33:
319:, their preferred habitats include forest undergrowth, underneath grass, silts and sand or shell beaches. In terms of nesting, factors such as the type of soil and amount sunshine are important. The substrate must be dry and free draining, to avoid flooding. In addition, the loose soil is needed for filling in tunnels in their nests. Females dig tunnels and cells in clear ground with enough nearby vegetation, in cliff surfaces, coastal areas and in silt in river beds.
46:
341:
full of nectar and then lays eggs in the cell. She will then close the tunnel. After about three days the larvae hatch from the eggs with the young growing rapidly with the mature larvae continuing to overwinter within the nest. Lastly prepupae and pupae are no longer to eat until they become adults the following spring.
444:
is affected by the type of soil and the aspect of the site. Female bees have been observed waiting at the entry of their nests, possibly for the temperature to rise, before leaving the nest. It has been hypothesised that the insects need for warmer temperatures is the reason why nests are placed in
340:
is a solitary bee, their nests are often close to one another. Males play no role in constructing nests as only females build the nest which consist of blind tunnels and cells where their larvae live in. Females also protect the nest against enemies. After building the cells, the female fills them
234:
is solitary mining bee. Adults are between 7.7 to 11.8 millimetres long. Females are more robust than males. Both the female and male are similarly coloured, but the head of female generally has 12 antennal segments while the male has 13. All adults are black, with an orthognathous head. The bee's
327:
All nutrients that they need in their life are directly or indirectly come from pollen and nectar. More specific, pollen is the main source of protein, nectar provides sugar. The task of collecting pollen and nectar to provision their nests is only undertaken by females. Males spend most of their
390:
The foraging preference of this species is influenced by how close the plants are to nest sites. The bees prefer to forage near their nests, mainly to limit their foraging time. The average foraging time is about two minutes but can range from between 46 seconds and four minutes and 28 seconds.
262:
The larvae of the species is easily differentiated from the adults, as larvae have a white or almost white body and are without legs. The obvious character of pupae is that their surface colour progresses from pearly white to black as they grow. The colour results from mature features gradually
431:
show that this species can carry the maximal load of approximately 52% of their body weight. Although those experiments have succeeded in getting results, those results were influenced by the behaviour of the bees experimented on. The test subjects tried to remove additional loads during the
445:
sunny areas. When it is a suitable temperature for the female bee to leave the nest, they walk around their nest three or four times. They then fly around the nest in a figure eight shape, then finally leave the area of the nest to forage.
191:
can be found throughout the main islands of New
Zealand and forages on the flowers of both native and introduced species of plants. This species nests in the soil with their life cycle lasting approximately a year.
426:
Knowledge about bee load-lifting capacity can help assess the foraging range of the species, which in turn can contribute to developing conservation strategies. Experiments in the load-lifting capacity of
336:
Adult bees appear in spring or early summer between
September and December. Then female mates and lays approximately 30 eggs once a year. Females begin to construct a nest in mid-late summer. Although
1042:
461:
287:
This species is widely distributed and can be found in the North, South, Stewart and Three Kings
Islands. Large aggregations are commonly seen in rural areas such as at
955:
929:
1052:
968:
380:. This species has also adapted to foraging on the flowers of introduced plants and crops such as kiwifruit and onions. They also often visit
462:
https://www.landcareresearch.co.nz/resources/collections/nzac/holdings/primary-type-specimens-hymenoptera/checklist-hymenoptera/checklist
1037:
744:
590:
1047:
220:
973:
32:
204:
156:
743:
Malone, Louise; Aulsford, James; Howlett, Brad; Scott-Dupree, Cynthia; Bardol, Nicolas; Donovan, Barry (January 2010).
259:. Females have an external pollen-carrying apparatus (the scopa) and in summer they can often be seen carrying pollen.
256:
251:
includes all parts of thoracic and first true abdominal segment, as the first real abdominal part is connected to the
45:
661:"Abiotic and biotic factors influencing nestâsite selection by Halictus rubicundus , a groundânesting halictine bee"
212:
894:
292:
300:
660:
856:
244:
140:
983:
916:
529:
1032:
783:
725:
689:
40:
960:
1004:
903:
837:
775:
681:
596:
586:
1009:
829:
767:
759:
673:
640:
511:
381:
315:
A preferred habitat requires enough food resources and suitable substrates for nesting. For
991:
580:
407:
1026:
677:
208:
176:
787:
693:
499:
908:
288:
296:
349:
The species lives for approximately one year, with the adults dying in the fall.
942:
888:
402:
has been found to be carrying different species of mites. The spore cyst fungus
291:. The species' preferred habitat is diverse including native forests such as at
184:
117:
97:
879:
816:
644:
515:
369:
252:
240:
107:
841:
779:
685:
634:
600:
373:
236:
77:
57:
763:
745:"Observations on bee species visiting white clover in New Zealand pastures"
996:
873:
500:"XXIX.âNew and little-known Bees in the Collection of the British Museum"
377:
248:
180:
729:
713:
432:
experiment. The reason for the bees behaving this way is still unknown.
934:
216:
947:
833:
771:
87:
67:
850:
804:
Cockerell. Unpublished M. Sc. thesis, Auckland
University: 218 pp.
921:
800:
Donovan, B. J. (1967). Bionomics of the New
Zealand native bee,
714:"Interactions between native and introduced bees in New Zealand"
473:
854:
406:
can attack larvae and prepupae in their nests. In addition, a
172:
585:. Lincoln, N.Z.: Manaaki Whenua Press, Landcare Research.
460:
Landcare
Research. (2019). Retrieved March 24, 2019 from
187:. They are a solitary bee, small and black in appearance.
814:
Pinnock, D. E.; Coles, R. B.; Donovan, B. J. (1988).
530:"Leioproctus boltoni Cockerell, 1904 NHMUK014029850"
863:
368:forages mainly on the flowers of native species of
255:. This species has a short tongue and has enlarged
815:
659:
636:Industrious Native Bees: A Case Study in Whangarei
179:. This species was first described in 1904 and is
299:, and areas with pine, shrub or gorse growth.
498:Cockerell, Theodore Dru Alison (1904-09-01).
8:
207:in 1904 using specimens collected by Lt Col
1043:Taxa named by Theodore Dru Alison Cockerell
851:
817:"A new spore cyst fungus from New Zealand"
658:Potts, Simon; Willmer, Pat (August 1997).
518:– via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
247:and is not connected with the tegula. The
31:
20:
453:
504:Annals and Magazine of Natural History
303:also is a common location for finding
574:
572:
570:
7:
984:4f2c0a55-b267-442e-bf96-51f34f17a89d
707:
705:
703:
628:
626:
624:
622:
620:
618:
616:
614:
612:
610:
568:
566:
564:
562:
560:
558:
556:
554:
552:
550:
474:"Leioproctus boltoni Cockerell 1904"
328:time in mating, eating and resting.
295:, regenerative forests such as at
14:
395:Predators, parasites and diseases
332:Reproduction and seasonal rhythms
263:developing under the pupal skin.
678:10.1046/j.1365-2311.1997.00071.x
440:The sites chosen for nesting by
44:
752:Journal of Apicultural Research
243:, the pronotal lobe covers the
1053:Endemic insects of New Zealand
718:New Zealand Journal of Ecology
221:Natural History Museum, London
215:, in New Zealand in 1854. The
1:
582:Apoidea (Insecta:Hymenoptera)
579:Donovan, Barry James (2007).
205:Theodore Dru Alison Cockerell
822:Australian Systematic Botany
279:is endemic to New Zealand.
1069:
1038:Hymenoptera of New Zealand
645:10.13140/RG.2.1.1422.4806
516:10.1080/03745480409442994
388:Foraging behaviors :
146:
139:
41:Scientific classification
39:
30:
23:
353:Diet, prey and predators
323:Life cycle and phenology
219:specimen is held at the
712:Donovan, B. J. (1980).
293:Raumanga Valley Reserve
203:was first described by
1048:Taxa described in 1904
764:10.3896/IBRA.1.49.3.09
666:Ecological Entomology
422:Load-lifting capacity
414:genus likely attacks
404:Ascosphaera scaccaria
633:Ngaire Hart (2007).
272:Natural global range
895:Leioproctus boltoni
865:Leioproctus boltoni
802:Leioproctus boltoni
311:Habitat preferences
168:Leioproctus boltoni
150:Leioproctus boltoni
25:Leioproctus boltoni
732:– via JSTOR.
1020:
1019:
1005:Open Tree of Life
857:Taxon identifiers
834:10.1071/SB9880387
436:Nesting behaviour
358:Diet and foraging
283:New Zealand range
175:in the family of
164:
163:
1060:
1013:
1012:
1000:
999:
987:
986:
977:
976:
964:
963:
951:
950:
938:
937:
925:
924:
912:
911:
899:
898:
897:
884:
883:
882:
852:
846:
845:
819:
811:
805:
798:
792:
791:
749:
740:
734:
733:
709:
698:
697:
663:
655:
649:
648:
630:
605:
604:
576:
545:
544:
542:
541:
526:
520:
519:
495:
489:
488:
486:
485:
470:
464:
458:
239:is fixed to the
171:is a species of
152:
49:
48:
35:
21:
1068:
1067:
1063:
1062:
1061:
1059:
1058:
1057:
1023:
1022:
1021:
1016:
1008:
1003:
995:
992:Observation.org
990:
982:
980:
972:
967:
959:
954:
946:
941:
933:
928:
920:
915:
907:
902:
893:
892:
887:
878:
877:
872:
859:
849:
813:
812:
808:
799:
795:
747:
742:
741:
737:
711:
710:
701:
657:
656:
652:
632:
631:
608:
593:
578:
577:
548:
539:
537:
528:
527:
523:
510:(81): 203â208.
497:
496:
492:
483:
481:
472:
471:
467:
459:
455:
451:
438:
424:
397:
355:
345:Life expectancy
325:
313:
285:
274:
269:
229:
198:
160:
154:
148:
135:
132:L. boltoni
43:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1066:
1064:
1056:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1025:
1024:
1018:
1017:
1015:
1014:
1001:
988:
978:
965:
952:
939:
926:
913:
900:
885:
869:
867:
861:
860:
855:
848:
847:
806:
793:
758:(3): 284â286.
735:
699:
672:(3): 319â328.
650:
606:
591:
546:
534:data.nhm.ac.uk
521:
490:
465:
452:
450:
447:
437:
434:
423:
420:
396:
393:
354:
351:
324:
321:
312:
309:
297:Mount Parihaka
284:
281:
273:
270:
268:
265:
228:
225:
197:
194:
177:plasterer bees
162:
161:
155:
144:
143:
137:
136:
129:
127:
123:
122:
115:
111:
110:
105:
101:
100:
95:
91:
90:
85:
81:
80:
75:
71:
70:
65:
61:
60:
55:
51:
50:
37:
36:
28:
27:
16:Species of bee
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1065:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1030:
1028:
1011:
1006:
1002:
998:
993:
989:
985:
979:
975:
970:
966:
962:
957:
953:
949:
944:
940:
936:
931:
927:
923:
918:
914:
910:
905:
901:
896:
890:
886:
881:
875:
871:
870:
868:
866:
862:
858:
853:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
818:
810:
807:
803:
797:
794:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
746:
739:
736:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
708:
706:
704:
700:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
662:
654:
651:
646:
642:
638:
637:
629:
627:
625:
623:
621:
619:
617:
615:
613:
611:
607:
602:
598:
594:
592:9780478093896
588:
584:
583:
575:
573:
571:
569:
567:
565:
563:
561:
559:
557:
555:
553:
551:
547:
535:
531:
525:
522:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
494:
491:
479:
475:
469:
466:
463:
457:
454:
448:
446:
443:
435:
433:
430:
421:
419:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
394:
392:
389:
385:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
364:
360:
359:
352:
350:
347:
346:
342:
339:
334:
333:
329:
322:
320:
318:
310:
308:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
282:
280:
278:
271:
266:
264:
260:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
233:
226:
224:
222:
218:
214:
210:
209:Daniel Bolton
206:
202:
195:
193:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
169:
158:
153:
151:
145:
142:
141:Binomial name
138:
134:
133:
128:
125:
124:
121:
120:
116:
113:
112:
109:
106:
103:
102:
99:
96:
93:
92:
89:
86:
83:
82:
79:
76:
73:
72:
69:
66:
63:
62:
59:
56:
53:
52:
47:
42:
38:
34:
29:
26:
22:
19:
864:
825:
821:
809:
801:
796:
755:
751:
738:
721:
717:
669:
665:
653:
635:
581:
538:. Retrieved
536:. 2021-01-30
533:
524:
507:
503:
493:
482:. Retrieved
477:
468:
456:
441:
439:
428:
425:
415:
411:
408:gasteruptiid
403:
399:
398:
387:
386:
382:white clover
365:
362:
361:
357:
356:
348:
344:
343:
337:
335:
331:
330:
326:
316:
314:
304:
289:Maungatapere
286:
276:
275:
267:Distribution
261:
231:
230:
200:
199:
188:
167:
166:
165:
149:
147:
131:
130:
118:
24:
18:
943:iNaturalist
889:Wikispecies
724:: 104â116.
412:Pseudomonas
363:Food :
227:Description
185:New Zealand
119:Leioproctus
98:Hymenoptera
1033:Colletidae
1027:Categories
828:(4): 387.
772:10214/2634
540:2021-02-27
484:2021-02-27
449:References
442:L. boltoni
429:L. boltoni
416:L. boltoni
400:L. boltoni
370:Asteraceae
366:L. boltoni
338:L. boltoni
317:L. boltoni
301:Canterbury
277:L. boltoni
253:metathorax
241:mesothorax
232:L. boltoni
201:L. boltoni
189:L. boltoni
108:Colletidae
78:Arthropoda
842:1030-1887
780:0021-8839
686:0307-6946
601:173601781
384:florets.
374:Myrtaceae
157:Cockerell
126:Species:
64:Kingdom:
58:Eukaryota
961:10233729
880:Q2289073
874:Wikidata
788:85785124
730:24052010
694:86660699
378:Fabaceae
305:L bolton
249:mesosoma
245:spiracle
237:pronotum
196:Taxonomy
104:Family:
74:Phylum:
68:Animalia
54:Domain:
1010:3274758
935:1348383
922:1047284
639:(MSc).
478:eol.org
410:in the
217:syntype
181:endemic
114:Genus:
94:Order:
88:Insecta
84:Class:
997:170153
981:NZOR:
974:655125
948:409909
840:
786:
778:
728:
692:
684:
599:
589:
480:. 2021
376:, and
257:ocelli
159:, 1904
956:IRMNG
909:6P7K4
784:S2CID
748:(PDF)
726:JSTOR
690:S2CID
969:ITIS
930:GBIF
838:ISSN
776:ISSN
682:ISSN
597:OCLC
587:ISBN
917:EoL
904:CoL
830:doi
768:hdl
760:doi
674:doi
641:doi
512:doi
307:i.
183:to
173:bee
1029::
1007::
994::
971::
958::
945::
932::
919::
906::
891::
876::
836:.
824:.
820:.
782:.
774:.
766:.
756:49
754:.
750:.
720:.
716:.
702:^
688:.
680:.
670:22
668:.
664:.
609:^
595:.
549:^
532:.
508:14
506:.
502:.
476:.
418:.
372:,
223:.
213:RE
211:,
844:.
832::
826:1
790:.
770::
762::
722:3
696:.
676::
647:.
643::
603:.
543:.
514::
487:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
