1048:, 2011 ONSC 7476 (CanLII) in a 74 paragraph order pondered if Legal Aid Ontario provided the Applicant in the matter with "wings" so "she do whatever she wants in court, without ever worrying about fees – hers or anyone else's?" (para 4). In addition, his Honour observed paragraph 60 that the litigant "conducted herself as if her Legal Aid certificate amounted to a blank cheque – unlimited resources which most unrepresented Respondents would be hard-pressed to match." Finally, in paragraph 60 of the order his Honour explicitly stated "Encouraging settlement and discouraging inappropriate behaviour by litigants is important in all litigation – but particularly in family law, and most particularly in custody cases. No litigant should perceive they have "wings" – the ability to say or do anything they want in court, without consequences."
1055:, 2017 ONSC 1609 (CanLII) again criticized the misuse of Legal Aid Funds by Family Law litigants. In the first paragraph of the order, the Honourable Mr. Justice Pazaratz states that "The next time anyone at Legal Aid Ontario tells you they're short of money, don’t believe it. It can't possibly be true. Not if they're funding cases like this." The Honourable Mr. Justice Pazaratz again in paragraph 31, frustrated by the wasteful use of taxpayer money and frustration with counsel stated: "To add motivation, I explained that if they didn't come to their senses I would formally request that the Area Director of Legal Aid Ontario attend before me to justify the obscene expenditure of tax money on a simple case with such an obvious solution." Both the matters of
289:
insufficient. Those that qualify for representation are given a "certificate" which can be used as a voucher to hire a lawyer of their choosing who accepts legal aid clients. Lawyers who accept these legal aid certificates are paid directly through Legal Aid
Ontario in accordance with a rate that is designed to reflect the fees that would be typically paid by a client of modest means. In some cases, clients may have to repay Legal Aid Ontario some or all of the cost of their representation, depending on their income.
1041:. While recent efforts by the province are being made to narrow the gap, the first time since 1996, it has been calculated that "legal aid financial eligibility guidelines are approximately half the unofficial poverty line in Ontario as calculated by Statistics Canada's Low Income Measure". To rectify this, Legal Aid Ontario has committed to increasing the financial eligibility threshold by six per cent each year, starting in April 2017 until it falls in line with the low-income cut-off.
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27:
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low-income clients with so-called ‘poverty law’ matters, that being legal matters dealing with public assistance, tenant issues and welfare rights. The creation of the community legal clinic system sought to alleviate this problem by providing low-income
Ontarians with dedicated resources to help them resolve these matters. A few years later, these developments would be incorporated into the 1978 study,
1089:
467:(LSUC). Legal help was to be provided through two methods: in-court duty counsel lawyers and the certificate program where recipients would be given a "voucher" that could be used to hire a lawyer to represent them for a certain number of hours. Legal services were limited to criminal matters where the accused faced a serious risk of going to jail and family matters heard in the
487:, the province responded by freezing funding and reducing the legal aid certificate program by $ 27.5 million. This cap resulted in a steep decline of certificates granted; more than 150,000 fewer were issued from 1994 to 1999. Emphasis began to shift towards more cost-effective services such as staff lawyers, duty counsel and Student Legal Aid Services Societies.
520:
unexpected and unprecedented increased in demand for legal help, far beyond what Legal Aid
Ontario anticipated. As a measure to control spiraling costs, LAO halted the implementation of some of the newly expanded services until it matches available funding, froze staff salaries and maintained the current level of legal clinics funding for 2017/18.
519:
placed additional financial pressures on the organization. To address some of these issues, the
Government of Ontario committed in 2014 to raising the eligibility thresholds to "allow over one million more people to qualify for legal aid services". This increase however also had the consequence of an
1033:
for mishandling of funds in the legal defence of
Richard Wills. The report, A Test of Wills, explains: "Legal Aid Ontario had estimated that Mr. Wills' defence would cost $ 50,000. When it was done, it, in fact, cost more than a million dollars". Wills, considered a person of means to fund his own
505:
which outlined the creation of an independent agency called Legal Aid
Ontario (LAO). The Act defined LAO as independent from, but accountable to, the Ontario government through the Ministry of the Attorney General. LAO would become the sole agency for establishing, administering, and monitoring the
474:
Concerns were raised that this model of legal assistance did not provide individuals with sufficient representation, arguing that the legal issues of low-income clients were considerably different than of a paying customer. Part of this problem was due to a lack of lawyers interested in supporting
482:
Over the next decade as OLAP grew and the organization expanded the number of legal clinics, operation costs began to increase substantially. By the early 1990s and at the peak of the recession, OLAP was issuing more than 200,000 certificates a year and covering a broad range of criminal, family,
441:
operate out of
Ontario's seven law schools and provide legal advice and representation on matters such as criminal law, tenant issues, employee rights and small claims court. These legal clinics offer law students practical training and experience under the supervision of lawyers. SLASS clinics
509:
In recent years and in response to economic, client, and government pressures to improve service and reduce costs, LAO has begun adopting modern approaches to service delivery. Some of these changes have included the consolidation of offices across the province into nine district offices, the
288:
LAO maintains a second eligibility criterion for when an applicant requires a lawyer to represent them. This criterion is typically reserved for only the most serious of cases where providing legal help solely by other means such as duty counsel, summary legal advice or self-help would be
532:
and the Law
Foundation of Ontario (LFO). The LFO administers the interest earned on lawyers' trust fund balances and Legal Aid Ontario receives 75 per cent of this income, resulting in revenue levels highly dependent on the Bank of Canada overnight rate and real estate activity levels.
506:
legal aid system within the province, and was granted the ability to "provide legal aid services by any method that it considers appropriate, having regard to the needs of low-income individuals… and the costs of providing such services and the
Corporation’s financial resources."
216:
The organization provides help with domestic violence, family law, child custody, refugee and immigration hearings, and poverty law issues. LAO also provides assistance in criminal cases where the accused is likely to go to jail if convicted. As many offences are considered
1034:
defence, was charged with the murder of his longtime lover. In the months preceding his trial, he had transferred his assets into his wife's name. Subsequently, he applied to Legal Aid
Ontario where he was effectively provided with a "no check/blank cheque" defence.
514:
for social assistance eligibility information, and the expansion of courthouse services. While the province has assisted with increased investment over the last few years, a major decline in funding from the Law Foundation of Ontario trust accounts due to the
434:
focus on specific areas of law not normally covered by the community legal clinics. These legal clinics help with issues such as minority and specialty language group rights, youth and elderly assistance, individuals with disabilities and HIV & AIDS
232:
LAO determines eligibility for legal aid based on the applicant's financial situation and if LAO can provide help with the legal issue. To qualify financially, an individual must make less than the amount in the table below for their family size.
928:
The Federal government of Canada provides a portion of funding to contribute to criminal, immigration and refugee law and Youth Criminal Justice Act matters as well as other expenditures that fall under the Federal government's jurisdiction.
897:
A change in reporting was made in 2011 that saw the creation of a "miscellaneous income category" and the renameing of "judgements, costs and settlements" to "client and other recoveries" and "investment and other income" to "investment
483:
refugee, and other civil claims. At the same time, the number of community legal clinics had almost doubled from 35 a decade earlier to 66, with costs jumping from $ 3.3 million to $ 22.1 million annually. Faced with a
1291:
Levy H.J.. "In Effective Utilization of Private Lawyers in Indigent Defense: The Ontario Approach" in William F McDonald (ed) Defense Counsel. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications Inc, 1983. 171–193.
197:
and successor to the Ontario Legal Aid Plan (OLAP), Legal Aid Ontario provides legal aid services to low-income individuals in the province of Ontario through duty counsel, community legal clinics,
1044:
There has also been a growing concern from the Superior Court on how Legal Aid Ontario is funding Family Law cases. On December 16, 2011, the Honourable Mr. Justice Pazaratz in the matter of
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provide legal help within a specific geographic area of the province. The services they offer can vary from one to another, depending on the needs of the local community.
1702:
1522:
1370:
Ministry of the Attorney General / Ministère du Procureur général. Accessed July 2, 2010. Table 2.1: Total Number of Certificates Issued and Annual Cost of Plan
455:, outlining the creation of a plan to assist low-income people and a small fund to cover its operation. However, lawyers who provided assistance did so entirely
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and the undertaking of law reform initiatives. Many legal clinics also publish brochures, booklets, pamphlets and fact sheets for the benefit of the public.
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1479:
1312:
Abramowicz, Lenny. "The Critical Characteristics of Community Legal Aid Clinics in Ontario." Journal of Law and Social Policy 19 (2004): 70.
1358:
Grange, Hon. S.G.M. Ontario, Commission on Clinical Funding, Report of the Commission on Clinical Funding. Toronto: The Commission, 1978.
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There has been growing concern that Legal Aid Ontario's financial eligibility criteria lags behind not only other provinces but also the
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which ultimately played a significant role in the formation of the Ontario Legal Aid Plan (OLAP), the precursor to Legal Aid Ontario.
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typically provide free legal assistance for students enrolled at the university and in some cases, students attending a local college.
402:
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and community legal clinics, the organization provides more than one million assists to low-income Ontario residents each year.
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1455:"Giving More Ontarians Access to Affordable Legal Services: Province Doubling Number of People Eligible for Legal Aid."
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throughout the province. These legal clinics provide advice, and in some cases representation, primarily for
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The Toronto Star. "Hampton set to crack down on legal aid." Toronto Star, June 9, 1992, sec. News
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was passed, dividing responsibility of operating the legal aid plan between the province and the
226:
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The Honourable Mr. Justice Pazaratz further raised concerns on March 13, 2017, in the matter of
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There are three types of legal clinics in Ontario, each providing different types of services:
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1445:
The Law Foundation of Ontario / La Fondation du droit de l’Ontario. Accessed January 6, 2017.
911:
1390:"A Blueprint for Publicly Funded Legal Services: the Report of the Ontario Legal Aid Review"
1523:"Ontario’s financial eligibility standard for legal aid: falling behind the rest of Canada"
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A Blueprint for Publicly Funded Legal Services: the Report of the Ontario Legal Aid Review
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Tenant protection (landlord and tenant issues, including referral to tenant duty counsel)
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1220:"Am I eligible for a legal aid certificate: Contribution agreements - Legal Aid Ontario"
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Province of Ontario funding includes the Federal Government contributions listed below.
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1063:, 2017 ONSC 1609 (CanLII) have received extensive and critical coverage in the media.
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1535:"Legal Aid Ontario facing $ 26M deficit, scaling back services for criminal matters"
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Legal Aid Ontario blog / Blogue d'aide juridique Ontario. Accessed January 7. 2017.
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Funding for Legal Aid Ontario comes primarily from the Province of Ontario, the
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In February 2008, the organization was criticized in an 87-page report by the
178:
1513:
Government of Ontario / Gouvernement de l'Ontario. Accessed January 6, 2017.
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Government of Ontario / Gouvernement de l'Ontario. Accessed January 6, 2017.
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Power of Attorney, wills or estates (at a limited number of legal clinics)
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Legal clinics also play a large role in the provision of workshops and
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1467:"Legal Aid Ontario president says he’s not worried if agency audited"
1324:"Celebrating a quarter century of community legal clinics in Ontario"
1270:
Legal Aid Ontario / Aide Juridique Ontario. Accessed January 7, 2017.
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Legal Aid Ontario / Aide Juridique Ontario. Accessed January 7, 2017.
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Legal Aid Ontario / Aide Juridique Ontario. Accessed January 7, 2017.
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Legal Aid Ontario / Aide Juridique Ontario. Accessed January 7, 2017.
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Legal Aid Ontario / Aide Juridique Ontario. Accessed January 9, 2017.
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1187:
Legal Aid Ontario 2015/16 Annual Report. Accessed October 30, 2017
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development of a toll-free service, information sharing with the
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In 1998 and in response to the growing need for legal aid, the
1631:
229:, legal aid applicants are assessed on a case-by-case basis.
1511:"Ontario Raising Legal Aid Eligibility Threshold Another 6%"
1368:"Chapter 2: Development of the Legal Aid System in Ontario."
1333:. Vol. 35, no. 3. pp. 425–430. Archived from
221:, that being the courts may decide to prosecute as either a
1667:
Ontario Ministry of the Attorney General: Legal Aid Ontario
1547:
1268:"Student Legal Aid Services Societies | Legal Aid Ontario"
209:, self-help materials and legal representation under the '
1648:
1232:"Fact sheet: Community legal clinics | Legal Aid Ontario"
715:
Judgements, costs & settlements and other recoveries
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and without being paid for their services. By 1967, the
146:
1613:
Sometimes Legal Aid Is the Problem, Not the Solution
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Hamilton judge skewers legal aid system in decision
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1639:Association of Community Legal Clinics of Ontario
1301:Attorney General / Ministère du Procureur général
497:government, on recommendation by the 1997 report
401:insurance claims for long-term benefits, such as
161:) is a publicly funded and publicly accountable
451:In 1951, the provincial government passed the
1256:"Specialty Legal Clinics | Legal Aid Ontario"
1244:"Community Legal Clinics | Legal Aid Ontario"
377:Legal Aid Ontario helps fund a network of 76
360:
358:
8:
1469:The Toronto Star. Accessed January 10, 2017.
477:Report of the Commission on Clinical Funding
439:Student Legal Aid Services Societies (SLASS)
365:"Am I eligible for a legal aid certificate?"
19:
1718:Ontario government departments and agencies
1281:Law Society Amendment Act, 1951, S.O., 1951
512:Ministry of Community & Social Services
1597:Better Alternatives to Legal Aid Increases
1196:Legal Aid Ontario. Accessed June 6, 2017.
535:
16:Canadian provincial legal aid organization
1487:, Ombudsman Ontario, 2008, archived from
1210:, S.O. 1998, c.26. Accessed July 29, 2010
177:and multiple in-person locations such as
1644:Community Legal Education Ontario (CLEO)
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1703:Government agencies established in 1998
1537:Toronto Star. Accessed January 8, 2017.
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517:financial situation in the late 2000s
7:
165:, responsible for administering the
403:Ontario Disability Support Program
14:
1565:Abdulaali v Salih, 2017 ONSC 1609
1549:Izyuk v. Bilousov, 2011 ONSC 7476
979:Federal government contributions
469:Ontario Superior Court of Justice
1443:"Funding for Legal Aid Ontario."
1161:Ministry of the Attorney General
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1101:
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912:Legal Aid Ontario annual reports
193:Established in 1998 through the
25:
453:Law Society Amendment Act, 1951
447:History of legal aid in Ontario
1708:Organizations based in Toronto
1698:1998 establishments in Ontario
1059:, 2011 ONSC 7476 (CanLII) and
207:alternative dispute resolution
125:David Field, President and CEO
1:
53:Ontario Legal Aid Plan (OLAP)
1660:Legal Aid Services Act, 1998
935:Contributions ($ millions)
398:Employment Insurance appeals
137:Ministry of Attorney General
1649:Law Society of Upper Canada
1146:Law Society of Upper Canada
465:Law Society of Upper Canada
169:program in the province of
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627:Law Foundation of Ontario
298:Income must be lower than
242:Income must be lower than
1683:at Service Ontario e-Laws
1681:Ontario Regulation 107/99
1675:at Service Ontario e-Laws
1673:Ontario Regulation 106/99
1662:at Service Ontario e-Laws
1322:McMurtry, R. Roy (1997).
1303:. Accessed July 2, 2010.
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1584:, The Toronto Star, 2017
1394:Ontario Legal Aid Review
1331:Osgoode Hall Law Journal
495:Progressive Conservative
1654:Lawyer referral service
1600:, CanLII Connects, 2017
1151:Lawyer referral service
432:Specialty legal clinics
426:Community legal clinics
20:Legal Aid Ontario (LAO)
1430:Legal Aid Services Act
1416:Legal Aid Services Act
1207:Legal Aid Services Act
539:Revenue ($ millions)
503:Legal Aid Services Act
199:public legal education
195:Legal Aid Services Act
163:non-profit corporation
1141:Government of Ontario
803:Miscellaneous income
671:Client contributions
147:http://legalaid.on.ca
583:Province of Ontario
530:Government of Canada
416:information sessions
385:on matters such as:
203:summary legal advice
189:Legal help available
173:, Canada. Through a
393:Canada Pension Plan
64:Legal aid provision
21:
1039:low-income cut-off
759:Investment income
227:indictable offence
1061:Abdulaali v Salih
1057:Izyuk v. Bilousov
1053:Abdulaali v Salih
1046:Izyuk v. Bilousov
1031:Ontario Ombudsman
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383:civil law matters
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1109:Canada portal
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461:Legal Aid Act
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379:legal clinics
373:Legal clinics
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1616:, Slaw, 2017
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1496:, retrieved
1489:the original
1480:
1474:
1462:
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1398:. Retrieved
1393:
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1342:. Retrieved
1335:the original
1330:
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1136:Duty counsel
1131:Canadian law
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927:
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183:duty counsel
158:
154:
153:
79:Headquarters
69:Jurisdiction
492:Mike Harris
1692:Categories
1498:2010-10-25
1174:References
1081:Law portal
179:courthouse
110:$ 432.6 m
1713:Legal aid
1156:Legal aid
1025:Criticism
485:recession
348:$ 10,352
338:$ 42,874
330:$ 38,026
322:$ 33,102
314:$ 28,406
306:$ 15,781
282:$ 50,803
274:$ 45,440
266:$ 39,137
258:$ 32,131
250:$ 22,720
213:' model.
181:offices,
167:legal aid
99:Employees
1432:, s.14.1
1067:See also
898:income".
879:$ 432.6
876:$ 404.2
873:$ 388.0
870:$ 383.4
867:$ 371.7
864:$ 353.6
861:$ 344.1
858:$ 336.9
855:$ 362.6
852:$ 339.7
849:$ 293.1
846:$ 289.3
843:$ 299.6
622:$ 395.3
619:$ 363.1
616:$ 350.2
613:$ 347.5
610:$ 335.7
607:$ 320.8
604:$ 315.4
601:$ 285.8
598:$ 283.9
595:$ 269.1
592:$ 260.5
589:$ 254.8
586:$ 256.1
457:pro-bono
435:matters.
211:judicare
102:501–1000
1400:July 6,
1344:June 9,
1018:$ 50.9
1015:$ 50.7
1012:$ 51.1
1009:$ 51.1
1006:$ 53.8
1003:$ 53.1
1000:$ 53.3
997:$ 50.1
994:$ 50.4
991:$ 50.7
988:$ 50.7
985:$ 50.6
982:$ 50.6
835:$ 0.97
832:$ 0.63
829:$ 0.66
826:$ 0.59
823:$ 0.73
820:$ 0.46
798:$ 0.39
795:$ 0.60
792:$ 0.41
789:$ 0.25
786:$ 0.33
783:$ 0.27
754:$ 0.81
751:$ 0.76
745:$ 0.68
742:$ 0.36
739:$ 0.52
736:$ 0.26
733:$ 0.30
730:$ 0.28
727:$ 0.41
724:$ 0.28
710:$ 10.0
704:$ 10.0
701:$ 12.1
698:$ 15.4
695:$ 18.1
692:$ 21.9
689:$ 21.5
686:$ 18.9
683:$ 17.3
680:$ 15.7
677:$ 15.2
674:$ 13.1
666:$ 25.2
663:$ 29.2
660:$ 25.6
657:$ 22.3
654:$ 19.1
651:$ 13.4
645:$ 26.2
642:$ 56.4
639:$ 51.5
636:$ 30.7
633:$ 18.6
630:$ 24.2
524:Funding
223:summary
171:Ontario
143:Website
114:(2016).
93:Ontario
89:Toronto
73:Ontario
1396:. 1997
840:Total
780:$ 1.7
777:$ 3.1
774:$ 3.1
771:$ 1.4
768:$ 2.1
765:$ 3.0
762:$ 4.6
748:$ 1.1
721:$ 1.5
718:$ 1.7
707:$ 9.9
648:$ 4.8
219:hybrid
39:Formed
1492:(PDF)
1485:(PDF)
1418:, s.3
1338:(PDF)
1327:(PDF)
974:2016
971:2015
968:2014
965:2013
962:2012
959:2011
956:2010
953:2009
950:2008
947:2007
944:2006
941:2005
938:2004
578:2016
575:2015
572:2014
569:2013
566:2012
563:2011
560:2010
557:2009
554:2008
551:2007
548:2006
545:2005
542:2004
1402:2010
1346:2010
1279:The
86:West
61:Type
42:1998
225:or
159:LAO
112:CAN
82:40
1694::
1392:.
1329:.
888:^
471:.
357:^
335:5+
279:5+
205:,
201:,
91:,
1404:.
1348:.
327:4
319:3
311:2
303:1
271:4
263:3
255:2
247:1
157:(
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