65:
1158:
Military
Governorship of Basra together with Baghdad and Iraq in 1127. The reason behind such assignments was to attempt to impede Abbasid Caliph al-Mustarshid (1118-1135) who then wished to build a worldwide dominance. Indeed, the efforts of Zangi in the fight of Mahmūd, whom Sanjar urgently sent to Baghdad, against the Caliph ensured the Sultān became victorious, and he contributed to the efforts in damaging the sole authority and dominance claims of the Caliph. Following the deaths of Mosul Governor Aq-Sunqur el-Porsuqi and his successor and son Mas'ud in the same year in 1127, Zangi was appointed Governor of Mosul. He was also in charge of al-Jazeera and Northern Syria, and Sultān Mahmūd approved him being assigned as the Atabeg of his two sons, Farrukh shah and Alparsalan. Thus the Atabegdom of Mosul was formed.
974:
955:
719:
698:, who had succeeded his father Buri as emir of Damascus, and who was in fear for his life from his own citizenry, who considered him a cruel tyrant. Ismail was willing to surrender the city to Zengi in order to restore peace. None of Isma'il's family or advisors wanted this, however, and Isma'il was murdered by his own mother, Zumurrud, to prevent him from turning over the city to Zengi's control. Isma'il was succeeded by his brother
796:
706:
reached the caliph and
Baghdad, and a messenger was sent with orders for Zengi to leave Damascus and take control of the governance of Iraq. The messenger was ignored, but Zengi gave up the siege, as per the terms of the truce with Shihab al-Din. On the way back to Aleppo, Zengi besieged Homs, whose governor had angered him, and Shihab al-Din responded to the city's call for help by sending
655:
543:
now waged a campaign against him. With some decisive leadership from Zengi, the
Seljuks managed to take control of Baghdad and the Caliphate, pillaging the Caliph's palace. The Caliph sued for peace and had to pay a huge ramson. In addition to his possessions in Wasit and Basra, Zengi was promoted
1001:
The Atebeg was violent, powerful, awe-inspiring and liable to attack suddenly… When he rode, the troops use to walk behind him as if they were between two threads, out of fear they would trample over crops, and nobody out of fear dared to trample on a single stem (of them) nor march his horse on
705:
Zengi was not discouraged by this turn of events and arrived at
Damascus anyway, still intending to seize it. The siege lasted for some time with no success on Zengi's part, so a truce was made and Shahib al-Din's brother Bahram-Shah was given as a hostage. At the same time, news of the siege had
1157:
in 1119, which opened the way for Sanjar (1119-1157) to accede to the throne of Great Seljuk Empire, Mahmūd was assigned to the Iraqi Seljuk Sultānate (1119-1131), continuing his rule there. In 1124, Sultān Mahmūd granted the city of Wasit to Imad al-Din Zangi as a ıqta, and conferred him the
638:
Mahmud II died in 1131, setting off a war for the succession. As the Seljuk princes were occupied fighting one another in Persia, Zengi marched on
Baghdad to add it to his dominions. He was defeated by the caliph's troops, however, and only escaped thanks to the help of the governor of
889:
in 1139. According to Ibn al-‘Adim, Zengi "had sworn to the people of the citadel with strong oaths and on the Qur’an and divorcing (his wives). When they came down from the citadel he betrayed them, flayed its governor and hanged the rest.” He granted the territory to his lieutenant
931:, one of the four original crusader states established after the First Crusade, and captured it on December 24, 1144, after a siege of four months. County of Edessa was the first crusader state to be created and was also the first to fall. This event led to the
910:
in 1140, Zengi once more laid siege to
Damascus, but quickly abandoned it again. There were no major engagements between the crusaders, Damascus, and Zengi for the next few years, but Zengi in the meantime campaigned in the north and captured Ashib and the
634:
in Iraq, who had fled to
Damascus to escape al-Mustarshid. When an ambassador from the caliph arrived to bring Dubais back, Zengi attacked him and killed some of his retinue; the ambassador returned to Baghdad without Dubais.
64:
1357:
Catalogue of twenty-eight illuminated manuscripts and two illuminated printed books, the property of Henry Yates
Thompson, which will be sold at auction by Sotheby, Wilkinson & Hodge ... the 3rd of June,
528:. In alliance with the troops of the Caliphate, they defeated Dubays at the Battle of Mubarraqiyya in 1123. Zengi then received in addition to his previous responsibilities the Military Governorship of
622:, the governor of which was accompanying him at the time, but could not capture it, so he returned to Mosul, where Buri's son and the other prisoners from Damascus were ransomed for 50,000
487:. Tughril Beg was the first Seljuk ruler to style himself Sultan and Protector of the Abbasid Caliphate. Mesopotamia remained under the control of the Great Seljuks during the reign of
873:, and Mu'in al-Din was in charge of its defenses as well. Zengi obtained its surrender in response to a promise of safe passage; he did not honor it, ordering that the defenders be
861:, the same woman who had murdered her son Ismail, and received Homs as her dowry. In July 1139 Zumurrud's surviving son, Shihab al-Din, was assassinated, and Zengi marched on
810:
Zengi, realizing that this new expedition against
Damascus was bound to fail, made peace with Shahib al-Din, just in time to be confronted at Aleppo by an army sent by the
1666:
906:
Mu'in al-Din signed a new peace treaty with
Jerusalem for their mutual protection against Zengi. While Mu'in al-Din and the crusaders joined together to besiege
898:. After Zengi abandoned his siege of Damascus, Jamal al-Din died of a disease and was succeeded by his son Mujir al-Din, with Mu'in al-Din remaining as regent.
1002:
them… If anyone transgressed, he was crucified. He (Zengi) used to say: "It does not happen that there is more than one tyrant (meaning himself) at one time."
86:
1128:
1641:
1153:(1118-1119), remaining loyal to him to the end. With the new era introduced with the defeat of Sultān Mahmūd in the Sāveh battle he engaged his uncle
590:
of Mosul in 1127 and of Aleppo in 1128, uniting the two cities under his personal rule, and was formally invested as their ruler by the Seljuk Sultan
1646:
1661:
1651:
734:
In 1137 Imad-ud-din Zengi besieged Homs again, but Mu'in al-Din unur successfully defended it. In response, Damascus allied with the Crusader
1508:
1208:
1181:
1636:
1338:
973:
651:. Several years later, Zengi would reward the governor with a position in his army, paving the way for Saladin's brilliant career.
865:
to take possession of the city. The Damascenes, united under Mu'in al-Din Unur, acting as regent for Shihab al-Din's successor
291:
1671:
770:
837:
threat, Zengi mobilized his forces and recruited assistance from other Muslim leaders. In April 1138 the armies of the
1380:
674:(ruled 1147–1174), unified Aleppo and Damascus and held back the Crusaders from their repeated assaults on the cities.
281:
1483:
811:
464:'s accession in 1119, Zengid remained loyal to Mahmūd, who became ruler of the Iraqi Seljuk Sultānate (1119-1131).
1580:
1525:
1355:
1150:
614:
against the Crusaders, but this was only a ruse to extend his power; he had Buri's son taken prisoner and seized
591:
540:
492:
457:
954:
695:
694:. Zengi's real desires, however, lay to the south, in Damascus. In 1135 Zengi received an appeal for help from
1446:
Encyclopaedia of Islam: A Dictionary of the Geography, Ethnography, and Biography of the Muhammadan Peoples,
1585:
818:
994:
in September 1146, after the atabeg drunkenly threatened him with punishment for drinking from his goblet.
869:, once again allied with Jerusalem to repel Zengi. Zengi also besieged Jamal al-Din's former possession of
1621:
1593:
924:
699:
691:
683:
321:
306:
161:
990:
Zengi continued his attempts to take Damascus in 1145, but he was assassinated by a Frankish slave named
866:
1626:
1430:*541/1147 Mahmud b. Zangi, Abu ’1-Qasim al-Malik al-'Adil Nur al-Din, in Aleppo and then Damascus (...)"
822:
1631:
735:
707:
276:
1043:"A Turk in the Dukhang? Comparative Perspectives on Elite Dress in Medieval Ladakh and the Caucasus"
1603:
1539:
1011:
826:
551:
515:
450:
398:
375:
301:
296:
286:
166:
55:
191:
1533:
1019:
980:
550:
effectively putting him in control of the whole of Seljuk Iraq. In 1227, following the murder of
418:
249:
82:
1504:
1334:
1204:
1198:
1177:
891:
778:
754:
750:
667:
659:
644:
390:
77:
1171:
1086:
This chapter is concerned with Zengi's early career and upbringing, his Seldjuk background...
456:
Zengi remained in Mosul until 1118, when he entered into the service of the new Seljuk ruler
1656:
1146:
1136:
1015:
964:
928:
846:
814:
803:
799:
790:
718:
671:
627:
607:
488:
316:
311:
1080:
El-Azhari, Taef (2016). "The early career of Zengi, 1084 to 1127. The Turkmen influence.".
1544:
1517:
1491:
1475:
1324:
858:
518:. Zengi, for whom this was the first major military command, garrisoned his troops around
344:
205:
1556:
The Chronicle of Michael the Syrian - (Khtobo D-Makethbonuth Zabne) (finished 1193-1195)
795:
1490:
The Damascus Chronicle of the Crusades, Extracted and Translated from the Chronicle of
1007:
932:
626:. The next year, Zengi agreed to return the 50,000 dinars if Buri would deliver to him
579:
555:
402:
239:
99:
85:(1054–1122), a high government official of the Seljuks. Mesopotamia, possibly Baghdad,
1373:"Copper alloy dirham of Qutb al-Din Mawdud ibn Zengi, al-Mawsil, 556 H. 1917.215.1000"
433:
for treason in 1094. At the time, Zengi was about 10 years old and was brought up by
1615:
1149:
in 1118, Zangi then entered the service of the Sultān's son and the new Seljuk ruler
595:
536:
484:
473:
442:
386:
382:
326:
43:
1465:
1372:
1154:
496:
461:
426:
1240:
1099:
1328:
544:
and received the Governorship for Baghdad in April 1126, receiveing the title of
17:
874:
654:
503:
477:
1532:
An Arab-Syrian Gentleman and Warrior in the Period of the Crusades; Memoirs of
506:
leader Dubays ibn Sadaqa, in 1122 Mahmūd II ordered a military expedition from
145:
1307:
991:
882:
838:
830:
567:
441:. Zengi then served in the military of the Governors of Mosul, first under
1140:
862:
842:
834:
663:
631:
611:
583:
575:
434:
430:
71:
1287:
1285:
781:
agreed to surrender and was allowed to flee with his surviving troops.
769:. This setback resulted in the permanent loss of the Crusader castle of
912:
895:
886:
878:
870:
687:
679:
648:
539:(1118-1135), who wanted to acquire world dominance, the Seljuks led by
234:
1361:. London : Dryden Press, J. Davy. p. 50, Plate 34, image 1.
907:
774:
758:
640:
594:. Zengi had supported the young sultan against his rival, the caliph
546:
481:
446:
422:
406:
378:
133:
121:
95:
47:
39:
1444:
1042:
1018:. When Sayf died in 1149, he was succeeded in Mosul by a third son
1354:
Thompson, Henry Yates; Sotheby & Co. (London, England) (1919).
1459:
The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual
937:
794:
766:
762:
653:
623:
529:
519:
507:
438:
259:
195:
151:
138:
114:
110:
1129:"Musul ve Halep Valisi İmâdeddin Zengi'nin Haçlılarla Mücadelesi"
857:
In May 1138 Zengi came to an agreement with Damascus. He married
514:, commanded by Zengi and Altun-Tash al-Aburi under the orders of
885:
in 1187, Zengi did not keep his word to protect his captives at
619:
615:
524:
511:
394:
126:
51:
849:, but they were turned back by Zengi's forces a month later.
1480:
A History of the Crusades, vol. II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem
935:, and later Muslim chroniclers noted it as the start of the
522:, and was granted Governorship of the region of Wasit as an
1422:*521/1127 Zangi I b. Qasim al-Dawla Aq Sunqur, 'Imad al-Din
495:(1118-1131) was restricted to the only rule of Iraq, while
983:(r. 1149-1170), son of Zengi. Dated AH 556 (1160-1161 CE).
1501:
Die Zitadelle von Aleppo und der Tempel des Wettergottes
1495:. H.A.R. Gibb, 1932 (reprint, Dover Publications, 2002).
1173:
Franks and Saracens: Reality and Fantasy in the Crusades
472:
The region of Mesopotamia was under the control of the
821:
under Byzantine control, and had allied himself with
27:
Atabeg of Mosul, Aleppo, Hama and Edessa, Mesopotamia
1553:
Edited by Jonathan Phillips & Martin Hoch, 2001.
535:
In order to counter the ambitions of Abbasid Caliph
491:(1082–1118 CE), but from 1119, his 14 years old son
1306:Maalouf, Crusades Through Arab Eyes, pg.138. Also,
1014:, and in Aleppo he was succeeded by his second son
270:
255:
245:
233:
219:
201:
185:
177:
173:
157:
144:
105:
94:
32:
806:against zengid territory, French manuscript 1338.
817:. The Emperor had recently brought the Crusader
999:
724:
554:, Zengi was named Governor of Mosul, where the
1426:*544/1149 Mawdud b. Zangi I, Qutb al-Din (...)
1084:. London and New York: Routledge. p. 10.
1010:. In Mosul he was succeeded by his eldest son
749:) in 1137, a Crusader force commanded by King
358: – 14 September 1146), also romanized as
1561:Zengi and the Muslim Response to the Crusades
1082:Zengi and the Muslim Response to the Crusades
1069:. University of London. pp. 47, 98, 133.
1047:Interaction in the Himalayas and Central Asia
69:Ruler in Turkic military dress: long braids,
8:
1452:, Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1913, pp. 543–544
1203:. Georgetown University Press. p. 118.
1393:Maalouf, Crusades Through Arab Eyes, pg.138
1145:Staying in Mosul until the death of Sultān
225:Imad al-Din Atabeg Zengi al-Malik al-Mansur
1569:
1060:
1058:
1056:
29:
1551:The Second Crusade Scope and Consequences
1424:*541/1146 Ghazi I b. Zangi I, Sayf al-Din
1049:. Austrian Academy of Science Press: 232.
401:. He was the namesake and founder of the
1667:12th-century monarchs in the Middle East
1415:
1127:Küçüksipahioğlu, Birsel (30 June 2020).
717:
662:was fortified by the Zengids during the
499:took control of the rest of the Empire.
476:from 1055 to 1135, since the Oghuz Turk
1428:2. The line in Damascus and then Aleppo
1330:The Crusades: The War for the Holy Land
1267:
1248:. University of London. pp. 38–44.
1107:. University of London. pp. 33–36.
1036:
1034:
1030:
1006:Zengi was the founder of the eponymous
785:War against Byzantine-Crusader Alliance
722:Territories of Zengi in 1146 (in green
1522:A History of Deeds Done Beyond the Sea
1461:. New York: Columbia University Press.
1420:"1. The main line in Mosul and Aleppo:
1200:A Concise History of Sunnis and Shi'is
1067:The Reign of Zangī (521-541/1127-1146)
216:
1524:, trans. E.A. Babcock and A.C. Krey.
7:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1222:
1220:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1114:
578:, a power vacuum threatened to open
75:fur hat, boots, close-fitting coat.
902:Expansion and Conflict with Armenia
714:War against Crusaders and Byzantine
348:
1291:
963:(Zengi) in "Histoire d'Outremer",
449:(1109-1113), and from 1114, under
25:
678:In 1134 Zengi became involved in
1642:Syrian people of Turkish descent
1563:, Routledge, Abington, UK, 2006.
972:
953:
63:
1647:Iraqi people of Turkish descent
682:affairs, allying with the emir
566:Following the death in 1128 of
292:Zengid campaign against Antioch
1470:The Crusades Through Arab Eyes
753:was scattered and defeated by
618:from him. Zengi also besieged
109:1124-1127: Seljuk Governor of
1:
1662:People from the Seljuk Empire
1652:Muslims of the Second Crusade
1197:McHugo, John (2 April 2018).
1041:Flood, Finbarr Barry (2017).
967:MS, 1232-61, British Library.
941:against the Crusader states.
690:) against Timurtash's cousin
352:
502:Wishing to contain the Arab
189:September 14, 1146 (aged 61)
1381:American Numismatic Society
1133:Journal of Oriental Studies
997:According to Ibn 'al-Adim:
282:Battle of al-Atharib (1130)
1688:
1637:12th-century Syrian people
1484:Cambridge University Press
1170:Falk, Avner (8 May 2018).
788:
606:In 1130 Zengi allied with
562:Atabeg of Mosul and Aleppo
1600:
1591:
1577:
1572:
1526:Columbia University Press
1503:. Rhema-Verlag, Münster.
1448:1st ed., Vol. I
1239:ALPTEKIN, COJKUN (1972).
1176:. Routledge. p. 76.
1098:ALPTEKIN, COJKUN (1972).
923:In 1144, Zengi began the
802:directs the unsuccessful
586:aggression. Zengi became
334:
265:
224:
215:
62:
37:
1499:Gonella, Julia (2005).
1457:Bosworth, C.E. (1996).
819:Principality of Antioch
468:Seljuk Governor of Iraq
1333:. Simon and Schuster.
1004:
807:
731:
675:
670:, followed by his son
602:Zengi against Damascus
322:Siege of Edessa (1144)
307:Siege of Aleppo (1138)
1672:Zengid emirs of Mosul
1141:10.26650/jos.2020.005
1065:Alptekin, C. (1972).
927:against the crusader
823:Joscelin II of Edessa
798:
747:Battle of Montferrand
721:
696:Shams ul-Mulk Isma'il
657:
829:. Facing a combined
736:Kingdom of Jerusalem
700:Shihab al-Din Mahmud
277:Siege of Hama (1130)
1604:Sayf al-Din Ghazi I
1012:Sayf al-Din Ghazi I
915:fortress of Hizan.
692:Rukn al-Dawla Da'ud
647:, future father of
552:Aqsunqur al-Bursuqi
516:Aqsunqur al-Bursuqi
451:Aqsunqur al-Bursuqi
297:Battle of Qinnasrin
287:Battle of Rafaniyya
167:Sayf al-Din Ghazi I
56:Edessa, Mesopotamia
1534:Usamah ibn-Munqidh
1242:The Reign of Zangi
1101:The Reign of Zangi
1020:Qutb al-Din Mawdud
981:Qutb al-Din Mawdud
919:Conquest of Edessa
827:Raymond of Antioch
808:
732:
676:
556:Atabegdom of Mosul
460:(1118-1119). Upon
445:(1106-1109), then
437:, the governor of
429:, was beheaded by
419:Aq Sunqur al-Hajib
250:Aq Sunqur al-Hajib
119:1126-1127: Seljuk
83:Al-Hariri of Basra
1610:
1609:
1601:Succeeded by
1588:
1586:Sultan of Hamadan
1547:. New York, 1929.
1510:978-3-930454-44-0
1312:Mufarrij al-Kurub
1270:, pp. 14–19.
1258:Gabrieli 1969: 41
1210:978-1-62616-588-5
1183:978-0-429-89969-0
961:Death of Sanguius
892:Najm al-Din Ayyub
812:Byzantine Emperor
779:Fulk of Jerusalem
751:Fulk of Jerusalem
729:
708:Mu'in al-Din Unur
668:Imad ad-Din Zengi
660:Citadel of Aleppo
645:Najm ad-Din Ayyub
628:Dubais ibn Sadaqa
480:had expelled the
341:Imad al-Din Zengi
338:
337:
229:
228:
33:Imad al-Din Zengi
18:Imad ad-Din Zengi
16:(Redirected from
1679:
1584:
1578:Preceded by
1570:
1559:Taef El-Azhari,
1540:Kitab al i'tibar
1514:
1462:
1453:
1431:
1413:
1407:
1406:, vol. 2, p. 471
1400:
1394:
1391:
1385:
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1369:
1363:
1362:
1351:
1345:
1344:
1321:
1315:
1304:
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1214:
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1109:
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1089:
1088:
1077:
1071:
1070:
1062:
1051:
1050:
1038:
976:
965:Guillaume de Tyr
957:
945:Death and legacy
929:County of Edessa
853:Siege of Baalbek
847:siege to Shaizar
841:emperor and the
815:John II Comnenus
804:Siege of Shaizar
791:Siege of Shaizar
777:. Crusader King
745:, also known as
743:Battle of Ba'rin
728:
727:
723:
608:Taj al-Mulk Buri
489:Muhammad I Tapar
417:Zengi's father,
357:
354:
350:
317:Siege of Baalbek
312:Siege of Shaizar
302:Battle of Ba'rin
217:
162:Nur ad-Din Zengi
67:
30:
21:
1687:
1686:
1682:
1681:
1680:
1678:
1677:
1676:
1612:
1611:
1606:
1597:
1589:
1583:
1567:
1545:Philip K. Hitti
1518:William of Tyre
1511:
1498:
1492:Ibn al-Qalanisi
1476:Steven Runciman
1456:
1442:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1421:
1419:
1414:
1410:
1401:
1397:
1392:
1388:
1377:numismatics.org
1371:
1370:
1366:
1353:
1352:
1348:
1341:
1325:Thomas Asbridge
1323:
1322:
1318:
1305:
1301:
1290:
1283:
1278:
1274:
1266:
1262:
1257:
1253:
1245:
1238:
1237:
1218:
1211:
1196:
1195:
1191:
1184:
1169:
1168:
1164:
1126:
1125:
1112:
1104:
1097:
1096:
1092:
1079:
1078:
1074:
1064:
1063:
1054:
1040:
1039:
1032:
1028:
988:
987:
986:
985:
984:
977:
969:
968:
958:
947:
925:siege of Edessa
921:
904:
859:Zumurrud Khatun
855:
800:Emperor John II
793:
787:
725:
716:
604:
564:
470:
415:
355:
349:عماد الدین زنكي
266:Military career
210:
208:
206:Zumurrud Khatun
190:
165:
129:
117:
90:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1685:
1683:
1675:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1614:
1613:
1608:
1607:
1602:
1599:
1590:
1579:
1575:
1574:
1573:Regnal titles
1565:
1564:
1557:
1554:
1548:
1529:
1515:
1509:
1496:
1487:
1473:
1463:
1454:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1432:
1408:
1402:Ibn al-‘Adim,
1395:
1386:
1364:
1346:
1339:
1316:
1299:
1297:, p. 543.
1281:
1272:
1260:
1251:
1216:
1209:
1189:
1182:
1162:
1147:Muhammad Tapar
1110:
1090:
1072:
1052:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1008:Zengid dynasty
978:
971:
970:
959:
952:
951:
950:
949:
948:
946:
943:
933:Second Crusade
920:
917:
903:
900:
854:
851:
789:Main article:
786:
783:
738:against him.
715:
712:
710:to govern it.
603:
600:
563:
560:
469:
466:
421:, governor of
414:
411:
403:Zengid dynasty
397:, and, later,
336:
335:
332:
331:
330:
329:
324:
319:
314:
309:
304:
299:
294:
289:
284:
279:
272:
268:
267:
263:
262:
257:
253:
252:
247:
243:
242:
240:Zengid dynasty
237:
231:
230:
227:
226:
222:
221:
213:
212:
209:Sukmana Khatun
203:
199:
198:
187:
183:
182:
179:
175:
174:
171:
170:
159:
155:
154:
148:
142:
141:
125:, Governor of
107:
103:
102:
100:Zengid dynasty
92:
91:
68:
60:
59:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1684:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
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1660:
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1655:
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1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1622:Zengid rulers
1620:
1619:
1617:
1605:
1596:
1595:
1594:Emir of Mosul
1587:
1582:
1576:
1571:
1568:
1562:
1558:
1555:
1552:
1549:
1546:
1542:
1541:
1536:
1535:
1530:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1516:
1512:
1506:
1502:
1497:
1494:
1493:
1488:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1474:
1471:
1467:
1464:
1460:
1455:
1451:
1450:
1447:
1441:
1440:
1436:
1418:, p. 190
1417:
1416:Bosworth 1996
1412:
1409:
1405:
1399:
1396:
1390:
1387:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1368:
1365:
1360:
1359:
1350:
1347:
1342:
1340:9781849837705
1336:
1332:
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1326:
1320:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1303:
1300:
1296:
1294:
1288:
1286:
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1269:
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1255:
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1225:
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1206:
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1201:
1193:
1190:
1185:
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1159:
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1130:
1123:
1121:
1119:
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1111:
1103:
1102:
1094:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1076:
1073:
1068:
1061:
1059:
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1053:
1048:
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1021:
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993:
982:
975:
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944:
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934:
930:
926:
918:
916:
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909:
901:
899:
897:
893:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
852:
850:
848:
845:princes laid
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
813:
805:
801:
797:
792:
784:
782:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
739:
737:
720:
713:
711:
709:
703:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
673:
669:
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652:
650:
646:
642:
636:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
601:
599:
597:
596:al-Mustarshid
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
561:
559:
557:
553:
549:
548:
542:
538:
537:al-Mustarshid
533:
531:
527:
526:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
500:
498:
494:
490:
486:
485:Buyid dynasty
483:
479:
475:
474:Seljuk Empire
467:
465:
463:
459:
454:
452:
448:
444:
443:Jawali Saqawa
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
412:
410:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
383:Seljuk Empire
380:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
346:
342:
333:
328:
327:Fall of Saruj
325:
323:
320:
318:
315:
313:
310:
308:
305:
303:
300:
298:
295:
293:
290:
288:
285:
283:
280:
278:
275:
274:
273:
269:
264:
261:
258:
254:
251:
248:
244:
241:
238:
236:
232:
223:
218:
214:
211:Safiya Khatun
207:
204:
200:
197:
193:
192:Qal'at Ja'bar
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
163:
160:
156:
153:
149:
147:
143:
140:
136:
135:
130:
128:
124:
123:
116:
112:
108:
104:
101:
97:
93:
88:
84:
80:
79:
74:
73:
66:
61:
58:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
36:
31:
19:
1627:1080s births
1592:
1566:
1560:
1550:
1538:
1531:
1521:
1500:
1489:
1479:
1469:
1466:Amin Maalouf
1458:
1449:
1445:
1411:
1403:
1398:
1389:
1376:
1367:
1356:
1349:
1329:
1319:
1311:
1302:
1292:
1275:
1268:Gonella 2005
1263:
1254:
1241:
1199:
1192:
1172:
1165:
1144:
1132:
1100:
1093:
1085:
1081:
1075:
1066:
1046:
1005:
1000:
996:
989:
960:
936:
922:
905:
894:, father of
867:Jamal al-Din
856:
809:
746:
742:
740:
733:
704:
677:
637:
605:
587:
571:
565:
558:was formed.
545:
534:
523:
510:to southern
501:
471:
455:
427:Malik-Shah I
416:
385:, who ruled
371:
367:
363:
359:
340:
339:
271:Battles/wars
132:
120:
118:
76:
70:
38:
1632:1146 deaths
1443:"Baalbek",
1279:Smail, p 33
1135:(36): 104.
771:Montferrand
582:to renewed
504:Banu Mazyad
478:Tughril Beg
356: 1085
164:(in Aleppo)
131:1127–1146:
1616:Categories
1598:1127–1146
1543:), trans.
1026:References
1016:Nur al-Din
672:Nur ad-Din
630:, emir of
413:Early life
169:(in Mosul)
146:Coronation
1581:Mahmud II
1308:Ibn Wasil
992:Yarankash
883:Jerusalem
877:. Unlike
875:crucified
839:Byzantine
831:Byzantine
684:Timurtash
592:Mahmud II
568:Toghtekin
541:Mahmud II
532:in 1124.
493:Mahmud II
158:Successor
87:1237 copy
1327:(2010).
979:Coin of
913:Armenian
863:Damascus
843:Crusader
835:Crusader
686:(son of
664:Crusades
632:al-Hilla
612:Damascus
584:Crusader
576:Damascus
435:Kerbogha
431:Tutush I
376:Turkoman
374:, was a
256:Religion
72:sharbush
1657:Atabegs
1528:, 1943.
1486:, 1952.
1437:Sources
1314:, p. 86
896:Saladin
887:Baalbek
879:Saladin
871:Baalbek
741:In the
726:
688:Ilghazi
680:Artuqid
649:Saladin
407:atabegs
381:of the
235:Dynasty
78:Maqamat
1507:
1472:, 1985
1337:
1295:(1913)
1207:
1180:
1155:Sanjar
1151:Mahmūd
908:Banias
775:Baarin
767:Aleppo
759:atabeg
757:, the
641:Tikrit
624:dinars
588:atabeg
572:atabeg
547:shihna
497:Sanjar
482:Shiite
462:Sanjar
458:Mahmūd
447:Mawdud
425:under
423:Aleppo
399:Edessa
391:Aleppo
379:atabeg
370:, and
364:Zengui
345:Arabic
246:Father
202:Spouse
150:1127,
134:Atabeg
122:Shihna
96:Atabeg
48:Aleppo
40:Atabeg
1404:Zubda
1246:(PDF)
1105:(PDF)
938:jihad
763:Mosul
755:Zengi
580:Syria
530:Basra
520:Wasit
508:Mosul
439:Mosul
387:Mosul
372:Zanki
368:Zenki
360:Zangi
260:Islam
220:Names
196:Syria
152:Mosul
139:Mosul
115:Basra
111:Wasit
106:Reign
44:Mosul
1505:ISBN
1358:1919
1335:ISBN
1205:ISBN
1178:ISBN
825:and
765:and
658:The
620:Homs
616:Hama
525:ıqta
512:Iraq
395:Hama
186:Died
181:1085
178:Born
127:Iraq
113:and
98:of
54:and
52:Hama
1137:doi
881:at
773:in
761:of
610:of
574:of
405:of
137:of
81:by
42:of
1618::
1520:,
1482:.
1478:,
1468:,
1379:.
1375:.
1310:,
1293:EI
1284:^
1219:^
1143:.
1131:.
1113:^
1055:^
1045:.
1033:^
1022:.
702:.
666:.
643:,
598:.
570:,
453:.
409:.
393:,
389:,
366:,
362:,
353:c.
351:;
347::
194:,
50:,
46:,
1537:(
1513:.
1383:.
1343:.
1213:.
1186:.
1139::
833:/
730:)
343:(
89:.
20:)
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