3789:
3595:
3273:
3036:
1195:
1047:
727:
1701:
4126:
3999:
3695:
3178:
3170:
2581:
952:
1973:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
3660:
3323:
3295:
3132:
562:
286:
976:
Constructing Resilience: Real Estate Investment, Sovereign Debt and Lebanon's Transnational Political Economy
234:
policy for over two decades. It was meant to bring about much-needed stability to the country after a severe
4035:
3953:
3457:
3360:
2961:
2301:
372:
on its Eurobond debt and seek out restructuring agreements amid a spiralling financial crisis that affected
158:
have collapsed; without using a private generator, households can expect only an hour or so of power a day.
49:
3125:
2907:
840:
Dibeh, Ghassan (2002). "The Political Economy of Inflation and Currency Depreciation in Lebanon, 1984-92".
4028:
3730:
2976:
2969:
2921:
2623:
331:
1788:
424:
them with US dollars for imports, forcing people to turn to the black markets. There is also significant
3960:
3353:
3207:
2870:
2852:
2779:
2758:
979:
350:
318:
282:
120:
108:
2198:
1425:
119:
in the years prior to 2019 but the full extent of the fragility of the economy were concealed through
3907:
3737:
3281:
2893:
2798:
2790:
2702:
1671:
1269:
555:
461:
204:
132:
3863:
3573:
3471:
3376:
3236:
3088:
3006:
2840:
2665:
1369:
885:"The Diaspora, Debt, and Dollarization: Unraveling Lebanon's Resilience to a Sovereign Debt Crisis"
307:
223:
1331:
2746:
2409:
1185:
1037:
865:
857:
829:
https://www.reuters.com/markets/rates-bonds/lebanons-financial-crisis-how-it-happened-2022-01-23/
717:
583:
551:
433:
417:
250:
243:
1882:"Lebanon Sinking into One of the Most Severe Global Crises Episodes, amidst Deliberate Inaction"
914:
306:
In August 2019, due to various financial hardships, especially the growing probability that the
376:
reserves. Lebanon was due to pay a US$ 1.2 billion Eurobond on 9 March 2020, with another $ 700
2832:
2815:
2716:
1161:
1151:
1013:
1003:
693:
683:
613:
408:
369:
258:
230:
at a rate of £L1,507.5 to the US dollar. The stability of the lira was the cornerstone of the
3797:
3312:
3307:
2723:
2695:
2672:
2604:
1391:
849:
429:
373:
163:
116:
96:
2061:
3757:
3607:
3442:
3288:
3244:
3143:
2644:
1103:
598:
593:
570:
323:
274:
262:
231:
171:
124:
2326:
488:
During the liquidity crisis, Lebanon received humanitarian and financial assistance from
2036:"Lebanon's electricity crisis means life under candlelight for some, profits for others"
17:
3522:
3434:
3339:
2709:
2688:
618:
505:
457:
413:
266:
239:
159:
155:
84:
2551:
2275:
742:
4065:
3185:
3110:
3103:
3096:
3074:
3058:
3050:
3043:
3029:
2999:
2992:
2985:
2943:
2936:
2929:
2900:
2739:
2732:
2658:
2630:
869:
501:
270:
219:
211:
208:
3514:
3265:
3066:
2637:
1726:
1063:"Lebanon's Balance of Payments Recorded a Quarterly Surplus of $ 554.8M in Q1 2017"
546:
489:
465:
338:
311:
136:
361:
forced additional businesses to close their doors and to lay off their employees.
983:
3768:
3225:
2824:
2681:
2651:
1576:"Lebanon: Currency Drops, Central Bank Sets New Exchange Rate at Transfer Firms"
1456:"Unrest escalates in Lebanon as currency collapses and prospect of hunger grows"
365:
354:
235:
227:
147:
103:, that became fully apparent in August 2019, and was further exacerbated by the
79:
1823:
542:
452:
254:
1165:
1017:
697:
2432:"Lebanon security forces raid central bank chief's home to execute subpoena"
526:
437:
425:
389:
180:
151:
2173:"Saudi Arabia expresses support for humanitarian aid mechanism for Lebanon"
35:
1145:
997:
884:
677:
2616:
538:
473:
445:
143:
353:
in 2019, which ultimately resulted in the resignation of Prime Minister
303:
withdrawal in US dollars to deter clients from withdrawing dollar cash.
861:
167:
100:
944:
853:
1974:"At least 20 killed and 79 injured in fuel tank explosion in Lebanon"
1093:
Lebanon Economic Monitor - The big swap: dollars for trust (English).
497:
493:
2522:"Lebanon security forces sent to raid home of central bank governor"
2492:"Lebanon charges central bank governor Riad Salameh and his brother"
2250:"US announces $ 64 mln in emergency food aid for struggling Lebanon"
334:
fall to about $ 44 billion from about $ 55 billion the year before.
2573:
1943:"Lebanon: Government hikes petrol prices again to tackle shortages"
1516:"Lebanon: 785 Restaurants, Cafes Closed, 25,000 Employees Laid Off"
1486:"Lebanese petrol stations shudder to a halt amid nationwide strike"
774:"Caesar Act: Fresh sanctions on Syria could worsen Lebanon economy"
2462:"Lebanon's Central Bank Chief Vanishes as Corruption Probe Mounts"
1362:"Lira Rate | USD to LBP in Black Market | Dollar to LBP"
2352:"People are 'robbing' banks in Lebanon – to take their own money"
1641:"Lebanon to default on debt for first time amid financial crisis"
1270:"Lebanon to default on debt for first time amid financial crisis"
400:
billion Eurobonds as of January 2020. The central bank held $ 5.7
314:
exchange rate started diverging from the official exchange rate.
2117:"Lebanon banks to close as violent raids by depositors multiply"
175:
150:
by over 98% between January 2023 and March 2024, with an annual
2577:
2379:"Financial crisis in Lebanon: Beirut's bank robber folk heroes"
261:, a financial sector that offered depositors anonymity through
2327:"US dollars to Lebanese pounds Exchange Rate. Convert USD/LBP"
289:, or debt labelled in foreign currency, for the equivalent of
29:
1095:
Lebanon Economic Monitor Washington, D.C.: World Bank Group.
2302:"USD To LBP: Convert United States Dollar to Lebanese Pound"
1852:"Grim reality of economic divide determines life in Lebanon"
1417:
550:
March, Salameh along with his brother Raja were charged for
2172:
1606:"Lebanon's GDP declines to $ 44 billion from $ 55 billion"
404:
billion and the remainder was owned by foreign creditors.
1758:"Solidere share price doubles compared with October 2019"
743:"US sanctions squeezing Iran-backed Hezbollah in Lebanon"
2552:"Lebanon central bank governor faces corruption charges"
2062:"How Lebanon's economic problems could leave Sara blind"
1361:
648:"Les dessous de la nouvelle ingénierie de Riad Salamé -"
642:
640:
561:
On 21 June 2022, Salameh's home was raided again by the
529:, and none have faced prosecution as of November 2022.
380:
million expected to mature in April and a further $ 600
1332:"Dollar shortage shakes confidence in Lebanon's banks"
1150:. International Monetary Fund. Washington, D.C. 2017.
1002:. International Monetary Fund. Washington, D.C. 2017.
682:. International Monetary Fund. Washington, D.C. 2017.
294:
in dollars and cost the entire economy a fortune: the
2922:
Post-Napoleonic Irish grain price and land use shocks
1912:"Lebanese central bank effectively ends fuel subsidy"
1819:"سهم سوليدير اللبنانية يرتفع لأعلى مستوياته منذ 2009"
1727:"Lebanon's Financial Crisis: Where Did the Money Go?"
341:
M1 grew by 266% from December 2019 to December 2021.
521:
Lebanese liquidity crisis bank robberies and sit-ins
3756:
3606:
3306:
3224:
3195:
3142:
3017:
2953:
2851:
2778:
2756:
2005:"Power returns to Lebanon after a 24-hour blackout"
1546:"US dollar shortage and Lebanon's economic crisis"
481:and forcibly demanding to withdraw their savings.
2405:"Lebanon bank holdups: Who is the real criminal?"
2147:"Lebanon devalues official exchange rate by 90%"
1240:"Swap entre la BDL et le ministère des Finances"
269:. These inflows were critical to fund the large
1301:"Lebanon's banks reopen after two-week closure"
317:Following the first large demonstration of the
310:will default on maturing debt obligations, the
2224:"Turkey sent more humanitarian aid to Lebanon"
1091:Harake,Wissam; Matta,Samer Naji; Hasna,Zeina.
806:. Central Administration of Statistics (CAS).
87:banknotes, their value now drastically reduced
4050:List of stock market crashes and bear markets
2589:
589:List of stock market crashes and bear markets
8:
1789:"Solidere posts first net profit since 2016"
1418:"Lebanese Lira to US Dollar Exchange Rates"
2596:
2582:
2574:
1190:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1042:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
722:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3871:2015–2016 Chinese stock market turbulence
2280:European Commission - European Commission
1672:"Lebanon: Facing Down A Liquidity Crisis"
1116:"$ 14 billion raised by the Central Bank"
624:Sri Lankan economic crisis (2019–present)
396:billion of the country's outstanding $ 30
349:The fall of the exchange rate caused the
2199:"Kuwait promises to send aid to Lebanon"
604:Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic
299:engineering in the years that followed.
174:(now vastly reduced in real terms) from
78:
60:of all important aspects of the article.
2377:El-Gawhary, Karim (12 September 2023).
636:
392:stated that Lebanese banks owned $ 12.7
3776:Venezuelan banking crisis of 2009–2010
3546:South American economic crisis of 2002
3443:Black Wednesday (1992 Sterling crisis)
1862:from the original on 24 September 2022
1647:. Agence France-Presse. 7 March 2020.
1210:"Finance Ministry, BDL do $ 5.5B swap"
1183:
1035:
715:
129:sanctions targeting Syria's government
56:Please consider expanding the lead to
3827:2013 Chinese banking liquidity crisis
3783:2010–2014 Portuguese financial crisis
3259:Secondary banking crisis of 1973–1975
2092:"Lebanon Unemployment Rate 1960-2024"
2042:from the original on 28 December 2021
1635:
1633:
1631:
1496:from the original on 26 December 2019
1449:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1342:from the original on 22 November 2021
1311:from the original on 22 November 2021
1250:from the original on 22 November 2021
1220:from the original on 22 November 2021
1126:from the original on 22 November 2021
1073:from the original on 22 November 2021
955:from the original on 22 November 2021
925:from the original on 22 November 2021
895:from the original on 16 November 2021
658:from the original on 22 November 2021
357:and his cabinet. Following this, the
7:
3857:Russian financial crisis (2014–2016)
3710:2008–2011 Icelandic financial crisis
3703:2008–2009 Ukrainian financial crisis
3668:2000s U.S. housing market correction
3508:1998–2002 Argentine great depression
2127:from the original on 25 October 2022
2072:from the original on 6 December 2021
2015:from the original on 14 October 2021
1984:from the original on 14 October 2021
1953:from the original on 14 October 2021
1737:from the original on 28 October 2020
1428:from the original on 4 December 2020
1280:from the original on 5 November 2022
1172:from the original on 30 January 2022
1024:from the original on 30 January 2022
704:from the original on 30 January 2022
107:(which began in February 2020), the
4014:2023–2024 Egyptian financial crisis
3849:Puerto Rican government-debt crisis
3842:2014–2016 Brazilian economic crisis
3215:1963–1965 Indonesian hyperinflation
3118:Shanghai rubber stock market crisis
2807:Dutch Republic stock market crashes
2300:guagenti, calogero (13 July 2024).
2034:Shirin Jaafari (22 November 2021).
1922:from the original on 12 August 2021
1756:Nakhoul, Shikrallah (1 June 2020).
1702:"Debt to GDP Ratio by Country 2024"
1651:from the original on 10 August 2020
1330:Cornish, Chloe (12 November 2019).
810:from the original on 14 August 2024
753:from the original on 5 January 2023
127:. Lebanon's crisis was worsened by
3820:2012–2013 Cypriot financial crisis
3724:2008–2014 Spanish financial crisis
3696:2008–2009 Russian financial crisis
3689:2008–2009 Belgian financial crisis
3384:1988–1992 Norwegian banking crisis
2879:British credit crisis of 1772–1773
1831:from the original on 18 March 2021
784:from the original on 6 August 2020
25:
4007:2023 United States banking crisis
3813:2011 Bangladesh share market scam
3501:1998–1999 Ecuador economic crisis
3465:Venezuelan banking crisis of 1994
3391:Japanese asset price bubble crash
3332:Souk Al-Manakh stock market crash
3082:Australian banking crisis of 1893
2886:Dutch Republic financial collapse
2502:from the original on 30 June 2022
2472:from the original on 18 July 2022
2003:Mistich, Dave (10 October 2021).
1799:from the original on 19 July 2020
1768:from the original on 19 July 2020
1682:from the original on 5 March 2020
1586:from the original on 27 June 2020
1526:from the original on 13 June 2020
1398:from the original on 10 July 2020
428:, which caused a massive loss of
183:since at least the 19th century.
2864:Amsterdam banking crisis of 1763
2532:from the original on 1 July 2022
2442:from the original on 6 July 2022
1892:from the original on 3 June 2021
1556:from the original on 31 May 2020
1466:from the original on 27 May 2020
1454:Dadouch, Sarah (28 April 2020).
1372:from the original on 28 May 2020
741:Mroue, Bassem (4 October 2019).
654:(in French). 29 September 2016.
193:
34:
3589:2007 Chinese stock bubble crash
2915:Danish state bankruptcy of 1813
1850:Jansen, Michael (23 May 2022).
469:power from private generators.
436:. The price of foule or ful, a
218:From 1997 to October 2019, the
48:may be too short to adequately
3970:Chinese property sector crisis
3878:2015–2016 stock market selloff
3806:August 2011 stock markets fall
3717:2008–2011 Irish banking crisis
3414:1990s Swedish financial crisis
3163:Weimar Republic hyperinflation
1787:Khalaf, Gisele (1 July 2020).
1392:"Banque du Liban: Data Series"
368:stated that the country would
58:provide an accessible overview
1:
4043:List of sovereign debt crises
3985:2022 Russian financial crisis
3682:2008 Latvian financial crisis
3675:U.S. bear market of 2007–2009
3553:Stock market downturn of 2002
3494:1998 Russian financial crisis
3347:1983 Israel bank stock crisis
1670:Domat, Chloe (3 March 2020).
772:Khodr, Zeina (18 June 2020).
3745:Greek government-debt crisis
3582:2004 Argentine energy crisis
3539:2001 Turkish economic crisis
3428:1990s Armenian energy crisis
3421:1990s Finnish banking crisis
3282:1976 British currency crisis
3252:1973–1974 stock market crash
105:COVID-19 pandemic in Lebanon
4122:Economic history of Lebanon
3901:2017 Sri Lankan fuel crisis
3567:2003 Myanmar banking crisis
3560:2002 Uruguay banking crisis
3480:1997 Asian financial crisis
3407:1991 Indian economic crisis
3399:Rhode Island banking crisis
3369:Cameroonian economic crisis
3155:Early Soviet hyperinflation
2768:Crisis of the Third Century
1972:Agencies (15 August 2021).
296:International Monetary Fund
160:Shortages of drinking water
113:Russian invasion of Ukraine
4143:
3932:Sri Lankan economic crisis
3790:Energy crisis in Venezuela
3769:2009 Dubai debt standstill
3619:2007–2008 financial crisis
3274:Latin American debt crisis
3037:Paris Bourse crash of 1882
2403:Ghanem, Nizar; Ray, Alex.
1246:(in French). 30 May 2018.
518:
515:Bank robberies and sit-ins
135:, which intensified under
115:. The country experienced
109:2020 Beirut port explosion
4023:
4000:2022 stock market decline
3992:Pakistani economic crisis
3978:2021–2023 inflation surge
3924:Lebanese liquidity crisis
3893:Venezuelan hyperinflation
3885:Brexit stock market crash
3834:Venezuela economic crisis
3596:Zimbabwean hyperinflation
3179:Wall Street Crash of 1929
3019:2nd Industrial Revolution
2853:1st Industrial Revolution
2611:
1706:worldpopulationreview.com
609:2021–2023 inflation surge
242:following the end of the
93:Lebanese liquidity crisis
27:Ongoing crisis in Lebanon
4092:2023 in economic history
4087:2022 in economic history
4082:2021 in economic history
4077:2020 in economic history
4072:2019 in economic history
3661:Subprime mortgage crisis
3324:Brazilian hyperinflation
3296:Brazilian hyperinflation
3133:Financial crisis of 1914
2841:Mississippi bubble crash
563:Internal Security Forces
388:The head of research at
154:rate of 221.3% in 2023.
18:Lebanon liquidity crisis
4036:List of economic crises
3954:2020 stock market crash
3947:Financial market impact
3916:Turkish economic crisis
3531:9/11 stock market crash
3487:October 1997 mini-crash
3458:1994 bond market crisis
3450:Yugoslav hyperinflation
3361:Savings and loan crisis
2962:European potato failure
1102:13 January 2017 at the
974:Tierney, Julia (2017).
573:between 2002 and 2015.
123:by the governor of the
4029:List of banking crises
3798:Syrian economic crisis
3731:Blue Monday Crash 2009
3340:Chilean crisis of 1982
3171:Shōwa financial crisis
2977:Highland Potato Famine
2833:South Sea bubble crash
2624:Commodity price shocks
1580:www.english.aawsat.com
915:"Main Characteristics"
842:Middle Eastern Studies
332:gross domestic product
166:, including the first
88:
3354:Black Saturday (1983)
3208:Kennedy Slide of 1962
2780:Commercial revolution
1276:. 12 September 2019.
1194:) CS1 maint: others (
1046:) CS1 maint: others (
726:) CS1 maint: others (
351:17 October Revolution
319:17 October Revolution
283:financial engineering
232:Lebanese central bank
133:Iran-backed Hezbollah
121:financial engineering
82:
3908:Ghana banking crisis
3738:European debt crisis
3523:Dot-com bubble crash
3435:Cuban Special Period
2894:Copper Panic of 1789
2799:The Great Debasement
2791:Great Bullion Famine
2468:. 16 February 2022.
1610:www.dailystar.com.lb
1214:www.dailystar.com.lb
1061:vilis (8 May 2017).
541:was issued by Judge
537:In February 2022, a
462:2021 Akkar explosion
451:On 1 June 2021, the
162:have contributed to
3864:2015 Nepal blockade
3574:2000s energy crisis
3472:Mexican peso crisis
3377:Black Monday (1987)
3237:1970s energy crisis
3197:Post–WWII expansion
2871:Bengal bubble crash
2666:Financial contagion
2358:. 15 September 2022
2228:Hürriyet Daily News
2096:www.macrotrends.net
1793:businessnews.com.lb
1762:businessnews.com.lb
1460:The Washington Post
1120:BusinessNews.com.lb
533:Riad Salameh trials
477:their basic needs.
432:and an increase in
308:Lebanese government
117:liquidity shortages
3126:Panic of 1910–1911
2970:Great Irish Famine
2908:Panic of 1796–1797
2747:Stock market crash
2558:. 23 February 2023
2436:Al Arabiya English
2254:Al Arabiya English
1941:Chehayeb, Kareem.
1918:. 11 August 2021.
1244:Commerce du Levant
652:Commerce du Levant
584:Impossible trinity
552:illicit enrichment
472:In December 2021,
251:economy of Lebanon
244:Lebanese Civil War
89:
4059:
4058:
3940:COVID-19 pandemic
2825:Tulip mania crash
2816:Kipper und Wipper
2793:(c. 1400–c. 1500)
2498:. 21 March 2022.
2153:. 1 February 2023
1947:www.aljazeera.com
1827:. 18 March 2021.
1550:www.aljazeera.com
1490:www.aljazeera.com
1305:www.aljazeera.com
1157:978-1-4755-7061-8
1009:978-1-4755-7061-8
889:Jadaliyya - جدلية
854:10.1080/714004439
689:978-1-4755-7061-8
614:Sovereign default
409:debt-to-GDP ratio
359:COVID-19 pandemic
164:disease outbreaks
75:
74:
16:(Redirected from
4134:
4127:Financial crises
4052:
4045:
4038:
4031:
4016:
4009:
4002:
3995:
3987:
3980:
3973:
3963:
3956:
3949:
3942:
3935:
3927:
3919:
3911:
3903:
3896:
3888:
3880:
3873:
3866:
3859:
3852:
3844:
3837:
3829:
3822:
3815:
3808:
3801:
3793:
3785:
3778:
3771:
3747:
3740:
3733:
3726:
3719:
3712:
3705:
3698:
3691:
3684:
3677:
3670:
3663:
3656:
3649:
3642:
3635:
3628:
3621:
3599:
3591:
3584:
3577:
3569:
3562:
3555:
3548:
3541:
3534:
3526:
3518:
3510:
3503:
3496:
3489:
3482:
3475:
3467:
3460:
3453:
3445:
3438:
3430:
3423:
3416:
3409:
3402:
3394:
3386:
3379:
3372:
3364:
3356:
3349:
3342:
3335:
3327:
3313:Great Regression
3308:Great Moderation
3299:
3291:
3284:
3277:
3269:
3261:
3254:
3247:
3240:
3217:
3210:
3188:
3181:
3174:
3166:
3158:
3135:
3128:
3121:
3113:
3106:
3099:
3092:
3084:
3077:
3070:
3062:
3054:
3046:
3039:
3032:
3010:
3002:
2995:
2988:
2979:
2972:
2965:
2946:
2939:
2932:
2925:
2917:
2910:
2903:
2896:
2889:
2881:
2874:
2866:
2844:
2836:
2828:
2820:
2810:
2802:
2794:
2771:
2749:
2742:
2735:
2726:
2719:
2712:
2705:
2698:
2696:Liquidity crisis
2691:
2684:
2675:
2673:Social contagion
2668:
2661:
2654:
2647:
2640:
2633:
2626:
2619:
2605:Financial crises
2598:
2591:
2584:
2575:
2568:
2567:
2565:
2563:
2548:
2542:
2541:
2539:
2537:
2528:. 21 June 2022.
2518:
2512:
2511:
2509:
2507:
2488:
2482:
2481:
2479:
2477:
2458:
2452:
2451:
2449:
2447:
2438:. 22 June 2022.
2428:
2422:
2421:
2419:
2417:
2400:
2394:
2393:
2391:
2389:
2374:
2368:
2367:
2365:
2363:
2348:
2342:
2341:
2339:
2337:
2323:
2317:
2316:
2314:
2312:
2297:
2291:
2290:
2288:
2286:
2272:
2266:
2265:
2263:
2261:
2246:
2240:
2239:
2237:
2235:
2220:
2214:
2213:
2211:
2209:
2195:
2189:
2188:
2186:
2184:
2169:
2163:
2162:
2160:
2158:
2143:
2137:
2136:
2134:
2132:
2113:
2107:
2106:
2104:
2102:
2088:
2082:
2081:
2079:
2077:
2058:
2052:
2051:
2049:
2047:
2031:
2025:
2024:
2022:
2020:
2000:
1994:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1969:
1963:
1962:
1960:
1958:
1938:
1932:
1931:
1929:
1927:
1908:
1902:
1901:
1899:
1897:
1878:
1872:
1871:
1869:
1867:
1847:
1841:
1840:
1838:
1836:
1815:
1809:
1808:
1806:
1804:
1784:
1778:
1777:
1775:
1773:
1753:
1747:
1746:
1744:
1742:
1731:lcps-lebanon.org
1723:
1717:
1716:
1714:
1712:
1698:
1692:
1691:
1689:
1687:
1667:
1661:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1637:
1626:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1612:. Archived from
1602:
1596:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1572:
1566:
1565:
1563:
1561:
1542:
1536:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1512:
1506:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1482:
1476:
1475:
1473:
1471:
1451:
1438:
1437:
1435:
1433:
1422:LebaneseLira.org
1414:
1408:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1388:
1382:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1358:
1352:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1327:
1321:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1299:Azhari, Timour.
1296:
1290:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1266:
1260:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1236:
1230:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1206:
1200:
1199:
1189:
1181:
1179:
1177:
1142:
1136:
1135:
1133:
1131:
1112:
1106:
1089:
1083:
1082:
1080:
1078:
1058:
1052:
1051:
1041:
1033:
1031:
1029:
994:
988:
987:
971:
965:
964:
962:
960:
941:
935:
934:
932:
930:
911:
905:
904:
902:
900:
883:Tierney, Julia.
880:
874:
873:
837:
831:
826:
820:
819:
817:
815:
804:"Key Indicators"
800:
794:
793:
791:
789:
769:
763:
762:
760:
758:
747:Associated Press
738:
732:
731:
721:
713:
711:
709:
674:
668:
667:
665:
663:
644:
430:purchasing power
403:
399:
395:
383:
379:
374:foreign currency
292:
273:and the growing
197:
97:financial crisis
70:
67:
61:
38:
30:
21:
4142:
4141:
4137:
4136:
4135:
4133:
4132:
4131:
4117:2023 in Lebanon
4112:2022 in Lebanon
4107:2021 in Lebanon
4102:2020 in Lebanon
4097:2019 in Lebanon
4062:
4061:
4060:
4055:
4048:
4041:
4034:
4027:
4019:
4012:
4005:
3998:
3990:
3983:
3976:
3968:
3959:
3952:
3945:
3938:
3930:
3922:
3914:
3906:
3899:
3891:
3883:
3876:
3869:
3862:
3855:
3847:
3840:
3832:
3825:
3818:
3811:
3804:
3796:
3788:
3781:
3774:
3767:
3760:
3758:Information Age
3752:
3743:
3736:
3729:
3722:
3715:
3708:
3701:
3694:
3687:
3680:
3673:
3666:
3659:
3652:
3645:
3638:
3631:
3624:
3617:
3610:
3608:Great Recession
3602:
3594:
3587:
3580:
3572:
3565:
3558:
3551:
3544:
3537:
3529:
3521:
3513:
3506:
3499:
3492:
3485:
3478:
3470:
3463:
3456:
3448:
3441:
3433:
3426:
3419:
3412:
3405:
3397:
3389:
3382:
3375:
3367:
3359:
3352:
3345:
3338:
3330:
3322:
3315:
3311:
3302:
3294:
3289:1979 oil crisis
3287:
3280:
3272:
3264:
3257:
3250:
3245:1973 oil crisis
3243:
3235:
3228:
3226:Great Inflation
3220:
3213:
3206:
3199:
3191:
3184:
3177:
3169:
3161:
3153:
3146:
3144:Interwar period
3138:
3131:
3124:
3116:
3109:
3102:
3095:
3087:
3080:
3073:
3065:
3057:
3049:
3042:
3035:
3028:
3021:
3013:
3005:
2998:
2991:
2984:
2975:
2968:
2960:
2949:
2942:
2935:
2928:
2920:
2913:
2906:
2899:
2892:
2884:
2877:
2869:
2862:
2855:
2847:
2839:
2831:
2823:
2813:
2805:
2797:
2789:
2782:
2774:
2766:
2752:
2745:
2738:
2731:
2722:
2715:
2708:
2701:
2694:
2687:
2680:
2671:
2664:
2657:
2650:
2645:Currency crisis
2643:
2636:
2629:
2622:
2615:
2607:
2602:
2572:
2571:
2561:
2559:
2550:
2549:
2545:
2535:
2533:
2520:
2519:
2515:
2505:
2503:
2490:
2489:
2485:
2475:
2473:
2460:
2459:
2455:
2445:
2443:
2430:
2429:
2425:
2415:
2413:
2402:
2401:
2397:
2387:
2385:
2376:
2375:
2371:
2361:
2359:
2350:
2349:
2345:
2335:
2333:
2325:
2324:
2320:
2310:
2308:
2299:
2298:
2294:
2284:
2282:
2274:
2273:
2269:
2259:
2257:
2256:. 24 March 2022
2248:
2247:
2243:
2233:
2231:
2222:
2221:
2217:
2207:
2205:
2197:
2196:
2192:
2182:
2180:
2179:. 13 April 2022
2171:
2170:
2166:
2156:
2154:
2145:
2144:
2140:
2130:
2128:
2115:
2114:
2110:
2100:
2098:
2090:
2089:
2085:
2075:
2073:
2060:
2059:
2055:
2045:
2043:
2033:
2032:
2028:
2018:
2016:
2002:
2001:
1997:
1987:
1985:
1971:
1970:
1966:
1956:
1954:
1940:
1939:
1935:
1925:
1923:
1910:
1909:
1905:
1895:
1893:
1888:. 1 June 2021.
1880:
1879:
1875:
1865:
1863:
1856:The Irish Times
1849:
1848:
1844:
1834:
1832:
1817:
1816:
1812:
1802:
1800:
1786:
1785:
1781:
1771:
1769:
1755:
1754:
1750:
1740:
1738:
1725:
1724:
1720:
1710:
1708:
1700:
1699:
1695:
1685:
1683:
1669:
1668:
1664:
1654:
1652:
1639:
1638:
1629:
1619:
1617:
1604:
1603:
1599:
1589:
1587:
1574:
1573:
1569:
1559:
1557:
1544:
1543:
1539:
1529:
1527:
1520:Asharq AL-awsat
1514:
1513:
1509:
1499:
1497:
1484:
1483:
1479:
1469:
1467:
1453:
1452:
1441:
1431:
1429:
1416:
1415:
1411:
1401:
1399:
1390:
1389:
1385:
1375:
1373:
1360:
1359:
1355:
1345:
1343:
1336:Financial Times
1329:
1328:
1324:
1314:
1312:
1298:
1297:
1293:
1283:
1281:
1274:The World Price
1268:
1267:
1263:
1253:
1251:
1238:
1237:
1233:
1223:
1221:
1208:
1207:
1203:
1182:
1175:
1173:
1158:
1144:
1143:
1139:
1129:
1127:
1114:
1113:
1109:
1104:Wayback Machine
1090:
1086:
1076:
1074:
1060:
1059:
1055:
1034:
1027:
1025:
1010:
996:
995:
991:
973:
972:
968:
958:
956:
943:
942:
938:
928:
926:
913:
912:
908:
898:
896:
882:
881:
877:
839:
838:
834:
827:
823:
813:
811:
802:
801:
797:
787:
785:
771:
770:
766:
756:
754:
740:
739:
735:
714:
707:
705:
690:
676:
675:
671:
661:
659:
646:
645:
638:
633:
628:
599:Government debt
594:Currency crisis
579:
571:Banque du Liban
556:Ghassan Oueidat
535:
523:
517:
401:
397:
393:
381:
377:
364:Prime Minister
347:
324:capital control
290:
263:banking secrecy
216:
215:
214:
203:
198:
189:
156:Public services
71:
65:
62:
55:
43:This article's
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4140:
4138:
4130:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4064:
4063:
4057:
4056:
4054:
4053:
4046:
4039:
4032:
4024:
4021:
4020:
4018:
4017:
4010:
4003:
3996:
3994:(2022–present)
3988:
3981:
3974:
3972:(2020–present)
3966:
3965:
3964:
3957:
3950:
3936:
3934:(2019–present)
3928:
3926:(2019–present)
3920:
3918:(2018–present)
3912:
3904:
3897:
3889:
3881:
3874:
3867:
3860:
3853:
3845:
3838:
3836:(2013–present)
3830:
3823:
3816:
3809:
3802:
3800:(2011–present)
3794:
3792:(2010–present)
3786:
3779:
3772:
3764:
3762:
3761:(2009–present)
3754:
3753:
3751:
3750:
3749:
3748:
3741:
3734:
3727:
3720:
3713:
3706:
3699:
3692:
3685:
3678:
3671:
3664:
3657:
3650:
3643:
3636:
3629:
3626:September 2008
3614:
3612:
3604:
3603:
3601:
3600:
3598:(2007–present)
3592:
3585:
3578:
3570:
3563:
3556:
3549:
3542:
3535:
3527:
3519:
3511:
3504:
3497:
3490:
3483:
3476:
3468:
3461:
3454:
3446:
3439:
3431:
3424:
3417:
3410:
3403:
3395:
3387:
3380:
3373:
3365:
3357:
3350:
3343:
3336:
3328:
3319:
3317:
3304:
3303:
3301:
3300:
3292:
3285:
3278:
3270:
3262:
3255:
3248:
3241:
3232:
3230:
3222:
3221:
3219:
3218:
3211:
3203:
3201:
3193:
3192:
3190:
3189:
3182:
3175:
3167:
3159:
3150:
3148:
3140:
3139:
3137:
3136:
3129:
3122:
3114:
3107:
3100:
3093:
3085:
3078:
3071:
3063:
3055:
3047:
3040:
3033:
3025:
3023:
3015:
3014:
3012:
3011:
3003:
2996:
2989:
2982:
2981:
2980:
2973:
2957:
2955:
2951:
2950:
2948:
2947:
2940:
2933:
2926:
2918:
2911:
2904:
2897:
2890:
2888:(c. 1780–1795)
2882:
2875:
2867:
2859:
2857:
2849:
2848:
2846:
2845:
2837:
2829:
2821:
2811:
2809:(c. 1600–1760)
2803:
2795:
2786:
2784:
2776:
2775:
2773:
2772:
2763:
2761:
2754:
2753:
2751:
2750:
2743:
2736:
2729:
2728:
2727:
2720:
2713:
2706:
2692:
2689:Hyperinflation
2685:
2678:
2677:
2676:
2662:
2655:
2648:
2641:
2634:
2627:
2620:
2612:
2609:
2608:
2603:
2601:
2600:
2593:
2586:
2578:
2570:
2569:
2543:
2513:
2483:
2453:
2423:
2395:
2369:
2343:
2318:
2306:Forbes Advisor
2292:
2276:"Press corner"
2267:
2241:
2230:. 2 April 2022
2215:
2190:
2164:
2138:
2108:
2083:
2053:
2026:
1995:
1964:
1933:
1903:
1886:The World Bank
1873:
1842:
1810:
1779:
1748:
1718:
1693:
1676:Global Finance
1662:
1627:
1616:on 8 July 2020
1597:
1567:
1537:
1507:
1477:
1439:
1409:
1383:
1353:
1322:
1291:
1261:
1231:
1201:
1156:
1137:
1107:
1084:
1053:
1008:
989:
966:
949:www.abl.org.lb
936:
919:www.abl.org.lb
906:
875:
832:
821:
795:
764:
733:
688:
669:
635:
634:
632:
629:
627:
626:
621:
619:State collapse
616:
611:
606:
601:
596:
591:
586:
580:
578:
575:
534:
531:
519:Main article:
516:
513:
506:European Union
458:fuel subsidies
414:sovereign debt
346:
343:
267:interest rates
240:Lebanese pound
200:
199:
192:
191:
190:
188:
185:
95:is an ongoing
85:Lebanese pound
73:
72:
52:the key points
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4139:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4069:
4067:
4051:
4047:
4044:
4040:
4037:
4033:
4030:
4026:
4025:
4022:
4015:
4011:
4008:
4004:
4001:
3997:
3993:
3989:
3986:
3982:
3979:
3975:
3971:
3967:
3962:
3958:
3955:
3951:
3948:
3944:
3943:
3941:
3937:
3933:
3929:
3925:
3921:
3917:
3913:
3909:
3905:
3902:
3898:
3894:
3890:
3886:
3882:
3879:
3875:
3872:
3868:
3865:
3861:
3858:
3854:
3850:
3846:
3843:
3839:
3835:
3831:
3828:
3824:
3821:
3817:
3814:
3810:
3807:
3803:
3799:
3795:
3791:
3787:
3784:
3780:
3777:
3773:
3770:
3766:
3765:
3763:
3759:
3755:
3746:
3742:
3739:
3735:
3732:
3728:
3725:
3721:
3718:
3714:
3711:
3707:
3704:
3700:
3697:
3693:
3690:
3686:
3683:
3679:
3676:
3672:
3669:
3665:
3662:
3658:
3655:
3651:
3648:
3647:December 2008
3644:
3641:
3640:November 2008
3637:
3634:
3630:
3627:
3623:
3622:
3620:
3616:
3615:
3613:
3609:
3605:
3597:
3593:
3590:
3586:
3583:
3579:
3575:
3571:
3568:
3564:
3561:
3557:
3554:
3550:
3547:
3543:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3516:
3512:
3509:
3505:
3502:
3498:
3495:
3491:
3488:
3484:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3469:
3466:
3462:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3447:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3429:
3425:
3422:
3418:
3415:
3411:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3385:
3381:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3355:
3351:
3348:
3344:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3320:
3318:
3314:
3309:
3305:
3297:
3293:
3290:
3286:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3260:
3256:
3253:
3249:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3233:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3216:
3212:
3209:
3205:
3204:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3187:
3186:Panic of 1930
3183:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3151:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3134:
3130:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3112:
3111:Panic of 1907
3108:
3105:
3104:Panic of 1901
3101:
3098:
3097:Panic of 1896
3094:
3090:
3086:
3083:
3079:
3076:
3075:Panic of 1893
3072:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3059:Baring crisis
3056:
3052:
3051:Arendal crash
3048:
3045:
3044:Panic of 1884
3041:
3038:
3034:
3031:
3030:Panic of 1873
3027:
3026:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3008:
3004:
3001:
3000:Panic of 1866
2997:
2994:
2993:Panic of 1857
2990:
2987:
2986:Panic of 1847
2983:
2978:
2974:
2971:
2967:
2966:
2963:
2959:
2958:
2956:
2952:
2945:
2944:Panic of 1837
2941:
2938:
2937:Panic of 1825
2934:
2931:
2930:Panic of 1819
2927:
2923:
2919:
2916:
2912:
2909:
2905:
2902:
2901:Panic of 1792
2898:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2865:
2861:
2860:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2817:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2787:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2769:
2765:
2764:
2762:
2760:
2755:
2748:
2744:
2741:
2740:Social crisis
2737:
2734:
2733:Minsky moment
2730:
2725:
2721:
2718:
2714:
2711:
2707:
2704:
2700:
2699:
2697:
2693:
2690:
2686:
2683:
2679:
2674:
2670:
2669:
2667:
2663:
2660:
2659:Energy crisis
2656:
2653:
2649:
2646:
2642:
2639:
2635:
2632:
2631:Credit crunch
2628:
2625:
2621:
2618:
2614:
2613:
2610:
2606:
2599:
2594:
2592:
2587:
2585:
2580:
2579:
2576:
2557:
2553:
2547:
2544:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2517:
2514:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2487:
2484:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2457:
2454:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2427:
2424:
2412:
2411:
2406:
2399:
2396:
2384:
2380:
2373:
2370:
2357:
2353:
2347:
2344:
2332:
2328:
2322:
2319:
2307:
2303:
2296:
2293:
2281:
2277:
2271:
2268:
2255:
2251:
2245:
2242:
2229:
2225:
2219:
2216:
2204:
2200:
2194:
2191:
2178:
2174:
2168:
2165:
2152:
2148:
2142:
2139:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2112:
2109:
2097:
2093:
2087:
2084:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2057:
2054:
2041:
2037:
2030:
2027:
2014:
2010:
2006:
1999:
1996:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1968:
1965:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1937:
1934:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1907:
1904:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1877:
1874:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1846:
1843:
1830:
1826:
1825:
1820:
1814:
1811:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1783:
1780:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1752:
1749:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1722:
1719:
1707:
1703:
1697:
1694:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1666:
1663:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1636:
1634:
1632:
1628:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1601:
1598:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1571:
1568:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1541:
1538:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1511:
1508:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1481:
1478:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1440:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1413:
1410:
1397:
1393:
1387:
1384:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1357:
1354:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1326:
1323:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1295:
1292:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1265:
1262:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1235:
1232:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1205:
1202:
1197:
1193:
1187:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1153:
1149:
1148:
1141:
1138:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1111:
1108:
1105:
1101:
1098:
1094:
1088:
1085:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1057:
1054:
1049:
1045:
1039:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1005:
1001:
1000:
993:
990:
985:
981:
977:
970:
967:
954:
950:
946:
940:
937:
924:
920:
916:
910:
907:
894:
890:
886:
879:
876:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
836:
833:
830:
825:
822:
809:
805:
799:
796:
783:
779:
775:
768:
765:
752:
748:
744:
737:
734:
729:
725:
719:
703:
699:
695:
691:
685:
681:
680:
673:
670:
657:
653:
649:
643:
641:
637:
630:
625:
622:
620:
617:
615:
612:
610:
607:
605:
602:
600:
597:
595:
592:
590:
587:
585:
582:
581:
576:
574:
572:
566:
564:
559:
557:
553:
548:
544:
540:
532:
530:
528:
522:
514:
512:
509:
507:
503:
502:United States
499:
495:
491:
486:
482:
478:
475:
470:
467:
463:
459:
454:
449:
447:
441:
439:
435:
431:
427:
421:
419:
415:
410:
405:
391:
386:
375:
371:
367:
362:
360:
356:
352:
344:
342:
340:
335:
333:
327:
325:
320:
315:
313:
309:
304:
300:
297:
288:
284:
278:
276:
272:
271:trade deficit
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
247:
246:(1975–1990).
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
220:Lebanese lira
213:
212:exchange rate
210:
209:Lebanese Lira
206:
202:
196:
186:
184:
182:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
140:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
86:
81:
77:
69:
59:
53:
51:
46:
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
3923:
3633:October 2008
3515:Samba effect
3371:(1987–2000s)
3266:Steel crisis
3089:Black Monday
3067:Encilhamento
3007:Black Friday
2814:
2770:(235–284 CE)
2638:Credit cycle
2560:. Retrieved
2555:
2546:
2534:. Retrieved
2526:The National
2525:
2516:
2504:. Retrieved
2496:The National
2495:
2486:
2474:. Retrieved
2465:
2456:
2444:. Retrieved
2435:
2426:
2414:. Retrieved
2408:
2398:
2386:. Retrieved
2382:
2372:
2360:. Retrieved
2355:
2346:
2334:. Retrieved
2330:
2321:
2309:. Retrieved
2305:
2295:
2283:. Retrieved
2279:
2270:
2258:. Retrieved
2253:
2244:
2232:. Retrieved
2227:
2218:
2206:. Retrieved
2202:
2193:
2181:. Retrieved
2176:
2167:
2155:. Retrieved
2150:
2141:
2131:16 September
2129:. Retrieved
2121:The National
2120:
2111:
2099:. Retrieved
2095:
2086:
2074:. Retrieved
2065:
2056:
2044:. Retrieved
2029:
2017:. Retrieved
2008:
1998:
1986:. Retrieved
1978:the Guardian
1977:
1967:
1955:. Retrieved
1946:
1936:
1924:. Retrieved
1915:
1906:
1894:. Retrieved
1885:
1876:
1864:. Retrieved
1855:
1845:
1833:. Retrieved
1822:
1813:
1801:. Retrieved
1792:
1782:
1770:. Retrieved
1761:
1751:
1739:. Retrieved
1730:
1721:
1709:. Retrieved
1705:
1696:
1684:. Retrieved
1675:
1665:
1653:. Retrieved
1645:The Guardian
1644:
1618:. Retrieved
1614:the original
1609:
1600:
1588:. Retrieved
1579:
1570:
1558:. Retrieved
1549:
1540:
1528:. Retrieved
1519:
1510:
1498:. Retrieved
1489:
1480:
1468:. Retrieved
1459:
1430:. Retrieved
1421:
1412:
1400:. Retrieved
1386:
1374:. Retrieved
1365:
1356:
1344:. Retrieved
1335:
1325:
1313:. Retrieved
1304:
1294:
1282:. Retrieved
1273:
1264:
1252:. Retrieved
1243:
1234:
1222:. Retrieved
1213:
1204:
1174:. Retrieved
1146:
1140:
1128:. Retrieved
1119:
1110:
1092:
1087:
1075:. Retrieved
1066:
1056:
1026:. Retrieved
998:
992:
975:
969:
957:. Retrieved
948:
939:
927:. Retrieved
918:
909:
897:. Retrieved
888:
878:
848:(1): 33–52.
845:
841:
835:
824:
812:. Retrieved
798:
786:. Retrieved
777:
767:
755:. Retrieved
746:
736:
706:. Retrieved
678:
672:
660:. Retrieved
651:
567:
560:
547:Riad Salameh
536:
524:
510:
490:Saudi Arabia
487:
483:
479:
471:
450:
442:
422:
406:
387:
363:
348:
345:Consequences
339:money supply
336:
328:
316:
312:black market
305:
301:
279:
259:the diaspora
248:
217:
141:
137:Donald Trump
125:central bank
92:
90:
76:
66:October 2023
63:
47:
45:lead section
3910:(2017–2018)
3895:(2016–2022)
3851:(2014–2022)
3611:(2007–2009)
3576:(2003–2008)
3525:(2000–2004)
3474:(1994–1996)
3452:(1992–1994)
3437:(1991–2000)
3401:(1990–1992)
3393:(1990–1992)
3363:(1986–1995)
3326:(1982–1994)
3316:(1982–2007)
3298:(1980–1982)
3276:(1975–1982)
3268:(1973–1982)
3239:(1973–1980)
3229:(1973–1982)
3200:(1945–1973)
3165:(1921–1923)
3157:(1917–1924)
3147:(1918–1939)
3069:(1890–1893)
3022:(1870–1914)
2964:(1845–1856)
2924:(1815–1816)
2873:(1769–1784)
2856:(1760–1840)
2819:(1621–1623)
2801:(1544–1551)
2783:(1000–1760)
2682:Flash crash
2652:Debt crisis
2388:12 November
2046:28 December
1988:26 November
1346:22 November
1315:22 November
1254:22 November
1224:22 November
1176:22 November
1130:22 November
1077:22 November
1028:22 November
959:22 November
929:22 November
899:22 November
708:22 November
662:22 November
527:folk heroes
366:Hassan Diab
355:Saad Hariri
275:public debt
255:remittances
236:devaluation
83:Bundles of
4066:Categories
2703:Accounting
2410:Al Jazeera
2383:Qantara.de
2356:Al Jazeera
2203:menafn.com
2157:1 February
2076:6 December
2019:14 October
1957:14 October
1824:Al Arabiya
1284:5 November
1067:BLOMINVEST
984:1924179279
978:(Thesis).
778:Al Jazeera
631:References
543:Ghada Aoun
504:, and the
453:World Bank
418:junk rated
187:Background
181:recessions
99:affecting
3961:Recession
2954:1840–1870
2416:9 October
2362:2 October
2285:31 August
2260:31 August
2234:31 August
2208:31 August
2183:31 August
2177:Arab News
1926:12 August
1866:14 August
1741:4 October
1366:Lira Rate
1186:cite book
1166:975026645
1038:cite book
1018:975026645
870:153323726
814:14 August
718:cite book
698:975026645
438:fava bean
426:inflation
390:Bank Audi
287:Eurobonds
265:and high
228:US dollar
152:inflation
50:summarize
2617:Bank run
2556:BBC News
2530:Archived
2500:Archived
2470:Archived
2440:Archived
2125:Archived
2070:Archived
2066:BBC News
2040:Archived
2013:Archived
1982:Archived
1951:Archived
1920:Archived
1890:Archived
1860:Archived
1829:Archived
1797:Archived
1766:Archived
1735:Archived
1686:29 April
1680:Archived
1655:29 April
1649:Archived
1584:Archived
1554:Archived
1524:Archived
1494:Archived
1470:29 April
1464:Archived
1426:Archived
1396:Archived
1370:Archived
1340:Archived
1309:Archived
1278:Archived
1248:Archived
1218:Archived
1170:Archived
1124:Archived
1100:Archived
1071:Archived
1022:Archived
980:ProQuest
953:Archived
923:Archived
893:Archived
808:Archived
782:Archived
751:Archived
702:Archived
656:Archived
577:See also
539:subpoena
474:BBC News
466:blackout
446:Solidere
172:deposits
148:devalued
144:currency
111:and the
2717:Funding
2710:Capital
2562:3 April
2536:22 June
2506:22 June
2476:22 June
2446:22 June
2336:13 July
2311:13 July
2151:Reuters
1916:Reuters
1835:7 April
1803:19 July
1772:19 July
1590:23 June
1530:13 June
862:4284209
434:poverty
416:became
370:default
238:of the
226:to the
168:cholera
101:Lebanon
3887:(2016)
3533:(2001)
3517:(1999)
3334:(1982)
3173:(1927)
3120:(1910)
3091:(1894)
3061:(1890)
3053:(1886)
3009:(1869)
2843:(1720)
2835:(1720)
2827:(1637)
2724:Market
2101:6 June
1896:4 June
1711:6 June
1164:
1154:
1016:
1006:
982:
945:"Home"
868:
860:
788:29 May
757:29 May
696:
686:
545:after
500:, the
498:Turkey
494:Kuwait
402:
398:
394:
382:
378:
224:pegged
1620:2 May
1560:2 May
1500:2 May
1432:8 May
1402:2 May
1376:2 May
866:S2CID
858:JSTOR
291:US$ 2
257:from
176:banks
3654:2009
2759:1000
2757:Pre-
2564:2023
2538:2022
2508:2022
2478:2022
2448:2022
2418:2023
2390:2023
2364:2023
2338:2024
2331:Wise
2313:2024
2287:2023
2262:2023
2236:2023
2210:2023
2185:2023
2159:2023
2133:2022
2103:2024
2078:2021
2048:2021
2021:2021
1990:2021
1959:2021
1928:2021
1898:2021
1868:2022
1837:2021
1805:2020
1774:2020
1743:2020
1713:2024
1688:2020
1657:2020
1622:2020
1592:2020
1562:2020
1532:2020
1502:2020
1472:2020
1434:2021
1404:2020
1378:2020
1348:2021
1317:2021
1286:2022
1256:2021
1226:2021
1196:link
1192:link
1178:2021
1162:OCLC
1152:ISBN
1132:2021
1079:2021
1048:link
1044:link
1030:2021
1014:OCLC
1004:ISBN
961:2021
931:2021
901:2021
816:2024
790:2022
759:2022
728:link
724:link
710:2021
694:OCLC
684:ISBN
664:2021
407:The
249:The
222:was
146:was
142:The
131:and
91:The
2466:VOA
2009:NPR
850:doi
554:by
207:to
205:USD
4068::
2554:.
2524:.
2494:.
2464:.
2434:.
2407:.
2381:.
2354:.
2329:.
2304:.
2278:.
2252:.
2226:.
2201:.
2175:.
2149:.
2123:.
2119:.
2094:.
2068:.
2064:.
2038:.
2011:.
2007:.
1980:.
1976:.
1949:.
1945:.
1914:.
1884:.
1858:.
1854:.
1821:.
1795:.
1791:.
1764:.
1760:.
1733:.
1729:.
1704:.
1678:.
1674:.
1643:.
1630:^
1608:.
1582:.
1578:.
1552:.
1548:.
1522:.
1518:.
1492:.
1488:.
1462:.
1458:.
1442:^
1424:.
1420:.
1394:.
1368:.
1364:.
1338:.
1334:.
1307:.
1303:.
1272:.
1242:.
1216:.
1212:.
1188:}}
1184:{{
1168:.
1160:.
1122:.
1118:.
1069:.
1065:.
1040:}}
1036:{{
1020:.
1012:.
951:.
947:.
921:.
917:.
891:.
887:.
864:.
856:.
846:38
844:.
780:.
776:.
749:.
745:.
720:}}
716:{{
700:.
692:.
650:.
639:^
565:.
508:.
496:,
492:,
420:.
277:.
139:.
3310:/
2597:e
2590:t
2583:v
2566:.
2540:.
2510:.
2480:.
2450:.
2420:.
2392:.
2366:.
2340:.
2315:.
2289:.
2264:.
2238:.
2212:.
2187:.
2161:.
2135:.
2105:.
2080:.
2050:.
2023:.
1992:.
1961:.
1930:.
1900:.
1870:.
1839:.
1807:.
1776:.
1745:.
1715:.
1690:.
1659:.
1624:.
1594:.
1564:.
1534:.
1504:.
1474:.
1436:.
1406:.
1380:.
1350:.
1319:.
1288:.
1258:.
1228:.
1198:)
1180:.
1134:.
1081:.
1050:)
1032:.
986:.
963:.
933:.
903:.
872:.
852::
818:.
792:.
761:.
730:)
712:.
666:.
68:)
64:(
54:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
