390:
339:
214:
1185:. Chapman & Hall, London, chapter 1, "Terrace Formation"), to become deeply incised into slopes to the west of the Lea flood plain. This is apparent, for example, in the steep slopes of Pymmes Brook between Cat Hill (Barnet) and Arnos Park, of Salmons Brook between Slades Hill (Enfield) and Grange Park, and of the headwaters of Cuffley Brook in the Cuffley - Newgate Street area.
385:
In addition, it is clear that the River Lea alone has been powerful enough to cause significant erosion below the surface across which the
Anglian ice sheet flowed and on which it left till and other deposits. A cross-section across the Lea Valley at Enfield shows that the Lea has cut down by as much
381:
However, this hypothesis is not universally supported. In any case, even if all or some of the water being conveyed by the proto-Thames as it flowed north-east through the Vale of St Albans was diverted southwards from around
Hoddesdon by an advancing Anglian ice sheet, this could only have been for
850:
writing in 1948 described how glasshouses, originally established on the 'warm brickearth soils' of
Tottenham and Edmonton in the 1880s, had been progressively driven north into the often poorer soils further north by the growth of London. At the same time the growth of industry had intensified the
334:
When the
Anglian ice sheet diverted the Thames southwards, the Mole-Wey was cut off at Richmond. As meltwater from the retreating Anglian ice sheet gave birth to the south-flowing lower River Lea, that river cut into and followed the line of the former proto-Mole-Wey, between Hoddesdon and Palmers
1114:
The celebrated "Lea Valley Arctic Beds" have been found among the youngest and easternmost of these deposits. These beds, carbon-dated to approximately 28,000 years ago, contained "a distinctive vegetation which has no precise modern equivalent. Known as ‘tundra steppe’ this grassy vegetation
375:, barely a further one kilometre to the east. Across that five kilometres of valley floor, the ground is mostly covered by river terrace deposits of decreasing altitude and age, thus demonstrating that the lower River Lea has migrated eastwards since it was formed some 400,000 years ago.
370:
For example, in the London
Borough of Enfield, the ground slopes from an altitude of only about 25 metres at the Ridge Avenue library to about 15 metres at the foot of Kings Head Hill, some five kilometres to the east. It then rises to an altitude of 85 metres on the summit of
154:
312:(Note - the above summary is accurate as far as it goes, but in reality the processes of glaciation and river diversion were more complex than in this summary - for example, four separate ice advances of the Anglian glaciation in this area have been identified.)
546:
A combination of factors led to the development of the valley as an important industrial area. These included, in the early days, distance from London for noxious industries and the availability of water power. Later factors included cheap electrical power from
221:
The northern boundary of the Lea catchment area rises to an altitude of almost 180 metres, in hills north-east of Luton. The lowest point of the catchment area is the junction of the Lea with the Thames in east London, at an altitude of barely 5 metres.
342:
Lower Lea valley from the air, showing locations mentioned in text: 1 - Forty Hill, 2 - Bush Hill, 3 - Broomfield Park, 4 - Ridge Avenue library, 5 - Foot of Kings Head Hill, 6 - Pole Hill, 7 - Yardley Hill, 8 - Epping Forest, 9 - Windmill
1036:. Transactions and Papers (Institute of British Geographers), 1959, No. 26, pp. 37-50. See in particular Figure 1, Figure 4, and page 49 - "There is seen to be a general correspondence between the present and pre-glacial drainage lines".
1120:
232:
The lower part of the Lea catchment runs from
Hoddesdon southwards to east London, with the flood plain of the River Lea as its central feature. That flood plain has a width which extends to about 7 kilometres in
355:). These deposits lie at an altitude of approximately 50 metres, just to the east of, and slightly lower than, the lowest gravel deposits left by the proto-Mole-Wey (shown on BGS maps as "Dollis Hill Gravel").
358:
But the River Lea has clearly moved eastwards since the Boyn Hill terraces were laid down. In fact, the lower Lea Valley has been noted for the striking width of its valley floor, especially the section from
382:
a brief (geologically speaking) period, because the ice then progressed further to the south and caused the above-mentioned complete diversion of the Thames to its more southerly course of today.
289:
Further north, the newly formed lower Lea was fed by rivers which, as mentioned above, had flowed directly into the proto-Thames prior to the
Anglian glaciation. These rivers - the upper Lea, the
1115:
covered much of Europe, northern Asia and North
America during the Devensian stage (100,000 to 10,000 years ago) and was the main habitat and diet of the woolly mammoth." The Essex Field Club,
436:, which becomes an increasingly urban transport corridor as it enters Greater London. Many of the upper sections have been exploited for sand, gravel or brickearth, and are now part of the
1336:
225:
The relief of the upper part of the Lea catchment is one of gently rolling hills, which are divided by the valleys that fan out to the north and north-west from an area between
327:
Just prior to the arrival of the
Anglian ice sheet in the Thames basin, this proto-Mole-Wey river appears to have been flowing over a wide, low-gradient valley floor between
378:
Some authors have proposed that the notable width of the lower Lea Valley indicates that it was once occupied by a larger and more powerful river, namely the proto-Thames.
408:
of the London Basin (with uplift in the west caused by erosion and subsidence in the east caused by accumulation of deposits in the North Sea) may also have played a role.
275:
The lower part of today's Lea valley was formed during the
Anglian glaciation. During that period, ice from the north of England advanced at least as far south as Watford,
695:
flourished. In the 19th century the lower Lea became an important area for the manufacture of chemicals, in part based on the supply of by-products such as sulphur and
286:
As the ice retreated, the lower part of the River Lea was formed. It flowed almost directly north–south into the newly diverted Thames (see further notes below).
720:
572:, some 2 km wide and 20 km long. The river was crossed at several points by fords or ferries, which were eventually replaced by bridges. At
252:
The upper part of the catchment area of the River Lea was formerly a group of valleys whose rivers flowed approximately north–south directly into the
397:
But why did the River Lea move eastwards? It has been suggested that the River Lea has been "tilted...into its eastern bank" by "a north-south
1067:
335:
Green. It flowed into the newly diverted Thames, which at that time was spread over a wide flood plain extending as far north as Islington.
347:
The earliest line of the lower River Lea is indicated by what appear on the BGS 1:50,000 map as deposits of "Boyn Hill gravel", notably at
726:
In the 20th century the combination of transport, wide expanses of flat land and electricity from riverside and canal-side plants such as
876:
653:
1399:
1295:
1414:
320:
Prior to the Anglian glaciation, a "proto-Mole-Wey" river was flowing northwards from the Weald and North Downs, through the "
352:
237:. From there, the land rises on either side to an altitude of around 120 metres, to gravel-capped plateaus in Hertfordshire (
1306:
1360:
982:
British Geological Survey (BGS) maps at a scale of 1:50,000 which cover most of the Lea Valley can be viewed online at
763:
747:
704:
283:. As a result, the River Thames was diverted to a more southerly route, broadly along the line of its current course.
31:
851:
lack of winter sunshine. Today, in most parts south of Cheshunt greenhouses have been replaced by residential areas.
1404:
700:
652:
Much early industrialisation was a result of the availability of water power for numerous mills. These include the
625:
114:
843:
665:
601:
302:
887:
Author Jim Lewis wrote several books, covering many subjects about the area, ranging from industry to sport.
564:
In earlier centuries the river Lea and its marshland formed a natural boundary between the historic areas of
93:, has been used as a transport corridor, a source of sand and gravel, an industrial area, a water supply for
839:
727:
548:
1265:
970:(British Geological Survey) for more information on the distribution of all the formations mentioned here.
835:
735:
712:
673:
577:
452:
360:
172:. The main underlying geological formation of the lower part of the Lea catchment, south of Hoddesdon, is
1319:
906:
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Lithostratigraphic subdivisions in the gravels of the proto-Thames between Hemel Hempstead and Watford
1020:
767:
629:
589:
194:
and other glacial deposits (mostly in the upper part of the catchment), and fluvial sand, gravel and
98:
217:
A topographic map of the Lea Valley, England (topographic-map.com), with Anglian glaciation details.
210:, where such deposits were laid down by the pre-glacial "proto-Thames" and its former tributaries).
872:
863:
occupies large areas of the valley. An extensive area of open land, built up using rubble from the
597:
429:
1409:
1140:
See references dating from 1912 cited in Bridgland, DR and Cheshire, DA (1994), "Interpretation".
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743:
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613:
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110:
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987:
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157:
A simplified geological map of that part of the London Basin through which flows the River Lea.
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573:
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242:
102:
48:
1064:
Middle and Late Pleistocene glacial lakes of lowland Britain and the southern North Sea Basin
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901:
811:
779:
633:
488:
309:- today follow courses which are mostly similar to those of their pre-Anglian predecessors.
234:
213:
187:
106:
1217:
846:. In the 1930s the valley contained the largest concentration of greenhouses in the world.
471:. To the south the wider expanse of Greater London includes the floodplain settlements of
109:. It is important for London's water supply, as the source of the water transported by the
1219:'Hackney: Communications', A History of the County of Middlesex: Volume 10: Hackney (1995)
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860:
791:
775:
751:
708:
476:
437:
161:
The main underlying geological formation of the upper part of the Lea catchment, north of
118:
1102:
153:
1066:. Quaternary International, Volume 260, 18 May 2012, Pages 115-142, Fig. 7A. Online at
896:
617:
532:
496:
1181:, at times of "high discharge, under cold climatic conditions" (Bridgland, DR (1994),
1000:
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as 45 metres, over a width of more than six kilometres, since the Anglian glaciation.
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1178:
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199:
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The Sub-Glacial Surface in East Hertfordshire and Its Relation to the Valley Pattern
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472:
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321:
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147:
1352:
1019:, Géographie physique et Quaternaire, vol. 51, n° 3, 1997, pp. 337-346. Online at
1156:, Proceedings of the Geologists' Association, Volume 34, Issue 3, 1923, page 251.
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was supplemented by bridge in 1100. In 1745 the valley was crossed at Clapton by
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685:
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176:
126:
1092:
Ellison, RA (2004), Geology of London, British Geological Survey, Fig. 29, p54.
1017:
Quaternary River Diversions in the London Basin and the Eastern English Channel
198:(in the lower parts of today's valleys, but also on some higher ground in east
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401:" which was established "at least as early as the beginning of Eocene times".
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However, large areas of these formations are overlain by much more recent
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Survey of London vol=43 and 44: Poplar, Blackwall and Isle of Dogs (1994)
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794:. Much industry has now gone, replaced by warehousing and retail parks.
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367:, as well as for the relative steepness of parts of its eastern slope.
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238:
416:
The northern section of the valley, although including several towns (
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94:
1165:
This downcutting by the River Lea as it moved eastwards lowered the
264:, through what is now the Vale of St Albans, then eastwards towards
967:
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1117:
Pickets Lock and Angel Road Pits (site of) (Lee Valley Arctic Bed)
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and Hoddesdon at what is today an altitude of around 60 metres.
191:
1326:(1 ed.). London: Longmans, Green & C Ltd. p. 142.
260:
about 450,000 years ago, the Thames flowed north-eastward past
1207:. Chapman & Hall, London, chapter 1, "Terrace Formation".
1169:
of its tributary streams. This in turn enabled, for example,
957:. Proceedings of the Geologists’ Association, 94, pages 83-5.
640:
and had important marshalling yards and locomotive works at
432:), is mainly rural. Below Hertford the Lea flows on a wide
1083:, Geological Magazine, Volume 116, Issue 1, January 1979.
1353:
Walthamstow Pump House Museum of Technology and Industry
1070:. See also Bridgland, DR and Gibbard, PL (1997), Fig. 3.
324:", to join the proto-Thames somewhere around Hoddesdon.
738:
led to expansion of industries including for example
612:
The valley of the Lea formed a route followed by the
451:
runs south to the west of the river, running through
632:(A10) and A1055. The valley is also followed by two
1241:"The Iron Bridge Over The River Lea, 1810 (p. 126)"
71:
63:
55:
46:
41:
703:'s works at Bow Common. Other industries included
676:(Greater London's last surviving working mill) at
30:"Lee Valley" redirects here. For other uses, see
1081:Middle Pleistocene drainage in the Thames Valley
393:Diagrammatic section across the lower Lea Valley
1062:Murton, Della K. and Murton, Julian B. (2012),
711:and confectionery manufacturer Clarnico (later
1307:History of the Lea Valley greenhouse industry
715:). Where the river meets the Thames were the
8:
1148:
1146:
842:and Nazeing, and spawned industries such as
822:. The industry once dominated the area from
588:. In 1810 an iron bridge was built linking
113:aqueduct, but also as the location for the
978:
976:
1324:The Land of Britain - Its Use and Misuse
1131:For example, Ellison RA (2004), page 74.
1011:
1009:
1045:Bridgland, DR and Cheshire, DA (1994),
918:
1015:Bridgland, DR and Gibbard, PL (1997),
146:is located in the central part of the
97:, and a recreational area. The London
38:
1154:Notes on the Geology of Epping Forest
988:largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/ (North London)
316:Further notes on the lower Lea Valley
70:
62:
54:
45:
7:
1194:Ellison RA (2004), Fig. 45, page 81.
953:McGregor, DFM and Green, CP (1983),
806:the Lea Valley, particularly around
1001:en-gb.topographic-map.com/ (London)
877:Site of Special Scientific Interest
654:Waltham Abbey Royal Gunpowder Mills
150:, on that basin's northern flank.
999:See the online topographic map at
604:. This was replaced in the 1980s.
25:
984:largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/ (Hertford)
551:and large expanses of flat land.
620:, and roads including the Roman
256:(the "proto-Thames"). Until the
351:, Bush Hill and Palmers Green (
1:
1152:Wells, AK and Wooldridge SW,
1105:. See also Gibbard PL (1979).
1053:. Chapman & Hall, London.
1023:. See in particular Figure 1.
245:) to the west, and to Essex (
1205:The Quaternary of the Thames
1183:The Quaternary of the Thames
1101:British Geological Survey -
1051:The Quaternary of the Thames
1267:Lea Valley Viaduct, site of
1049:, in Bridgland, DR (1994),
855:Protection and preservation
748:Thorn Electrical Industries
664:by 1665), the 19th century
600:, was built to a design by
32:Lee Valley (disambiguation)
1431:
1337:Books written by Jim Lewis
1309:Retrieved 23 November 2012
701:Gas Light and Coke Company
447:a more or less continuous
142:The catchment area of the
115:Lee Valley Reservoir Chain
29:
27:River valley in London, UK
1121:www.essexfieldclub.org.uk
1103:Dollis Hill Gravel Member
1032:Brown, Joyce C. (1959),
1021:www.erudit.org/fr/revues/
934:Sites Information Service
844:Pan Britannica Industries
79:
1400:Valleys of Hertfordshire
666:Royal Small Arms Factory
592:. In the late 1920s the
576:a stone causeway on the
1415:Ramsar sites in England
709:Stratford Railway Works
1339:Retrieved 17 July 2015
1320:Stamp, Laurence Dudley
1203:Bridgland, DR (1994),
660:but already producing
394:
344:
218:
186:formations, including
158:
907:Markfield Beam Engine
810:, is associated with
740:Enfield Rolling Mills
693:Bow porcelain factory
638:Great Eastern Railway
626:Hertford Road (A1010)
392:
341:
216:
156:
1079:Gibbard, PL (1979),
913:Notes and references
778:(original makers of
768:Ferguson Electronics
691:In the 18th century
630:Great Cambridge Road
590:East India Dock Road
406:isostatic adjustment
99:2012 Summer Olympics
89:, the valley of the
1372: /
1288:London's Lea Valley
873:Walthamstow Marshes
798:Small scale farming
680:. Further south at
674:Wright's Flour Mill
636:of what became the
598:North Circular Road
322:Finchley depression
968:BGS Geology Viewer
786:components (later
717:Orchard House Yard
594:Lea Valley Viaduct
449:ribbon development
395:
345:
258:Anglian glaciation
219:
159:
138:Physical geography
117:, stretching from
72:Reference no.
1405:Valleys of London
1003:for more details.
875:is retained as a
834:and Cheshunt, to
707:, Berger Paints,
241:) and Middlesex (
83:
82:
16:(Redirected from
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902:Lower Lea Valley
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812:market gardening
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229:and Hoddesdon.
190:(on the Chalk),
188:Clay-with-Flints
107:Lower Lea Valley
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883:Further reading
871:. By contrast,
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861:Lee Valley Park
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792:Johnson Matthey
752:Glover and Main
688:tidal complex.
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705:Bryant and May
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618:Lee Navigation
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622:Ermine Street
619:
615:
607:
605:
603:
602:Owen Williams
599:
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583:
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465:Waltham Cross
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329:Palmers Green
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296:
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287:
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278:
273:
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263:
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248:
247:Epping Forest
244:
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211:
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201:
200:Hertfordshire
197:
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137:
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58:
56:Official name
50:
40:
37:
33:
19:
1381:51.69; -0.01
1357:
1332:
1323:
1314:
1302:
1287:
1282:
1271:, retrieved
1266:
1260:
1249:, retrieved
1244:
1235:
1224:, retrieved
1218:
1212:
1204:
1199:
1190:
1182:
1171:Pymmes Brook
1161:
1153:
1136:
1127:
1119:. Online at
1116:
1110:
1097:
1088:
1080:
1075:
1063:
1058:
1050:
1046:
1041:
1033:
1028:
1016:
995:
962:
954:
949:
937:. Retrieved
930:
927:"Lee Valley"
921:
886:
858:
828:Enfield Lock
801:
790:) plant and
725:
690:
658:fulling mill
651:
642:Temple Mills
611:
563:
545:
537:Canning Town
513:Hackney Wick
473:Enfield Lock
469:Freezy Water
442:
415:
396:
384:
380:
377:
369:
357:
346:
333:
326:
319:
311:
288:
285:
274:
254:River Thames
251:
231:
224:
220:
181:
160:
148:London Basin
141:
86:
84:
42:Designations
36:
1379: /
1273:14 February
1251:14 February
1226:14 February
1167:base levels
824:Ponders End
756:MK Electric
750:, Belling,
723:shipyards.
686:Three Mills
678:Ponders End
485:Ponders End
403:Pleistocene
177:London Clay
127:Walthamstow
1394:Categories
734:, Bow and
586:Lea Bridge
582:Colchester
578:Roman road
505:Lea Bridge
457:Broxbourne
434:floodplain
349:Forty Hill
266:Chelmsford
184:Quaternary
167:Cretaceous
87:Lea Valley
64:Designated
59:Lee Valley
18:Lee Valley
1410:River Lea
1068:coek.info
816:nurseries
802:North of
760:Gestetner
728:Brimsdown
699:from the
662:gunpowder
614:New River
574:Stratford
566:Middlesex
549:Brimsdown
525:Stratford
493:Tottenham
481:Brimsdown
445:Hoddesdon
422:Harpenden
399:monocline
373:Pole Hill
365:Tottenham
281:Chingford
270:North Sea
243:Southgate
206:and west
204:Middlesex
163:Hoddesdon
144:River Lea
133:Geography
123:Tottenham
111:New River
105:, in the
103:Stratford
91:River Lea
1322:(1948).
939:25 April
891:See also
879:(SSSI).
840:Turnford
804:Cheshunt
772:Hotpoint
736:West Ham
648:Industry
560:Boundary
541:Leamouth
529:West Ham
517:Old Ford
489:Edmonton
461:Cheshunt
426:Hertford
363:down to
305:and the
277:Finchley
268:and the
235:Edmonton
227:Hertford
196:alluvium
121:through
1364:51°41′N
836:Wormley
808:Nazeing
788:Visteon
732:Hackney
697:ammonia
684:is the
670:Enfield
555:History
501:Clapton
453:Wormley
361:Wormley
262:Watford
239:Northaw
119:Enfield
1367:0°01′W
1294:
932:Ramsar
776:Lesney
713:Trebor
634:routes
624:, the
509:Leyton
301:, the
297:, the
293:, the
291:Mimram
174:Eocene
95:London
867:, is
865:Blitz
848:Stamp
782:), a
672:and
608:Byway
570:Essex
443:From
418:Luton
307:Stort
295:Beane
208:Essex
170:Chalk
165:, is
1292:ISBN
1275:2011
1253:2011
1228:2011
1177:and
986:and
966:See
941:2018
859:The
818:and
784:Ford
742:and
719:and
616:and
568:and
539:and
463:and
430:Ware
428:and
343:Hill
279:and
192:till
125:and
85:The
75:1037
682:Bow
668:at
580:to
523:,
521:Bow
467:to
303:Ash
299:Rib
179:.
1396::
1243:,
1173:,
1145:^
1008:^
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838:,
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475:,
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440:.
424:,
420:,
272:.
202:,
129:.
990:.
943:.
34:.
20:)
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