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oxides, carbides and nitrides, and vapor pressure measurements were used. These intermetallics were shown to be among the most stable of all types of compounds, as predicted by the Engel theory. Engel had suggested a correlation between the number of conduction electrons and the crystal structure of the metals. Brewer extended this concept to include the nature of d and f electrons, and the concept of acid-base interactions. Starting investigations with undergraduate students, he tested these ideas by heating ZrC with the noble metal platinum, and found that the formation of ZrPt3 released a great deal of energy despite the great stability of ZrC. Over several years Brewer developed the Brewer-Engel theory for such bonds, and he published many papers about its application.
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lectures and supervised laboratory work for laboratory courses in freshman chemistry, advanced quantitative analysis, instrumental analysis, inorganic synthesis, inorganic reactions, and organic chemistry, as well as courses in chemical thermodynamics from the sophomore to graduate student level. In order to ensure a high standard of instruction at even the most basic levels, Brewer initiated a course for freshman-chemistry teaching assistants that reviewed principles and certified their ability to adequately fulfill their responsibilities.
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25:
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Brewer was a caring and gifted teacher who was greatly admired by students and colleagues alike. In 1966 he was selected by the
Academic Senate at UC Berkeley to deliver the annual Faculty Research Lecture. The title of his lecture was, "A Broad University Education Leads to Astrochemistry." In 1988,
714:
Brewer devoted major effort to the characterization of the thermodynamic properties at high temperatures, and the critical evaluations of the thermodynamic properties from the
Manhattan Project were updated periodically. One of Brewer's compilations covered the thermodynamic properties of the solid,
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in high-temperature vapors. This led to a general theory which predicted that saturated high-temperature vapors would be complex mixtures of species and that the complexity would increase with increasing temperature. These predictions have been confirmed by high-temperature workers for many systems.
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In 1960, he was diagnosed with cancer, which was treated by surgical removal of his right eye and considerable periorbital facial tissue and bone. He believed that this was caused by some of his work with toxic or radioactive chemicals. This did not cause any significant reduction or impairment in
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Brewer conducted a wide range of spectroscopic studies both at high temperatures and in matrices to fix the thermodynamic properties of high-temperature vapors. From 1950 to 1970, Brewer published many papers on the analysis of the spectra produced by high-temperature gaseous molecules. Several of
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Brewer's dual appointment afforded him the opportunity to take an active role in all levels of academic instruction, both inside and outside of the laboratory. Besides providing classroom instruction in solid-state chemistry, heterogeneous equilibria, and inorganic chemistry, Brewer also delivered
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to join the top-secret wartime research group that would become known as the
Manhattan Engineering District Project. Assigned to work under Professor E.D. Eastman (whose deteriorating health forced him to withdraw from the project soon after work had begun), Brewer headed a group composed of Leroy
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The first of these tasks led to a fundamental examination of the behavior of all elements at high temperature, and resulted in a series of papers describing the high-temperature behavior of metals, oxides, halides, and many other compounds. The second task led to the development of the refractory
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Much of Brewer's later research was aimed at characterizing the extremely strong generalized Lewis acid-base interactions between lanthanides, actinides and left-hand transition metals with the platinum group metals. A combination of high-temperature solid electrolyte cells, equilibration with
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Much of his research focused on resolving discrepancies between reported experimental values and values predicted by chemical bonding models. In many instances, the reported data were shown to be in error, and the reliability of the model was confirmed. Examples are the demonstrations that the
673:. He showed that when vapor and condensed phases are in equilibrium, the vapor species become more complex as the temperature is raised. This includes the formation of polymers and unusual oxidation states. His rule became the foundation of the field of high-temperature chemistry.
444:. He rose steadily through the ranks, achieving the rank of full professor in 1955. Brewer served as a faculty member of the department of chemistry for over sixty years, during which time he directed 41 Ph.D. candidates, and nearly two-dozen post-doctoral research associates.
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were extended to a wide range of transition metal intermetallic compounds through use of the Engel correlation of electronic and crystal structures that has led to the prediction of the structures and compositions of the phases of most of the two billion multi-component
389:, then available only in trace amounts; developing refractory materials capable of containing molten plutonium without excessive contamination, even if the worst predictions should be true; and developing a micro-analytical procedure for the determination of
727:
at UC Berkeley, Brewer produced many papers on the spectra of his high-temperature molecules in a frozen inert matrix. Brewer also had a long-term interest in the electronic states of I2, and he had several papers on its remarkable complexities.
356:, Leo Brewer was strongly influenced by Professors E. Swift and D. Yost, and had his first taste of research studying equilibria and kinetics of olefin hydration under Professors D. Pressman and H. J. Lucas. After the B.S. in 1940, Professor
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liquid and gaseous phases of the elements and their oxides between room temperature and temperature to above 3000 K. The thermodynamic applications of these data were well-illustrated by the 2nd edition of Lewis and
Randall's
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In some instances, the experimental results were confirmed and it was necessary to improve the models. An example would be the neglect of gaseous polymer species at high temperatures. The war-time study uncovered evidence of
719:, which Brewer and Kenneth Pitzer revised in 1961. Brewer's global interest in all of the elements is illustrated by a paper in 1951 on the equilibrium distribution of the elements in the Earth's gravitational field.
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613:
Besides his distinguished career as a chemist and educator, Brewer was also an avid gardener who held a keen interest in native
California plant life. In 1965, he became one of the founding members of the
372:, Brewer pursued his Ph.D. with steady determination, and completed his dissertation on the effect of electrolytes upon the kinetics of aqueous reactions in November 1942, after only 28 months.
622:
was named after him to honor his contribution to the study and preservation of
California's native flora: Arctostaphylos uva-ursi leo-breweri, also referred to as "Leo Brewer's Manzanita."
677:
enthalpies of formation of C(g) and N(g) were much larger than the widely accepted values. Brewer's compilation of the thermodynamic properties and phase diagrams of 101 binary systems of
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Brewer's early high-temperature work also showed that the equilibrium vapor above CuCl was mainly Cu3Cl3 molecules at normal pressures. This simple observation led to what became known as
467:. Upon his official retirement from the University of California, Berkeley in 1989, he was presented with the Berkeley Citation, and an academic symposium was held in his honor.
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Although Brewer's research covered an unusually wide range of subjects and employed a multitude of techniques from theory to spectroscopy, his primary focus was on
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Bromley, Paul Gilles and Norman
Lofgren, assigned with the threefold task of predicting the possible high-temperature properties of the newly discovered element
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in 1946. Leo Brewer married Rose Strugo (died 1989) in 1945. They had three children, Beth Gaydos, Roger Brewer, and Gail Brewer. He died in 2005 as a result of
630:
Outside of his editorial work, Brewer authored nearly 200 articles on a variety of advanced topics in the field of thermodynamics. In addition, in 1961, he and
780:. In 1984, a special festschrift in his honor was prepared by his former students and colleagues, published under the title Modern High Temperature Science.
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Partially adapted from an autobiographical essay written by Leo Brewer, as well as biographical essays prepared by his colleagues and students, including
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these papers described a molecular beam method for determining their ground electronic states. When low temperature matrix isolation was developed by
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312:) was an American physical chemist. Considered to be the founder of modern high-temperature chemistry, Brewer received his BS from the
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499:, Brewer worked on numerous committees, including the DOE Council for Materials Sciences and the DOE Selection Committee for the
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Brewer sat on the editorial advisory boards of many respected scholarly journals and academic monograph series, including the
463:
in recognition of his achievements as an educator, he received the Henry B. Linford Award for
Distinguished Teaching from the
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425:
46:
452:
352:. It was only six years later that Brewer decided to attend the California Institute of Technology. As an undergraduate at
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216:
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Gilles, P. W. Leo Brewer, 1971 Palladium medalist. Journal of the
Electrochemical Society v. 119 (January 1972) p. 5C-7C
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and other refractory phases. The experience on the
Manhattan Project on the use of platinum to reduce the volatility of
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He also maintained close ties with organizations that represented the international scientific community, including the
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658:, materials science (including refractory containment materials), studies of metallic phases, and the development of
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348:, where his father worked as a shoe repairman. In 1929, in the wake of the Great Depression, his family moved to
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409:(U). The third task led to development of a micro method of analysis of electropositive metals using a molten
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provides many examples of use of predictive models when no reliable experimental data are available.
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Brewer's professional achievements were recognized with many awards and honors, including the
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451:(formerly the Lawrence Radiation Laboratory) from 1943–1994, and served as director of the
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666:. He was also involved at different points in his career with astrophysics and ceramics.
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Following his doctoral work, Brewer was immediately recruited by UC Berkeley professor
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639:
357:
440:, Brewer was appointed an assistant professor in the department of chemistry at the
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760:(1971), and the William Hume-Rothery Award of the Metallurgical Society of the
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The refractory studies initiated with the sulfides were extended to studies of
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Considered one of the founders of high-temperature chemistry. Member of the
149:
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In addition, Brewer single-handedly compiled and maintained Part II of the
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The immediate result of the research was the creation of the new material
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theory, incorporating the concepts of electron promotion and generalized
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Committee on High-Temperature Chemistry, as well as organizing the first
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In addition to his academic appointment, Brewer was associated with the
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Bibliography on the High-Temperature Chemistry and Physics of Materials
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428:. Brewer's crucibles were ready when the plutonium became available.
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Princeton Series in the Physico-Chemical Sciences for Technology
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Brewer spent the first ten years of his life with his family in
18:
877:"Baekeland award to Brewer for leadership in thermodynamics"
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on High-Temperature Chemistry in 1960. At the request of the
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following his graduate work, and joined the faculty at the
992:
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
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Thermodynamics and the Free Energy of Chemical Substances
364:, where he continued kinetic studies under Professor
368:. In the shadow of the United States' entrance into
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persuaded him to pursue advanced instruction at the
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49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
436:In 1946, following his service as a member of the
508:International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
455:of LBNL from its inception in 1961 until 1975.
493:Energy Research and Development Administration
8:
420:(CeS), from which they made several hundred
937:Leo Brewer's papers at The Bancroft Library
574:Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data
131:
120:
982:University of California, Berkeley alumni
977:California Institute of Technology alumni
862:
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
1002:Fellows of the American Physical Society
987:UC Berkeley College of Chemistry faculty
904:"Leo Brewer | College of Chemistry"
748:(1953), the E. O. Lawrence Award of the
475:Brewer was instrumental in founding the
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768:(1950) and as an elected member of the
580:Journal of Physical Chemistry Ref. Data
568:Journal of the Electrochemical Society
774:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
453:Inorganic Materials Research Division
449:Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
257:Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
7:
571:(divisional editor, 1976–1984), the
520:Journal of Physical Chemistry Solids
47:adding citations to reliable sources
556:Journal of Chemistry Thermodynamics
512:International Atomic Energy Agency
362:University of California, Berkeley
326:University of California, Berkeley
318:University of California, Berkeley
314:California Institute of Technology
253:University of California, Berkeley
195:University of California, Berkeley
191:California Institute of Technology
14:
598:Handbook of Chemistry and Physics
544:Progress in Solid State Chemistry
226:William Hume-Rothery Award (1983)
962:20th-century American physicists
764:(1983). Brewer also served as a
595:(co-editor, 1983–2005), and the
562:Journal of Solid State Chemistry
23:
837:Myers, Rollie J. (March 2006).
656:high-temperature thermodynamics
616:California Native Plant Society
538:Progress in Inorganic Chemistry
535:(associate editor, 1959–1963),
205:High-temperature thermodynamics
34:needs additional citations for
967:20th-century American chemists
426:Los Alamos National Laboratory
1:
879:Chemical and Engineering News
526:Progress in Organic Chemistry
320:, in 1942. Brewer joined the
316:in 1940 and his PhD from the
217:Ernest Orlando Lawrence Award
881:v. 31 (May 11, 1953) p. 1974
770:National Academy of Sciences
762:American Institute of Mining
583:(1978–1981, 1989–1992), the
532:Journal of Chemistry Physics
477:National Academy of Sciences
214:L. H. Baekeland Award (1953)
778:American Society for Metals
332:poisoning from his work in
164:February 22, 2005 (aged 85)
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711:of the transition metals.
553:(founder, 1968–2005), the
485:Gordon Research Conference
815:Personal medical obstacle
746:American Chemical Society
481:National Research Council
284:
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230:
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16:American physical chemist
972:Manhattan Project people
750:Atomic Energy Commission
550:High Temperature Science
491:and its successors, the
489:Atomic Energy Commission
442:University of California
382:Wendell Mitchell Latimer
340:Early life and education
758:Electrochemical Society
589:(co-editor, 1983), the
465:Electrochemical Society
350:Los Angeles, California
997:Chemists from Missouri
839:"Obituary: Leo Brewer"
642:'s classic 1923 text,
310:Lafayette, California
754:Olin Palladium Award
497:Department of Energy
471:Professional service
308:– 22 February 2005,
222:Olin Palladium Award
43:improve this article
855:2006PhT....59c..85M
801:Herbert L. Strauss
864:10.1063/1.2195326
805:Richard M. Brewer
766:Guggenheim Fellow
565:(1969–1984), the
559:(1969–1978), the
529:(1958–1969), the
510:(IUPAC), and the
438:Manhattan Project
376:Manhattan Project
322:Manhattan Project
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288:Manhattan Project
270:Axel Ragnar Olson
232:Scientific career
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776:(1979), and the
664:acid-base theory
660:metallic bonding
636:Gilbert N. Lewis
346:Youngstown, Ohio
265:Doctoral advisor
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736:Awards received
725:George Pimentel
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618:. A species of
586:Metals Handbook
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432:Academic career
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300:(13 June 1919,
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717:Thermodynamics
709:phase diagrams
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248:Institutions
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58:"Leo Brewer"
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
957:2005 deaths
952:1919 births
931:In Memoriam
929:Leo Brewer
923:In Memoriam
921:Leo Brewer
785:Paul Gilles
700:lanthanides
501:Fermi Award
424:for use at
179:Nationality
946:Categories
824:References
820:his work.
679:molybdenum
495:, and the
405:(Th), and
366:Axel Olson
298:Leo Brewer
172:California
125:Leo Brewer
99:March 2013
69:newspapers
892:Scitation
704:actinides
692:silicides
620:manzanita
422:crucibles
387:plutonium
330:Beryllium
302:St. Louis
168:Lafayette
150:St. Louis
634:revised
626:Writings
601:(1991).
411:platinum
306:Missouri
182:American
154:Missouri
851:Bibcode
756:of the
696:borides
407:uranium
403:thorium
354:Caltech
242:Chemist
83:scholar
807:, and
577:, the
413:bath.
401:(Ce),
399:cerium
391:oxygen
238:Fields
224:(1971)
219:(1961)
211:Awards
85:
78:
71:
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56:
280:Notes
90:JSTOR
76:books
702:and
694:and
638:and
161:Died
143:Born
62:news
859:doi
45:by
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