372:
496:, invaded Cilicia, destroyed the harvest. Shaken by these disasters, Leo bought his freedom by offering to give up the Cilician cities (Sarventikar, Mamistra and Adana) to Raymond I; in addition he paid 60,000 gold pieces and gave his son as a hostage; but on his return home he forgot his promise. A desultory war broke out again, till, early in 1137, Joscelin II patched up a
423:. As Bohemond II progressed carelessly up the river, meeting only light resistance from the Armenians, the Danishmend Turks fell on him and massacred the whole of his army. However, it was due to Byzantine intervention that the Turks did not follow up their victory; and Anazarbus remained in Armenian hands –
559:
Leo and his two sons were sent to prison in
Constantinople. They were soon allowed to live in the court under surveillance and John acted more honorably towards Leo, with the two dining and going on hunting parties together. Leo's son Roupen was later murdered by Byzantine grandees that were envious
351:
invited many famous warriors to join him, and allured them by great rewards. Forward in battle, he prepared himself, and often fought against the foreigners or infidels, took their forts and put all the inhabitants to the sword. He was the admiration of warriors, and the fear of foreigners or
571:
The name and the origin of his wife are not known with certainty. Orderic
Vitalis states that Leo was "uncle to the wife of Bohemond II of Antioch". On this basis, some authors have proposed that his wife was either an unnamed daughter of Count
45:
516:
in Turkey) and advanced eastward into
Cilicia. Leo moved up in an attempt to check its progress by taking the Byzantine frontier fortress of Seleucia, but was forced to retire. The Emperor swept on, past
310:
succeeded him; Leo may have ruled in the eastern part of “the
Mountains” during the lifetime of his brother (although the basis of this proposition is not known). Sometime between 1100 and 1103, Count
481:(who was his nephew), drove back the Antiochene army. Triumphant, Leo agreed to have a personal interview with Baldwin of Marash, who treacherously made him prisoner and sent him off to captivity in
314:
gave his sister in marriage to Leo; but the name and origin of his wife are not known with certainty. It is also possible that his wife was
Baldwin II's sister-in-law, a daughter of the Armenian
1672:
325:
entered
Armenian territories, and two of the commanders of Leo's brother were killed in battle. Saddened by this loss, Leo was so enraged that he launched a savage attack against the
415:
town which had fallen into the possession of Thoros I). He marched with a small force up the river Jihan towards his objective. Leo was alarmed and appealed for help to the
1687:
543:
in Turkey) held out for some weeks. Eventually, John invited Leo to a meeting under a false promise of peace, where the prince was captured. Leo and two of his sons,
430:
Soon after
Bohemond II’ death, Leo protected in his rear by an alliance with the Danishmend emir, descended into the plain; after a brief unsuccessful siege of
500:
between the combatants. An alliance was then formed against the
Emperor John II Comnenus, who was then pressing his claims against Antioch as well as Cilicia.
268:), two former allies, were not always as courteous as before: a major cause of dissension between them was the ownership of the strongholds of the southern
535:
After the emperor had asserted his authority over the
Principality of Antioch, he returned to Cilicia to finish off its conquest. The family castle of
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990:
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70:
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170:
1601:
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784:
1563:
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1007:
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395:, Jacob G. Ghazarian, Vahan M. Kurkjian) suggest that Thoros I died without a male heir and was directly succeeded by Leo.
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136:
80:
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The
Armenian Kingdom in Cilicia during the Crusades: The Integration of Cilician Armenians with the Latins (1080–1393)
759:
The Armenian Kingdom in Cilicia during the Crusades: The Integration of Cilician Armenians with the Latins (1080–1393)
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Leo relied on the great fortifications of Anazarbus to hold him up. Its garrison resisted for 37 days, but the
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of the Byzantines battered down its walls, and the city was forced to surrender. Leo retreated into the high
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and drove them into retreat. In 1118, Leo assigned by his brother brought a contingent to help Prince
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In the spring of 1137, the imperial army, with the Emperor and his sons at its head, assembled at
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A History of the Crusades – Volume II.: The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Frankish East: 1100–1187
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231:. Most of his successes benefited from Byzantium's pre-occupation with the threats of
1661:
1148:
439:
892:
A History of the Crusades, Volume II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Frankish East
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decided that his first action must be to recover Cilicia. With the approval of King
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and the lack of effective Frankish rule, especially in the Principality of Antioch.
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he marched with Baldwin of Marash against Leo. But Leo, with the help of Count
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died a few months later, in the course of a palace intrigue. Other authors (
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says that John II Comnenus at once started an offensive against the Turks.
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Leo was captured after being invited to a meeting by the Byzantine Emperor
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532:, while the emperor led his forces southward into the plain of Antioch.
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He learned to exploit the open, yet restrained, hostilities between the
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John II Komnenos, Emperor of Byzantium: In the Shadow of Father and Son
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John II Komnenos, Emperor of Byzantium: In the Shadow of Father and Son
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639:(Leo's second marriage proposed by Rüdt-Collenberg is speculative.)
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876:; RoutledgeCurzon (Taylor & Francis Group), 2000, Abingdon;
521:, Tarsus, Adana and Mamistra, which all yielded to him at once.
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299:. It is likely that his mother was the great-granddaughter of
208:, (unknown – Constantinople, February 14, 1140) was the fifth
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In Leo's absence his three sons quarreled: the eldest,
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infidels, so that they called him the new Ashtahag.
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576:, or she may have been an unnamed daughter of
450:, on the slopes of the Amanus Mountains, from
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858:Bucossi, Alessandra; Suarez, Alex Rodriguez:
814:Bucossi, Alessandra; Suarez, Alex Rodriguez.
16:Lord of Armenian Cilicia from c. 1130 to 1137
8:
913:(Kurkjian's History of Armenia, Ch. 27)
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894:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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306:When Constantine I died, Leo's brother
297:Constantine I, lord of Armenian Cilicia
272:, and on the neighboring coasts of the
360:The Rhymed Chronicle of Armenia Minor
7:
551:, were subsequently taken prisoner.
469:In 1136, the new prince of Antioch,
635:(after 1120 – Constantinople, 1141)
180:An unnamed great-granddaughter of
19:For another Leo I of Armenia, see
14:
629:(before 1120 – Sis, May 15, 1175)
783:Vahan M. Kurkjian (2005-04-05).
623:(before 1110 – February 7, 1165)
588:daughter, who was the wife of a
434:, he seized the three cities of
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446:in 1131. In 1133, Leo captured
911:The Barony of Cilician Armenia
590:“Frankish knight from Antioch”
405:Bohemond II, Prince of Antioch
287:where Leo died shortly after.
252:He expanded his rule over the
1:
862:; Routledge, 2016, Abingdon;
454:. But the Armenian hold over
563:Leo died in Constantinople.
323:Sultan Malik Shah of Iconium
119:Beatrix (Beatrice) of Rethel
592:, and mother of the Regent
295:Leo was the younger son of
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949:Lord of Armenian Cilicia
462:found refuge there, and
210:lord of Armenian Cilicia
53:Lord of Armenian Cilicia
611:(? – Edessa, 1138/1144)
555:His last years in exile
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221:Crusader principalities
785:"A History of Armenia"
617:(? – February 6, 1169)
601:daughter, the wife of
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21:Leo I, King of Armenia
829:Vahram (2008-09-10).
567:Marriage and children
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757:Ghazarian, Jacob G.
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264:and the Franks (the
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1411:Hovhannes-Smbat III
578:Gabriel of Melitene
316:Gabriel of Melitene
1292:Tiridates III (IV)
837:. Internet Archive
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403:In February 1130,
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1267:Tiridates II
1257:Vologases II
1164:Artaxias III
1144:Ariobarzanes
1137:Non-dynastic
1105:Tigranes III
1080:Artavasdes I
962:(in 1144/45)
947:
924:
891:
873:
859:
839:. Retrieved
835:Text Archive
834:
824:
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793:. Retrieved
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189:
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105:(1140-02-14)
83:(in 1144/45)
36:
1683:1080 births
1668:1140 deaths
1352:Artaxias IV
1297:Khosrov III
1237:Vologases I
1217:Tiridates I
1199:Tigranes VI
1194:Tiridates I
1189:Rhadamistus
1184:Mithridates
1174:Mithridates
1124:Tigranes IV
1110:Tigranes IV
1100:Artaxias II
1090:Tigranes II
1032:Orontes III
831:"Chronicle"
609:Constantine
490:Constantine
448:Sarventikar
133:Constantine
67:Predecessor
1662:Categories
1506:Leo II (I)
1500:Roupen III
1337:Vramshapuh
1332:Khosrov IV
1322:Arshak III
1282:Khosrov II
1154:Tigranes V
1085:Tigranes I
1075:Artaxias I
1057:Orontes IV
1047:Arsames II
1027:Orontes II
1011:336 BC–428
841:2009-07-19
795:2009-07-19
603:Vasil Dgha
458:was weak:
417:Danishmend
413:Antiochene
411:(a former
161:Roupenians
1569:Hethum II
1554:Hethum II
1544:Hethum II
1526:Hethumids
1488:Roupen II
1482:Thoros II
1396:Ashot III
1366:Bagratids
1342:Khosrov V
1307:Arshak II
1262:Khosrov I
1067:Artaxiads
1008:Antiquity
959:Thoros II
643:Footnotes
471:Raymond I
409:Anazarbus
321:In 1111,
266:Crusaders
262:Armenians
137:Thoros II
81:Thoros II
77:Successor
1635:Lusignan
1594:Lusignan
1559:Smbat IV
1534:Hethum I
1512:Isabella
1502:(prince)
1496:(prince)
1490:(prince)
1484:(prince)
1478:(prince)
1472:(prince)
1466:(prince)
1464:Thoros I
1460:(prince)
1454:(prince)
1452:Roupen I
1444:Rubenids
1421:Gagik II
1416:Ashot IV
1401:Smbat II
1386:Ashot II
1369:884–1045
1317:Varazdat
1252:Sohaemus
1242:Sohaemus
1227:Axidares
1222:Sanatruk
1209:Arsacids
1169:Arshak I
1019:Orontids
890:(1952).
436:Mamistra
432:Seleucia
379:in 1135
367:His rule
356:—
308:Thoros I
219:and the
200:), also
194:Armenian
1574:Leo III
1431:Cilicia
1406:Gagik I
1381:Smbat I
1376:Ashot I
1159:Vonones
1042:Arsames
853:Sources
789:Website
621:Stephen
599:unnamed
586:unnamed
539:(today
514:Antalya
512:(today
510:Attalia
483:Antioch
464:pirates
460:bandits
456:Cilicia
337:(today
245:) from
229:Antioch
202:Levon I
141:Stephen
1612:Neghir
1584:Leo IV
1549:Thoros
1539:Leo II
1516:Philip
1514:&
1391:Abas I
1347:Shapur
1277:Narseh
1179:Orodes
1126:&
1112:&
1052:Xerxes
880:
866:
633:Roupen
594:Thomas
549:Thoros
545:Roupen
519:Mersin
440:Tarsus
419:emir,
377:Levant
349:/Leo/
270:Amanus
247:Aleppo
238:atabeg
225:Edessa
206:Leon I
198:Լևոն Ա
177:Mother
167:Father
149:Roupen
145:Mleh I
116:Spouse
31:Լևոն Ա
1643:Leo V
1579:Oshin
1476:Leo I
1302:Tiran
1128:Erato
1114:Erato
1037:Sames
537:Vahka
498:truce
444:Adana
421:Ghazi
343:Syria
339:A'zāz
327:Turks
243:Mosul
235:(the
233:Zengi
190:Leo I
156:House
125:Issue
59:Reign
29:Leo I
1494:Mleh
878:ISBN
864:ISBN
607:(?)
584:(?)
547:and
541:Feke
442:and
393:e.g.
335:Azaz
227:and
131:(?)
100:Died
95:1080
92:Born
1312:Pap
345:).
341:in
241:of
223:of
204:or
1664::
833:.
804:^
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381:CE
318:.
303:.
276:.
196::
992:e
985:t
978:v
844:.
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383:.
192:(
23:.
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