Legitimacy (family law) - Knowledge (XXG)

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humorous relationships in familiar situations come also... from his illegitimacy. He was not limited to established or 'legitimate' solutions or ways of doing things, and thus his mind was open to a wider range of possibilities and opportunities. Lawrence's illegitimacy had important social consequences and placed limitations upon him, which rankled him deeply... At times he felt socially isolated when erstwhile friends shunned him upon learning of his background. Lawrence's delight in making fun of regular officers and other segments of 'regular' society... derived... at least in part from his inner view of his own irregular situation. His fickleness about names for himself is directly related... to his view of his parents and to his identification with them ."

959: 967: 1720: 1859: 1648: 888: 1423: 54: 1787: 1324:. Later in the 20th century, the social changes of the 1960s and 1970s started to reverse this trend, with an increase in cohabitation and alternative family formation. Elsewhere in Europe and Latin America, the increase in nonmarital births from the late 20th century on has been linked to secularization, enhanced women's rights and standing in society, and the fall of authoritarian dictatorships. 1390:, though these concepts have not been accepted by all cultures. Under the notions of reproductive and sexual rights, individuals—not the state, church, community, etc.—shall decide whether and when individuals shall have children, their number and spacing, the circumstances under which individuals will or will not be sexually active, and their choice of intimate partners and type of relationship. 1009:; that of 4.3 million children, 1.7 million were born to unmarried parents, a 25 percent increase from 2002. Most births to teenagers in the United States (86% in 2007) are nonmarital; in 2007, 60% of births to women 20–24, and nearly one-third of births to women 25–29, were nonmarital. In 2007, teenagers accounted for just 23% of non-marital births, down steeply from 50% in 1970. 1438: 1750: 736:

children conceived when their parents were not free to marry, but this was repealed in 2006 by the amendment of section 1 of the Law Reform (Parent and Child) (Scotland) Act 1986 (as amended in 2006) which abolished the status of illegitimacy stating that "(1) No person whose status is governed by Scots law shall be illegitimate ...".

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conflicts, by a deep sense of failure. Having been deceived as a child he was later to feel that he himself was a deceiver—that he had deceived the Arabs..." "Mrs. Lawrence's original hope that her sons would provide her personal redemption by becoming Christian missionaries was fulfilled only by Robert."

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practiced restrictive and natalist policies regarding family reproduction, such as total bans on contraception and abortion, and birth rates were tightly controlled by the state. After the dissolution of those regimes, the population was given more choices on how to organize their personal lives, and

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and could not be legitimized by the subsequent marriage of father to mother. There was one exception: when his father subsequently married his mother, and an older illegitimate son (a "bastard eignè") took possession of his father's lands after his death, he would pass the land on to his own heirs on

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is that the traditionally strong social control of the church and the Catholic doctrine over people's private relations and sexual morality has led the population to rebel against traditional and conservative social values; since 1995 the majority of births in this province are outside marriage, and

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Covert illegitimacy is a situation which arises when someone who is presumed to be a child's father (or mother) is in fact not the biological father (or mother). Frequencies as high as 30% are sometimes assumed in the media, but research by sociologist Michael Gilding traced these overestimates back

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has the highest rates of non-marital childbearing in the world (55–74% of all children in this region are born to unmarried parents). In most countries in this traditionally Catholic region, children born outside marriage are now the norm. Recent figures from Latin America show non-marital births to

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The proportion of children born outside marriage has been rising since the turn of the 21st century in most European Union countries, North America, and Australia. In Europe, besides the low levels of fertility rates and the delay of motherhood, another factor that now characterizes fertility is the

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and baronetcy titles. In Scotland children legitimated by the subsequent marriage of their parents have always been entitled to succeed to peerages and baronetcies and the Legitimation (Scotland) Act 1968 extended this right to children conceived when their parents were not free to marry. The Family

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married couples, becoming more common and more socially acceptable. Contributions to these societal changes have been made by the weakening of social and legal norms that regulate peoples' personal lives and relations, especially in regard to marriage, secularization and decreased church control of

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were born to unmarried mothers, a significant increase from the 5% of half a century earlier. That includes 73% of non-Hispanic black children, 53% of Hispanic children (of all races), and 29% of non-Hispanic white children. In 2020, the proportion was almost similar, with 40.5% of children born in

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The percentage of first-born children born out of wedlock is considerably higher (by roughly 10%, for the EU), as marriage often takes place after the first baby has arrived. For example, for the Czech Republic, whereas the total nonmarital births are less than half, 47.7%, (third quarter of 2015)

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In some countries, the family law itself explicitly states that there must be equality between the children born outside and inside marriage: in Bulgaria, for example, the new 2009 Family Code lists "equality of the born during the matrimony, out of matrimony and of the adopted children" as one of

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In 2014, 42% of all births in the 28 EU countries were nonmarital. The percentage was also 42% in 2018. In 2018, births outside of marriage represented the majority of births in eight EU member states: France (60%), Bulgaria (59%), Slovenia (58%), Portugal (56%), Sweden (55%), Denmark and Estonia

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an illegitimate child, a "natural son" or "natural daughter", would be legitimated by the subsequent marriage of his parents, provided they had been free to marry at the date of the conception. The Legitimation (Scotland) Act 1968 extended legitimation by the subsequent marriage of the parents to

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In our ecclesiastical region there are priests who don't baptise the children of single mothers because they weren't conceived in the sanctity of marriage. These are today's hypocrites. Those who clericalise the church. Those who separate the people of God from salvation. And this poor girl who,

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Mack elaborates further: "Part of his creativity and originality lies in his 'irregularity,' in his capacity to remain outside conventional ways of thinking, a tendency which... derives, at least in part, from his illegitimacy. Lawrence's capacity for invention and his ability to see unusual or

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The detection of unsuspected illegitimacy can occur in the context of medical genetic screening, in genetic family name research, and in immigration testing. Such studies show that covert illegitimacy is in fact less than 10% among the sampled African populations, less than 5% among the sampled

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While births outside marriage are considered acceptable in many world regions, in some parts of the world they remain highly stigmatized. Women who have given birth under such circumstances are often subjected to violence at the hands of their families; and may even become victims of so-called

884:. In the UK, the policy was changed so that children born after 1 July 2006 could receive British citizenship from their father if their parents were unmarried at the time of the child's birth; illegitimate children born before this date cannot receive British citizenship through their father. 1778:

her fallen state by his own special achievements, by being a person of unusual value who accomplishes great deeds, preferably religious and ideally on an heroic scale. Lawrence did his best to fulfill heroic deeds. But he was plagued, especially after the events of the war activated his inner

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with a non-religious majority. Significantly more children are born out of wedlock in eastern Germany than in western Germany. In 2012, in eastern Germany 61.6% of births were to unmarried women, while in western Germany only 28.4% were. In the UK, in 2014, 59.4% of births were non-marital in

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C. 3), it was ordered that bastards should be supported by their putative fathers, though bastardy orders in the quarter sessions date from before this date. If the genitor could be found, then he was put under very great pressure to accept responsibility and to maintain the child."

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as of 2015, in Quebec, 63% of children were born to unmarried women. The past few decades have seen decreased marriage rates in most Western countries, and this decrease has been accompanied by increased emergence of non-traditional family forms. Average marriage rates across

673:(1235) stated, regarding illegitimacy: "He is a bastard that is born before the marriage of his parents." This definition also applied to situations when a child's parents could not marry, as when one or both were already married or when the relationship was incestuous. 3387: 874:(nationality by citizenship of a parent) to children born out of wedlock, particularly in cases where the child's connection to the country lies only through the father. This is true, for example, of the United States, and its constitutionality was upheld in 2001 by the 1397:) was traditionally very strong, the social changes of the 1960s and 1970s have led to a negative reaction of the population against the lifestyles promoted by the church. One of the explanations of the current high rates of unmarried cohabitation in 847:

came into force in 1978. Countries which ratify it must ensure that children born outside marriage are provided with legal rights as stipulated in the text of this convention. The convention was ratified by the UK in 1981 and by Ireland in 1988.

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The prevalence of births to unmarried women varies not only between different countries, but also between different geographical areas of the same country: for example, in Germany, there are very strong differences between the regions of former

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has been considered important in a wide range of eras and cultures, especially when inheritance and citizenship were at stake, making the tracking of a man's estate and genealogy a central part of what defined a "legitimate" birth. The ancient

1024:) correlates with the proportion of non-marital births (e.g., Greece, Cyprus, Croatia have a low percentage of births outside marriage), but this is not always the case: Portugal (56% in 2018) is among the most religious countries in Europe. 2706: 851:

In later years, the inheritance rights of many illegitimate children have improved, and changes of laws have allowed them to inherit properties. More recently, the laws of England have been changed to allow illegitimate children to inherit

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that a married woman's child was her husband's child. That presumption could be questioned, though courts generally sided with the presumption, thus expanding the range of the presumption to a "Seven Seas Rule". But it was only with the

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that would every book in the world... e very much saw this as a counterpart to his father's desire to circumnavigate the world.... Hernando was going to build a universal library that would circumnavigate the world of knowledge."

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Some pre-20th-century modern individuals whose unconventional "illegitimate" origins did not prevent them from making (and in some cases helped inspire them to make) notable contributions to humanity's art or learning have included

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However, realizing that such a large collection of books would not be very useful without a way of organizing and distilling them, he employed an army of readers to read every book and distill it down to a short summary, or

990:, this phenomenon has been on the rise in recent years in almost every country; and in eight EU countries, mostly in northern Europe, as well as in Iceland outside of the EU, it already accounts for the majority of births. 824:, legal reforms regarding illegitimacy began in the 1970s, but it was only in the 21st century that the principle of equality was fully upheld (through Act no. 2002-305 of 4 March 2002, removing mention of "illegitimacy" — 4030: 1311:

The rise in illegitimacy noted in Britain throughout the eighteenth century has been associated with the rise of new employment opportunities for women, making them less dependent upon a husband's earnings. However, the

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In contrast, other jurisdictions (particularly western continental European countries) tend to favour social parentage over the biological parentage. Here a man (not necessarily the biological father) may voluntarily

2506:"LOI n° 2009-61 du 16 janvier 2009 ratifiant l'ordonnance n° 2005-759 du 4 juillet 2005 portant réforme de la filiation et modifiant ou abrogeant diverses dispositions relatives à la filiation - Legifrance" 1687:

Some persons born outside of marriage have been driven to excel in their endeavors, for good or ill, by a desire to overcome the social stigma and disadvantage that attached to it. Nora Titone, in her book

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formed the basis of English bastardy law. Its purpose was to punish a bastard child's mother and putative father, and to relieve the parish from the cost of supporting mother and child. "By an act of 1576

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were institutions that existed from the 18th to the late 20th centuries, throughout Europe and North America, where "fallen women", including unmarried mothers, were detained. Photo: Magdalene laundry in

2719: 1763:'s biographer Flora Armitage writes about being born outside of marriage: "The effect on Lawrence of this discovery was profound; it added to the romantic urge for heroic conduct—the dream of the 1872:' adoption due to the nonmarried status of his biological parents influenced his life and career. He confided to close friends that he was driven by the pain he felt about having been put up for 1413:

shows that for many people it is not of great importance their union is a legal marriage or consensual union. This clear changes in value orientations and less social pressure for marriage.

1538:: A legislative act could deprive a child of legitimacy; conversely, a marriage between the previously unmarried parents, usually within a specified time, such as a year, could retroactively 1336:

in regions such as former East Germany, the rate of births outside marriage increased dramatically: as of 2012, 61.6% of births there were outside marriage. Far-right regimes such as those of

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told such a story of "shame": he was reared by his grandparents as the supposed younger brother of his now-deceased biological mother, and has never learned who his biological father was.

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and—while he grew up with a fair amount of power and privilege—due to the circumstances of his birth he never quite gained the prominence his father did. Hernando Columbus' biographer

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his death, as if his possession of the land had been retroactively converted into true ownership. A younger non-bastard brother (a "mulier puisnè") would have no claim to the land.

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Hernando Columbus, eager to emulate in his own way his father and "legitimate" half-brother, invaluable insights are becoming available into the knowledge and thought of the early

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of England and Wales legitimised the birth of a child if the parents subsequently married each other, provided that they had not been married to someone else in the meantime. The

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Nonmarital birth has affected not only the individuals themselves. The stress that such circumstances of birth once regularly visited upon families is illustrated in the case of

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also fell, leading to the democratization and liberalization of society. In Spain and Portugal, important legal changes throughout the 1970s and 1980s included legalization of

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The Catholic Church is also changing its attitude toward unwed mothers and baptism of the children. In criticizing the priests who refused to baptize out-of-wedlock children,

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In many countries there has been a dissociation between marriage and fertility, with the two no longer being closely associated—with births to unmarried couples, as well as

2851: 3757: 3728: 64: 5053: 5018: 1115:). One of the reasons for the lower prevalence of non-marital births in the metropolis is the high number of immigrants from conservative world regions. In Canada, in 2193: 3622: 2400: 909:

had acceded to the throne before her in a similar circumstance: her parents' marriage had been annulled in order to allow her father to marry Elizabeth's mother.

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succeeded to the throne though she was legally held illegitimate as a result of her parents' marriage having been annulled after her birth. Her older half-sister

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Traditionally conservative Catholic countries in the EU now also have substantial proportions of non-marital births, as of 2016 (except where otherwise stated):

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Martin, Joyce A.; Hamilton, Brady E.; Ventura, Stephanie J.; Osterman, Michelle J.K.; Kirmeyer, Sharon; Mathews, T.J.; Wilson, Elizabeth C. (November 3, 2011).

1807:, followed in his father's footsteps to become the 2nd Admiral of the Indies, 2nd Viceroy of the Indies, and 4th Governor of the Indies. Columbus' second son, 788: 508: 1627:

that did not permit divorce. Their only recourse, often, had been to wait for the death of the earlier spouse(s). Thus Polish political and military leader

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Gilding, M. (2009). "Paternity Uncertainty and Evolutionary Psychology: How a Seemingly Capricious Occurrence Fails to Follow Laws of Greater Generality".

958: 1619:. Before this, the mother and father of many children had been unable to marry each other because one or the other was already legally bound, by civil or 836:

to change several laws that were deemed discriminatory, and in 2013 the Court ruled that these changes must also be applied to children born before 2001.

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Martin, Joyce A.; Hamilton, Brady E.; Sutton, Paul D.; Ventura, Stephanie J.; Mathews, T.J.; Kirmeyer, Sharon; Osterman, Michelle J.K. (August 9, 2010).

3125: 3095: 3065: 3035: 3005: 2975: 2945: 2915: 1331:

regimes in Europe, women's participation in the workforce was actively encouraged by most governments, but socially conservative regimes such as that of

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the child to be identified as the father, thus giving legitimacy to the child; the biological father does not have any special rights in this area. In

1572:, all the states had adopted uniform laws that codified the responsibility of both parents to provide support and care for a child, regardless of the 4269:

King, Turi E.; Jobling, Mark A. (2009), "Founders, Drift, and Infidelity: The Relationship between Y Chromosome Diversity and Patrilineal Surnames",

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Martin, Joyce A.; Hamilton, Brady E.; Sutton, Paul D.; Ventura, Stephanie J.; Menacker, Fay; Kirmeyer, Sharon; Munson, Martha L. (December 5, 2007).

1013:(both 54%), and the Netherlands (52%). The lowest percentage were in Greece, Cyprus, Croatia, Poland and Lithuania, with a percentage of under 30%. 3388:"MPIDR - Spatial aspects of the rise of nonmarital fertility across Europe since 1960: the role of states and regions in shaping patterns of change" 1839:. Soon after Hernando's death in 1539 at age 50, this volume went missing for nearly 500 years—until in 2019 it was serendipitously discovered in a 1161:, in 1971, only 7% of births were outside of marriage, compared to 36% in 2020. The proportion of births outside of marriage was the highest in the 1511:. In the United Kingdom and the United States, as late as the 1960s and in certain social strata even up to today, nonmarital birth has carried a 5275: 3702: 3854: 2505: 3117:

Martin, Joyce A.; Hamilton, Brady E.; Sutton, Paul D.; Ventura, Stephanie J.; Menacker, Fay; Kirmeyer, Sharon; Mathews, T.J. (January 7, 2009).

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Native American and Polynesian populations, less than 2% of the sampled Middle Eastern population, and generally 1%–2% among European samples.

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rather than returning the child to sender, had the courage to carry it into the world, must wander from parish to parish so that it's baptised!

5462: 5445: 5393: 5369: 4807: 4784: 3369: 3339: 3309: 3279: 3249: 3237:

Martin, Joyce A.; Hamilton, Brady E.; Ventura, Stephanie J.; Osterman, Michelle J.K.; Wilson, Elizabeth C.; Mathews, T.J. (August 28, 2012).

3219: 3189: 3159: 3129: 3099: 3069: 3039: 3009: 2979: 2949: 2919: 2893: 2754: 1002: 978: 365: 1889:. These women may also be prosecuted under laws forbidding sexual relations outside marriage and may face consequent punishments, including 556: 3962: 3913: 3177:

Martin, Joyce A.; Hamilton, Brady E.; Sutton, Paul D.; Ventura, Stephanie J.; Mathews, T.J.; Osterman, Michelle J.K. (December 8, 2010).

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e.g. section 1 of the Law Reform (Parent and Child) (Scotland) Act 1986 (as amended in 2006) which abolished the status of illegitimacy.

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says Hernando "always wanted to prove himself his father's son in spirit. o he undertook th extraordinary project building a universal

2107: 1585: 875: 799: 5299: 5261: 5238: 5215: 5192: 5169: 5146: 3057:

Martin, Joyce A.; Hamilton, Brady E.; Sutton, Paul D.; Ventura, Stephanie J.; Menacker, Fay; Kirmeyer, Sharon (September 29, 2006).

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Martin, Joyce A.; Hamilton, Brady E.; Sutton, Paul D.; Ventura, Stephanie J.; Menacker, Fay; Munson, Martha L. (September 8, 2005).

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Martin, Joyce A.; Hamilton, Brady E.; Sutton, Paul D.; Ventura, Stephanie J.; Menacker, Fay; Munson, Martha L. (December 17, 2003).

1678: 98: 2967:

Martin, Joyce A.; Hamilton, Brady E.; Ventura, Stephanie J.; Menacker, Fay; Park, Melissa M.; Sutton, Paul D. (December 18, 2002).

1119:, the majority of births since 1995 onwards have been outside marriage. As of 2015, 63% of births were outside marriage in Quebec. 1719: 966: 3836: 3549: 3373: 3343: 3313: 3283: 3253: 3223: 3193: 3163: 3133: 3103: 3073: 3043: 3013: 2983: 2953: 2923: 2097: 971: 811: 752: 4565:"The reproductive context of cohabitation in comparative perspective: Contraceptive use in the United States, Spain, and France" 5518: 2117: 3934: 3765: 3732: 833: 5332: 5057: 4749: 4426:"Currently cohabiting: relationship expectations and outcomes in the British Household Panel Survey (BHPS): Ernestina Coast" 2652: 2602: 2407: 2197: 3630: 2087: 901:. Some monarchs, however, have succeeded to the throne despite the controversial status of their legitimacy. For example, 438: 2788: 1211:

Even in the early 1990s, the phenomenon was very common in Latin America. For example, in 1993, out-of-wedlock births in

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AB Wilkinson and KMcK Norrie, The Law Relating to Parent and Child in Scotland, W.Green, Edinburgh 2nd Ed 1999 para 1.54

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prescribed that brides be virgins at marriage, and illegitimacy became more socially discouraged, especially during the

1166: 523: 76: 3811: 2259:

The clans of the Highlands of Scotland: an account of their annals, with delineations of their tartans, and family arms

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decisions abolished most, if not all, of the common-law disabilities of non-marital birth, as being violations of the

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argued that the mothers had done the right thing by giving life to the child and should not be shunned by the church:

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Martin, Joyce A.; Hamilton, Brady E.; Ventura, Stephanie J.; Osterman, Michelle J.K.; Mathews, T.J. (June 28, 2013).

2822: 2693: 513: 80: 5503: 4591:

Laplante, Benoît (1 January 2006). "The Rise of Cohabitation in Quebec: Power of Religion and Power over Religion".

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Hamilton, Brady E.; Martin, Joyce A.; Osterman, Michelle J.K.; Curtin, Sally C.; Mathews, T.J. (December 23, 2015).

2430: 1596:. Generally speaking, in the United States, "illegitimate" has been supplanted by the phrase "born out of wedlock." 5341: 5290: 5273:

Carole Rosen (2004), "Lind (married name Lind-Goldschmidt), Jenny (Johanna Maria)", doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/16671, in

5252: 5229: 5206: 5183: 5160: 5137: 4846: 3596:"The low importance of marriage in eastern Germany – social norms and the role of peoples' perceptions of the past" 3485: 3327:

Martin, Joyce A.; Hamilton, Brady E.; Osterman, Michelle J.K.; Curtin, Sally C.; Mathews, T.J. (January 15, 2015).

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Legitimacy also continues to be relevant to hereditary titles, with only legitimate children being admitted to the

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Martin, Joyce A.; Hamilton, Brady E.; Ventura, Stephanie J.; Menacker, Fay; Park, Melissa M. (February 12, 2002).

5415: 2132: 478: 433: 428: 2478: 1647: 5504:

The Psychological Effects of Being an Illegitimate Child - Low self-esteem, trust issues, and identity problems

5437: 5411: 5385: 5121: 4703: 3468: 2764: 2092: 1840: 1601: 1484: 1065: 769: 549: 503: 423: 4063: 1932: 1833: 5454:

My Thoughts Be Bloody: The Bitter Rivalry between Edwin and John Wilkes Booth that Led to an American Tragedy

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My Thoughts Be Bloody: The Bitter Rivalry Between Edwin and John Wilkes Booth That Led to an American Tragedy

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when the father becomes a US citizen) unless the child has been legitimized in the appropriate jurisdiction.

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decisions held that most common-law disabilities imposed upon illegitimacy were invalid as violations of the

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Philipp EE (1973) "Discussion: moral, social and ethical issues". In: Wolstenholme GEW, Fitzsimons DW, eds.

3677: 3652: 3425: 2137: 1908: 1902: 1804: 1632: 1534:, the status of a child as a legitimate or illegitimate heir could be changed—in either direction—under the 1370: 1316:

sought to curb this practice, by combining the spousals and nuptials; and by the start of the 19th century,

923:, between their marriage ceremony and the legal annulment of their marriage. For example, canon 1137 of the 803: 4724: 2379: 1767:—the seed of ambition, the desire for honor and distinction: the redemption of the blood from its taint." 915:

of marriage does not currently change the status of legitimacy of children born to the couple during their

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A contribution to the decline of the concept of illegitimacy had been made by increased ease of obtaining

1535: 1464: 1375: 1342: 1077: 928: 721: 375: 360: 264: 817:

Many other countries have legislatively abolished any legal disabilities of a child born out of wedlock.

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that a formal and public marriage ceremony at civil law was required, whereas previously marriage had a

1394: 1053: 981:. Note: Before 1969, the rates for all minority groups were consolidated in the category of "Non-White." 924: 810:. Still, children born out of wedlock may not be eligible for certain federal benefits (e.g., automatic 725: 709: 340: 315: 292: 3872: 1746:(1860–1920) was similarly motivated by his non-marital birth to prove himself and excel in his métier. 1628: 2526: 751:

which the parents incorrectly believed were valid. Neither the 1926 nor 1959 Acts changed the laws of

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Forster, P; Hohoff, C; Dunkelmann, B; Schürenkamp, M; Pfeiffer, H; Neuhuber, F; Brinkmann, B (2015).

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Martin, Joyce A.; Hamilton, Brady E.; Osterman, Michelle J.K.; Curtin, Sally C. (December 30, 2013).

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extended the legitimisation even if the parents had married others in the meantime and applied it to

528: 370: 190: 185: 160: 5528: 3998:"The Evolution of Births Outside of Marriage, Paternal Recognition and Children's Rights in Brazil" 2307: 2162: 2022: 1943: 1912: 1693: 1441: 1387: 1306: 1287: 1143: 864:

Despite the decreasing legal relevance of illegitimacy, an important exception may be found in the

744: 740: 542: 254: 150: 5099: 4969: 4907: 3899: 2736: 627:

The importance of legitimacy has decreased substantially in Western developed countries since the

5482: 5361: 4608: 4546: 4379: 4137: 2059: 2051: 1978: 1739: 1723: 1554: 1189: 1162: 1093: 1081: 1061: 1021: 898: 498: 287: 195: 135: 1636: 4564: 4481: 3595: 3574: 5458: 5441: 5389: 5365: 5295: 5257: 5234: 5211: 5188: 5165: 5142: 5012: 4926: 4803: 4780: 4344: 4296: 4251: 4202: 3503: 2039: 1916: 1816: 1808: 1790: 1704:, spurred them to strive, as rivals, for achievement and acclaim—John Wilkes, the assassin of 1701: 1489: 1332: 1317: 1313: 916: 792: 776: 748: 670: 628: 488: 204: 5125: 2577: 5116: 4600: 4538: 4371: 4334: 4326: 4286: 4278: 4241: 4233: 4192: 4184: 4129: 3787:"PORDATA - Live births outside of marriage, with parents co-habiting or not (%) in Portugal" 2257: 2063: 1990: 1951: 1742:'s non-marital birth spurred him to seek accomplishment and distinction. The Swedish artist 1671: 1589: 1515:. In previous centuries unwed mothers were socially pressured to give their children up for 1430: 1379: 1328: 1104: 1089: 887: 780: 717: 418: 269: 259: 224: 214: 180: 3984:"Illegitimate Nation: An Examination of Out-of-Wedlock Births Among Immigrants and Natives" 1422: 5476: 3358: 3328: 3298: 3268: 3238: 3208: 3178: 3148: 3118: 3088: 3058: 3028: 2998: 2968: 2938: 2122: 2014: 1986: 1939: 1705: 1663: 1655: 1609: 1584:

persons equal rights to inherit their parents' property. In the early 1970s, a series of

1558: 1550: 1454: 1355: 1337: 1278:, the out-of-wedlock birth rate was 37% in 2008–2009, which skyrocketed to 52.1% by 2015. 1085: 865: 636: 518: 42: 38: 5327: 4744: 4362:

Griffin, Emma (2013). "Sex, illegitimacy and social change in industrializing Britain'".

2908: 1667: 1651: 1639:, died in 1921; by this time, Piłsudski and Aleksandra had two out-of-wedlock daughters. 970:

Nonmarital birth rates by race in the United States from 1940 to 2014. Data are from the

4931:

The Catalogue of Shipwrecked Books: Young Columbus and the Quest for a Universal Library

4529:

Cherlin, Andrew J. (1 January 2004). "The Deinstitutionalization of American Marriage".

2878: 1433:, 1851. A patriarch casts his daughter and her illegitimate baby out of the family home. 5432: 5427: 5407: 5380: 4708: 4339: 4314: 4291: 4246: 4221: 4197: 4172: 2253: 2055: 2006: 1947: 1920: 1886: 1800: 1760: 1753: 1577: 1378:, changes in the meaning of marriage, risk reduction, individualism, changing views on 1032: 1028: 1005:

announced that nearly 40 percent of American infants born in 2007 were born to an

987: 713: 651: 395: 330: 279: 3729:"Proportion de naissances hors mariage1 selon le rang de naissance, Québec, 1976-2014" 1468:" ("The mother is always certain", while the father is not), emphasized the dilemma. 596:, has been the status of a child born outside marriage, such a child being known as a 5512: 5399: 4542: 4456: 4383: 4141: 3758:"Proportion de naissances hors mariage selon le rang de naissance, Québec, 1976-2015" 2010: 2002: 1998: 1974: 1852: 1569: 1512: 1383: 1363: 1321: 1172: 1108: 1069: 994: 880: 870: 832:; and through law no. 2009-61 of 16 January 2009). In 2001, France was forced by the 708:'s monarchy granted positions which founded prominent families. In the 14th century, 697: 677: 581: 483: 390: 350: 325: 310: 219: 200: 5490:, "Christopher Columbus' Son Had an Enormous Library. Its Catalog Was Just Found", 5375: 4948:, "Christopher Columbus' Son Had an Enormous Library. Its Catalog Was Just Found", 4890: 4874: 4858: 4820: 4685: 3938: 1982: 1962: 1786: 1771: 1731: 1539: 1531: 1048: 1044: 1006: 939: 632: 173: 140: 2659: 1406:

countries have fallen from 8.1 marriages per 1,000 people in 1970 to 5.0 in 2009.

5453: 5356: 4798: 4397: 4375: 3439: 2282: 1393:

It is argued that in some places where the control of the church (especially the

5487: 5081: 4945: 2714: 2018: 1994: 1970: 1966: 1928: 1848: 1743: 1714:

had saved the life of Lincoln's son, Robert Todd Lincoln, in a railroad accident

1713: 1697: 1681: 1520: 1508: 1504: 1493: 1483:) asserting that, absent impossibility of the father being fertile, there was a 1476: 1275: 1236: 1220: 902: 891: 694: 690: 644: 640: 473: 380: 155: 145: 17: 4098: 2219: 5337: 4711: 3983: 2775:

The children conceived or born of a valid or putative marriage are legitimate.

2067: 1869: 1862: 1503:

In many societies, people born out of wedlock did not have the same rights of

1472: 1437: 1359: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1224: 1135: 682: 573: 385: 114: 5032: 4188: 4133: 4031:"Alza de hijos fuera del matrimonio muestra evolución de la familia en Chile" 4005: 2329: 4425: 4282: 2550: 2112: 1620: 1562: 1228: 1193: 1158: 932: 912: 772:, the offspring of putative marriages have also been considered legitimate. 765: 761: 732: 613: 209: 4633: 4348: 4330: 4300: 4255: 4206: 3469:"National Vital Statistics Reports, Volume 59, Number 3, December 21, 2010" 1204:, non-marital births increased to 65.8% in 2009, up from 56.2% in 2000. In 962:

Percentage of births to unmarried women, selected countries, 1980 and 2007

931:

specifically affirms the legitimacy of a child born to a marriage that is

650:

Births outside marriage now represent majorities in multiple countries in

4457:"Contemporary union formation in Bulgaria: the emergence of cohabitation" 4064:"Live births by legitimacy status, and percent illegitimate: 1990 - 1998" 2147: 1924: 1873: 1764: 1624: 1581: 1516: 1497: 1351: 1240: 1181: 1177: 1139: 1123: 1073: 1017: 784: 705: 655: 577: 335: 249: 4612: 4508: 4158:. Ciba Foundation symposium. Vol 17. London: Associated Scientific 63–66 2551:"FAMILY CODE: In force from 01.10.2009: Chapter one: GENERAL PROVISIONS" 1749: 1677: 1208:, non-marital births increased to 70.7% in 2013, up from 48.3% in 2000. 1154:

the percentage of first-born outside marriage is more than half, 58.2%.

4828: 4824: 4550: 2243:, Book II, Chapter XV "Of Title by Purchase and I. Escheat", Section 5. 1890: 1829: 1820: 1670:, who—when she became pregnant with the first of their three children, 1616: 1557:, the nature of sexual reproduction, and the difficulty of determining 1546: 1524: 1446: 1347: 1131: 1036: 845:

European Convention on the Legal Status of Children Born out of Wedlock

756: 666: 585: 274: 244: 237: 3914:"Global Children's Trends | The Sustainable Demographic Dividend" 4604: 2167: 1605: 1573: 1398: 1255: 1244: 1232: 1212: 1201: 1197: 1116: 1097: 1027:

The proportion of non-marital births is also approaching half in the

906: 853: 821: 493: 468: 121: 2653:"Instructions for N-600, Application for Certificate of Citizenship" 1907:

Illegitimacy has for centuries provided a motif and plot element to

1843:

special collection. Many of the early printed publications that the

1674:—felt compelled to maintain separate domiciles in different cities. 63:

deal primarily with Europe and North America and do not represent a

4237: 4173:"Measuring paternal discrepancy and its public health consequences" 3900:"Births in Australia | Australian Institute of Family Studies" 3703:"Tony Travers: Thanks to immigrants we're the capital for marriage" 2852:"Changing Patterns of Nonmarital Childbearing in the United States" 2789:"Pope Francis on gay marriage, unmarried mothers … and journalists" 1811:(also known as Hernando; 1488–1539), was his out-of-wedlock son by 1250:

Out-of-wedlock births are less common in Asia: in 1993 the rate in

5479:(distribution of births outside marriage across the United States) 3486:"Our view on kids: When unwed births hit 41%, it's just not right" 2907:

Ventura, Stephanie J.; Bachrach, Christine A. (October 18, 2000).

1857: 1785: 1748: 1718: 1676: 1646: 1459: 1259: 1251: 1216: 1205: 1147: 1127: 1112: 1057: 886: 5164:, vol. 10, pp. 541–542, Danbury, CT, Grolier Incorporated, 1986, 5141:, vol. 17, pp. 228-236, Danbury, CT, Grolier Incorporated, 1986, 3963:"Global Children's Trends - The Sustainable Demographic Dividend" 3957: 3955: 4482:"Why are cohabitation and extra-marital births so few in Japan?" 4099:"Rampant misattributed paternity: the creation of an urban myth" 3446: 1545:

Fathers of illegitimate children often did not incur comparable

1527:

as the "sisters", "brothers" or "cousins" of the unwed mothers.

1403: 1185: 760:

Law Reform Act 1969 (c. 46) allowed a bastard to inherit on the

1774:, writes in a similar vein: "is mother required of him that he 27:

Legal status of a child born to parents who are legally married

5495: 4953: 4842: 2437:, specifically the USCIS denial letter in Exhibit S, Hklaw.com 47: 4627:"Doing Better for Families: Chapter 1: Families are changing" 3623:"[ARCHIVED CONTENT] Release Edition Reference Tables" 2884:(Report). Public Health Service Publication. Vol. 1677. 1803:(born between 1474 and 1480; died 1526), by Columbus' wife, 5318:

The Desert and the Stars: a Biography of Lawrence of Arabia

5054:"Refugee Review Tribunal, Australia: RRT Research Response" 4970:"The Good Search | National Retained Executive Search Firm" 4674:

The Desert and the Stars: A Biography of Lawrence of Arabia

4171:

Bellis MA, Hughes K, Hughes S, Ashton JR (September 2005).

4059: 3873:"Population change - 1st - 3rd quarter of 2015 | CZSO" 3590: 3588: 3364:(Report). National Vital Statistics Reports. Vol. 64. 3334:(Report). National Vital Statistics Reports. Vol. 64. 3304:(Report). National Vital Statistics Reports. Vol. 62. 3274:(Report). National Vital Statistics Reports. Vol. 62. 3244:(Report). National Vital Statistics Reports. Vol. 61. 3214:(Report). National Vital Statistics Reports. Vol. 60. 3184:(Report). National Vital Statistics Reports. Vol. 59. 3154:(Report). National Vital Statistics Reports. Vol. 58. 3124:(Report). National Vital Statistics Reports. Vol. 57. 3094:(Report). National Vital Statistics Reports. Vol. 56. 3064:(Report). National Vital Statistics Reports. Vol. 55. 3034:(Report). National Vital Statistics Reports. Vol. 54. 3004:(Report). National Vital Statistics Reports. Vol. 52. 2974:(Report). National Vital Statistics Reports. Vol. 51. 2944:(Report). National Vital Statistics Reports. Vol. 50. 2914:(Report). National Vital Statistics Reports. Vol. 48. 2658:. U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services. Archived from 576:, is the status of a child born to parents who are legally 3855:"Eurostat - Tables, Graphs and Maps Interface (TGM) table" 3837:"Eurostat - Tables, Graphs and Maps Interface (TGM) table" 3550:"Eurostat - Tables, Graphs and Maps Interface (TGM) table" 1847:

summarizes are now lost; but thanks to the out-of-wedlock

1409:

Research on the situation in Bulgaria has concluded that:

1519:. In other cases nonmarital children have been reared by 1507:

as those within it, and in some societies, even the same

5477:

Percentage of Births to Unmarried Mothers by State: 2014

5402:, "You Laugh Uncontrollably" (review of Bohumil Hrabal, 5354:

Alysa Levene, Thomas Nutt & Samantha Williams, eds.

5119:, "Leon Battista Alberti" (last updated 21 April 2021), 4420: 4418: 1736:

Jefferson and Hamilton: The Rivalry That Forged a Nation

1103:

In France, in 2012, 66.9% of births were non-marital in

4668: 4666: 4081:"2015 PSA data on live births by legitimacy by regions" 401:

List of child abuse cases featuring long-term detention

72: 30:

For other uses of "legitimacy" and "illegitimate", see

3731:. Institut de la Statistique du Québec. Archived from 3449:

Directorate for Employment, Labour, and Social Affairs

1608:, a mother may refuse to recognize her own child (see 1594:

Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

1500:

church. Still, many "clandestine" marriages occurred.

986:

growing percentage of births outside marriage. In the

856:

property, over their legitimate brothers and sisters.

808:

Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

631:

of the 1960s and 1970s and the declining influence of

5381:

A Prince of Our Disorder: The Life of T. E. Lawrence

3440:"Share of births outside marriage and teenage births" 2909:

Nonmarital Childbearing in the United States, 1940-99

2879:

Vital Statistics Rates in the United States 1940-1960

798:

In the United States, in the early 1970s a series of

5256:, vol. 14, Danbury, CT, Grolier Incorporated, 1986, 5210:, vol. 25, Danbury, CT, Grolier Incorporated, 1986, 4895:

A Prince of Our Disorder: The Life of T. E. Lawrence

4879:

A Prince of Our Disorder: The Life of T. E. Lawrence

4863:

A Prince of Our Disorder: The Life of T. E. Lawrence

4315:"Elevated germline mutation rate in teenage fathers" 2319:

Viscount of Drumlanrig's Tutor 1977 SLT (Lyon Ct) 16

5424:, vol. LXIII, no. 8 (May 12, 2016), pp. 58–60. 5404:

Mr. Kafka and Other Tales from the Time of the Cult

5294:, vol. 9, Danbury, CT, Grolier Incorporated, 1986, 5233:, vol. 2, Danbury, CT, Grolier Incorporated, 1986, 5187:, vol. 1, Danbury, CT, Grolier Incorporated, 1986, 4690:

A Prince of Our Disorder: The Life of T.E. Lawrence

4450: 4448: 2707:"Nationality policy: children of unmarried parents" 2220:"Illegitimacy and illegitimates in English history" 998:the United States being born to unmarried mothers. 37:"Bastardy" redirects here. For the 1972 play, see 2886:U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare 1876:and not having known who his birth parents were. 1631:(1867–1935) was unable to marry his second wife, 4764:Albert Einstein / Mileva Marić: The Love Letters 2380:"US Supreme Court Cases from Justia & Oyez" 1692:, recounts how the shame and ambition of actor 1568:By the final third of the 20th century, in the 1411: 944: 712:gifted one of his illegitimate sons estates in 3426:"42% of births in the EU are outside marriage" 4995:"The Improbable Adoption Story of Steve Jobs" 4166: 4164: 3831: 3829: 3752: 3750: 3544: 3542: 3540: 3538: 3536: 1386:. New concepts have emerged, such as that of 550: 61:The examples and perspective in this article 8: 5017:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2628:"Make a claim to a deceased person's estate" 1696:'s two actor sons born outside of marriage, 1293:to an informal remark at a 1972 conference. 5483:Cuckolded fathers rare in human populations 2877:Grove, Robert D.; Hetzel, Alice M. (1968). 2846: 2844: 2842: 2823:"Francis Becomes First Latin American Pope" 2401:"§ 320.2: Who is eligible for citizenship?" 5320:, illustrated with photographs, New York, 4993:Batura, Paul, with Jim Daly (2017-03-20). 3366:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 3336:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 3306:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 3276:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 3246:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 3216:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 3186:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 3156:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 3126:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 3096:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 3066:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 3036:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 3006:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2976:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2946:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2916:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 1479:in 1626 promulgated the "Four Seas Rule" ( 557: 543: 110: 4941: 4939: 4338: 4290: 4245: 4196: 4156:Law and ethics of AID and embryo transfer 4054: 4052: 2856:CDC/National Center for Health Statistics 2804:"Francis is first pope from the Americas" 2225:. In Laslett, Peter; et al. (eds.). 1374:reproduction, increased participation of 1020:(the religiosity of the population - see 99:Learn how and when to remove this message 5433:Illegitimacy: an examination of bastardy 3894: 3892: 3678:"Résultats de la recherche | Insee" 3653:"Résultats de la recherche | Insee" 2287:Genealogy and Family History in Scotland 2229:. Arnold – via Alanmacfarlane.com. 1436: 1421: 965: 957: 5457:, New York, Simon and Schuster, 2010 , 5351:, University of California Press, 1975. 5276:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 4802:. New York: Simon and Schuster; 2010 . 3519:"Out-of-wedlock births hit record high" 3420: 3418: 3416: 3414: 3412: 2718:. v2.0. 6 November 2018. Archived from 2185: 120: 113: 5010: 4775:Alice Calaprice and Trevor Lipscombe, 2689:Immigration and Naturalization Service 2355:"Parental rights and responsibilities" 2157: 868:of many countries, which do not apply 704:There were many "natural children" of 658:, and many former European colonies. 4509:"Spain - SOCIAL VALUES AND ATTITUDES" 3370:National Center for Health Statistics 3340:National Center for Health Statistics 3310:National Center for Health Statistics 3280:National Center for Health Statistics 3250:National Center for Health Statistics 3220:National Center for Health Statistics 3190:National Center for Health Statistics 3160:National Center for Health Statistics 3130:National Center for Health Statistics 3100:National Center for Health Statistics 3070:National Center for Health Statistics 3040:National Center for Health Statistics 3010:National Center for Health Statistics 2980:National Center for Health Statistics 2950:National Center for Health Statistics 2920:National Center for Health Statistics 2894:National Center for Health Statistics 1003:National Center for Health Statistics 993:In 2009, 41% of children born in the 979:National Center for Health Statistics 7: 4779:, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2005, 2227:Bastardy and its comparative history 1301:Causes for rise in nonmarital births 130:Marriage and other unions and status 5082:"Turkey condemns 'honour killings'" 2241:Commentaries on the Laws of England 2194:"1788 - Before European Settlement" 2143:Legitimacy law in England and Wales 5357:Illegitimacy in Britain, 1700–1920 5100:"Nigeria stoning appeal adjourned" 2108:Bastard (law of England and Wales) 1580:, and gave non-marital as well as 584:before the parents obtain a legal 444:Hague Convention (child abduction) 25: 4841:"Anders Zorn in the Gilded Age", 4593:The Canadian Journal of Sociology 4455:Elena von der Lippe (Koytcheva). 3937:. Childtrends.org. Archived from 3517:Ravitz, Jessica (April 8, 2009). 2458:"Autorité parentale - Définition" 2158:Nonmarital birth rates by country 720:, and similarly a natural son of 4753:, vol. XXVI, 1981, pp. 320, 323. 4543:10.1111/j.0022-2445.2004.00058.x 3916:. Sustaindemographicdividend.org 3374:National Vital Statistics System 3344:National Vital Statistics System 3314:National Vital Statistics System 3284:National Vital Statistics System 3254:National Vital Statistics System 3224:National Vital Statistics System 3194:National Vital Statistics System 3164:National Vital Statistics System 3134:National Vital Statistics System 3104:National Vital Statistics System 3074:National Vital Statistics System 3044:National Vital Statistics System 3014:National Vital Statistics System 2984:National Vital Statistics System 2954:National Vital Statistics System 2924:National Vital Statistics System 2527:"European Court of Human Rights" 2330:"Defect of Birth (Illegitimacy)" 1911:by prominent authors, including 1549:or legal responsibility, due to 972:National Vital Statistics System 753:succession to the British throne 52: 5250:"Herzen, Aleksandr Ivanovich", 4968:Bradford, Krista (2023-09-14). 4823:in a 9 October 2013 lecture on 4271:Molecular Biology and Evolution 4222:"Surnames and the Y chromosome" 3579:Czech Statistical Office (CZCO) 3575:"Population change - year 2021" 2118:Colonial American bastardy laws 5330:, "Piłsudski, Józef Klemens," 4747:, "Piłsudski, Józef Klemens," 4707:TV interview program, British 4531:Journal of Marriage and Family 3627:Office for National Statistics 2787:The Guardian (13 March 2013). 2741:The Stuart Successions Project 1449:, ca. early twentieth century. 840:the principles of family law. 834:European Court of Human Rights 647:, in family and social life. 580:to each other, and of a child 449:Hague Convention (maintenance) 1: 5181:"Alembert, Jean le Rond d'", 5033:"BBC - Ethics: Honour Crimes" 4398:"UK | The no-sex 'myth'" 4029:Grupo Copesa (13 July 2014). 2098:Anne Orthwood's bastard trial 2088:Abortion in the United States 1738:, makes the same point: that 935:following the child's birth. 624:carry the same implications. 439:International child abduction 5421:The New York Review of Books 4777:Albert Einstein: A Biography 4656:Figure 9, Frances Finnegan, 4376:10.1080/03071022.2013.790236 4177:J Epidemiol Community Health 1791:Fernando (Hernando) Columbus 1362:, and removal of the ban on 1165:(59%) and the lowest in the 524:Paternal rights and abortion 5333:Polski słownik biograficzny 4750:Polski słownik biograficzny 4220:Sykes, B; Irven, C (2000). 3359:Births: Final Data for 2014 3329:Births: Final Data for 2013 3299:Births: Final Data for 2012 3269:Births: Final Data for 2011 3239:Births: Final Data for 2010 3209:Births: Final Data for 2009 3179:Births: Final Data for 2008 3149:Births: Final Data for 2007 3119:Births: Final Data for 2006 3089:Births: Final Data for 2005 3059:Births: Final Data for 2004 3029:Births: Final Data for 2003 2999:Births: Final Data for 2002 2969:Births: Final Data for 2001 2939:Births: Final Data for 2000 2239:William Blackstone (1753), 1880:Violence and honor killings 1107:, while only 46.6% were in 434:Hague Convention (adoption) 75:, discuss the issue on the 5550: 5524:Extramarital relationships 5291:The Encyclopedia Americana 5253:The Encyclopedia Americana 5230:The Encyclopedia Americana 5207:The Encyclopedia Americana 5184:The Encyclopedia Americana 5161:The Encyclopedia Americana 5138:The Encyclopedia Americana 4847:Colorado Public Television 4762:J. Renn and R. Schulmann, 2890:U.S. Public Health Service 2765:Libreria Editrice Vaticana 2310:(16 & 17 Geo. 5 c. 60) 1900: 1623:, in a non-viable earlier 1327:Before the dissolution of 1304: 1285: 787:, an unmarried father has 293:Parenting coordinator (US) 36: 29: 4097:Gilding, Michael (2005). 3935:"Births outside marriage" 2479:"National Report: France" 2218:Macfarlane, Alan (1980). 2133:Hague Adoption Convention 1813:Beatriz Enríquez de Arana 974:Reports published by the 726:Shaw Stewarts of Greenock 572:, in traditional Western 461:Family and criminal code 419:Private international law 413:Private international law 41:. For the 2008 film, see 5498:newscast, 24 April 2019 5438:Cornell University Press 5386:Harvard University Press 5347:Shirley Foster Hartley, 5344:, 1981, pp. 311–24. 5279:(subscription required). 5122:Encyclopaedia Britannica 4956:newscast, 24 April 2019 4933:, William Collins, 2018. 4572:Demographic-research.org 4189:10.1136/jech.2005.036517 4134:10.1177/0038038508099102 3603:Demographic-research.org 2093:Affiliation (family law) 1841:University of Copenhagen 1635:, until his first wife, 1485:presumption of paternity 1376:women in the labor force 1066:Yorkshire and the Humber 504:Parental child abduction 351:Contact & visitation 238:Dissolution of marriages 5227:"Audubon, John James", 4913:Encyclopedia Britannica 4660:, Congrave Press, 2001. 2685:Tuan Anh Nguyen et al. 2138:Illegitimacy in fiction 2048:Jean le Rond d'Alembert 1903:Illegitimacy in fiction 1805:Filipa Moniz Perestrelo 1350:, decriminalization of 1274:, 24%. However, in the 1035:(48.2% as of 2017) and 804:Equal Protection Clause 791:if he is listed on the 789:parental responsibility 775:Since December 2003 in 5519:Civil law (common law) 5418:, 142 pp., $ 14.95 ), 5406:, translated from the 5322:Henry Holt and Company 4766:, 1992, pp. 73–74, 78. 4331:10.1098/rspb.2014.2898 3376:. pp. 7 & 41. 2036:Leone Battista Alberti 1868:In more recent times, 1865: 1832:". The result was the 1793: 1756: 1727: 1684: 1659: 1465:Mater semper certa est 1450: 1434: 1415: 1382:, and availability of 1031:(48.5%. in 2021), the 982: 963: 949: 894: 860:Contemporary situation 722:Robert III of Scotland 693:, a bastard could not 366:UN Rights of the Child 361:Grandparent visitation 288:Custody evaluator (US) 265:Matrimonial Causes Act 5492:All Things Considered 5135:"Leonardo da Vinci", 4950:All Things Considered 4433:Epc2008.princeton.edu 4283:10.1093/molbev/msp022 4002:Paa2013.princeton.edu 2802:Fox (13 March 2013). 2334:Catholic Encyclopedia 2054:(1755 or 1757–1804), 1861: 1835:Libro de los Epitomes 1789: 1752: 1722: 1690:My Thoughts Be Bloody 1680: 1650: 1440: 1425: 1395:Roman Catholic Church 1305:Further information: 1054:North East of England 1016:To a certain degree, 969: 961: 925:Roman Catholic Church 890: 724:was ancestral to the 710:Robert II of Scotland 635:churches, especially 346:Filial responsibility 341:Tender years doctrine 316:DNA paternity testing 174:Validity of marriages 5342:Polska Akademia Nauk 5288:"Dumas, Alexandre", 4701:On the 4 March 2011 4658:Do Penance or Perish 2283:"Category: Baptisms" 2262:. pp. 3 et seq. 2173:Unintended pregnancy 2153:Marks of distinction 2103:Bastard (Jewish law) 2044:Erasmus of Rotterdam 1797:Christopher Columbus 1770:Another biographer, 1666:and his wife-to-be, 1496:if celebrated in an 1039:(46.7% as of 2016). 529:Right to family life 191:Prenuptial agreement 186:Marriage certificate 161:Domestic partnership 81:create a new article 73:improve this article 5204:"Smithson, James", 4916:. 23 February 2024. 3814:. STATISTIK AUSTRIA 3709:. 24 September 2013 3633:on 22 December 2015 2694:533 U.S. 53 2308:Legitimacy Act 1926 2163:Non-paternity event 2023:George R. R. Martin 1944:Nathaniel Hawthorne 1913:William Shakespeare 1712:who a year earlier 1694:Junius Brutus Booth 1643:Social implications 1481:extra quatuor maria 1442:Magdalene laundries 1388:reproductive rights 1307:Reproductive rights 1288:Non-paternity event 1282:Covert illegitimacy 1001:In April 2009, the 830:filiation naturelle 764:of his parents. In 745:Legitimacy Act 1959 741:Legitimacy Act 1926 255:Grounds for divorce 151:Common-law marriage 5362:Palgrave Macmillan 4897:, 1976, pp. 28–29. 4849:), one hour, 2013. 4325:(1803): 20142898. 3735:on 5 December 2018 3492:. 25 January 2011. 2665:on 19 October 2010 2607:Bureau des Traités 2582:Bureau des Traités 2060:John James Audubon 2052:Alexander Hamilton 1979:Fyodor Dostoyevsky 1866: 1837:(Book of Epitomes) 1794: 1757: 1740:Alexander Hamilton 1728: 1724:Alexander Hamilton 1685: 1660: 1451: 1435: 1354:, introduction of 1190:Dominican Republic 1163:Northern Territory 1094:South East England 1082:South West England 1062:North West England 1022:religion in Europe 983: 964: 899:line of succession 895: 826:filiation légitime 755:and succession to 749:putative marriages 499:Legality of incest 205:Voidable marriages 196:Matrimonial regime 136:Types of marriages 5463:978-1-4165-8605-0 5446:978-0-8014-1491-6 5394:978-0-674-70494-7 5370:978-1-4039-9065-5 4927:Edward Wilson-Lee 4808:978-1-4165-8605-0 4785:978-0-313-33080-3 2926:. pp. 28–31. 2760:Code of Canon Law 2634:. 5 February 2020 2435:the United States 2072:Alexandre Dumas, 2070:(1820–1887), and 2040:Leonardo da Vinci 1956:Alexandre Dumas, 1933:Alexandre Dumas, 1917:Benjamin Franklin 1817:Edward Wilson-Lee 1809:Fernando Columbus 1702:John Wilkes Booth 1542:a child's birth. 1530:In most national 1490:Marriage Act 1753 1333:Nicolae Ceausescu 1318:social convention 1314:Marriage Act 1753 952:Nonmarital births 929:Code of Canon Law 917:putative marriage 793:birth certificate 777:England and Wales 671:Statute of Merton 629:sexual revolution 567: 566: 489:Domestic violence 463:(or criminal law) 371:Children's rights 305:Children's issues 109: 108: 101: 83:, as appropriate. 16:(Redirected from 5541: 5328:Andrzej Garlicki 5316:Flora Armitage, 5303: 5286: 5280: 5271: 5265: 5248: 5242: 5225: 5219: 5202: 5196: 5179: 5173: 5156: 5150: 5133: 5127: 5117:Joan Kelly-Gadol 5114: 5108: 5107: 5096: 5090: 5089: 5078: 5072: 5071: 5069: 5068: 5062: 5056:. Archived from 5050: 5044: 5043: 5041: 5039: 5029: 5023: 5022: 5016: 5008: 5006: 5005: 4990: 4984: 4983: 4981: 4980: 4965: 4959: 4943: 4934: 4924: 4918: 4917: 4908:"Diego Columbus" 4904: 4898: 4888: 4882: 4872: 4866: 4856: 4850: 4839: 4833: 4817: 4811: 4794: 4788: 4773: 4767: 4760: 4754: 4745:Andrzej Garlicki 4742: 4736: 4735: 4733: 4732: 4721: 4715: 4699: 4693: 4692:, pp. 28–29, 32. 4683: 4677: 4672:Flora Armitage, 4670: 4661: 4654: 4648: 4647: 4645: 4644: 4638: 4632:. Archived from 4631: 4623: 4617: 4616: 4605:10.2307/20058678 4588: 4582: 4581: 4579: 4578: 4569: 4561: 4555: 4554: 4526: 4520: 4519: 4517: 4515: 4505: 4499: 4498: 4496: 4495: 4486: 4478: 4472: 4471: 4469: 4467: 4452: 4443: 4442: 4440: 4439: 4430: 4422: 4413: 4412: 4410: 4409: 4394: 4388: 4387: 4359: 4353: 4352: 4342: 4310: 4304: 4303: 4294: 4266: 4260: 4259: 4249: 4232:(4): 1417–1419. 4217: 4211: 4210: 4200: 4168: 4159: 4152: 4146: 4145: 4117: 4111: 4110: 4103:People and Place 4094: 4088: 4087: 4085: 4077: 4071: 4070: 4068: 4056: 4047: 4046: 4044: 4042: 4033:. Archived from 4026: 4020: 4019: 4017: 4016: 4010: 4004:. Archived from 3994: 3988: 3987: 3980: 3974: 3973: 3971: 3969: 3959: 3950: 3949: 3947: 3946: 3931: 3925: 3924: 3922: 3921: 3910: 3904: 3903: 3896: 3887: 3886: 3884: 3883: 3869: 3863: 3862: 3851: 3845: 3844: 3833: 3824: 3823: 3821: 3819: 3808: 3802: 3801: 3799: 3798: 3783: 3777: 3776: 3774: 3773: 3764:. Archived from 3754: 3745: 3744: 3742: 3740: 3725: 3719: 3718: 3716: 3714: 3707:Evening Standard 3699: 3693: 3692: 3690: 3689: 3674: 3668: 3667: 3665: 3664: 3649: 3643: 3642: 3640: 3638: 3629:. Archived from 3619: 3613: 3612: 3610: 3609: 3600: 3592: 3583: 3582: 3581:. 21 March 2022. 3571: 3565: 3564: 3562: 3561: 3546: 3531: 3530: 3528: 3526: 3514: 3508: 3507: 3500: 3494: 3493: 3482: 3476: 3475: 3473: 3465: 3459: 3458: 3456: 3454: 3444: 3436: 3430: 3429: 3422: 3407: 3406: 3404: 3403: 3394:. Archived from 3384: 3378: 3377: 3363: 3354: 3348: 3347: 3333: 3324: 3318: 3317: 3303: 3294: 3288: 3287: 3273: 3264: 3258: 3257: 3243: 3234: 3228: 3227: 3213: 3204: 3198: 3197: 3183: 3174: 3168: 3167: 3153: 3144: 3138: 3137: 3123: 3114: 3108: 3107: 3093: 3084: 3078: 3077: 3063: 3054: 3048: 3047: 3033: 3024: 3018: 3017: 3003: 2994: 2988: 2987: 2973: 2964: 2958: 2957: 2943: 2934: 2928: 2927: 2913: 2904: 2898: 2897: 2883: 2874: 2868: 2867: 2865: 2863: 2848: 2837: 2836: 2834: 2833: 2818: 2812: 2811: 2799: 2793: 2792: 2784: 2778: 2777: 2772: 2771: 2751: 2745: 2744: 2733: 2727: 2726: 2724: 2711: 2703: 2697: 2691: 2681: 2675: 2674: 2672: 2670: 2664: 2657: 2649: 2643: 2642: 2640: 2639: 2624: 2618: 2617: 2615: 2613: 2603:"Liste complète" 2599: 2593: 2592: 2590: 2588: 2578:"Liste complète" 2574: 2568: 2567: 2565: 2564: 2555: 2547: 2541: 2540: 2538: 2537: 2523: 2517: 2516: 2514: 2512: 2502: 2496: 2495: 2493: 2492: 2483: 2475: 2469: 2468: 2466: 2464: 2453: 2447: 2444: 2438: 2428: 2422: 2421: 2419: 2418: 2412: 2406:. Archived from 2405: 2397: 2391: 2390: 2388: 2386: 2376: 2370: 2369: 2367: 2365: 2351: 2345: 2344: 2342: 2340: 2326: 2320: 2317: 2311: 2305: 2299: 2298: 2296: 2294: 2279: 2273: 2270: 2264: 2263: 2250: 2244: 2237: 2231: 2230: 2224: 2215: 2209: 2208: 2206: 2205: 2196:. Archived from 2190: 2064:Alexander Herzen 1952:Anthony Trollope 1909:works of fiction 1845:Book of Epitomes 1590:equal-protection 1551:social attitudes 1431:Richard Redgrave 1380:female sexuality 1329:Marxist–Leninist 1111:(which contains 1105:Poitou-Charentes 1090:Northern Ireland 866:nationality laws 783:and May 2006 in 781:Northern Ireland 779:, April 2002 in 718:Stewarts of Bute 622:natural daughter 592:, also known as 559: 552: 545: 270:Legal separation 260:No-fault divorce 225:Amatonormativity 215:Marriageable age 181:Marriage licence 111: 104: 97: 93: 90: 84: 56: 55: 48: 21: 18:Legitimate birth 5549: 5548: 5544: 5543: 5542: 5540: 5539: 5538: 5509: 5508: 5473: 5468: 5312: 5307: 5306: 5287: 5283: 5272: 5268: 5249: 5245: 5226: 5222: 5203: 5199: 5180: 5176: 5157: 5153: 5134: 5130: 5115: 5111: 5098: 5097: 5093: 5088:. 1 March 2004. 5080: 5079: 5075: 5066: 5064: 5060: 5052: 5051: 5047: 5037: 5035: 5031: 5030: 5026: 5009: 5003: 5001: 4992: 4991: 4987: 4978: 4976: 4974:The Good Search 4967: 4966: 4962: 4944: 4937: 4925: 4921: 4906: 4905: 4901: 4889: 4885: 4873: 4869: 4857: 4853: 4840: 4836: 4818: 4814: 4795: 4791: 4774: 4770: 4761: 4757: 4743: 4739: 4730: 4728: 4723: 4722: 4718: 4700: 4696: 4684: 4680: 4671: 4664: 4655: 4651: 4642: 4640: 4636: 4629: 4625: 4624: 4620: 4590: 4589: 4585: 4576: 4574: 4567: 4563: 4562: 4558: 4528: 4527: 4523: 4513: 4511: 4507: 4506: 4502: 4493: 4491: 4484: 4480: 4479: 4475: 4465: 4463: 4454: 4453: 4446: 4437: 4435: 4428: 4424: 4423: 4416: 4407: 4405: 4396: 4395: 4391: 4361: 4360: 4356: 4312: 4311: 4307: 4277:(5): 1093–102, 4268: 4267: 4263: 4219: 4218: 4214: 4170: 4169: 4162: 4153: 4149: 4119: 4118: 4114: 4096: 4095: 4091: 4083: 4079: 4078: 4074: 4066: 4058: 4057: 4050: 4040: 4038: 4037:on 15 July 2014 4028: 4027: 4023: 4014: 4012: 4008: 3996: 3995: 3991: 3982: 3981: 3977: 3967: 3965: 3961: 3960: 3953: 3944: 3942: 3933: 3932: 3928: 3919: 3917: 3912: 3911: 3907: 3898: 3897: 3890: 3881: 3879: 3871: 3870: 3866: 3853: 3852: 3848: 3835: 3834: 3827: 3817: 3815: 3810: 3809: 3805: 3796: 3794: 3785: 3784: 3780: 3771: 3769: 3762:Stat.gouv.qc.ca 3756: 3755: 3748: 3738: 3736: 3727: 3726: 3722: 3712: 3710: 3701: 3700: 3696: 3687: 3685: 3676: 3675: 3671: 3662: 3660: 3651: 3650: 3646: 3636: 3634: 3621: 3620: 3616: 3607: 3605: 3598: 3594: 3593: 3586: 3573: 3572: 3568: 3559: 3557: 3548: 3547: 3534: 3524: 3522: 3516: 3515: 3511: 3502: 3501: 3497: 3484: 3483: 3479: 3471: 3467: 3466: 3462: 3452: 3450: 3442: 3438: 3437: 3433: 3424: 3423: 3410: 3401: 3399: 3386: 3385: 3381: 3361: 3356: 3355: 3351: 3331: 3326: 3325: 3321: 3301: 3296: 3295: 3291: 3271: 3266: 3265: 3261: 3241: 3236: 3235: 3231: 3211: 3206: 3205: 3201: 3181: 3176: 3175: 3171: 3151: 3146: 3145: 3141: 3121: 3116: 3115: 3111: 3091: 3086: 3085: 3081: 3061: 3056: 3055: 3051: 3031: 3026: 3025: 3021: 3001: 2996: 2995: 2991: 2971: 2966: 2965: 2961: 2941: 2936: 2935: 2931: 2911: 2906: 2905: 2901: 2881: 2876: 2875: 2871: 2861: 2859: 2850: 2849: 2840: 2831: 2829: 2820: 2819: 2815: 2801: 2800: 2796: 2786: 2785: 2781: 2769: 2767: 2753: 2752: 2748: 2735: 2734: 2730: 2722: 2709: 2705: 2704: 2700: 2683: 2682: 2678: 2668: 2666: 2662: 2655: 2651: 2650: 2646: 2637: 2635: 2626: 2625: 2621: 2611: 2609: 2601: 2600: 2596: 2586: 2584: 2576: 2575: 2571: 2562: 2560: 2553: 2549: 2548: 2544: 2535: 2533: 2525: 2524: 2520: 2510: 2508: 2504: 2503: 2499: 2490: 2488: 2481: 2477: 2476: 2472: 2462: 2460: 2455: 2454: 2450: 2445: 2441: 2429: 2425: 2416: 2414: 2410: 2403: 2399: 2398: 2394: 2384: 2382: 2378: 2377: 2373: 2363: 2361: 2353: 2352: 2348: 2338: 2336: 2328: 2327: 2323: 2318: 2314: 2306: 2302: 2292: 2290: 2289:. 12 April 2017 2281: 2280: 2276: 2271: 2267: 2254:Smibert, Thomas 2252: 2251: 2247: 2238: 2234: 2222: 2217: 2216: 2212: 2203: 2201: 2192: 2191: 2187: 2182: 2177: 2123:Defect of birth 2083: 2031: 2015:Grace Metalious 1987:Alphonse Daudet 1940:Charles Dickens 1905: 1899: 1882: 1708:, and Edwin, a 1706:Abraham Lincoln 1664:Albert Einstein 1656:Albert Einstein 1645: 1629:Józef Piłsudski 1610:anonymous birth 1420: 1356:gender equality 1340:and Portugal's 1338:Francoist Spain 1309: 1303: 1290: 1284: 1215:were 41.5%, in 1096:, and 35.7% in 1086:East of England 954: 862: 716:, founding the 664: 563: 534: 533: 519:Paternity fraud 514:Parents' rights 509:Parental duties 464: 462: 454: 453: 414: 406: 405: 306: 298: 297: 240: 230: 229: 176: 166: 165: 131: 105: 94: 88: 85: 70: 57: 53: 46: 43:Bastardy (film) 39:Bastardy (play) 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5547: 5545: 5537: 5536: 5534:Legitimacy law 5531: 5526: 5521: 5511: 5510: 5507: 5506: 5501: 5485: 5480: 5472: 5471:External links 5469: 5467: 5466: 5449: 5428:Jenny Teichman 5425: 5416:New Directions 5397: 5373: 5352: 5345: 5325: 5313: 5311: 5308: 5305: 5304: 5302:, pp. 466-467. 5281: 5266: 5264:, pp. 161-162. 5243: 5220: 5197: 5174: 5151: 5128: 5109: 5106:. 3 June 2003. 5091: 5073: 5045: 5024: 4985: 4960: 4935: 4919: 4899: 4883: 4881:, 1976, p. 32. 4867: 4865:, 1976, p. 28. 4851: 4834: 4812: 4789: 4768: 4755: 4737: 4725:"Illegitimacy" 4716: 4709:Nobel laureate 4694: 4678: 4662: 4649: 4618: 4583: 4556: 4537:(4): 848–861. 4521: 4500: 4473: 4444: 4414: 4389: 4370:(2): 139–161. 4364:Social History 4354: 4305: 4261: 4238:10.1086/302850 4226:Am J Hum Genet 4212: 4160: 4147: 4112: 4089: 4072: 4048: 4021: 3989: 3975: 3951: 3926: 3905: 3888: 3864: 3846: 3825: 3803: 3778: 3746: 3720: 3694: 3669: 3644: 3614: 3584: 3566: 3532: 3509: 3506:. 17 May 2022. 3495: 3477: 3460: 3431: 3408: 3379: 3349: 3319: 3289: 3259: 3229: 3199: 3169: 3139: 3109: 3079: 3049: 3019: 2989: 2959: 2929: 2899: 2896:. p. 185. 2869: 2858:. May 13, 2009 2838: 2827:Abcnews.go.com 2813: 2794: 2779: 2746: 2728: 2725:on 2018-11-24. 2698: 2676: 2644: 2619: 2594: 2569: 2542: 2518: 2497: 2486:Ceflonline.net 2470: 2456:Serge BRAUDO. 2448: 2439: 2423: 2392: 2371: 2346: 2321: 2312: 2300: 2274: 2265: 2245: 2232: 2210: 2184: 2183: 2181: 2178: 2176: 2175: 2170: 2165: 2160: 2155: 2150: 2145: 2140: 2135: 2130: 2125: 2120: 2115: 2110: 2105: 2100: 2095: 2090: 2084: 2082: 2079: 2056:James Smithson 2030: 2027: 2007:C. S. Forester 1948:Wilkie Collins 1921:Henry Fielding 1901:Main article: 1898: 1895: 1887:honor killings 1881: 1878: 1801:Diego Columbus 1761:T. E. Lawrence 1754:T. E. Lawrence 1734:, in his book 1644: 1641: 1592:clause of the 1578:marital status 1419: 1416: 1302: 1299: 1286:Main article: 1283: 1280: 1270:, 21%; and in 1033:United Kingdom 1029:Czech Republic 953: 950: 861: 858: 812:naturalization 663: 660: 652:Western Europe 588:. Conversely, 565: 564: 562: 561: 554: 547: 539: 536: 535: 532: 531: 526: 521: 516: 511: 506: 501: 496: 491: 486: 481: 476: 471: 465: 460: 459: 456: 455: 452: 451: 446: 441: 436: 431: 426: 421: 415: 412: 411: 408: 407: 404: 403: 398: 396:Paper abortion 393: 388: 383: 378: 373: 368: 363: 358: 353: 348: 343: 338: 333: 331:Legal guardian 328: 323: 318: 313: 307: 304: 303: 300: 299: 296: 295: 290: 285: 282: 280:Parenting plan 277: 272: 267: 262: 257: 252: 247: 241: 236: 235: 232: 231: 228: 227: 222: 217: 212: 207: 198: 193: 188: 183: 177: 172: 171: 168: 167: 164: 163: 158: 153: 148: 143: 138: 132: 129: 128: 125: 124: 118: 117: 107: 106: 67:of the subject 65:worldwide view 60: 58: 51: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5546: 5535: 5532: 5530: 5527: 5525: 5522: 5520: 5517: 5516: 5514: 5505: 5502: 5500: 5497: 5493: 5489: 5486: 5484: 5481: 5478: 5475: 5474: 5470: 5464: 5460: 5456: 5455: 5451:Nora Titone, 5450: 5447: 5443: 5439: 5435: 5434: 5429: 5426: 5423: 5422: 5417: 5413: 5409: 5405: 5401: 5400:Charles Simic 5398: 5395: 5391: 5387: 5383: 5382: 5377: 5374: 5371: 5367: 5363: 5359: 5358: 5353: 5350: 5346: 5343: 5339: 5336:, vol. XXVI, 5335: 5334: 5329: 5326: 5323: 5319: 5315: 5314: 5309: 5301: 5300:0-7172-0117-1 5297: 5293: 5292: 5285: 5282: 5278: 5277: 5270: 5267: 5263: 5262:0-7172-0117-1 5259: 5255: 5254: 5247: 5244: 5240: 5239:0-7172-0117-1 5236: 5232: 5231: 5224: 5221: 5217: 5216:0-7172-0117-1 5213: 5209: 5208: 5201: 5198: 5194: 5193:0-7172-0117-1 5190: 5186: 5185: 5178: 5175: 5171: 5170:0-7172-0117-1 5167: 5163: 5162: 5155: 5152: 5148: 5147:0-7172-0117-1 5144: 5140: 5139: 5132: 5129: 5126: 5124: 5123: 5118: 5113: 5110: 5105: 5101: 5095: 5092: 5087: 5083: 5077: 5074: 5063:on 2013-05-01 5059: 5055: 5049: 5046: 5034: 5028: 5025: 5020: 5014: 5000: 4996: 4989: 4986: 4975: 4971: 4964: 4961: 4958: 4955: 4951: 4947: 4942: 4940: 4936: 4932: 4928: 4923: 4920: 4915: 4914: 4909: 4903: 4900: 4896: 4892: 4887: 4884: 4880: 4876: 4871: 4868: 4864: 4860: 4855: 4852: 4848: 4844: 4838: 4835: 4831: 4830: 4826: 4822: 4819:Discussed by 4816: 4813: 4809: 4805: 4801: 4800: 4796:Nora Titone. 4793: 4790: 4786: 4782: 4778: 4772: 4769: 4765: 4759: 4756: 4752: 4751: 4746: 4741: 4738: 4726: 4720: 4717: 4713: 4710: 4706: 4705: 4698: 4695: 4691: 4687: 4682: 4679: 4675: 4669: 4667: 4663: 4659: 4653: 4650: 4639:on 2014-12-22 4635: 4628: 4622: 4619: 4614: 4610: 4606: 4602: 4598: 4594: 4587: 4584: 4573: 4566: 4560: 4557: 4552: 4548: 4544: 4540: 4536: 4532: 4525: 4522: 4510: 4504: 4501: 4490: 4489:Demogr.mpg.de 4483: 4477: 4474: 4462: 4458: 4451: 4449: 4445: 4434: 4427: 4421: 4419: 4415: 4403: 4399: 4393: 4390: 4385: 4381: 4377: 4373: 4369: 4365: 4358: 4355: 4350: 4346: 4341: 4336: 4332: 4328: 4324: 4320: 4319:Proc Biol Sci 4316: 4309: 4306: 4302: 4298: 4293: 4288: 4284: 4280: 4276: 4272: 4265: 4262: 4257: 4253: 4248: 4243: 4239: 4235: 4231: 4227: 4223: 4216: 4213: 4208: 4204: 4199: 4194: 4190: 4186: 4183:(9): 749–54. 4182: 4178: 4174: 4167: 4165: 4161: 4157: 4151: 4148: 4143: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4127: 4123: 4116: 4113: 4108: 4104: 4100: 4093: 4090: 4082: 4076: 4073: 4065: 4061: 4055: 4053: 4049: 4036: 4032: 4025: 4022: 4011:on 2016-03-04 4007: 4003: 3999: 3993: 3990: 3985: 3979: 3976: 3964: 3958: 3956: 3952: 3941:on 2015-02-06 3940: 3936: 3930: 3927: 3915: 3909: 3906: 3901: 3895: 3893: 3889: 3878: 3874: 3868: 3865: 3860: 3856: 3850: 3847: 3842: 3838: 3832: 3830: 3826: 3813: 3807: 3804: 3792: 3788: 3782: 3779: 3768:on 2018-12-05 3767: 3763: 3759: 3753: 3751: 3747: 3734: 3730: 3724: 3721: 3708: 3704: 3698: 3695: 3683: 3679: 3673: 3670: 3658: 3654: 3648: 3645: 3632: 3628: 3624: 3618: 3615: 3604: 3597: 3591: 3589: 3585: 3580: 3576: 3570: 3567: 3555: 3551: 3545: 3543: 3541: 3539: 3537: 3533: 3520: 3513: 3510: 3505: 3499: 3496: 3491: 3487: 3481: 3478: 3470: 3464: 3461: 3448: 3441: 3435: 3432: 3427: 3421: 3419: 3417: 3415: 3413: 3409: 3398:on 2015-09-23 3397: 3393: 3392:Demogr.mpg.de 3389: 3383: 3380: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3360: 3353: 3350: 3346:. p. 40. 3345: 3341: 3337: 3330: 3323: 3320: 3316:. p. 41. 3315: 3311: 3307: 3300: 3293: 3290: 3286:. p. 43. 3285: 3281: 3277: 3270: 3263: 3260: 3256:. p. 45. 3255: 3251: 3247: 3240: 3233: 3230: 3226:. p. 46. 3225: 3221: 3217: 3210: 3203: 3200: 3196:. p. 46. 3195: 3191: 3187: 3180: 3173: 3170: 3166:. p. 46. 3165: 3161: 3157: 3150: 3143: 3140: 3136:. p. 54. 3135: 3131: 3127: 3120: 3113: 3110: 3106:. p. 57. 3105: 3101: 3097: 3090: 3083: 3080: 3076:. p. 57. 3075: 3071: 3067: 3060: 3053: 3050: 3046:. p. 52. 3045: 3041: 3037: 3030: 3023: 3020: 3016:. p. 57. 3015: 3011: 3007: 3000: 2993: 2990: 2986:. p. 47. 2985: 2981: 2977: 2970: 2963: 2960: 2956:. p. 46. 2955: 2951: 2947: 2940: 2933: 2930: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2910: 2903: 2900: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2880: 2873: 2870: 2857: 2853: 2847: 2845: 2843: 2839: 2828: 2824: 2817: 2814: 2809: 2805: 2798: 2795: 2790: 2783: 2780: 2776: 2766: 2762: 2761: 2756: 2750: 2747: 2742: 2738: 2737:"Elizabeth I" 2732: 2729: 2721: 2717: 2716: 2708: 2702: 2699: 2695: 2690: 2686: 2680: 2677: 2661: 2654: 2648: 2645: 2633: 2629: 2623: 2620: 2608: 2604: 2598: 2595: 2583: 2579: 2573: 2570: 2559: 2552: 2546: 2543: 2532: 2528: 2522: 2519: 2507: 2501: 2498: 2487: 2480: 2474: 2471: 2459: 2452: 2449: 2443: 2440: 2436: 2434: 2427: 2424: 2413:on 2015-04-14 2409: 2402: 2396: 2393: 2381: 2375: 2372: 2360: 2359:UK Government 2356: 2350: 2347: 2335: 2331: 2325: 2322: 2316: 2313: 2309: 2304: 2301: 2288: 2284: 2278: 2275: 2269: 2266: 2261: 2260: 2255: 2249: 2246: 2242: 2236: 2233: 2228: 2221: 2214: 2211: 2200:on 2012-02-05 2199: 2195: 2189: 2186: 2179: 2174: 2171: 2169: 2166: 2164: 2161: 2159: 2156: 2154: 2151: 2149: 2146: 2144: 2141: 2139: 2136: 2134: 2131: 2129: 2126: 2124: 2121: 2119: 2116: 2114: 2111: 2109: 2106: 2104: 2101: 2099: 2096: 2094: 2091: 2089: 2086: 2085: 2080: 2078: 2077:(1824–1895). 2076: 2075: 2069: 2066:(1812—1870), 2065: 2062:(1785–1851), 2061: 2058:(1764–1829), 2057: 2053: 2050:(1717–1783), 2049: 2045: 2042:(1452–1519), 2041: 2038:(1404–1472), 2037: 2028: 2026: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2011:Marcel Pagnol 2008: 2004: 2003:E. M. Forster 2000: 1999:Joseph Conrad 1996: 1992: 1991:Bolesław Prus 1988: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1975:Ivan Turgenev 1972: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1959: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1936: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1904: 1896: 1894: 1892: 1888: 1879: 1877: 1875: 1871: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1854: 1853:Modern Period 1850: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1836: 1831: 1825: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1799:' first son, 1798: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1777: 1773: 1768: 1766: 1762: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1642: 1640: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1613: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1597: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1586:Supreme Court 1583: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1570:United States 1566: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1543: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1532:jurisdictions 1528: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1513:social stigma 1510: 1506: 1501: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1469: 1467: 1466: 1461: 1456: 1453:Certainty of 1448: 1443: 1439: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1417: 1414: 1410: 1407: 1405: 1400: 1396: 1391: 1389: 1385: 1384:contraception 1381: 1377: 1372: 1367: 1365: 1364:contraception 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1344: 1339: 1334: 1330: 1325: 1323: 1322:Victorian era 1319: 1315: 1308: 1300: 1298: 1294: 1289: 1281: 1279: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1254:was 1.4%; in 1253: 1248: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1209: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1188:, 63% in the 1187: 1183: 1179: 1174: 1173:Latin America 1170: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1155: 1151: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1120: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1109:Ile-de-France 1106: 1101: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1078:West Midlands 1075: 1071: 1070:East Midlands 1067: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1050: 1046: 1040: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1025: 1023: 1019: 1014: 1010: 1008: 1004: 999: 996: 995:United States 991: 989: 980: 977: 973: 968: 960: 956: 951: 948: 943: 941: 936: 934: 933:declared null 930: 926: 922: 918: 914: 910: 908: 904: 900: 893: 889: 885: 883: 882: 881:Nguyen v. INS 877: 876:Supreme Court 873: 872: 871:jus sanguinis 867: 859: 857: 855: 849: 846: 841: 837: 835: 831: 827: 823: 818: 815: 813: 809: 805: 801: 800:Supreme Court 796: 794: 790: 786: 782: 778: 773: 771: 767: 763: 758: 754: 750: 746: 742: 737: 734: 729: 727: 723: 719: 715: 711: 707: 702: 699: 698:real property 696: 692: 687: 684: 679: 678:Poor Act 1575 674: 672: 668: 661: 659: 657: 653: 648: 646: 642: 638: 634: 630: 625: 623: 619: 615: 611: 607: 606:natural child 603: 599: 595: 591: 587: 583: 579: 575: 571: 560: 555: 553: 548: 546: 541: 540: 538: 537: 530: 527: 525: 522: 520: 517: 515: 512: 510: 507: 505: 502: 500: 497: 495: 492: 490: 487: 485: 484:Child selling 482: 480: 477: 475: 472: 470: 467: 466: 458: 457: 450: 447: 445: 442: 440: 437: 435: 432: 430: 427: 425: 422: 420: 417: 416: 410: 409: 402: 399: 397: 394: 392: 391:Child support 389: 387: 384: 382: 379: 377: 374: 372: 369: 367: 364: 362: 359: 357: 354: 352: 349: 347: 344: 342: 339: 337: 334: 332: 329: 327: 326:Child custody 324: 322: 319: 317: 314: 312: 309: 308: 302: 301: 294: 291: 289: 286: 283: 281: 278: 276: 273: 271: 268: 266: 263: 261: 258: 256: 253: 251: 248: 246: 243: 242: 239: 234: 233: 226: 223: 221: 220:Sham marriage 218: 216: 213: 211: 208: 206: 202: 199: 197: 194: 192: 189: 187: 184: 182: 179: 178: 175: 170: 169: 162: 159: 157: 154: 152: 149: 147: 144: 142: 139: 137: 134: 133: 127: 126: 123: 119: 116: 112: 103: 100: 92: 82: 78: 74: 68: 66: 59: 50: 49: 44: 40: 33: 19: 5452: 5431: 5419: 5403: 5379: 5376:John E. Mack 5355: 5349:Illegitimacy 5348: 5331: 5317: 5310:Bibliography 5289: 5284: 5274: 5269: 5251: 5246: 5228: 5223: 5205: 5200: 5182: 5177: 5159: 5154: 5136: 5131: 5120: 5112: 5103: 5094: 5085: 5076: 5065:. Retrieved 5058:the original 5048: 5036:. Retrieved 5027: 5002:. Retrieved 4998: 4988: 4977:. Retrieved 4973: 4963: 4930: 4922: 4911: 4902: 4894: 4891:John E. Mack 4886: 4878: 4875:John E. Mack 4870: 4862: 4859:John E. Mack 4854: 4837: 4827: 4815: 4797: 4792: 4787:, pp. 22–23. 4776: 4771: 4763: 4758: 4748: 4740: 4729:. Retrieved 4719: 4704:Charlie Rose 4702: 4697: 4689: 4686:John E. Mack 4681: 4673: 4657: 4652: 4641:. Retrieved 4634:the original 4621: 4596: 4592: 4586: 4575:. Retrieved 4571: 4559: 4534: 4530: 4524: 4512:. Retrieved 4503: 4492:. Retrieved 4488: 4476: 4464:. Retrieved 4461:ResearchGate 4460: 4436:. Retrieved 4432: 4406:. Retrieved 4404:. 2002-10-03 4401: 4392: 4367: 4363: 4357: 4322: 4318: 4308: 4274: 4270: 4264: 4229: 4225: 4215: 4180: 4176: 4155: 4150: 4125: 4121: 4115: 4106: 4102: 4092: 4075: 4039:. Retrieved 4035:the original 4024: 4013:. Retrieved 4006:the original 4001: 3992: 3986:. June 2007. 3978: 3966:. Retrieved 3943:. Retrieved 3939:the original 3929: 3918:. Retrieved 3908: 3880:. Retrieved 3876: 3867: 3859:ec.europa.eu 3858: 3849: 3841:ec.europa.eu 3840: 3816:. Retrieved 3806: 3795:. Retrieved 3793:. 2016-04-28 3790: 3781: 3770:. Retrieved 3766:the original 3761: 3737:. Retrieved 3733:the original 3723: 3711:. Retrieved 3706: 3697: 3686:. Retrieved 3681: 3672: 3661:. Retrieved 3656: 3647: 3635:. Retrieved 3631:the original 3626: 3617: 3606:. Retrieved 3602: 3578: 3569: 3558:. Retrieved 3556:. 2016-08-11 3554:Ec.europa.eu 3553: 3523:. Retrieved 3512: 3498: 3489: 3480: 3463: 3451:. Retrieved 3434: 3400:. Retrieved 3396:the original 3391: 3382: 3352: 3322: 3292: 3262: 3232: 3202: 3172: 3142: 3112: 3082: 3052: 3022: 2992: 2962: 2932: 2902: 2872: 2860:. Retrieved 2855: 2830:. Retrieved 2826: 2816: 2807: 2797: 2782: 2774: 2768:. Retrieved 2758: 2755:"Canon 1137" 2749: 2740: 2731: 2720:the original 2713: 2701: 2696: (2001). 2688: 2684: 2679: 2667:. Retrieved 2660:the original 2647: 2636:. Retrieved 2631: 2622: 2610:. Retrieved 2606: 2597: 2585:. Retrieved 2581: 2572: 2561:. Retrieved 2558:Kenarova.com 2557: 2545: 2534:. Retrieved 2530: 2521: 2509:. Retrieved 2500: 2489:. Retrieved 2485: 2473: 2461:. Retrieved 2451: 2442: 2432: 2426: 2415:. Retrieved 2408:the original 2395: 2383:. Retrieved 2374: 2362:. Retrieved 2358: 2349: 2337:. Retrieved 2333: 2324: 2315: 2303: 2291:. Retrieved 2286: 2277: 2268: 2258: 2248: 2240: 2235: 2226: 2213: 2202:. Retrieved 2198:the original 2188: 2073: 2046:1466–1536), 2032: 1983:Thomas Hardy 1963:George Eliot 1957: 1934: 1906: 1883: 1867: 1844: 1834: 1826: 1795: 1781: 1775: 1772:John E. Mack 1769: 1758: 1735: 1732:John Ferling 1729: 1689: 1686: 1668:Mileva Marić 1661: 1652:Mileva Marić 1614: 1598: 1567: 1544: 1529: 1521:grandparents 1509:civil rights 1502: 1480: 1470: 1463: 1452: 1426: 1412: 1408: 1392: 1368: 1341: 1326: 1310: 1295: 1291: 1249: 1243:66%, and in 1210: 1171: 1156: 1152: 1121: 1102: 1049:East Germany 1045:West Germany 1041: 1026: 1015: 1011: 1007:unwed mother 1000: 992: 984: 955: 945: 940:Pope Francis 937: 920: 911: 896: 879: 869: 863: 850: 844: 842: 838: 829: 825: 819: 816: 797: 774: 738: 730: 703: 688: 683:18 Elizabeth 675: 665: 649: 626: 621: 617: 616:, the terms 610:illegitimate 609: 605: 601: 597: 593: 590:illegitimacy 589: 569: 568: 376:Emancipation 320: 141:Cohabitation 95: 86: 62: 5488:Ari Shapiro 5412:Paul Wilson 5158:"Erasmus", 4946:Ari Shapiro 4845:biography ( 4599:(1): 1–24. 4128:: 140–691. 4109:(12): 1–11. 3684:(in French) 3659:(in French) 3504:"FastStats" 2862:January 11, 2715:Home Office 2019:John Irving 1995:Henry James 1971:Leo Tolstoy 1967:Victor Hugo 1929:Jane Austen 1849:bibliophile 1759:Similarly, 1744:Anders Zorn 1698:Edwin Booth 1682:Edwin Booth 1523:or married 1505:inheritance 1477:Edward Coke 1471:In English 1427:The Outcast 1343:Estado Novo 1276:Philippines 1266:, 6.4%; in 1262:, 5.6%; in 1258:, 3.1%; in 1237:El Salvador 1221:Puerto Rico 1092:, 42.9% in 1088:, 43.2% in 1084:, 45.5% in 1080:, 48.5% in 1076:, 50.4% in 1072:, 50.8% in 1064:, 52.4% in 1060:, 54.2% in 1056:, 58.9% in 903:Elizabeth I 892:Elizabeth I 691:English law 618:natural son 474:Child abuse 381:Foster care 156:Civil union 146:Concubinage 5529:Family law 5513:Categories 5067:2017-03-26 5004:2023-12-15 4979:2023-12-15 4731:2009-10-19 4712:Paul Nurse 4643:2014-05-06 4577:2017-03-26 4494:2017-03-26 4438:2017-03-26 4408:2017-03-26 4015:2017-03-26 3945:2014-12-06 3920:2013-02-11 3882:2017-03-26 3797:2017-03-26 3791:Pordata.pt 3772:2017-03-26 3688:2017-03-26 3663:2017-03-26 3608:2017-03-26 3560:2017-03-26 3402:2017-03-26 2832:2017-03-26 2821:ABC News. 2770:2021-12-15 2638:2023-04-06 2563:2017-03-26 2536:2023-02-11 2491:2017-03-26 2417:2015-04-07 2204:2012-03-20 2180:References 2068:Jenny Lind 1897:In fiction 1870:Steve Jobs 1863:Steve Jobs 1730:Historian 1633:Aleksandra 1540:legitimate 1494:safe haven 1475:, Justice 1473:common law 1360:family law 1272:Kyrgyzstan 1268:Kazakhstan 1264:Uzbekistan 1235:58.1%, in 1231:52.7%, in 1227:48.2%, in 1225:Costa Rica 1223:45.8%, in 1219:43.6%, in 1176:be 74% in 1136:Luxembourg 1126:(52.8% ), 602:love child 574:common law 570:Legitimacy 321:Legitimacy 284:Residence 115:Family law 89:April 2023 32:Legitimacy 5440:; 1982 . 5388:; 1998 . 5364:; 2005 . 5241:, p. 677. 5195:, p. 526. 5172:, p. 541. 5149:, p. 228. 4384:143607918 4142:145367552 4122:Sociology 3490:USA Today 2791:. 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