885:
691:
40:
52:
547:
473:. This property allows a bronchopulmonary segment to be surgically removed without affecting other segments. Initially, there are ten segments in each lung, but during development with the left lung having just two lobes, two pairs of segments fuse to give eight, four for each lobe. The tertiary bronchi divide further in another three branchings known as 4th order, 5th order and 6th order segmental bronchi which are also referred to as
873:
335:. The main bronchi branch into narrower secondary bronchi or lobar bronchi, and these branch into narrower tertiary bronchi or segmental bronchi. Further divisions of the segmental bronchi are known as 4th order, 5th order, and 6th order segmental bronchi, or grouped together as subsegmental bronchi. The bronchi, when too narrow to be supported by cartilage, are known as
600:
As branching continues through the bronchial tree, the amount of hyaline cartilage in the walls decreases until it is absent in the bronchioles. As the cartilage decreases, the amount of smooth muscle increases. The mucous membrane also undergoes a transition from ciliated pseudostratified columnar
528:
is present in the bronchi, surrounding the smooth muscle layer. In the main bronchi, the cartilage forms C-shaped rings like those in the trachea, while in the smaller bronchi, hyaline cartilage is present in irregularly arranged crescent-shaped plates and islands. These plates give structural
841:
is a rare congenital disorder that can have a varied appearance. A bronchial atresia is a defect in the development of the bronchi, affecting one or more bronchi – usually segmental bronchi and sometimes lobar. The defect takes the form of a blind-ended bronchus. The surrounding
398:
arches over it from behind; and the right pulmonary artery lies at first below and then in front of it. About 2 cm from its commencement it gives off a branch to the superior lobe of the right lung, which is also called the
884:
632:
has a prevalence of ≈0.3% and presents as an accessory bronchus arising from the bronchus intermedius between the upper lobar bronchus and the origin of the middle and lower lobar bronchi of the right main bronchus.
768:
The left main bronchus departs from the trachea at a greater angle than that of the right main bronchus. The right bronchus is also wider than the left and these differences predispose the right lung to
2379:
640:. In about half of observed cases the cardiac bronchus presents as a short dead-ending bronchial stump, in the remainder the bronchus may exhibit branching and associated aerated
963:
1554:
450:. The left main bronchus divides into two secondary bronchi or lobar bronchi, to deliver air to the two lobes of the left lung—the superior and the inferior lobe.
446:, and therefore it has been supposed by some that there is no upper lobe to the left lung, but that the so-called upper lobe corresponds to the middle lobe of the
2372:
621:. It can have multiple variations and, although usually asymptomatic, it can be the root cause of pulmonary disease such as a recurrent infection. In such cases
192:
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that is breathed in through to the functional tissues of the lungs, called alveoli. Exchange of gases between the air in the lungs and the blood in the
2365:
1316:
McGuinness G, Naidich DP, Garay SM, Davis AL, Boyd AD, Mizrachi HH (1993). "Accessory cardiac bronchus: CT features and clinical significance".
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749:
168:
164:
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In 0.1 to 5% of people there is a right superior lobe bronchus arising from the main stem bronchus prior to the carina. This is known as a
574:
331:
are the right main bronchus and the left main bronchus. These are the widest bronchi, and enter the right lung, and the left lung at each
1107:
1014:
Robinson, CL; Müller, NL; Essery, C (January 1989). "Clinical significance and measurement of the length of the right main bronchus".
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111:
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Maton, Anthea; Jean
Hopkins; Charles William McLaughlin; Susan Johnson; Maryanna Quon Warner; David LaHart; Jill D. Wright (1993).
516:
layer below the epithelium arranged as two ribbons of muscle that spiral in opposite directions. This smooth muscle layer contains
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Fundamentals of High-Resolution Lung CT: Common
Findings, Common Patterns, Common Diseases, and Differential Diagnosis
690:
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An accessory cardiac bronchus is usually an asymptomatic condition but may be associated with persistent infection or
512:. This cellular lining has cilia departing towards the mouth which removes dust and other small particles. There is a
2276:
2548:
2236:
830:, which serves to soothe the constricted bronchi and to re-expand the airways. This effect occurs quite quickly.
773:
problems. If food, liquids, or foreign bodies are aspirated, they will tend to lodge in the right main bronchus.
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is wider, shorter, and more vertical than the left main bronchus, its mean length is 1.09 cm. It enters the
39:
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872:
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is inserted too far, it will usually lodge in the right bronchus, allowing ventilation only of the right lung.
462:
147:
710:). Normally, the ratio of the bronchial wall thickness and the bronchial diameter is between 0.17 and 0.23.
442:, and has the left pulmonary artery lying at first above, and then in front of it. The left bronchus has no
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1977:
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Van
Klaveren, R. J.; Morshuis, W. J.; Lacquet, L. K.; Cox, A. L.; Festen, J.; Heystraten, F. M. (1992).
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51:
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363:, the left bronchus and the right bronchus. The carina of the trachea is located at the level of the
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of the main bronchus (primary bronchi) are similar to those in the trachea. They are lined with
465:. A bronchopulmonary segment is a division of a lung separated from the rest of the lung by a
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at approximately the fifth thoracic vertebra. The right main bronchus subdivides into three
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The bronchial wall normally has a thickness of 10% to 20% of the total bronchial diameter.
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In asthma, the constriction of the bronchi can result in difficulty in breathing giving
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1932:
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1463:"Congenital bronchial atresia with regional emphysema associated with pectus excavatum"
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is smaller in caliber but longer than the right, being 5 cm long. It enters the
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Atlas of Human
Anatomy Including Student Consult Interactive Ancillaries and Guides
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branch which divides into the two lobar bronchi to the middle and lower lobes.
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secretes mucus normally but builds up and becomes distended. This can lead to
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Traibi, A.; Seguin-Givelet, A.; Grigoroiu, M.; Brian, E.; Gossot, D. (2017).
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Bronchitis is defined as inflammation of the bronchi, which can either be
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411:. The right bronchus now passes below the artery, and is known as the
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Barat, Michael; Horst R. Konrad (1987-03-04). "Tracheal bronchus".
1150:"Tracheal bronchus | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org"
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912:(6th ed.). Philadelphia, Penn.: W B Saunders Co. p. 200.
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964:"Left Double-Lumen Tubes: Clinical Experience With 1,170 Patients"
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1412:"Congenital bronchial atresia in adults: Thoracoscopic resection"
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The left and right main bronchi sit behind the heart, shown here.
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occurs across the walls of the alveolar ducts and alveoli. The
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Imaging of the
Airways: Functional and Radiologic Correlations
1043:
Anatomy & physiology : the unity of form and function
826:
can be used to rectify the problem. The inhaler administers a
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epithelium, to simple ciliated cuboidal epithelium, to simple
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of the right lung—the superior, middle and inferior lobe. The
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opposite the sixth thoracic vertebra. It passes beneath the
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reaching the body for cellular processes. In this case, an
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The bronchi are conducting passages for air into the lungs.
1174:
Shih, Fu-Chieh; Wei-Jing Lee; Hung-Jung Lin (2009-03-31).
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is the basic anatomical unit of gas exchange in the lung.
286:
235:
694:
Bronchial wall thickness (T) and bronchial diameter (D).
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The collected mucus may form a mucoid impaction or a
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with an inflammatory component, often in response to
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323:. The first or primary bronchi to branch from the
971:Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia
529:support to the bronchi and keep the airway open.
654:Respiratory tract § Lower respiratory tract
941:. wood Cliffs, New Jersey, USA: Prentice Hall.
577:. The epithelium in the main bronchi contains
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1548:
698:Bronchial wall thickening, as can be seen on
575:ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
8:
752:(COPD), and this is usually associated with
489:, which go on to divide into two to eleven
485:, each of which then gives rise to several
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1070:Brett M. Elicker, W. Richard Webb (2012).
1045:(6th ed.). McGraw-Hill. p. 862.
453:The secondary bronchi divide further into
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38:
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497:associated with each alveolar duct. The
1098:Marieb, Elaine N.; Hoehn, Katja (2012).
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670:and alveoli consist primarily of simple
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504:The main bronchi have relatively large
407:refers to its position above the right
1512:Moore, Keith L. and Arthur F. Dalley.
1405:
1403:
1295:Parker MS, Christenson ML, Abbott GF.
557:on non-ciliated bronchiolar epithelium
203:
29:
1386:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
1124:"Bronchi, Bronchial Tree & Lungs"
1074:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
750:chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
702:, generally (but not always) implies
390:), which deliver oxygen to the three
7:
1514:Clinically Oriented Anatomy, 4th ed.
1180:Canadian Medical Association Journal
878:Cross-section of secondary bronchus
861:may accompany a bronchial atresia.
674:, which permits rapid diffusion of
264:
1351:Weerakkody, Yuranga (2021-01-13).
1233:American Journal of Otolaryngology
805:hyperresponsiveness of the bronchi
605:in the alveolar ducts and alveoli
25:
962:Brodsky, JB; Lemmens, JM (2003).
477:. These branch into many smaller
112:Pulmonary branches of vagus nerve
1297:Teaching atlas of chest imaging.
1285:from the original on 2015-11-15.
883:
871:
311:) is a passage or airway in the
273:
222:
1330:10.1148/radiology.189.2.8210391
27:Airway in the respiratory tract
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2445:
1100:Human Anatomy & Physiology
658:The bronchi function to carry
1:
1416:Journal of Visualized Surgery
1245:10.1016/S0196-0709(87)80034-0
983:10.1016/S1053-0770(03)00046-6
56:The bronchi form part of the
461:), each of which supplies a
343:takes place in the bronchi.
1353:"Bronchial wall thickening"
1016:Canadian Journal of Surgery
2695:
717:
651:
539:
430:, crosses in front of the
355:(windpipe) divides at the
2549:Middle lobe of right lung
1382:David P. Naidich (2005).
1102:(9th ed.). Pearson.
908:Netter, Frank H. (2014).
756:or long-term exposure to
587:columnar epithelial cells
573:, which is classified as
198:
49:
37:
1429:10.21037/jovs.2017.10.15
937:Human Biology and Health
493:. There are five or six
463:bronchopulmonary segment
2390:lower respiratory tract
487:respiratory bronchioles
313:lower respiratory tract
58:lower respiratory tract
2679:Thorax (human anatomy)
2590:Respiratory bronchiole
2007:Lymphoid immune system
1576:Musculoskeletal system
1479:10.1136/thx.47.12.1082
695:
571:respiratory epithelium
558:
542:Respiratory epithelium
510:respiratory epithelium
380:root of the right lung
200:Anatomical terminology
1995:Myeloid immune system
1781:Cardiovascular system
1148:Weerakkody, Yuranga.
818:; this can lead to a
736:is usually caused by
693:
686:Clinical significance
595:mucociliary clearance
549:
424:root of the left lung
2544:Lingula of left lung
2347:Islets of Langerhans
2207:Genitourinary system
1943:Integumentary system
779:aspiration pneumonia
744:. Many sufferers of
742:bacterial infections
619:anatomical variation
483:terminal bronchioles
475:subsegmental bronchi
2580:Terminal bronchiole
2237:Reproductive system
1956:Subcutaneous tissue
1725:Cartilaginous joint
1192:10.1503/cmaj.080280
1176:"Tracheal bronchus"
1041:Saladin, K (2012).
816:shortness of breath
775:Bacterial pneumonia
672:squamous epithelium
625:is often curative.
603:squamous epithelium
401:eparterial bronchus
376:right main bronchus
2674:Respiratory system
2019:Respiratory system
1772:Circulatory system
1275:"Cardiac bronchus"
848:regional emphysema
746:chronic bronchitis
696:
585:, modified simple
559:
508:that are lined by
481:which divide into
420:left main bronchus
76:Respiratory system
18:Left main bronchus
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2605:Blood-air barrier
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2420:Annular ligaments
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1868:Glymphatic system
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919:978-1-4557-0418-7
865:Additional images
839:Bronchial atresia
834:Bronchial atresia
748:also suffer from
617:, and seen as an
615:tracheal bronchus
553:and much smaller
526:Hyaline cartilage
518:seromucous glands
471:connective tissue
459:segmental bronchi
457:, (also known as
444:eparterial branch
384:secondary bronchi
369:thoracic vertebra
359:into two main or
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16:(Redirected from
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859:pectus excavatum
734:Acute bronchitis
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409:pulmonary artery
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820:lack of oxygen
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715:
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680:carbon dioxide
668:alveolar ducts
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367:and the fifth
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495:alveolar sacs
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436:thoracic duct
433:
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385:
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1362:. Retrieved
1356:
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1324:(2): 563–6.
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1157:. Retrieved
1153:
1143:
1133:18 September
1131:. Retrieved
1127:
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1019:
1015:
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995:the original
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838:
837:
813:
799:
783:
781:may result.
771:aspirational
767:
723:
704:inflammation
697:
657:
635:
629:
627:
614:
612:
599:
581:, which are
579:goblet cells
560:
536:Microanatomy
531:
503:
474:
458:
454:
452:
419:
417:
412:
404:
387:
383:
375:
373:
360:
350:
341:gas exchange
268:
217:
215:
169:A06.3.01.008
165:A06.4.01.001
140:
128:
2644:Goblet cell
2337:Parathyroid
2037:Nasopharynx
1899:Spinal cord
1834:Bone marrow
1603:Collar bone
1358:Radiopaedia
1159:21 November
1154:Radiopaedia
1022:(1): 27–8.
855:bronchocele
664:capillaries
479:bronchioles
428:aortic arch
413:hyparterial
396:azygos vein
371:(at rest).
337:bronchioles
118:Identifiers
2663:Categories
2572:Bronchiole
2564:BP segment
2527:Horizontal
2498:Landmarks
2463:eparterial
2116:Oropharynx
1856:Lymph node
1789:peripheral
1635:Metatarsus
1630:Metacarpus
1609:Thigh bone
1605:(clavicle)
1364:2018-01-05
1305:3131390212
1279:Radiopedia
1186:(7): 783.
790:intubation
764:Aspiration
720:Bronchitis
714:Bronchitis
708:bronchitis
652:See also:
638:hemoptysis
555:microvilli
448:right lung
438:, and the
405:Eparterial
2639:Club cell
2523:Fissures
2458:Secondary
2322:Pituitary
2171:accessory
2126:Esophagus
1846:secondary
1758:Diaphragm
1702:Cartilage
1650:Phalanges
1318:Radiology
1253:0196-0709
1200:0820-3946
896:Citations
809:allergens
788:used for
758:irritants
623:resection
609:Variation
597:process.
583:glandular
563:cartilage
432:esophagus
347:Structure
319:into the
2669:Bronchus
2600:Alveolus
2470:Tertiary
2302:Placenta
2265:Testicle
2260:Prostate
2187:Pancreas
2148:Appendix
2138:lower GI
2111:upper GI
2059:Bronchus
2002:Lymphoid
1685:Vertebra
1640:Ossicles
1625:Mandible
1516:(1999).
1448:29302450
1378:Page 112
1283:Archived
1218:19332762
991:12827573
648:Function
499:alveolus
218:bronchus
129:bronchus
33:Bronchus
2632:Type II
2532:Oblique
2492:General
2435:Bronchi
2407:Trachea
2342:Adrenal
2332:Thyroid
2250:Scrotum
2227:Urethra
2222:Bladder
2131:Stomach
2054:Trachea
1990:Myeloid
1829:primary
1695:Sternum
1645:Patella
1620:Humerus
1611:(femur)
1507:Sources
1497:1494776
1488:1021111
1439:5730535
1422:: 174.
1338:8210391
1261:3592078
1209:2659830
1128:nih.gov
1028:2642720
1003:Alt URL
824:inhaler
754:smoking
730:chronic
700:CT scan
353:trachea
327:at the
325:trachea
269:bronchi
153:D001980
141:βρόγχος
65:Details
2627:Type I
2425:Carina
2327:Pineal
2287:Vagina
2282:Uterus
2277:Female
2217:Ureter
2212:Kidney
2158:Rectum
2094:Tongue
2042:Larynx
1961:Breast
1933:Tissue
1851:Spleen
1839:Thymus
1794:Artery
1753:Tendon
1748:Muscle
1712:Joints
1690:Pelvis
1665:Tarsus
1655:Radius
1615:Fibula
1598:Carpus
1568:organs
1520:
1495:
1485:
1467:Thorax
1446:
1436:
1390:
1336:
1303:
1299:2006,
1259:
1251:
1216:
1206:
1198:
1106:
1078:
1068:) in:
1049:
1026:
989:
945:
916:
844:tissue
801:Asthma
796:Asthma
676:oxygen
591:mucins
506:lumens
467:septum
434:, the
357:carina
329:carina
83:Artery
71:System
2615:Cells
2517:Hilum
2484:Lungs
2451:right
2442:Main
2297:Ovary
2292:Vulva
2255:Penis
2177:Liver
2153:Colon
2104:Tooth
2084:Mouth
2049:Lower
2027:Upper
1904:Nerve
1894:Brain
1811:Heart
1670:Tibia
1660:Skull
998:(PDF)
967:(PDF)
784:If a
738:viral
726:acute
551:Cilia
522:mucus
392:lobes
339:. No
333:hilum
321:lungs
306:BRONG
258:BRONG
204:[
136:Greek
124:Latin
107:Nerve
2512:Root
2507:Apex
2502:Base
2446:left
2245:Male
2163:Anus
2064:Lung
2032:Nose
1980:and
1951:Skin
1799:Vein
1675:Ulna
1593:Bone
1566:and
1518:ISBN
1493:PMID
1444:PMID
1388:ISBN
1380:in:
1334:PMID
1301:ISBN
1257:PMID
1249:ISSN
1214:PMID
1196:ISSN
1161:2021
1135:2019
1104:ISBN
1076:ISBN
1047:ISBN
1024:PMID
987:PMID
943:ISBN
914:ISBN
777:and
678:and
628:The
565:and
561:The
418:The
374:The
351:The
260:-kəs
193:7409
181:3226
160:TA98
148:MeSH
95:Vein
2099:Lip
1921:Eye
1916:Ear
1680:Rib
1483:PMC
1475:doi
1434:PMC
1424:doi
1326:doi
1322:189
1241:doi
1204:PMC
1188:doi
1184:180
979:doi
740:or
728:or
660:air
469:of
403:.
317:air
308:-ky
265:pl.
188:FMA
176:TA2
2665::
2574::
1491:.
1481:.
1471:47
1469:.
1465:.
1442:.
1432:.
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1414:.
1402:^
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1126:.
1090:^
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760:.
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682:.
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296:aɪ
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267::
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981::
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299:/
293:k
290:ŋ
287:ɒ
284:r
281:b
278:ˈ
275:/
251:/
248:s
245:ə
242:k
239:ŋ
236:ɒ
233:r
230:b
227:ˈ
224:/
220:(
208:]
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
